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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251680060">.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts,_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg/270px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg/360px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">September 5, 1978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data">581 F.2d 751</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Procedural history</th><td class="infobox-data">Affirmed decision for the plaintiffs from 345 F.Supp. 108 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">N. Ca.</a> 1972)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_Pirates" title="Air Pirates">Air Pirates</a> had infringed on copyrights owned by <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> when using the <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> character in a satirical publication.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judges sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harvey_Chambers" title="Richard Harvey Chambers">Richard Harvey Chambers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Cummings" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter J. Cummings">Walter J. Cummings</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Blaine_Anderson" title="J. Blaine Anderson">J. Blaine Anderson</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Cummings</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">United States copyright law</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</b></i>, 581 F.2d 751 (1978), was a <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright law</a> case of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an important precedent on the use of copyrighted characters for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> or <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Air_Pirates" title="Air Pirates">Air Pirates</a> were a group of cartoonists who published two issues of an <a href="/wiki/Underground_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground comics">underground comic</a> called <i>Air Pirates Funnies</i> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-ts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comic featured a satirical version of <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> (never referred to by his full name) who was positioned as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Conformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformist">conformist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrisy</a> in <a href="/wiki/American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="American culture">American culture</a>. The comic also depicted other well-known <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> characters engaging in adult behaviors such as sex and drug consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air Pirates founder <a href="/wiki/Dan_O%27Neill" title="Dan O'Neill">Dan O'Neill</a> wanted the comic to be noticed by the Disney company and arranged for copies to be smuggled into board meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-Ringgenberg_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringgenberg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disney executives became aware of the comic and sued the Air Pirates for <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trademark_infringement" title="Trademark infringement">trademark infringement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">unfair competition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ts_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="District_court_proceedings">District court proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: District court proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The case was first heard at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">United States District Court for Northern California</a> in 1972. Disney sought an <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> against further publication and sale of the <i>Air Pirates Funnies</i> comic books featuring depictions of its characters, and for existing copies of the comic books to be destroyed. The Air Pirates claimed that the characters could be used for satirical purposes per the <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">American copyright law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To raise funds for their defense, the Air Pirates continued to sell copies of the comics plus custom-made artwork satirizing Disney characters at <a href="/wiki/Comic_book_convention" title="Comic book convention">comic book conventions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ts_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The District Court ruled in favor of Disney, O'Neill, the lead artist in the <i>Air Pirates Funnies</i> comics, admitted to drawing the satirical versions of Mickey Mouse and other characters almost exactly like Disney's versions so readers would understand the satire, and to co-opt Disney's claim that the characters represented "an image of innocent delightfulness".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company argued that the characters were beloved by children, and depicting those characters engaged in objectionable adult pursuits could damage the company's reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite noting the satirical value of the <i>Air Pirates Funnies</i> depictions of several well-known Disney characters, the court held that the depictions were sufficiently similar to the originals to cause confusion among potential readers about the source of the comics. Per the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a>, this was found to be copyright infringement. The court held that Disney's further claims of trademark infringement and unfair competition were <a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">moot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tens of thousands of copies of <i>Air Pirates Funnies</i>, and an associated comic called <i>The Tortoise and the Hare</i> that featured the same characters, were seized under a court order in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-ts_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Neill appealed the District Court ruling, and while the case slowly worked its way through the courts, continued to defiantly draw and sell parodies of Disney characters. In 1975, Disney won a $200,000 judgement and a <a href="/wiki/Restraining_order" title="Restraining order">restraining order</a> against Air Pirates for distributing the parodies, which O'Neill continued to ignore.<sup id="cite_ref-ts_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Neill maintained that he hoped to lose in court and continually appeal, and perhaps even go to jail, as a statement on Disney's corporate power over popular culture. He gained some sympathetic supporters within the Disney organization and even delivered some of his drawings directly to the corporate offices as part of his campaign against the company.<sup id="cite_ref-bl_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circuit_Court_opinion">Circuit Court opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Circuit Court opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirPiratesFunnies1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/AirPiratesFunnies1971.jpg/170px-AirPiratesFunnies1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/AirPiratesFunnies1971.jpg/255px-AirPiratesFunnies1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5b/AirPiratesFunnies1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>The cover of the second issue of <i>Air Pirates Funnies</i>, featuring depictions of <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnie_Mouse" title="Minnie Mouse">Minnie Mouse</a>, 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>The case finally reached the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> in 1978. The court unanimously upheld the District Court's ruling on copyright infringement, and <a href="/wiki/Remand_(court_procedure)" title="Remand (court procedure)">remanded</a> the concurrent trademark infringement and unfair competition claims back to the lower court for further discovery (though Disney did not pursue those claims any further).<sup id="cite_ref-ts_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court rejected the Air Pirates' claim of <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> for satirical purposes, because the depictions of the characters at issue were indistinguishable from Disney's originals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Circuit Court, the Air Pirates added a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a> claim with an argument that copyright infringement lawsuits against satires and parodies would <a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">chill</a> public discussion. The court rejected this argument under the rationale that the Air Pirates could have expressed their opinions about the Disney company without confusingly similar depictions of its characters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Neill was also ordered to pay more that $2 million in damages and legal fees to Disney, though the company decided that O'Neill would be unable to pay and settled this matter in 1980, as long as O'Neill promised to no longer infringe on the company's copyrights.<sup id="cite_ref-bl_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air Pirates appealed the decision to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a>, but their <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">writ of certioari</a></i> was denied and the Circuit Court ruling on copyright infringement stood.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the <i>Air Pirates</i> case worked its way through the courts, it attracted interest from free speech activists and critics of popular culture. Law professor Edward Samuels was skeptical of O'Neill's defiant strategy and later concluded that the saga "set parody back twenty years".<sup id="cite_ref-bl_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute has been acknowledged as an important matter in the history of <a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">underground comics</a>, and was detailed in the 1988 documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Confidential" title="Comic Book Confidential">Comic Book Confidential</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howe_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howe-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case also resulted in the Disney company gaining a possibly unfair reputation for excessive use of copyright law, though the saga raised awareness of the need for a balance between the interests of rights holders and the creative impulses of satirists.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The case is often cited as a formative precedent in copyright law, holding that individual characters can be copyrighted outside of the books or movies in which they appear,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those characters have physical and conceptual qualities that themselves qualify for copyright protection.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, simply copying such characters with little alteration for satirical purposes is <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> and does not qualify as <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More fundamentally, the case formed a settled precedent on the copyrightability of cartoon characters,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while production companies should receive the benefits from their long-term stewardship of such characters.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12985824547460808287&q=Walt+Disney+Productions+v.+Air+Pirates&hl=en&as_sdt=6,39#%5B1%5D">581 F.2d 751</a> (9th Cir., 1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ts_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTom_Sito2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sito" title="Tom Sito">Tom Sito</a> (October 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZ0PsCWPSZ0C"><i>Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. <span class="nowrap">236–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-7148-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-7148-2"><bdi>0-8131-7148-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+the+Line%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Animation+Unions+from+Bosko+to+Bart+Simpson&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft.isbn=0-8131-7148-2&rft.au=Tom+Sito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZ0PsCWPSZ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalt+Disney+Productions+v.+Air+Pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSacksDallas2014" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, Jason; Dallas, Keith (2014). <i>American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1970s</i>. TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1605490564" title="Special:BookSources/978-1605490564"><bdi>978-1605490564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Comic+Book+Chronicles%3A+The+1970s&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=TwoMorrows+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1605490564&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Dallas%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalt+Disney+Productions+v.+Air+Pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ringgenberg-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ringgenberg_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ringgenberg, S.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comic-art.com/intervws/londart.htm">"Bobby London and the Air Pirates Follies,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716132120/http://www.comic-art.com/intervws/londart.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Comix Art & Graffix Gallery</i> (5-12-98).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15558555010292439443&q=Walt+Disney+Productions+v.+Air+Pirates&hl=en&as_sdt=6,39">345 F.Supp. 108</a> (N.D. Cal., 1972).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchug1980" class="citation journal cs1">Schug, Charles (1980). "Reading Copyright Cases: The Ad Hoc Approach". <i>(Comm/Ent), A Journal of Communications and Entertainment Law</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 675 – via HeinOnline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%28Comm%2FEnt%29%2C+A+Journal+of+Communications+and+Entertainment+Law&rft.atitle=Reading+Copyright+Cases%3A+The+Ad+Hoc+Approach&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=675&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Schug&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalt+Disney+Productions+v.+Air+Pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bl-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bl_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bl_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bl_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBob_Levin2003" class="citation book cs1">Bob Levin (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/piratesmouse00bobl"><i>The Pirates and the Mouse: Disney's War Against the Counterculture</i></a></span>. Fantagraphics Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56097-530-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56097-530-X"><bdi>1-56097-530-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pirates+and+the+Mouse%3A+Disney%27s+War+Against+the+Counterculture&rft.pub=Fantagraphics+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-56097-530-X&rft.au=Bob+Levin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpiratesmouse00bobl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalt+Disney+Productions+v.+Air+Pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Air Pirates v. Walt Disney Productions</i>, 439 U.S. 1132 (S. Ct. 1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTravers1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Travers, Peter (June 14, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/comic-book-confidential-128802/">"Comic Book Confidential"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Comic+Book+Confidential&rft.date=1989-06-14&rft.aulast=Travers&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Ftv-movies%2Ftv-movie-reviews%2Fcomic-book-confidential-128802%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalt+Disney+Productions+v.+Air+Pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howe-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howe_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe, Desson (August 18, 1989).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/comicbookconfidentialnrhowe_a0b22f.htm">"<i>Comic Book Confidential</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaddaus2023" class="citation web cs1">Maddaus, Gene (December 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2023/biz/news/mickey-mouse-public-domain-disney-copyright-lawsuits-1235844322/">"Mickey Mouse, Long a Symbol in Copyright Wars, to Enter Public Domain: 'It's Finally Happening'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Variety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Mickey+Mouse%2C+Long+a+Symbol+in+Copyright+Wars%2C+to+Enter+Public+Domain%3A+%27It%27s+Finally+Happening%27&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft.aulast=Maddaus&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2023%2Fbiz%2Fnews%2Fmickey-mouse-public-domain-disney-copyright-lawsuits-1235844322%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalt+Disney+Productions+v.+Air+Pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarjikerMcCloud2019" class="citation journal cs1">Karjiker, S.; McCloud, L. (2019). "The Protection of Fictional Characters with Specific Reference to the Rapid Phase Case". <i>Journal of South African Law</i>. <b>2019</b> (4): 689 – via HeinOnline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+African+Law&rft.atitle=The+Protection+of+Fictional+Characters+with+Specific+Reference+to+the+Rapid+Phase+Case&rft.volume=2019&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=689&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Karjiker&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=McCloud%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalt+Disney+Productions+v.+Air+Pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaessig2021" class="citation journal cs1">Naessig, Eric (2021). 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States736" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright law of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_U.S._Copyright_Office_Practices" title="Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices">Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Arbitration_Royalty_Panel" title="Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel">CARP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Royalty_Board" title="Copyright Royalty Board">CRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Catalog" title="Copyright Catalog">Copyright Catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_108_Study_Group" title="Section 108 Study Group">Section 108 Study Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_subnational_governments_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States">Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891" title="International Copyright Act of 1891">International Copyright Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_Act_of_1895" title="Printing Act of 1895">Printing Act of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Artists_Rights_Act" title="Visual Artists Rights Act">Visual Artists Rights Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Renewal_Act_of_1992" title="Copyright Renewal Act of 1992">Copyright Renewal Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Electronic_Theft_Act" title="No Electronic Theft Act">No Electronic Theft Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_in_Music_Licensing_Act_of_1998" title="Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998">Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Entertainment_and_Copyright_Act" title="Family Entertainment and Copyright Act">Family Entertainment and Copyright Act</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act" title="Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act">Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Modernization_Act" title="Music Modernization Act">Music Modernization Act</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alternative_in_Small-Claims_Enforcement_Act_of_2020" title="Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020">CASE Act</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents<br />and rulings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court copyright case law">Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Selden" title="Baker v. Selden">Baker v. Selden</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade-Mark_Cases" title="Trade-Mark Cases">Trade-Mark Cases</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony" title="Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony">Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banks_v._Manchester" title="Banks v. Manchester">Banks v. Manchester</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus" title="Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus">Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States" title="Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States">Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." title="Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.">Feist v. Rural</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc." title="Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.">Quality King v. L'anza</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A." title="Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.">Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Athletica,_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands,_Inc." title="Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.">Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com" title="Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com">Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc." title="Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts,_Inc._v._Goldsmith" title="Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith">Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appeals courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_v._E.C._Publications,_Inc." title="Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.">Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_Greeting_Cards_v._United_Card_Co." title="Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.">Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.</a></i> (9th Cir. 1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eltra_Corp._v._Ringer" title="Eltra Corp. v. Ringer">Eltra Corp. v. Ringer</a></i> (4th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</a></i> (9th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing_Co._v._Artic_International,_Inc." title="Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.">Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.</a></i> (7th Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.</a></i> (3d Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._Dees" title="Fisher v. Dees">Fisher v. Dees</a></i> (9th Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whelan_v._Jaslow" title="Whelan v. Jaslow">Whelan v. Jaslow</a></i> (3d Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vault_Corp._v._Quaid_Software_Ltd." title="Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.">Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.</a></i> (5th Cir. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Koons" title="Rogers v. Koons">Rogers v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Associates_International,_Inc._v._Altai,_Inc." title="Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.">Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union_v._Texaco,_Inc." title="American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.">American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Enters.,_L.P._v._Penguin_Books_USA,_Inc." title="Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.">Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.</a></i>(9th Cir. 1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment,_Inc._v._Connectix_Corp." title="Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.">Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunez_v._Caribbean_Int%27l_News_Corp." title="Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.">Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.</a></i> (1st Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc." title="A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veeck_v._Southern_Building_Code_Congress_Int%27l" title="Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l">Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l</a></i> (5th Cir. 2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp." title="Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.">Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Aimster_Copyright_Litigation" title="In re Aimster Copyright Litigation">In re Aimster Copyright Litigation</a></i> (7th Cir. 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NXIVM_Corp._v._Ross_Institute" title="NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute">NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute</a></i> (2d Cir. 2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BMG_Music_v._Gonzalez" title="BMG Music v. Gonzalez">BMG Music v. Gonzalez</a></i> (7th Cir. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_Archives_v._Dorling_Kindersley,_Ltd." title="Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.">Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanch_v._Koons" title="Blanch v. Koons">Blanch v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network,_LP_v._CSC_Holdings,_Inc." title="Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.">Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahanchian_v._Xenon_Pictures,_Inc." title="Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.">Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group_(USA)_Inc._v._American_Buddha" title="Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha">Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha</a></i> (2d Cir. 2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monge_v._Maya_Magazines,_Inc." title="Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.">Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seltzer_v._Green_Day,_Inc" title="Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc">Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc</a></i> (9th Cir. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Naruto v. Slater</a></i> (9th Cir. 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i> (C.C.D. Mass. 1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records_Co._v._Gem_Electronic_Distributors,_Inc." title="Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.">Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.</a></i> (E.D.N.Y. 1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broderbund_Software_Inc._v._Unison_World,_Inc." title="Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.">Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.</a></i> (N.D. Cal. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Frena" title="Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena">Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena</a></i> (M.D. Fla. 1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." title="Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._Streambox,_Inc." title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.">RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.</a></i> (W.D. Wash. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannion_v._Coors_Brewing_Co." title="Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.">Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arista_Records_LLC_v._Lime_Group_LLC" title="Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC">Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records,_LLC_v._ReDigi_Inc." title="Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.">Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equals_Three,_LLC_v._Jukin_Media,_Inc." title="Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.">Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.</a></i> (C.D. Cal. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_v._Internet_Archive" title="Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive">Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Copy_That_Floppy" title="Don't Copy That Floppy">Don't Copy That Floppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Recording_Rights_Coalition" title="Home Recording Rights Coalition">Home Recording Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimmer_on_Copyright" title="Nimmer on Copyright">Nimmer on Copyright</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Wouldn%27t_Steal_a_Car" title="You Wouldn't Steal a Car">You Wouldn't Steal a Car</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Walt_Disney_Company863" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disney" title="Template:Disney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disney" title="Template talk:Disney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Walt_Disney_Company863" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Walt_Disney_Company" title="Timeline of the Walt Disney Company">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_American_Broadcasting_Company" title="History of the American Broadcasting Company">History of the American Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ESPN" title="History of ESPN">History of ESPN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_the_Walt_Disney_Company" title="List of assets owned by the Walt Disney Company">Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Disney" title="List of acquisitions by Disney">Acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Walt_Disney_Company" title="Criticism of the Walt Disney Company">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_logo" title="Disney logo">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(Burbank)" title="Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)">Headquarters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Company<br />officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Founders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Disney" title="Roy O. Disney">Roy O. Disney</a></li></ul></li> <li>CEO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Iger" title="Bob Iger">Bob Iger</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of<br />directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Gorman" title="James P. Gorman">James P. Gorman</a> (chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Barra" title="Mary Barra">Mary Barra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safra_Catz" title="Safra Catz">Safra Catz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_deSouza" title="Francis deSouza">Francis deSouza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Iger" title="Bob Iger">Bob Iger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Elena_Lagomasino" title="Maria Elena Lagomasino">Maria Elena Lagomasino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disney_Entertainment" title="Disney Entertainment">Entertainment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)" title="Walt Disney Studios (division)">Studios</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneynature" title="Disneynature">Disneynature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Studios" title="Marvel Studios">Marvel Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Studios" title="20th Century Studios">20th Century Studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Animation" title="20th Century Animation">20th Century Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Family" title="20th Century Family">20th Century Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_Pictures" title="Searchlight Pictures">Searchlight Pictures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_Television" title="Searchlight Television">Searchlight Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Motion_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures">Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Buena Vista International">Buena Vista International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Distribution">Star Distribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Group" title="Disney Music Group">Disney Music Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Records" title="Walt Disney Records">Walt Disney Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Records" title="Hollywood Records">Hollywood Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Curve_Records" title="S-Curve Records">S-Curve Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Theatrical_Group" title="Disney Theatrical Group">Disney Theatrical Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Theatrical_Productions" title="Disney Theatrical Productions">Disney Theatrical Productions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disney_General_Entertainment_Content" title="Disney General Entertainment Content">General<br />Entertainment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disney_Branded_Television" title="Disney Branded Television">Disney Branded<br />Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Jr." title="Disney Jr.">Disney Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_XD" title="Disney XD">Disney XD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_production_companies_owned_by_the_American_Broadcasting_Company" title="List of production companies owned by the American Broadcasting Company">ABC Entertainment<br />Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Daytime" title="ABC Daytime">ABC Daytime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Audio" title="ABC Audio">ABC Audio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_Radio" title="ABC News Radio">ABC News Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Square_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Square Productions">Lincoln Square Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_Live" title="ABC News Live">ABC News Live</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Family_Worldwide" title="ABC Family Worldwide">ABC Family Worldwide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)" title="Freeform (TV channel)">Freeform</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FX_Networks" title="FX Networks">FX Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)" title="FX (TV channel)">FX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FXX" title="FXX">FXX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FX_Movie_Channel" title="FX Movie Channel">FXM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FX_Productions" title="FX Productions">FXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Collective" title="Onyx Collective">Onyx Collective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Global_Networks" title="National Geographic Global Networks">National Geographic<br />Global Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(American_TV_channel)" title="National Geographic (American TV channel)">National Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Wild" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Wild">National Geographic Wild</a></li> <li>Nat Geo Mundo</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production studios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Branded_Television" title="Disney Branded Television">Disney Branded Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Television_Animation" title="Disney Television Animation">Disney Television Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Laugh_Productions" title="It's a Laugh Productions">It's a Laugh Productions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Television_Studios" title="Disney Television Studios">Disney Television Studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Television" title="20th Television">20th Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Television_Animation" title="20th Television Animation">20th Television Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Family_Worldwide" title="ABC Family Worldwide">ABC Family Worldwide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saban_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Saban Entertainment">BVS Entertainment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BabyTV" title="BabyTV">BabyTV</a> (US distribution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&E Networks">A&E Networks</a> (50%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disney_Streaming" title="Disney Streaming">Streaming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_(Disney%2B)" title="Star (Disney+)">Star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disney_Platform_Distribution" title="Disney Platform Distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney%E2%80%93ABC_Domestic_Television" title="Disney–ABC Domestic Television">Disney–ABC Domestic Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment" title="Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment">Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>EMEA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company_France" title="The Walt Disney Company France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company_Italy" title="The Walt Disney Company Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company_CIS" title="The Walt Disney Company CIS">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company_Portugal" title="The Walt Disney Company Portugal">Portugal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company_India" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walt Disney Company India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Star" title="Disney Star">Disney Star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar" title="Disney+ Hotstar">Disney+ Hotstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Studios" title="Star Studios">Star Studios</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company_Latin_America" title="The Walt Disney Company Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonik_Film_Group" title="Patagonik Film Group">Patagonik Film Group</a> (33.3%)</li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rede_Telecine" title="Rede Telecine">Rede Telecine</a> (12.5%)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ABC_Owned_Television_Stations" title="ABC Owned Television Stations">ABC TV Stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KABC-TV" title="KABC-TV">KABC-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFSN-TV" title="KFSN-TV">KFSN-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGO-TV" title="KGO-TV">KGO-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTRK-TV" title="KTRK-TV">KTRK-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WABC-TV" title="WABC-TV">WABC-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLS-TV" title="WLS-TV">WLS-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPVI-TV" title="WPVI-TV">WPVI-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTVD" title="WTVD">WTVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localish" title="Localish">Localish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movies_Anywhere" title="Movies Anywhere">Movies Anywhere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disney_Experiences" title="Disney Experiences">Experiences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and<br />resorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Resort" title="Disneyland Resort">Disneyland Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Paris" title="Disneyland Paris">Disneyland Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Disneyland_Resort" title="Hong Kong Disneyland Resort">Hong Kong Disneyland Resort</a> (43%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Disney_Resort" title="Shanghai Disney Resort">Shanghai Disney Resort</a> (43%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Attractions_Japan" title="Walt Disney Attractions Japan">Walt Disney Attractions Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Walt Disney World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Imagineering" title="Walt Disney Imagineering">Imagineering</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Muppets_Studio" title="The Muppets Studio">The Muppets Studio</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventures_by_Disney" title="Adventures by Disney">Adventures by Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Partners" title="National Geographic Partners">National Geographic Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Cruise_Line" title="Disney Cruise Line">Disney Cruise Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Vacation_Club" title="Disney Vacation Club">Disney Vacation Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyliving_by_Disney" title="Storyliving by Disney">Storyliving by Disney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disney_Consumer_Products" title="Disney Consumer Products">Consumer<br />Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Store" title="Disney Store">Disney Store</a> (Outside US & Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Publishing_Worldwide" title="Disney Publishing Worldwide">Disney Publishing Worldwide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_English" title="Disney English">Disney English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Partners#NG_Media" title="National Geographic Partners">NG Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney.com" title="Disney.com">Disney Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Interactive" title="Disney Interactive">Disney Interactive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ESPN_Inc." title="ESPN Inc.">ESPN Inc.</a> <small><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ESPN is majority-owned by the Walt Disney Company, with Hearst Communications owning the remaining 20%.">(80%)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN2" title="ESPN2">ESPN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_on_ABC" title="ESPN on ABC">ESPN on ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_Deportes" title="ESPN Deportes">ESPN Deportes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPNews" title="ESPNews">ESPNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPNU" title="ESPNU">ESPNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_PPV" title="ESPN PPV">ESPN PPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_Classic" title="ESPN Classic">ESPN Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_Events" title="ESPN Events">ESPN Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_Films" title="ESPN Films">ESPN Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPN_International" title="ESPN International">ESPN International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACC_Network" title="ACC Network">ACC Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhorn_Network" title="Longhorn Network">Longhorn Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEC_Network" title="SEC Network">SEC Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_(brand)" title="Buena Vista (brand)">Buena Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D23_(Disney)" title="D23 (Disney)">D23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Institute" title="Disney Institute">Disney Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Archives" title="Walt Disney Archives">Walt Disney Archives</a></li> <li>Disney Programs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_College_Program" title="Disney College Program">Disney College Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_International_Programs" title="Disney International Programs">Disney International Programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_University" title="Disney University">Disney University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reedy_Creek_Energy_Services" title="Reedy Creek Energy Services">Reedy Creek Energy Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former/defunct<br />units and<br />predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Kids_(TV_programming_block)" title="ABC Kids (TV programming block)">ABC Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Signature" title="ABC Signature">ABC Signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Einstein" title="Baby Einstein">Baby Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Network" title="Blue Network">Blue Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios" title="Blue Sky Studios">Blue Sky Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting-Paramount_Theatres" title="American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres">American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravan_Pictures" title="Caravan Pictures">Caravan Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Cities/ABC" title="Capital Cities/ABC">Capital Cities/ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS/Fox_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS/Fox Video">CBS/Fox Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinergi_Pictures" title="Cinergi Pictures">Cinergi Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_7_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Circle 7 Animation">Circle 7 Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Interactive_Studios" title="Disney Interactive Studios">Disney Interactive Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Entertainment" title="DIC Entertainment">DIC Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Digital_Network" title="Disney Digital Network">Disney Digital Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Store" title="Disney Store">Disney Store</a> (US & Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney%27s_One_Too" title="Disney's One Too">Disney's One Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemol_Shine_Group" title="Endemol Shine Group">Endemol Shine Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_2000_Pictures" title="Fox 2000 Pictures">Fox 2000 Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Animation_Studios" title="Fox Animation Studios">Fox Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Networks_Group" title="Fox Networks Group">Fox Networks Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Sports_Networks" title="Fox Sports Networks">Fox Sports Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FoxNext" title="FoxNext">FoxNext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMTV" title="GMTV">GMTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Pictures" title="Hollywood Pictures">Hollywood Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetix" title="Jetix">Jetix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jetix_Animation_Concepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetix Animation Concepts">Jetix Animation Concepts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment" title="Marvel Entertainment">Marvel Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Pictures" title="New World Pictures">New World Pictures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Star_Television" title="Four Star Television">Four Star Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metromedia" title="Metromedia">Metromedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miramax" title="Miramax">Miramax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miramax_Books" title="Miramax Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_Films" title="Dimension Films">Dimension Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_(magazine)" title="Talk (magazine)">Talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTM_Enterprises" title="MTM Enterprises">MTM Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Disney" title="Playhouse Disney">Playhouse Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Disney" title="Radio Disney">Radio Disney</a></li> <li>Saban Entertainment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saban_International_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saban International Paris">SIP Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9ativit%C3%A9_et_D%C3%A9veloppement" title="Créativité et Développement">Créativité et Développement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Kids" title="Fox Kids">Fox Children's Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Productions" title="Marvel Productions">Marvel Productions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DePatie%E2%80%93Freleng_Enterprises" title="DePatie–Freleng Enterprises">DePatie–Freleng Enterprises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star%2B" title="Star+">Star+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toon_Disney" title="Toon Disney">Toon Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchstone_Pictures" title="Touchstone Pictures">Touchstone Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchstone_Television" title="Touchstone Television">Touchstone Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleColombia" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleColombia">TeleColombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Play" title="Tata Play">Tata Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Television" title="Walt Disney Television">Walt Disney Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_21st_Century_Fox_by_Disney" title="Acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney">Acquisition of 21st Century Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_and_Florida%27s_Parental_Rights_in_Education_Act" title="Disney and Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act">Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reedy_Creek_Improvement_Act" title="Reedy Creek Improvement Act">Reedy Creek Improvement Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disney_v._DeSantis" title="Disney v. DeSantis">Disney v. DeSantis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disney_Lorcana" title="Disney Lorcana">Disney Lorcana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Airport_(California)" title="Grand Central Airport (California)">Grand Central Creative Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney%E2%80%93Charter_Communications_dispute" title="Disney–Charter Communications dispute">Disney–Charter dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_acquisition_of_Disney_by_Apple" title="Potential acquisition of Disney by Apple">Potential acquisition by Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retlaw_Enterprises" title="Retlaw Enterprises">Retlaw Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_Cafe" title="Snow White Cafe">Snow White Cafe</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walt Disney Productions v. 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