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class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haitians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haitians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Haitians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haitians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="هايتيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هايتيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitianer" title="Haitianer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haitianer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_haitiano" title="Pueblo haitiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo haitiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFtiens" title="Haïtiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haïtiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_(%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="האיטים (קבוצה אתנית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האיטים (קבוצה אתנית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гаитиліктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гаитиліктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гаитиликтер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гаитиликтер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitie%C5%A1i" title="Haitieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Haitieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitie%C4%8Diai" title="Haitiečiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Haitiečiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хаиќани – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хаиќани" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="هايتيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هايتيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitiarar" title="Haitiarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Haitiarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaitilar" title="Gaitilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gaitilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haita%C5%84czycy" title="Haitańczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Haitańczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitianos" title="Haitianos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Haitianos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Гаитийцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаитийцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian%C3%ABt" title="Haitianët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Haitianët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Ҳоитиҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳоитиҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гаїтяни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаїтяни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Haiti" title="Người Haiti – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Haiti" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="海地人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海地人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Haiti" title="Jolma Haiti – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Haiti" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4131845#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_people&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian people">Haitian people</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Inhabitants of Haiti and their descendants in the Haitian diaspora</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Haitians<br /><small><i>Haïtiens / Ayisyen</i></small></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Haitian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Map_of_the_Haitian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_Haitian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Map_of_the_Haitian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/390px-Map_of_the_Haitian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Map_of_the_Haitian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/520px-Map_of_the_Haitian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span data-sort-value="Haiti"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></span> <b>10,604,000</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,138,855<sup id="cite_ref-American_Community_Survey_2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Community_Survey_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Dominican Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">800,000<sup id="cite_ref-pinadep_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinadep-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Cuba"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Chile"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">185,000 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022)</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ine.cl_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ine.cl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Brazil"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">181,404 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">178,990 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Bahamas"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">80,000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">62,448<sup id="cite_ref-diplomatie.gouv.fr_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diplomatie.gouv.fr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Guyana"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">33,500<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Venezuela"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,600<sup id="cite_ref-joshuaproject.net_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshuaproject.net-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,900<sup id="cite_ref-joshuaproject.net_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshuaproject.net-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Mexico"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">71,895 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span><sup id="cite_ref-NPR_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Suriname"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Switzerland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span><sup id="cite_ref-UN#_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN#-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SWI_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWI-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="U.S. Virgin Islands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="850" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,673<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Belgium"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,500-2,000<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Ecuador"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Aruba"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/45px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<sup id="cite_ref-joshuaproject.net_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshuaproject.net-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Argentina"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">600<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">594<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Puerto Rico"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">536 - 5,000<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Peru"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">477 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span><sup id="cite_ref-paho.org_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paho.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">262 - 335<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frespa%C3%B1ol" title="Frespañol">Frespañol</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> 54.7%, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> 28.5%, (<a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> 15.4%, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> 7.9%, <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a> 3%, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> 1.5%, other 0.7%), <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a> 2.1%, other 4.6% none 10.2% (2003 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_people" title="Caribbean people">Caribbean people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana French people">Louisiana French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French Antilleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Haitians</b> (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">French</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr-HT">Haïtiens</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>: <i lang="ht">Ayisyen</i>) are the citizens and nationals of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. The Haitian people have their origins in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> with the most spoken language being the <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French based</a> <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>. The larger <a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora" title="Haitian diaspora">Haitian diaspora</a> includes individuals that trace ancestry to Haiti and <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-identify</a> as Haitian but are not necessarily Haitian by citizenship. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> have the largest Haitian populations in the world after Haiti. </p><p>An ethnonational group, Haitians generally comprise the modern descendants of <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">self-liberated Africans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> territory historically referred to as <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>. This includes the <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> minority who denote <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">corresponding European ancestry</a>, notably from <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French settlers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Haitian_nationality_and_citizenship" title="History of Haitian nationality and citizenship">History of Haitian nationality and citizenship</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti" title="Constitution of Haiti">Constitution of Haiti</a>, a Haitian citizen is: </p> <ul><li>Anyone, regardless of where they are born, is considered Haitian if either their mother or father is a native-born citizen of Haiti. A person born in Haiti could automatically receive citizenship.</li> <li>A foreigner living in Haiti who has had a continuous period of Haitian residence for five years can apply for citizenship and will have the right to vote, but is not eligible to hold public office until five years after their date of naturalization, excluding those offices reserved for native-born Haitians by Constitutional law.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_citizenship">Dual citizenship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dual citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Haitian <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti" title="Constitution of Haiti">Constitution of 2012</a> re-legalizes dual citizenship, allowing for Haitians living abroad to own land and run for Haitian political office (except for offices of president, prime minister, senator or member of the lower house of Parliament). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial_groups">Racial groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Racial groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-10_Haiti_4_Duns_Morning_Assembly_at_St._Andre%E2%80%99s_Episcopal_School_in_Hinche_(8191021903).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/2010-10_Haiti_4_Duns_Morning_Assembly_at_St._Andre%E2%80%99s_Episcopal_School_in_Hinche_%288191021903%29.jpg/220px-2010-10_Haiti_4_Duns_Morning_Assembly_at_St._Andre%E2%80%99s_Episcopal_School_in_Hinche_%288191021903%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/2010-10_Haiti_4_Duns_Morning_Assembly_at_St._Andre%E2%80%99s_Episcopal_School_in_Hinche_%288191021903%29.jpg/330px-2010-10_Haiti_4_Duns_Morning_Assembly_at_St._Andre%E2%80%99s_Episcopal_School_in_Hinche_%288191021903%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/2010-10_Haiti_4_Duns_Morning_Assembly_at_St._Andre%E2%80%99s_Episcopal_School_in_Hinche_%288191021903%29.jpg/440px-2010-10_Haiti_4_Duns_Morning_Assembly_at_St._Andre%E2%80%99s_Episcopal_School_in_Hinche_%288191021903%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Schoolchildren from <a href="/wiki/Hinche" title="Hinche">Hinche</a>(<a href="/wiki/Centre_(department)" title="Centre (department)">Centre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Haiti's population is mostly of African descent (5% are of mixed African and other ancestry),<sup id="cite_ref-cia_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though people of many different ethnic and national backgrounds have settled and impacted the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a><sup id="cite_ref-haitimega_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haitimega-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon's</a> Polish legions), <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a><sup id="cite_ref-al-shorfa.com_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-shorfa.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_diaspora" title="Arab diaspora">Arab diaspora</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germans</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (18th century and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>), <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-al-shorfa.com_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-shorfa.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, most marrying into the majority black populace and in turn yielding mixed race children (many of whom are prominent in Haitian society). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></div> <p>The official languages of Haiti are <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>. </p><p>Traditionally, the two languages served different functions, with Haitian Creole the informal everyday language of all the people, regardless of social class, and French the language of formal situations: schools, newspapers, the law and the courts, and official documents and decrees. However, because the vast majority of Haitians speak only Creole, there have been efforts in recent years to expand its use. In 1979, a law was passed that permitted Creole to be the language of instruction, and the Constitution of 1983 gave Creole the status of a national language. However, it was only in 1987 that the Constitution granted official status to Creole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti" title="Culture of Haiti">Culture of Haiti</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian art</a></div> <p>Haitian art, known for its vibrant color work and expressive design, is a complex tradition, reflecting strong African roots with Indigenous American and European aesthetic and religious influences. It is a very important representation of Haitian culture and history. Haitian art is distinctive, particularly in painting and sculpture where brilliant colors, naive perspective and sly humor characterize it. Frequent subjects in Haitian art include big, delectable foods, lush landscapes, market activities, jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods. Artists frequently paint in fables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music and dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">music of Haiti</a> combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled on this Caribbean island. It reflects French, African rhythms, Spanish elements and others who have inhabited the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> and minor native <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a> influences. Youth attend parties at nightclubs called <i><a href="/wiki/Discos" class="mw-redirect" title="Discos">discos</a></i>, (pronounced "deece-ko"), and attend <i>Bal</i>. This term is the French word for ball, as in a formal dance. Styles of music unique to the nation of Haiti include music derived from <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a> ceremonial traditions and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ringue" title="Méringue">Méringue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rara_music" title="Rara music">Rara</a> parading music, <a href="/wiki/Twoubadou" title="Twoubadou">Twoubadou</a> <i>ballads</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mini-jazz" title="Mini-jazz">Mini-jazz</a> rock bands, <a href="/wiki/Rasin" title="Rasin">Rasin</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_hip_hop" title="Haitian hip hop">Hip hop</a> Kreyòl,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Compas" title="Compas">Compas</a>. Compas, short for <i>compas direct</i>, is a complex, ever-changing music that arose from African rhythms and European ballroom dancing, mixed with Haiti's bourgeois culture. It is a refined music, with <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ringue" title="Méringue">méringue</a> as its basic rhythm. In <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Creole</a>, it is spelled as <i>konpa dirèk</i> or simply <i>konpa</i>, however it is commonly spelled as it is pronounced as <i>kompa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1937, Haiti had no recorded music, until <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Guignard" title="Jazz Guignard">Jazz Guignard</a> was recorded non-commercially. One of the most celebrated Haitian artists today is <a href="/wiki/Wyclef_Jean" title="Wyclef Jean">Wyclef Jean</a>. Wyclef Jean, however, left the country before his teenage years and began the <a href="/wiki/Fugees" title="Fugees">Fugees</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lauryn_Hill" title="Lauryn Hill">Lauryn Hill</a> and Pras, who together went on to become the biggest selling hip hop group of all time with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Score_(Fugees_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Score (Fugees album)">The Score</a></i> released in 1996. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayiti%26DR_2007_085.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ayiti%26DR_2007_085.jpg/220px-Ayiti%26DR_2007_085.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ayiti%26DR_2007_085.jpg/330px-Ayiti%26DR_2007_085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ayiti%26DR_2007_085.jpg/440px-Ayiti%26DR_2007_085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>A table set with Haitian cuisine</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Religion in Haiti</a></div> <p>Haiti is similar to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, in that it is a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> country, with 80% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a> and approximately 16% professing <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. A small population of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> exist in the country, principally in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a>, encompassing several different traditions, consists of a mix of Central and Western African, European, and Native American (<a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Taíno people">Taíno</a>) religions, is also widely practiced, despite the negative stigma that it carries both in and out of the country. The exact number of Vodou practitioners is unknown; however, it is believed that a small proportion of the population practice it, often alongside their <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> faith. Some secular Christians also have been known to participate in some rituals, although indirectly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration">Migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, a World Bank estimation claimed that approximately 800,000 Haitian citizens were residents of Dominican Republic. By 2001, approximately 15,000 Haitians had migrated to Dominican Republic to work in sugar mills.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haitian workers also migrated to other countries such as the United States, France, Canada, the Bahamas and other Caribbean Islands. In 2006, Approximately 800,000 Haitians resided in the United States (especially in the Miami and New York City areas), 60,000 Haitians were living in France (especially Paris) 40,000 in Canada (especially Montreal) while 80,000 were dispersed between the Bahamas and other Caribbean Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Haitian migration has greatly hindered the development of Haiti in comparison to other countries. Some of the country's most skilled individuals have migrated elsewhere; an estimated 70 percent of Haiti's skilled human resources have left Haiti. In the 2010 U.S. Census, 907,790 citizens identified as Haitian immigrants or with their primary ancestry being Haitian. An increase of just over 100,000 Haitians from 2006. The confiscation of property, massacres, and prosecution caused the upper and middle class of Haiti to migrate to more developed countries in Europe and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Haitians">Haitians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Haitians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Haitians" title="List of Haitians">List of Haitians</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/32px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/48px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/64px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Haiti portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora" title="Haitian diaspora">Haitian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Afro-Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto_Haitians" title="Mulatto Haitians">Mulatto Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Haitians" title="White Haitians">White Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Haitians" title="Indo-Haitians">Indo-Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Haitians" title="Chinese Haitians">Chinese Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Haitians" title="Arab Haitians">Arab Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Haitians" title="Chinese Haitians">Chinese Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Haitians" title="Italian Haitians">Italian Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Haitians" title="French Haitians">French Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Mexicans" title="Haitian Mexicans">Haitian Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Brazilian">Haitian Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Haitian Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Sara" title="Madan Sara">Madan Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou (ethnicity)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=87&pr.y=3&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=263%2C243&s=LP&grp=0&a=">Haiti & The Dominican Republic</a> IMF population estimates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Community_Survey_2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-American_Community_Survey_2022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/ACSSPP1Y2022.S0201?q=american%20community%20survey%20Haitian%20ancestry%20group&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Selected%20Population%20Profiles">https://data.census.gov/table/ACSSPP1Y2022.S0201?q=american%20community%20survey%20Haitian%20ancestry%20group&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Selected%20Population%20Profiles</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FACSSPP1Y2022.S0201%3Fq%3Damerican%2520community%2520survey%2520Haitian%2520ancestry%2520group%26d%3DACS%25201-Year%2520Estimates%2520Selected%2520Population%2520Profiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pinadep-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pinadep_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPina" class="citation web cs1">Pina, Diógenes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312093852/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37018">"DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Deport Thy (Darker-Skinned) Neighbour"</a>. Inter Press Service (IPS). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37018">the original</a> on March 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DOMINICAN+REPUBLIC%3A+Deport+Thy+%28Darker-Skinned%29+Neighbour&rft.pub=Inter+Press+Service+%28IPS%29&rft.aulast=Pina&rft.aufirst=Di%C3%B3genes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipsnews.net%2Fnews.asp%3Fidnews%3D37018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrocubaweb.com/haiticuba.htm">Haiti in Cuba</a> Retrieved 2013-12-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://serviciomigraciones.cl/estudios-migratorios/estimaciones-de-extranjeros/">"Estimaciones de extranjeros"</a>. INE. 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimaciones+de+extranjeros&rft.pub=INE&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fserviciomigraciones.cl%2Festudios-migratorios%2Festimaciones-de-extranjeros%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ine.cl-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ine.cl_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200913191028/https://www.ine.cl/prensa/2020/03/12/seg%C3%BAn-estimaciones-la-cantidad-de-personas-extranjeras-residentes-habituales-en-chile-bordea-los-1-5-millones-al-31-de-diciembre-de-2019">"Según estimaciones, la cantidad de personas extranjeras residentes habituales en Chile bordea los 1,5 millones al 31 de diciembre de 2019 (According to estimates, the number of foreigners habitually residing in Chile is around 1.5 million as of December 31, 2019)"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.cl/prensa/2020/03/12/seg%C3%BAn-estimaciones-la-cantidad-de-personas-extranjeras-residentes-habituales-en-chile-bordea-los-1-5-millones-al-31-de-diciembre-de-2019">the original</a> on 2020-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seg%C3%BAn+estimaciones%2C+la+cantidad+de+personas+extranjeras+residentes+habituales+en+Chile+bordea+los+1%2C5+millones+al+31+de+diciembre+de+2019+%28According+to+estimates%2C+the+number+of+foreigners+habitually+residing+in+Chile+is+around+1.5+million+as+of+December+31%2C+2019%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.cl%2Fprensa%2F2020%2F03%2F12%2Fseg%25C3%25BAn-estimaciones-la-cantidad-de-personas-extranjeras-residentes-habituales-en-chile-bordea-los-1-5-millones-al-31-de-diciembre-de-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/">Immigrants in Brazil (2024, in Portuguese)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Canada2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> (8 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada">"Census Profile, 2021 Census (Canada [Country])"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ayitinou.com/article-posts/29-haitian-articles/3454-india-haiti-relationships-that-are-consolidated.html">the original</a> on May 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ayitinou.com&rft.atitle=India-Haiti%3A+relationships+that+are+consolidated&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fayitinou.com%2Farticle-posts%2F29-haitian-articles%2F3454-india-haiti-relationships-that-are-consolidated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indians-in-Haiti-seek-monetary-help/article16815298.ece">"Indians in Haiti seek monetary help"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. February 18, 2010 – via www.thehindu.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Indians+in+Haiti+seek+monetary+help&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2FIndians-in-Haiti-seek-monetary-help%2Farticle16815298.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prevalhaiti.com/messages/7983">"Haiti And The German Connection"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+And+The+German+Connection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prevalhaiti.com%2Fmessages%2F7983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016021724/http://www.northeastern.edu/#Germany">"Haiti Net Foreign Relations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northeastern.edu/haitinet/foreign-relations/#Germany">the original</a> on 16 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+Net+Foreign+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northeastern.edu%2Fhaitinet%2Fforeign-relations%2F%23Germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113022326/http://www.afropop.org/radio/radio_program/ID/692/Music%20and%20the%20Story%20of%20Haiti">"Music and the Story of Haiti"</a>. Afropop Worldwide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afropop.org/radio/radio_program/ID/692/Music%20and%20the%20Story%20of%20Haiti">the original</a> on 13 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+and+the+Story+of+Haiti&rft.pub=Afropop+Worldwide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afropop.org%2Fradio%2Fradio_program%2FID%2F692%2FMusic%2520and%2520the%2520Story%2520of%2520Haiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise,_Brian2006" class="citation news cs1">Wise, Brian (9 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/09/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/11wehaiti.html?_r=0">"Band's Haitian Fusion Offers Fellow Immigrants a Musical Link to Home"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Band%27s+Haitian+Fusion+Offers+Fellow+Immigrants+a+Musical+Link+to+Home&rft.date=2006-06-09&rft.au=Wise%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F09%2Fnyregion%2Fnyregionspecial2%2F11wehaiti.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinMidgleyTeitelbaum2006" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Philip; Midgley, Elizabeth; Teitelbaum, Michael S. (2006-02-23). "Migration and Development: Whither the Dominican Republic and Haiti?". <i>International Migration Review</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 570–592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-7379.2002.tb00093.x">10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00093.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0197-9183">0197-9183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143501849">143501849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Migration+Review&rft.atitle=Migration+and+Development%3A+Whither+the+Dominican+Republic+and+Haiti%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=570-592&rft.date=2006-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143501849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0197-9183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1747-7379.2002.tb00093.x&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Midgley%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Teitelbaum%2C+Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMIGUEL_RODRIGUES_DE_SOUZA2016" class="citation thesis cs1">MIGUEL RODRIGUES DE SOUZA, OBERDAN (2016). <i>MODELO DE PDF PRESUMIDA COM CINÉTICA QUÍMICA TABULADA APLICADA PARA A COMBUSTÃO EM SPRAYS</i> (Thesis). Faculdades Catolicas. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17771%2Fpucrio.acad.30283">10.17771/pucrio.acad.30283</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=MODELO+DE+PDF+PRESUMIDA+COM+CIN%C3%89TICA+QU%C3%8DMICA+TABULADA+APLICADA+PARA+A+COMBUST%C3%83O+EM+SPRAYS&rft.inst=Faculdades+Catolicas&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17771%2Fpucrio.acad.30283&rft.aulast=MIGUEL+RODRIGUES+DE+SOUZA&rft.aufirst=OBERDAN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreau_de_Saint_Mery1797–1798" class="citation book cs1">Moreau de Saint Mery, Louis (1797–1798). <i>Description topographic, physical, civil, and political history of the French part of the isle Saint-Domingue</i>. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+topographic%2C+physical%2C+civil%2C+and+political+history+of+the+French+part+of+the+isle+Saint-Domingue&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1797%2F1798&rft.aulast=Moreau+de+Saint+Mery&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrigus2006" class="citation book cs1">Garrigus, John (2006). <i>Before Haiti: Race and Citizenship in French Saint-Domingue</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10837-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10837-0"><bdi>978-0-230-10837-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Haiti%3A+Race+and+Citizenship+in+French+Saint-Domingue&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10837-0&rft.aulast=Garrigus&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:People_of_Haiti" title="Template:People of Haiti"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_of_Haiti" title="Template talk:People of Haiti"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_of_Haiti" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People of Haiti"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Haiti&#124;link=Haiti_Haitians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti"><img alt="Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haitians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Haiti" title="Maroons">Maroon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Haiti" title="Americans in Haiti">American</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">African American</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_Haiti" title="Canadians in Haiti">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">Dominican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Haitians" title="Chinese Haitians">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Haitians" title="Indo-Haitians">Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Haitians" title="Arab Haitians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Haitians" title="Lebanese Haitians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Haitians" title="Palestinian Haitians">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Haitians" title="Syrian Haitians">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Haitians" title="White Haitians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Haitians" title="French Haitians">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Haitians" title="German Haitians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Haitians" title="Italian Haitians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Haitians" title="Polish Haitians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto_Haitians" title="Mulatto Haitians">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">Sacatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Portal:Haiti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti" title="Demographics of Haiti">Demographics of Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4131845#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4131845#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4131845#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/950478/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haitians"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85058379">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haïtiens"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119412532">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haïtiennes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126678776">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haïtiens"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119412532">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haïtiennes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126678776">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548226605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10645104">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitians&oldid=1254716594">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitians&oldid=1254716594</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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