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class="infobox-above"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Thomas Osmond Summers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Osmond_Summers,_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Thomas_Osmond_Summers%2C_1881.jpg/220px-Thomas_Osmond_Summers%2C_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Thomas_Osmond_Summers%2C_1881.jpg/330px-Thomas_Osmond_Summers%2C_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Thomas_Osmond_Summers%2C_1881.jpg/440px-Thomas_Osmond_Summers%2C_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nativename" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">11 October 1812 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16063179?uselang=en#P569" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 May 1882 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16063179?uselang=en#P570" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> (aged 69)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a>, liturgist, university teacher, <a href="/wiki/Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Editor">editor</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16063179?uselang=en#P106" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer</th><td class="infobox-data org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16063179?uselang=en#P108" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Osmond</b> (or <b>Osgood</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolder198487_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolder198487-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Summers</b> (11 October 1812 – 6 May 1882) was an English-born American <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clergyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Clergyman">clergyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymnist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymnist">hymnist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Editor">editor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgist">liturgist</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_Professor" class="mw-redirect" title="University Professor">university professor</a>. He is considered one of the most prominent Methodist theologians of the nineteenth century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas Osmond Summers was born the 11 October 1812 in <a href="/wiki/Swanage" title="Swanage">Swanage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201817-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summers was orphaned at six year old and cared for by his Calvinist grandmother<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989241_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989241-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201817-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His only sister also died around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201817-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age seven, along with his brother, he moved under the care of a great aunt named Sarah Havilland, who had a lasting influence on him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201817-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She taught Summers in the doctrine and the practices of the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational church</a>, until she died in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201817-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following her death, he was placed in the guardianship of three <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independent</a> Church who taught him the <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>, selected <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> passages for memorizing, and saw that he attended church five times each Sunday, and at mid-week services.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDH2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECDH2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1830, he emigrated to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201817-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1832, he joined Ebenezer <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201818_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201818-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1833, he had a conversion experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201818_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201818-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1834, he was licensed to preach, and admitted as a member on trial to the Baltimore Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201818_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201818-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1835, Summers was appointed to the Augusta circuit in rural <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201818_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201818-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gained a reputation on the circuit as the preeminent experts in <a href="/wiki/Hymnody" title="Hymnody">hymnody</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201819-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1837, He was ordained deacon in 1837 and was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore City">Baltimore City</a> station church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201819-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1839, he was ordained <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elder</a> and appointed to the West River Circuit in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201819-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1840, he established a Methodist community on <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a> in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFornell2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFornell2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1844, he moved to the <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> Conference, and married Miss N. B. Sexton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201819-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as a Methodist clergyman in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolder1984_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolder1984-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1845, he was elected secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201819-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was selected to chair the committee tasked with creating a new <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnal</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South" title="Methodist Episcopal Church, South">Methodist Episcopal Church, South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201819-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was chosen as the assistant editor of the <i>Southern Christian Advocate</i>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201819-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a> and worked as a book editor for the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannan1998_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannan1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1851 to 1856, he served as the editor of the <i>Sunday School Visitor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855, he relocated to Nashville, as general editor of the <i>Southern Christian Advocate</i> and also supervising all of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South's Sunday School publications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201820_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201820-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1858 to 1861, he served as editor of the <i>Quarterly Review of the Methodist Church, South</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1868 to 1878, he was the editor of the Nashville <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Advocate" title="Christian Advocate">Christian Advocate</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201821_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201821-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summers published over 500 books from church history to medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989243_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989243-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the actual number is difficult to determine because he often did not indicate his own authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201835_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201835-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875, Summers served as Professor of Systematic Theology at <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a>, a newly established university in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> which was started as a Methodist institution by <a href="/wiki/Holland_Nimmons_McTyeire" title="Holland Nimmons McTyeire">Holland Nimmons McTyeire</a> (1824-1889), Bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South" title="Methodist Episcopal Church, South">Methodist Episcopal Church, South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipleyDana1879_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERipleyDana1879-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1878, he became Dean of the Biblical Department at Vanderbilt University, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Divinity_School" title="Vanderbilt University Divinity School">Vanderbilt University Divinity School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipleyDana1879_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERipleyDana1879-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became known as "one of the leading Methodist theologians of the nineteenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology_and_views">Theology and views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theology and views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1856, a few years before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> of 1861-1865, and together with <a href="/wiki/William_Andrew_Smith_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Andrew Smith (educator)">William Andrew Smith</a> (1802–1870), the President of his alma mater <a href="/wiki/Randolph%E2%80%93Macon_College" title="Randolph–Macon College">Randolph–Macon College</a>, he published an essay about domestic <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithSummersAmericana1856_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithSummersAmericana1856-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ladies%27_Repository" title="The Ladies' Repository">The Ladies' Repository</a></i>, he justified punishment of the sinful as tough love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the Civil War, Summers continued to publish materials for Confederate soldiers, lamenting once that his poor eyesight prevented him from serving in the Confederate army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201812_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201812-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summers was a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic theologian">systematic theologian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989243_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989243-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His views on <a href="/wiki/Soteriology_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Soteriology in Christianity">soteriology</a> are representative of classical <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Summers died after collapsing during a meeting of General Conference on the 6th of May,1882 in Nashville, Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989244_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989244-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in the Bishop’s Grave (also known as Bishop’s Monument) on Vanderbilt’s campus alongside Bishop <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Soule" title="Joshua Soule">Joshua Soule</a>, Bishop <a href="/wiki/William_McKendree" title="William McKendree">William McKendree</a>, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Holland_Nimmons_McTyeire" title="Holland Nimmons McTyeire">Holland Nimmons McTyeire</a>, his wife Amelia, and Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Landon_Garland" title="Landon Garland">Landon Garland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSummers1850" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1850). <i>Christian patriotism</i> (Sermon). Charleston, SC: Printed by C. Canning.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+patriotism&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=Printed+by+C.+Canning&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1851" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1851). <i>Holiness a treatise on sanctification, as set forth in the New Testament</i>. Richmond, Louisville: J. Early, for the Methodist Episcopal church, South.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holiness+a+treatise+on+sanctification%2C+as+set+forth+in+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Louisville&rft.pub=J.+Early%2C+for+the+Methodist+Episcopal+church%2C+South&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1891" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1891) [1852]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imarc.cc/br/pdf/Bk_10013.pdf"><i>Baptism : a treatise on the nature, perpetuity, subjects, administrator, mode, and use of the initiating ordinance of the Christian Church [...]</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptism+%3A+a+treatise+on+the+nature%2C+perpetuity%2C+subjects%2C+administrator%2C+mode%2C+and+use+of+the+initiating+ordinance+of+the+Christian+Church+%5B...%5D&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimarc.cc%2Fbr%2Fpdf%2FBk_10013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1858" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1858). <i>The preachers' text-book</i>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+preachers%27+text-book&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1859" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imarc.cc/br/pdf/BK_30003.pdf"><i>The golden censer : an essay on prayer, with a selection of forms of prayer, designed to aid in the devotions of the sanctuary, family, and closet</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+golden+censer+%3A+an+essay+on+prayer%2C+with+a+selection+of+forms+of+prayer%2C+designed+to+aid+in+the+devotions+of+the+sanctuary%2C+family%2C+and+closet&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimarc.cc%2Fbr%2Fpdf%2FBK_30003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1864" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://readux.ecds.emory.edu/books/emory:8jn51/pdf/#page=2"><i>The Gospel message</i></a>. Richmond: Macfarlane & Fergusson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+message&rft.place=Richmond&rft.pub=Macfarlane+%26+Fergusson&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freadux.ecds.emory.edu%2Fbooks%2Femory%3A8jn51%2Fpdf%2F%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1869" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Summers, Thomas O. (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imarc.cc/br/pdf/BK_40004.pdf"><i>Commentary on the gospels</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 1, St. Matthew. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+gospels&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimarc.cc%2Fbr%2Fpdf%2FBK_40004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1872" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Summers, Thomas O. (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imarc.cc/br/pdf/BK_40005.pdf"><i>Commentary on the gospels</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 2, St. Mark. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+gospels&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimarc.cc%2Fbr%2Fpdf%2FBK_40005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1872" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Summers, Thomas O. (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imarc.cc/br/pdf/BK_40006.pdf"><i>Commentary on the gospels</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 3, St. Luke. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+gospels&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimarc.cc%2Fbr%2Fpdf%2FBK_40006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1872" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Summers, Thomas O. (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imarc.cc/br/pdf/BK_40007.pdf"><i>Commentary on the gospels</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 4, St. John. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+gospels&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimarc.cc%2Fbr%2Fpdf%2FBK_40007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1872" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wayofsalvation00summ"><i>The way of salvation</i></a>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+way+of+salvation&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwayofsalvation00summ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1874" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imarc.cc/br/pdf/BK_40008.pdf"><i>Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimarc.cc%2Fbr%2Fpdf%2FBK_40008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1881" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imarc.cc/br/pdf/BK_40009.pdf"><i>The Epistle of Paul, the Apostle to the Romans</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistle+of+Paul%2C+the+Apostle+to+the+Romans&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimarc.cc%2Fbr%2Fpdf%2FBK_40009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1888" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imarc.cc/br/pdf/Bk_10014.pdf"><i>Systematic Theology: A Complete Body of Wesleyan Arminian Divinity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 1. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology%3A+A+Complete+Body+of+Wesleyan+Arminian+Divinity&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimarc.cc%2Fbr%2Fpdf%2FBk_10014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1888" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imarc.cc/br/pdf/Bk_10015.pdf"><i>Systematic Theology: A Complete Body of Wesleyan Arminian Divinity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 2. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology%3A+A+Complete+Body+of+Wesleyan+Arminian+Divinity&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimarc.cc%2Fbr%2Fpdf%2FBk_10015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edited_by">Edited by</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Edited by"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[Summers' edited books are numerous. Here is only a selection] </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1851" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CYdUAAAAYAAJ"><i>Songs of Zion : a supplement to the hymn book of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South</i></a>. Richmond, Louisville: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Zion+%3A+a+supplement+to+the+hymn+book+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church%2C+South&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Louisville&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCYdUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithSummersAmericana1856" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William Andrew; Summers, Thomas O.; Americana, Sabin (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesonphilos00smit"><i>Lectures On the Philosophy and Practice of Slavery, As Exhibited in the Institution of Domestic Slavery in the United States: With the Duties of Masters of Slaves</i></a>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+On+the+Philosophy+and+Practice+of+Slavery%2C+As+Exhibited+in+the+Institution+of+Domestic+Slavery+in+the+United+States%3A+With+the+Duties+of+Masters+of+Slaves&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+Andrew&rft.au=Summers%2C+Thomas+O.&rft.au=Americana%2C+Sabin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecturesonphilos00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1857" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/04469601.2486.emory.edu"><i>Methodist pamphlets for the people</i></a>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+pamphlets+for+the+people&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F04469601.2486.emory.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1858" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalsket00sumx"><i>Biographical sketches of eminent itinerant ministers distinguished, for the most part, as pioneers of Methodism within the bounds of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South</i></a>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+sketches+of+eminent+itinerant+ministers+distinguished%2C+for+the+most+part%2C+as+pioneers+of+Methodism+within+the+bounds+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church%2C+South&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicalsket00sumx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1860" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catechismsofmeth00meth"><i>Catechisms of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South</i></a>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechisms+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church%2C+South&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatechismsofmeth00meth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1873" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commentaryonther00summuoft"><i>Commentary on the ritual of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South</i></a>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+ritual+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church%2C+South&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommentaryonther00summuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers1881" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas O. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sermonsbysouther00summiala"><i>Sermons by Southern Methodist preachers</i></a>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sermons+by+Southern+Methodist+preachers&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsermonsbysouther00summiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolder198487-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolder198487_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolder1984">Holder 1984</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201817-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201817_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSigler2018">Sigler 2018</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989241-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989241_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1989">Phillips 1989</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECDH2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDH2020_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCDH2020">CDH 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201818-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201818_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201818_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201818_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201818_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSigler2018">Sigler 2018</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201819-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201819_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSigler2018">Sigler 2018</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFornell2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFornell2011_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFornell2011">Fornell 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolder1984-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolder1984_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolder1984">Holder 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1976_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1976">Johnson 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannan1998-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannan1998_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannan1998">Hannan 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201820-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201820_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSigler2018">Sigler 2018</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201821-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201821_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSigler2018">Sigler 2018</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989243-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989243_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989243_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1989">Phillips 1989</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201835-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201835_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSigler2018">Sigler 2018</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERipleyDana1879-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipleyDana1879_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipleyDana1879_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRipleyDana1879">Ripley & Dana 1879</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithSummersAmericana1856-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithSummersAmericana1856_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithSummersAmericana1856">Smith, Summers & Americana 1856</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESigler201812-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigler201812_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSigler2018">Sigler 2018</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2010-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2010_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2010">Olson 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989244-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1989244_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1989">Phillips 1989</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>(2013) REMOVALS FROM CITY CEMETERY TO OTHER CEMETERIES</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thenashvillecitycemetery.org/removals_to_other_cemeteries.pdf">http://www.thenashvillecitycemetery.org/removals_to_other_cemeteries.pdf</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDH2020" class="citation web cs1">CDH (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnology.co.uk/t/thomas-o-summers">"Thomas O. Summers"</a>. <i>The Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology</i>. Canterbury Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canterbury+Dictionary+of+Hymnology&rft.atitle=Thomas+O.+Summers&rft.date=2020&rft.au=CDH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnology.co.uk%2Ft%2Fthomas-o-summers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFornell2011" class="citation book cs1">Fornell, Earl Wesley (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZN9NWt5KegUC&pg=PA83"><i>The Galveston Era: The Texas Crescent on the Eve of Secession</i></a>. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292789197" title="Special:BookSources/9780292789197"><bdi>9780292789197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Galveston+Era%3A+The+Texas+Crescent+on+the+Eve+of+Secession&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780292789197&rft.aulast=Fornell&rft.aufirst=Earl+Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZN9NWt5KegUC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannan1998" class="citation book cs1">Hannan, Caryn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8QGF2QH5K0C&pg=PA362"><i>Georgia Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. St. Clair Shores, MI: State History Publications. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878592422" title="Special:BookSources/9781878592422"><bdi>9781878592422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=St.+Clair+Shores%2C+MI&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=State+History+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781878592422&rft.aulast=Hannan&rft.aufirst=Caryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8QGF2QH5K0C%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolder1984" class="citation book cs1">Holder, Ray (1984). <i>The Mississippi Methodists, 1799-1983: a moral people "born of conviction"</i>. Jackson, MS: Maverick Prints.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mississippi+Methodists%2C+1799-1983%3A+a+moral+people+%22born+of+conviction%22&rft.place=Jackson%2C+MS&rft.pub=Maverick+Prints&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Holder&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1976" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Andrew (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pWn6WXtgiwC&pg=PA320"><i>The Papers: 1822-1851</i></a>. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 320–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870492730" title="Special:BookSources/9780870492730"><bdi>9780870492730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers%3A+1822-1851&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+TN&rft.pages=320-321&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780870492730&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-pWn6WXtgiwC%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2010" class="citation web cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patheos.com/blogs/rogereolson/2010/09/arminian-teaching-regarding-original-sin/">"Arminian teaching regarding original sin"</a>. <i>Roger E. Olson: My evangelical, Arminian theological musings</i>. Patheos<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roger+E.+Olson%3A+My+evangelical%2C+Arminian+theological+musings&rft.atitle=Arminian+teaching+regarding+original+sin&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Frogereolson%2F2010%2F09%2Farminian-teaching-regarding-original-sin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1989" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, L. Edward (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.gcah.org/bitstream/handle/10516/573/Methodist-History-07-1989-Phillips.pdf">"Thomas Osmond Summers, Methodist Liturgist of the Nineteenth Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Methodist History</i>. <b>27</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Methodist+History&rft.atitle=Thomas+Osmond+Summers%2C+Methodist+Liturgist+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=L.+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.gcah.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10516%2F573%2FMethodist-History-07-1989-Phillips.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipleyDana1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A. (1879). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Vanderbilt University"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Vanderbilt_University">"Vanderbilt University" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. Vol. XVI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanderbilt+University&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Dana%2C+Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigler2018" class="citation book cs1">Sigler, R. Matthew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwxjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT17"><i>Methodist Worship: Mediating the Wesleyan Liturgical Heritage</i></a>. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429959929" title="Special:BookSources/9780429959929"><bdi>9780429959929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Worship%3A+Mediating+the+Wesleyan+Liturgical+Heritage&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780429959929&rft.aulast=Sigler&rft.aufirst=R.+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSwxjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Jeffrey (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHFgNXbLhrMC&pg=PA146"><i>Religion and Violence in Early American Methodism: Taking the Kingdom by Force</i></a>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253004239" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253004239"><bdi>978-0253004239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Violence+in+Early+American+Methodism%3A+Taking+the+Kingdom+by+Force&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0253004239&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHFgNXbLhrMC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald1884" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Oscar Penn (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGE3AAAAMAAJ"><i>Dr. Summers: A Life-study</i></a>. Nashville, TN: Southern Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Summers%3A+A+Life-study&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Oscar+Penn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGE3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Osmond+Summers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Osmond_Summers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/32175">Works by Thomas Osmond Summers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Summers%2C%20Thomas%20Osmond%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Summers%2C%20Thomas%20O%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Summers%2C%20T%2E%20O%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Osmond%20Summers%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20O%2E%20Summers%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22T%2E%20O%2E%20Summers%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Summers%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Summers%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Osmond%20Summers%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20O%2E%20Summers%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T%2E%20O%2E%20Summers%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T%2E%20Osmond%20Summers%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Summers%2C%20Thomas%20Osmond%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Summers%2C%20Thomas%20O%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Summers%2C%20T%2E%20O%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Summers%2C%20T%2E%20Osmond%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Summers%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Summers%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Osmond%20Summers%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20O%2E%20Summers%22%20OR%20title%3A%22T%2E%20O%2E%20Summers%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Summers%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Osmond%20Summers%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20O%2E%20Summers%22%20OR%20description%3A%22T%2E%20O%2E%20Summers%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Summers%2C%20Thomas%20Osmond%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Summers%2C%20Thomas%20O%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Summers%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Summers%2C%20Thomas%22%29%20OR%20%28%221812-1882%22%20AND%20Summers%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Thomas Osmond Summers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000007396168X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68777685">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/269971/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmxPjjRXXkrXt8qkBtrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/182583872">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr90008399">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1533218">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arminianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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Dort">Synod of Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="James Arminius"><img alt="James Arminius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/125px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/188px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/250px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Remonstrance" title="Five Articles of Remonstrance">Five Articles of Remonstrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrant_Confession" title="Remonstrant Confession">Remonstrant Confession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Episcopius" title="Simon Episcopius">Simon Episcopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwin_(preacher)" title="John Goodwin (preacher)">John Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grantham_(Baptist)" title="Thomas Grantham (Baptist)">Thomas Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Osmond Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Miley" title="John Miley">John Miley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burt_Pope" title="William Burt Pope">William Burt Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Orton_Wiley" title="Henry Orton Wiley">Henry Orton Wiley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Kenneth_Grider" title="J. Kenneth Grider">J. Kenneth Grider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pawson" title="David Pawson">David Pawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Oden" title="Thomas C. Oden">Thomas C. Oden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_R._Osborne" title="Grant R. Osborne">Grant R. Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Roger E. Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_S._Keener" title="Craig S. Keener">Craig S. Keener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Oropeza" title="B. J. Oropeza">B. J. Oropeza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventist church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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