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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Subtypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Habits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ōkina_otomodachi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ōkina_otomodachi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ōkina otomodachi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ōkina_otomodachi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Otaku</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88" title="أوتاكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوتاكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88" title="ؤطاكو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤطاكو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Οτάκου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οτάκου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88" title="اوتاکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوتاکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%BF%A0" title="오타쿠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오타쿠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Օտակու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օտակու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95" title="אוטאקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטאקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Отаку – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Отаку" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8F" title="おたく – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="おたく" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Отаку – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отаку" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ئۆتاکو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆتاکو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Отаку – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отаку" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8" title="โอตากุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอตากุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Отаку – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Отаку" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Отаку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Отаку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%AE%85%E6%97%8F" title="御宅族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="御宅族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Otaku" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q194448#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="View the content page 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Someone highly interested in anime and manga</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Otakou" title="Otakou">Otakou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku</a>, or <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta-ku" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōta-ku">Ōta-ku</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akihabara_picture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Akihabara_picture.jpg/310px-Akihabara_picture.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Akihabara_picture.jpg/465px-Akihabara_picture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Akihabara_picture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Akihabara" title="Akihabara">Akihabara</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, a popular gathering site for <i>otaku</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Otaku</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">おたく<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">,</span></span> オタク<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">, or</span></span> ヲタク</span>)</span> is a Japanese word that describes people with consuming interests, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga" title="Anime and manga">anime, manga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>. Its contemporary use originated with a 1983 essay by <a href="/wiki/Akio_Nakamori" title="Akio Nakamori">Akio Nakamori</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Manga_Burikko" title="Manga Burikko">Manga Burikko</a></i>. </p><p><i>Otaku</i> subculture is a central theme of various anime, manga, documentaries, and academic research. The subculture began in the 1980s as changing social mentalities and the nurturing of <i>otaku</i> traits by Japanese schools combined with the resignation of such individuals to what was then seen as inevitably becoming social outcasts. The subculture's birth coincided with the anime boom after the release of works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam" title="Mobile Suit Gundam">Mobile Suit Gundam</a></i>, before it branched into <a href="/wiki/Comiket" title="Comiket">Comic Market</a>. The <i>otaku</i> culture could also be seen as a refuge from the <i><a href="/wiki/Nanpa" title="Nanpa">nanpa</a></i> culture. In 1980, around the Kabuki-chō district of Shinjuku in Tokyo, there was a boom of <i>nyū fūzoku</i>, or new sex services employing female college or vocational school students. The <i><a href="/wiki/Burusera" title="Burusera">burusera</a></i> boom and the compensated dating boom in the 1990s were extensions of this. In this sense, the period from 1980 to the mid-1990s was the "age of sexual love". The higher the sexual love boom rose, the more people were disappointed in sexual love for not giving them that comprehensive acceptance. The advent of information technology and databases, first and foremost, enriched the means for the homeostasis of the self, that is, self-defense; and, secondly, it thereby rapidly weakened the sense that "reality" (or embodied communication) is more fruitful than "fiction" (or virtual reality).<sup id="cite_ref-Miyadai_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyadai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>otaku</i> subculture grew with the expansion of the Internet and media, as more anime, video games, shows, and comics were created.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">otaku</i></span> subsequently became more complex, and numerous classifications of <i>otaku</i> emerged. </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Otaku</i></span> may be used as a pejorative, with its negativity stemming from a stereotypical view of <i>otaku</i> as social outcasts and the media's reporting on <a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Miyazaki" title="Tsutomu Miyazaki">Tsutomu Miyazaki</a>, "The Otaku Murderer", in 1989. <i>Otaku</i> discrimination was particularly intense between 1989 (when a serial murder suspect was arrested) and 1996 (when the compensated dating boom was at its peak).<sup id="cite_ref-Miyadai_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyadai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to studies published in 2013, the term has become less negative, and an increasing number of people now identify themselves as <i>otaku</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-mynavi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mynavi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and elsewhere. Out of 137,734 teens surveyed in Japan in 2013, 42.2% self-identified as a type of <i>otaku</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mynavi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mynavi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a nationwide <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a> survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/Dentsu" title="Dentsu">Dentsu</a> in July 2022, 34％ of <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Gen-Z" class="mw-redirect" title="Gen-Z">Gen-Zs</a> (around 15 million people), acknowledged themselves as anime <i>otaku</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Nomura_Research_Institute" title="Nomura Research Institute">Nomura Research Institute</a> divided <i>otaku</i> into twelve groups and estimated the size and market impact of each of these groups. Other institutions have split it further or focused on a single <i>otaku</i> interest. These publications classify distinct groups including anime, manga, camera, automobile, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol" title="Japanese idol">J-idol</a>, and electronics otaku. In 2005, the economic impact of <i>otaku</i> was estimated to be as high as ¥2 trillion (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$18</span> billion).<sup id="cite_ref-money_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239945135">.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-heading{background:lavender}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist anime-and-manga"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anime_eye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/70px-Anime_eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/105px-Anime_eye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/140px-Anime_eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Anime</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan" title="Voice acting in Japan">Voice acting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_animation_studios" title="List of Japanese animation studios">Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">Longest series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">Longest franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Manga</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_publishers" title="List of manga publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_outside_Japan" title="Manga outside Japan">International market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_artist" title="Manga artist">Manga artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heta-uma" title="Heta-uma">Heta-uma</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(manga)" title="New Wave (manga)">New Wave</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_cafe" title="Manga cafe">Manga cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">Best-selling series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_series_by_volume_count" title="List of manga series by volume count">Longest series</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Demographic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōnen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōjo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Seinen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Josei</i></span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_by_genre" title="Category:Anime and manga by genre">Genres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bara</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_love" title="Boys' love">Boys' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Manga artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">Anime directors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Fandom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujinshi</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujin</i></span> shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujinshi</i></span> printer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">Conventions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_club" title="Anime club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Otaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yaoi</i></span> fandom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anime_and_manga" title="Glossary of anime and manga">Glossary</a> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Moe</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nijikon" title="Nijikon">Nijikon</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.5D_musical" title="2.5D musical">2.5D musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">Anime-influenced animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyAnimeList" title="MyAnimeList">MyAnimeList</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/16px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/24px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/32px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga" title="Portal:Anime and manga">Anime and manga portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anime_and_manga" title="Template talk:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Otaku</i></span> is derived from a Japanese term for another person's house or family (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E5%AE%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:お宅">お宅</a>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">otaku</i></span>). The word can be used <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorically</a> as a part of <a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">honorific speech in Japanese</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Second_person_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Second person pronoun">second-person pronoun</a>. In this usage, its literal translation is "you". It is associated with some dialects of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects#Eastern_and_Western_Japanese" title="Japanese dialects">Western Japanese</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">housewives</a>, and is less direct and more distant than intimate pronouns, such as <i>anata</i>, and masculine pronouns, such as <i>kimi</i> and <i>omae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of the pronoun's use among 1980s manga and anime fans is unclear. Science fiction fans were using <i>otaku</i> to address owners of books by the late 1960s (in a sense of "Do[es] [your home] own this book?").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social critic <a href="/wiki/Eiji_%C5%8Ctsuka" title="Eiji Ōtsuka">Eiji Ōtsuka</a> posits that <i>otaku</i> was used because it allowed people meeting for the first time, such as at a <a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">convention</a>, to interact from a comfortable distance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theory posits that <i>otaku</i> was popularized as a pronoun by science fiction author <a href="/wiki/Motoko_Arai" title="Motoko Arai">Motoko Arai</a> in a 1981 essay in <i>Variety</i> magazine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another posits that it was popularized by fans of anime studio <a href="/wiki/Gainax" title="Gainax">Gainax</a>, some of whose founders came from <a href="/wiki/Tottori_Prefecture" title="Tottori Prefecture">Tottori Prefecture</a> in western Japan (where <i>otaku</i> is commonly used).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009171_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009171-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pronoun was also used in the popular anime <i><a href="/wiki/Macross" title="Macross">Macross</a></i>, first aired in 1982, by the characters <a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Ichijyo" title="Hikaru Ichijyo">Hikaru Ichijyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Minmay" title="Lynn Minmay">Lynn Minmay</a>, who address each other as <i>otaku</i> until they get to know each other better.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009172_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009172-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRI_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SDFMeps3and4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDFMeps3and4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern slang form, which is distinguished from the older usage by being written in <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a> (おたく), <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> (オタク or, less frequently, ヲタク) or rarely in <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">rōmaji</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first appeared in public discourse in the 1980s, through the work of humorist and essayist <a href="/wiki/Akio_Nakamori" title="Akio Nakamori">Akio Nakamori</a>. His 1983 series '<i>Otaku' Research</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">『おたく』の研究</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Otaku" no Kenkyū</i></span>)</span>, printed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">lolicon</a></i> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Manga_Burikko" title="Manga Burikko">Manga Burikko</a></i>, applied the term as pejorative for "unpleasant" fans, attacking their supposed poor fashion sense and physical appearance in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201955_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201955-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nakamori was particularly critical of "manga maniacs" drawn to cute girl characters,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201955_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201955-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and explained his label <i>otaku</i> as the term of address used between junior high school kids at manga and anime conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, the case of <a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Miyazaki" title="Tsutomu Miyazaki">Tsutomu Miyazaki</a>, "The Otaku Murderer", brought the fandom, very negatively, to national attention.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miyazaki, who randomly chose and murdered four girls, had a collection of 5,763 video tapes, some containing anime and <a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">slasher films</a> that were found interspersed with videos and pictures of his victims. Later that year, the contemporary knowledge magazine <i>Bessatsu Takarajima</i> dedicated its 104th issue to the topic of otaku. It was called <i>Otaku no Hon</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おたくの本</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">lit. The Book of Otaku</i></span>)</span> and delved into the subculture of otaku with 19 articles by otaku insiders, among them Akio Nakamori. This publication has been claimed by scholar Rudyard Pesimo to have popularized the term.<sup id="cite_ref-Nippon_Foundation_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nippon_Foundation-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disordered_Otaku_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Disordered_Otaku_room.jpg/220px-Disordered_Otaku_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Disordered_Otaku_room.jpg/330px-Disordered_Otaku_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Disordered_Otaku_room.jpg/440px-Disordered_Otaku_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>An <i>otaku</i> room after the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">11 March Earthquake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In modern Japanese slang, the term <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">otaku</i></span> is mostly equivalent to "<a href="/wiki/Geek" title="Geek">geek</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Nerd" title="Nerd">nerd</a>" (both in the broad sense; a technological geek would be a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gijutsu otaku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">技術オタク</span></span>)</span> and an academic nerd would be a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bunkakei otaku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">文化系オタク</span></span>)</span> or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gariben</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ガリ勉</span></span>)</span>), but in a more derogatory manner than used in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also applied to any <a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">fan</a> of any particular theme, topic, hobby or form of entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "When these people are referred to as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">otaku</i></span>, they are judged for their behaviors — and people suddenly see an 'otaku' as a person unable to relate to reality."<sup id="cite_ref-Otaku:_Is_it_a_dirty_word?_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaku:_Is_it_a_dirty_word?-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gizmodo_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gizmodo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term thus has more of a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">negative association</a> in Japanese society.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word entered English as a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from the Japanese language. It is typically used to refer to a fan of <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, but can also refer to <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Japanese video games</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a> in general. Platforms like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trackotaku.com">TrackOtaku</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the American magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Otaku_USA" title="Otaku USA">Otaku USA</a></i> popularize and cover these aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-Home_-_Otaku_USA_Magazine_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Home_-_Otaku_USA_Magazine-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fan_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage of the word is a source of contention among some fans, owing to its negative connotations and stereotyping of the fandom. Widespread English exposure to the term came in 1988 with the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Gunbuster" title="Gunbuster">Gunbuster</a></i>, which refers to anime fans as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">otaku</i></span>. <i>Gunbuster</i> was released officially in English in March 1990. The term's usage spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Usenet group</a> rec.arts.anime with discussions about <i><a href="/wiki/Otaku_no_Video" title="Otaku no Video">Otaku no Video</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s portrayal of otaku before its 1994 English release. Positive and negative aspects, including the pejorative usage, were intermixed.<sup id="cite_ref-fan_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was also popularized by <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>'s 1996 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Idoru" title="Idoru">Idoru</a></i>, which references <i>otaku</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_boys_and_mobile_girls_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_boys_and_mobile_girls-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subculture">Subculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaichirō Morikawa identifies the subculture as distinctly Japanese, a product of the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">school system</a> and society. Japanese schools have a class structure which functions as a <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste system</a>, but <a href="/wiki/School_club" class="mw-redirect" title="School club">clubs</a> are an exception to the social hierarchy. In these clubs, a student's interests will be recognized and nurtured, catering to the interests of <i>otaku</i>. Secondly, the vertical structure of Japanese society identifies the value of individuals by their success. Until the late 1980s, unathletic and unattractive males focused on academics, hoping to secure a good job and marry to raise their social standing. Those unable to succeed socially focused instead on their interests, often into adulthood, with their lifestyle centering on those interests, furthering the creation of the otaku subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even prior to the coinage of the term, the stereotypical traits of the subculture were identified in a 1981 issue of <i>Fan Rōdo</i> (Fan road) about "culture clubs".<sup id="cite_ref-essay_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individuals were drawn to anime, a counter-culture, with the release of <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a> works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam" title="Mobile Suit Gundam">Mobile Suit Gundam</a></i>. These works allowed a congregation and development of obsessive interests that turned anime into a medium for unpopular students, catering to obsessed fans. After these fans discovered Comic Market, the term was used as a self-confirming and self-mocking collective identity.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1989 "Otaku Murderer" case gave the fandom a negative connotation from which it has not fully recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-essay_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essay-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perception of <i>otaku</i> was again damaged in late 2004 when <a href="/wiki/Kaoru_Kobayashi_(murderer)" title="Kaoru Kobayashi (murderer)">Kaoru Kobayashi</a> kidnapped, sexually assaulted, and murdered a seven-year-old first-grade student. Japanese journalist Akihiro Ōtani suspected that Kobayashi's crime was committed by a member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Figure_moe_zoku" title="Figure moe zoku">figure moe zoku</a></i> even before his arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-picnic2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picnic2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Kobayashi was not an <i>otaku</i>, the degree of social hostility against <i>otaku</i> increased. <i>Otaku</i> were seen by law enforcement as possible suspects for sex crimes, and local governments called for stricter laws controlling the depiction of eroticism in <i>otaku</i> materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Otaku_harassed_as_sex-crime_fears_mount_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaku_harassed_as_sex-crime_fears_mount-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all attention has been negative. In his book <i>Otaku</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroki_Azuma" title="Hiroki Azuma">Hiroki Azuma</a> observed: "Between 2001 and 2007, the <i>otaku</i> forms and markets quite rapidly won social recognition in Japan", citing the fact that "[i]n 2003, <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> for his <i><a href="/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a></i>; around the same time <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Murakami" title="Takashi Murakami">Takashi Murakami</a> achieved recognition for otaku-like designs; in 2004, the Japanese pavilion in the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture" title="Venice Biennale of Architecture">2004 International Architecture exhibition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> (Biennale Architecture) featured 'otaku'. In 2005, the word <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">moe</i></span> — one of the keywords of the present volume — was chosen as one of the top ten '<a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">buzzwords</a> of the year'."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Taro Aso</a> has also claimed to be an otaku, using this subculture to promote Japan in foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Otaku_uses_manga_and_anime_to_improve_Foreign_Affairs_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaku_uses_manga_and_anime_to_improve_Foreign_Affairs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, a Japanese study of 137,734 people found that 42.2% self-identify as a type of otaku. This study suggests that the stigma of the word has vanished, and the term has been embraced by many.<sup id="cite_ref-mynavi_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mynavi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Kondo" title="Marie Kondo">Marie Kondo</a> told ForbesWomen in 2020: "I credit being an otaku with helping me to focus deeply, which definitely contributed to my success."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1990s, otaku was a popular subculture among <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation Xers</a> in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 2000s, the otaku community in the United States often consisted of <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> young people and niche online groups.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places">Places</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The district of <a href="/wiki/Akihabara" title="Akihabara">Akihabara</a> in Tokyo, where there are <a href="/wiki/Maid_caf%C3%A9" title="Maid café">maid cafés</a> featuring waitresses who dress up and act like maids or anime characters, is a notable attraction center for otaku. Akihabara also has dozens of stores specializing in anime, manga, <a href="/wiki/Retrogaming" title="Retrogaming">retro video games</a>, figurines, card games, and other collectibles.<sup id="cite_ref-Akihabara_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akihabara-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another popular location is <a href="/wiki/Otome_Road" title="Otome Road">Otome Road</a> in Ikebukuro, Tokyo. Students from <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_City_University" title="Nagoya City University">Nagoya City University</a> started a project to help promote hidden tourist attractions and attract more otaku to <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg/220px-Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg/330px-Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg/440px-Hinagiku_Katsura_itasha_side_front_20090726.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nissan_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan March">Nissan March</a> featuring Hinagiku Katsura from the manga series <i><a href="/wiki/Hayate_the_Combat_Butler" title="Hayate the Combat Butler">Hayate the Combat Butler</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>There are specific terms for different types of otaku, including <a href="/wiki/Fujoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujoshi">fujoshi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">腐女子</span></span>, lit. "rotten girl(s)")</span>, a self-mockingly pejorative Japanese term for female fans of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">yaoi</a></i></span>, which focuses on <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> male relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Mari_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mari-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Reki-jo" title="Reki-jo">Reki-jo</a></i></span> are female otaku who are interested in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese history">Japanese history</a>. Some terms refer to a location, such as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Akiba-kei" title="Akiba-kei">Akiba-kei</a></i></span> ("Akihabara-style"), which applies to those familiar with Akihabara's culture. </p><p>Miyadai describes two big subtypes of the otaku type, a world type and a battle royale type. There is a chronological development from the world type of the late 1990s to the battle royale type of the 2000s but they also coexisted. The antagonism between the world type and the battle royale type emerged in the age in which reality and fiction are regarded as equivalent tools for self-defense. He further describes the internet society as a rhizomic structure which invalidates the distinction between "reality" and "fiction". The world type treats fiction as an equivalent of reality (real-ization of fiction), while the battle royale type treats reality as an equivalent of fiction (fictionalization of reality).<sup id="cite_ref-Miyadai_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyadai-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Otaku often participate in self-mocking through the production or interest in humor directed at their subculture. Anime and manga otaku are the subject of numerous self-critical works, such as <i>Otaku no Video</i>, which contains a live-interview <a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">mockumentary</a> that pokes fun at the otaku subculture and includes <a href="/wiki/Gainax" title="Gainax">Gainax</a>'s own staff as the interviewees.<sup id="cite_ref-Buried_Treasure_-_In_Praise_of_Nerdiness_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buried_Treasure_-_In_Praise_of_Nerdiness-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other works depict otaku subculture less critically, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Genshiken" title="Genshiken">Genshiken</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Comic_Party" title="Comic Party">Comic Party</a></i>. A well-known <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novel</a>, which later received a manga and anime adaptation, is <i><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_the_N.H.K." title="Welcome to the N.H.K.">Welcome to the N.H.K.</a></i>, which focuses on otaku subcultures and highlights other social outcasts, such as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">hikikomori</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/NEET" title="NEET">NEETs</a>. Works that focus on otaku characters include <i><a href="/wiki/WataMote" class="mw-redirect" title="WataMote">WataMote</a></i>, the story of an unattractive and unsociable <a href="/wiki/Otome_game" title="Otome game">otome gamer</a> otaku who exhibits delusions about her social status;<sup id="cite_ref-animenewsnetwork_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-animenewsnetwork-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/No_More_Heroes_(video_game)" title="No More Heroes (video game)">No More Heroes</a></i>, a video game about an otaku assassin named <a href="/wiki/Travis_Touchdown" title="Travis Touchdown">Travis Touchdown</a> and his surrealistic adventures inspired by anime and manga.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media about otaku also exist outside of Japan, such as the American documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Otaku_Unite!" title="Otaku Unite!">Otaku Unite!</a></i> which focuses on the American side of the otaku culture,<sup id="cite_ref-animenewsnetwork2004_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-animenewsnetwork2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Filipino novel <i><a href="/wiki/Otaku_Girl" title="Otaku Girl">Otaku Girl</a></i>, which tells the story of a virtual reality world where otaku can <a href="/wiki/Role-playing" title="Role-playing">role-play</a> and use the powers of their favorite anime characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Vocal_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vocal-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuP_itansha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Girls und Panzer cosplayers take photos in the itasha exhibition area of the doujinshi sale." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/GuP_itansha.jpg/220px-GuP_itansha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/GuP_itansha.jpg/330px-GuP_itansha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/GuP_itansha.jpg/440px-GuP_itansha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Girls_und_Panzer" title="Girls und Panzer">Girls und Panzer</a> cosplayers take photos in the itasha exhibition area of the <a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention">doujinshi convention</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habits">Habits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Habits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A term used in the otaku fandom is <a href="/wiki/Wotagei" title="Wotagei">wotagei</a> or otagei<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ヲタ芸 or オタ芸</span></span>)</span>, a type of cheering performed as a group. Another term is <i><a href="/wiki/Itasha" title="Itasha">itasha</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">痛車</span></span>, literally "painful (i.e. cringeworthy) car(s)")</span>, which describes vehicles decorated with fictional characters, especially <a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo_game" title="Bishōjo game">bishōjo game</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">eroge</a> characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Itasha:_Japan's_Creepiest_Car_Fetish_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itasha:_Japan's_Creepiest_Car_Fetish-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Behold._A_Fleet_of_Cars_Owned_by_Nerds._40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behold._A_Fleet_of_Cars_Owned_by_Nerds.-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railfantokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Railfantokyo.jpg/220px-Railfantokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Railfantokyo.jpg/330px-Railfantokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Railfantokyo.jpg/440px-Railfantokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Railfan" title="Railfan">Railfans</a> taking photos of trains at an annual depot open-day event in Tokyo in August 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nomura_Research_Institute" title="Nomura Research Institute">Nomura Research Institute</a> (NRI) has made two major studies into otaku, the first in 2004 and a revised study with a more specific definition in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-nri2004_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nri2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nri2005_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nri2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2005 study defines twelve major fields of otaku interests. Of these groups: </p> <ul><li>manga otaku were the largest group, with 350,000 individuals and an ¥83 billion market scale.</li> <li>Idol otaku were the next largest group, with 280,000 individuals and ¥61 billion.</li> <li>Travel otaku were third, with 250,000 individuals and ¥81 billion.</li> <li>PC otaku were fourth, with 190,000 individuals and ¥36 billion.</li> <li>Video game otaku were fifth, with 160,000 individuals and ¥21 billion.</li> <li>Automobile otaku were sixth, with 140,000 individuals and ¥54 billion.</li> <li>Anime otaku were seventh, with 110,000 individuals and ¥20 billion.</li></ul> <p>The remaining five categories include <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile device</a> otaku, with 70,000 individuals and ¥8 billion; audio-visual equipment otaku, with 60,000 individuals and ¥12 billion; camera otaku, with 50,000 individuals and ¥18 billion; <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> otaku, with 40,000 individuals and ¥13 billion; and <a href="/wiki/Railfan" title="Railfan">railway</a> otaku, with 20,000 individuals and ¥4 billion. These values were partially released with a much higher estimation in 2004, but this definition focused on <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and not the "unique psychological characteristics" of otaku used in the 2005 study.<sup id="cite_ref-nri2004_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nri2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nri2005_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nri2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NRI's 2005 study also put forth five archetypes of otaku: </p> <ul><li>The first is the family-oriented otaku, who has broad interests and is more mature than other otaku; their object of interest is secretive and they are "<a href="/wiki/Coming_out#Non-LGBT_contexts" title="Coming out">closet</a> otaku".</li> <li>The second is the serious "leaving my own mark on the world" otaku, with interests in mechanical or business personality fields.</li> <li>The third type is the "media-sensitive multiple interest" otaku, whose diverse interests are shared with others.</li> <li>The fourth type is the "outgoing and assertive otaku", who gain recognition by promoting their hobby.</li> <li>The last is the "fan magazine-obsessed otaku", which is predominately female with a small group of males being the "<a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)"><i>moe</i></a> type"; their secret hobby is focused on the production or interest in fan works.<sup id="cite_ref-nri2005_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nri2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Hamagin Research Institute found that <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">moe</i></span>-related content was worth ¥88.8 billion ($807 million) in 2005, and one analyst estimated the market could be as much as ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-money_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan-based <i>Tokyo Otaku Mode</i>, a place for news related to otaku, has been liked on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> almost 10 million times.<sup id="cite_ref-Tokyo_Otaku_Mode_has_10_million_Facebook_fans_but_now_what_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokyo_Otaku_Mode_has_10_million_Facebook_fans_but_now_what-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other classifications of otaku interests include <a href="/wiki/Vocaloid" title="Vocaloid">Vocaloid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Model_figure#Japanese_figures" title="Model figure">figures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a>, as categorized by the Yano Research Institute, which reports and tracks market growth and trends in sectors heavily influenced by otaku consumerism. In 2012, it noted around 30% of growth in <a href="/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">dating sim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online gaming</a> otaku, while Vocaloid, cosplay, idols and <a href="/wiki/Maid_caf%C3%A9" title="Maid café">maid services</a> grew by 10%, confirming its 2011 predictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2012_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2011_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2011-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ōkina_otomodachi"><span id=".C5.8Ckina_otomodachi"></span>Ōkina otomodachi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ōkina otomodachi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ōkina otomodachi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大きなお友達</span></span>)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> phrase that literally translates to "big friend" or "adult friend".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese otaku use it to describe themselves as adult fans of an <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, or a TV show that is originally <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">aimed at children</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A parent who watches such a show with their children is not considered an <i>ōkina otomodachi</i>, nor is a parent who buys anime DVDs or manga volumes for their children; <i>ōkina otomodachi</i> are those who consume such content by themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/27px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/41px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/54px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/28px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/42px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/WPVG_icon_2016.svg/56px-WPVG_icon_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Video_games" title="Portal:Video games">Video games portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daicon_III_and_IV_Opening_Animations" title="Daicon III and IV Opening Animations">Daicon III and IV Opening Animations</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanification" title="Japanification">Japanification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Japanophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijikon" title="Nijikon">Nijikon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku-gari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otaku-gari (page does not exist)">Otaku-gari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8F%E7%8B%A9%E3%82%8A" class="extiw" title="ja:おたく狩り">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Miyadai-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miyadai_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miyadai_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miyadai_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMiyadai2011" class="citation journal cs1">Miyadai, Shinji (2011). "Transformation of Semantics in the History of Japanese Subcultures since 1992". <i>Mechademia</i>. <b>6</b>: 231–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmec.2011.0012">10.1353/mec.2011.0012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechademia&rft.atitle=Transformation+of+Semantics+in+the+History+of+Japanese+Subcultures+since+1992&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=231-258&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmec.2011.0012&rft.aulast=Miyadai&rft.aufirst=Shinji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkamoto2014" class="citation journal cs1">Okamoto, Takeshi (2014). "Otaku Tourism and the Anime Pilgrimage Phenomenon in Japan". <i>Japan Forum</i>. <b>27</b>: 12–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09555803.2014.962565">10.1080/09555803.2014.962565</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145267918">145267918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Forum&rft.atitle=Otaku+Tourism+and+the+Anime+Pilgrimage+Phenomenon+in+Japan&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=12-36&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09555803.2014.962565&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145267918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Okamoto&rft.aufirst=Takeshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mynavi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mynavi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mynavi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mynavi_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakusoso2013" class="citation web cs1">Jakusoso, Michael (April 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703184904/http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2013/04/27/076">"自分のことを「オタク」と認識してる人10代は62％、70代は23％"</a> [62% of Teens identify as "otaku", 70's 23%]. Mynavi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2013/04/27/076/">the original</a> on July 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%87%AA%E5%88%86%E3%81%AE%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%92%E3%80%8C%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AF%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%82%8B%E4%BA%BA10%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AF62%EF%BC%85%E3%80%8170%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AF23%EF%BC%85&rft.pub=Mynavi&rft.date=2013-04-27&rft.aulast=Jakusoso&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.mynavi.jp%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2F27%2F076%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dentsu.co.jp/en/showcase/anime_is_killer_content.html">"The Numbers Speak for Themselves! Anime is Killer Content for Gen Z"</a>. <i>Dentsu</i>. December 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dentsu&rft.atitle=The+Numbers+Speak+for+Themselves%21+Anime+is+Killer+Content+for+Gen+Z&rft.date=2023-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dentsu.co.jp%2Fen%2Fshowcase%2Fanime_is_killer_content.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-money-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-money_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-money_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-japan.org/trends/business/bus050830.html">"Otaku Business Gives Japan's Economy a Lift"</a>. Web-Japan.org. August 30, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314144838/http://web-japan.org/trends/business/bus050830.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otaku+Business+Gives+Japan%27s+Economy+a+Lift&rft.pub=Web-Japan.org&rft.date=2005-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb-japan.org%2Ftrends%2Fbusiness%2Fbus050830.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith201216_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalbraith2012">Galbraith 2012</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltonCsicsery-Ronay_Jr.Tatsumi2007" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Christopher; Csicsery-Ronay Jr., Istvan; Tatsumi, Takayuki, eds. (2007). "Introduction". <i>Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams: Japanese Science Fiction from Origins to Anime</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4974-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-4974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Robot+Ghosts+and+Wired+Dreams%3A+Japanese+Science+Fiction+from+Origins+to+Anime&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4974-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009171-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009171_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalbraith2009">Galbraith 2009</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009172-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2009172_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalbraith2009">Galbraith 2009</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRI-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRI_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhen,_Jiang_Yu2000" class="citation book cs1">Zhen, Jiang Yu (January 2000). <i>オタク市場の研究 (Otaku Shijou no Kenkyuu) / Targeting Otaku</i>. 野村総合研究所 (Nomura Research Institute) / Shang and Zhou (Chinese Edition). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-124-768-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-124-768-7"><bdi>978-986-124-768-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AF%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E3%81%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%28Otaku+Shijou+no+Kenkyuu%29+%2F+Targeting+Otaku&rft.pub=%E9%87%8E%E6%9D%91%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80+%28Nomura+Research+Institute%29+%2F+Shang+and+Zhou+%28Chinese+Edition%29&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=978-986-124-768-7&rft.au=Zhen%2C+Jiang+Yu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDFMeps3and4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SDFMeps3and4_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Episodes three (スペース・フォールド/Supēsu Fōrudo/Space Fold) and four (リン・ミンメイ/Rin Minmei/Lynn Minmay)". <a href="/wiki/The_Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross" class="mw-redirect" title="The Super Dimension Fortress Macross"><i>超時空要塞マクロス (Chō Jikū Yōsai Makurosu/Super Dimensional Fortress Macross)</i></a>. Season 1 (in Japanese). October 1982. MBS (Mainichi Broadcasting System).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B6%85+%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA+%E8%A6%81%E5%A1%9E%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9+%28Ch%C5%8D+Jik%C5%AB+Y%C5%8Dsai+Makurosu%2FSuper+Dimensional+Fortress+Macross%29&rft.series=Season+1&rft.date=1982-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraithKamKamm2015" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Patrick W.; Kam, Thiam Huat; Kamm, Björn-Ole, eds. (2015). <i>Debating otaku in contemporary Japan: historical perspectives and new horizons</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=N%C3%A9ojaponisme&rft.atitle=Can+Otaku+Love+Like+Normal+People%3F&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.aulast=Alt&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneojaponisme.com%2F2008%2F04%2F07%2Fcan-otaku-love-like-normal-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-essay-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-essay_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-essay_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorikawa,_Kaichirō2012" class="citation journal cs1">Morikawa, Kaichirō (April 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5zb9r8cr#">"おたく/ Otaku / Geek"</a>. <i>Center for Japanese Studies UC Berkeley</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210102/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zb9r8cr">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnnblogs.com&rft.atitle=Otaku%3A+Is+it+a+dirty+word%3F&rft.date=2011-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeekout.blogs.cnn.com%2F2011%2F09%2F12%2Fotaku-is-it-a-dirty-word%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gizmodo-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gizmodo_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/5321350/japans-2+d-lovers-falling-in-love-with-a-body-pillow">"Japan's 2-D Lovers: Falling In Love with a Body Pillow"</a>. <i>gizmodo.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=Enter+the+world+of+hard-core+anime+fans&rft.pages=E8&rft.date=2005-04-17&rft.aulast=Yadao&rft.aufirst=Jason+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fhonolulu-star-bulletin-otaku-no-video%2F77478544%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trackotaku.com">"TrackOtaku - Anime Tracking Platform"</a>. <i>TrackOtaku</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Otaku&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009-04-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5351-5&rft.aulast=Azuma&rft.aufirst=Hiroki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upress.umn.edu%2Fbook-division%2Fbooks%2Fotaku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otaku_uses_manga_and_anime_to_improve_Foreign_Affairs-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Otaku_uses_manga_and_anime_to_improve_Foreign_Affairs_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/09/23/GJ0809230014.htm">"Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs"</a>. 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July 24, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e3003.html">the original</a> on April 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akihabara&rft.pub=japanguide.com&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japan-guide.com%2Fe%2Fe3003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japantimes-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-japantimes_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChunichi_Shimbun_credited2013" class="citation news cs1">Chunichi Shimbun credited (February 2, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/02/national/cosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cosplay' students promote Nagoya's highlights"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701164211/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/02/national/cosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights/">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Cosplay%27+students+promote+Nagoya%27s+highlights&rft.date=2013-02-02&rft.au=Chunichi+Shimbun+credited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2013%2F02%2F02%2Fnational%2Fcosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mari-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mari_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaitō2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Sait%C5%8D" title="Tamaki Saitō">Saitō, Tamaki</a> (2007). "Otaku Sexuality". In Bolton, Christopher; Csicsery-Ronay Jr., Istvan; Tatsumi, Takayuki (eds.). <i>Robot Ghosts and Wired Dreams</i>. Translated by Bolton, Christopher. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4974-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-4974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Otaku+Sexuality&rft.btitle=Robot+Ghosts+and+Wired+Dreams&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4974-7&rft.aulast=Sait%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Tamaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buried_Treasure_-_In_Praise_of_Nerdiness-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buried_Treasure_-_In_Praise_of_Nerdiness_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevakis,_Justin2007" class="citation news cs1">Sevakis, Justin (November 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/buried-treasure/2007-11-15">"Buried Treasure - In Praise of Nerdiness"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729055645/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/buried-treasure/2007-11-15">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Buried+Treasure+-+In+Praise+of+Nerdiness&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.au=Sevakis%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fburied-treasure%2F2007-11-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-animenewsnetwork-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-animenewsnetwork_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-07-09/sentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote">"Sentai Filmworks Licenses WataMote ~ No Matter How I Look at it, It's You Guys' Fault I'm not Popular!"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. July 9, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824094230/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-07-09/sentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Sentai+Filmworks+Licenses+WataMote+~+No+Matter+How+I+Look+at+it%2C+It%27s+You+Guys%27+Fault+I%27m+not+Popular%21&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fpress-release%2F2013-07-09%2Fsentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2007" class="citation web cs1">Fletcher, JC (August 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711134618/http://nintendo.joystiq.com/2007/08/29/travis-touchdown-has-a-comfortable-home-life/">"Travis Touchdown has a comfortable home life"</a>. Joystiq. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nintendo.joystiq.com/2007/08/29/travis-touchdown-has-a-comfortable-home-life/">the original</a> on July 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travis+Touchdown+has+a+comfortable+home+life&rft.pub=Joystiq&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=JC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnintendo.joystiq.com%2F2007%2F08%2F29%2Ftravis-touchdown-has-a-comfortable-home-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-animenewsnetwork2004-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-animenewsnetwork2004_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDong,_Bamboo2004" class="citation news cs1">Dong, Bamboo (March 2, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/otaku-unite">"Otaku Unite! - Review"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824174339/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/otaku-unite">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Otaku+Unite%21+-+Review&rft.date=2004-03-02&rft.au=Dong%2C+Bamboo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Freview%2Fotaku-unite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vocal-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vocal_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannigan,_Carl" class="citation web cs1">Hannigan, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocal.media/geeks/otaku-girl-book-review-where-memes-and-literature-mix">"Otaku Girl (Book Review): Where Memes and Literature Mix"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_Media_Group" title="Voice Media Group">Voice Media Group</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817213300/https://vocal.media/geeks/otaku-girl-book-review-where-memes-and-literature-mix">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+Media+Group&rft.atitle=Otaku+Girl+%28Book+Review%29%3A+Where+Memes+and+Literature+Mix&rft.au=Hannigan%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvocal.media%2Fgeeks%2Fotaku-girl-book-review-where-memes-and-literature-mix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span> July 1, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Itasha:_Japan's_Creepiest_Car_Fetish-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Itasha:_Japan's_Creepiest_Car_Fetish_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardigree,_Matt2009" class="citation web cs1">Hardigree, Matt (July 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jalopnik.com/5320386/itasha-japans-creepiest-car-fetish/">"Itasha: Japan's Creepiest Car Fetish"</a>. Jalopnik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727111338/http://jalopnik.com/5320386/itasha-japans-creepiest-car-fetish/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Itasha%3A+Japan%27s+Creepiest+Car+Fetish&rft.pub=Jalopnik&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.au=Hardigree%2C+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjalopnik.com%2F5320386%2Fitasha-japans-creepiest-car-fetish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behold._A_Fleet_of_Cars_Owned_by_Nerds.-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behold._A_Fleet_of_Cars_Owned_by_Nerds._40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/5848520/behold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds/">"Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds"</a>. Kotaku. October 11, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824161631/http://kotaku.com/5848520/behold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds/">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behold.+A+Fleet+of+Cars+Owned+by+Nerds.&rft.pub=Kotaku&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2F5848520%2Fbehold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nri2004-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nri2004_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nri2004_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitabayashi,_Ken2004" class="citation web cs1">Kitabayashi, Ken (December 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507221927/http://www.nri.co.jp/english/opinion/papers/2004/pdf/np200484.pdf">"The Otaku Group from a Business Perspective: Revaluation of Enthusiastic Consumers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nomura Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nri.co.jp/english/opinion/papers/2004/pdf/np200484.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Otaku+Group+from+a+Business+Perspective%3A+Revaluation+of+Enthusiastic+Consumers&rft.pub=Nomura+Research+Institute&rft.date=2004-12-01&rft.au=Kitabayashi%2C+Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nri.co.jp%2Fenglish%2Fopinion%2Fpapers%2F2004%2Fpdf%2Fnp200484.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nri2005-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nri2005_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nri2005_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nri2005_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713033155/http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2005/051006.html">"New Market Scale Estimation for Otaku: Population of 1.72 Million with Market Scale of ¥411 Billion — NRI classifies 5 types of otaku group, proposing a "New 3Cs" marketing frame —"</a>. Nomura Research Institute. October 6, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2005/051006.html">the original</a> on July 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Market+Scale+Estimation+for+Otaku%3A+Population+of+1.72+Million+with+Market+Scale+of+%C2%A5411+Billion+%E2%80%94+NRI+classifies+5+types+of+otaku+group%2C+proposing+a+%22New+3Cs%22+marketing+frame+%E2%80%94&rft.pub=Nomura+Research+Institute&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nri.co.jp%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2005%2F051006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tokyo_Otaku_Mode_has_10_million_Facebook_fans_but_now_what-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tokyo_Otaku_Mode_has_10_million_Facebook_fans_but_now_what_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_Rick2013" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Rick (February 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816072102/http://www.startup-dating.com/2013/02/tokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what">"Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what"</a>. Startup-dating.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startup-dating.com/2013/02/tokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what">the original</a> on August 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tokyo+Otaku+Mode+has+10+million+Facebook+fans+but+now+what&rft.pub=Startup-dating.com&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.au=Martin%2C+Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startup-dating.com%2F2013%2F02%2Ftokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2012-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2012_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630031233/http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/press.php/001002">"Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012"</a>. Yano Research Institute. October 15, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/press.php/001002">the original</a> on June 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otaku+Market+in+Japan%3A+Key+Research+Findings+2012&rft.pub=Yano+Research+Institute&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yanoresearch.com%2Fpress%2Fpress.php%2F001002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2011-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Otaku_Market_in_Japan:_Key_Research_Findings_2011_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/pdf/1002.pdf">"Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Yano Research. October 15, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218055751/http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/pdf/1002.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otaku+Market+in+Japan%3A+Key+Research+Findings+2011&rft.pub=Yano+Research&rft.date=2011-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yanoresearch.com%2Fpress%2Fpdf%2F1002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When this phrase is actually pronounced, the colloquial form <i>okkina otomodachi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おっきなお友達</span></span>)</span> is often used. The phrase <i>ōkii otomodachi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大きいお友達</span></span>)</span> is also used with the same meaning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paradisearmy.com/PASOK10.HTM#341">Dōjin Lingo (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">同人用語の基礎知識</span></span>)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span> Retrieved on August 4, 2006.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2009" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Patrick W. (2009). <i>The Otaku Encyclopedia: An Insider's Guide to the Subculture of Cool Japan</i>. Foreword: Frederik L. Schodt. Tokyo: Kodansha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784770031013" title="Special:BookSources/9784770031013"><bdi>9784770031013</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318409815">318409815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Otaku+Encyclopedia%3A+An+Insider%27s+Guide+to+the+Subculture+of+Cool+Japan&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318409815&rft.isbn=9784770031013&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2012" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Patrick W. (2012). <i>Otaku Spaces</i>. Photographer: Androniki Christodoulou. Seattle: Chin Music Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9844576-5-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9844576-5-6"><bdi>978-0-9844576-5-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/709681091">709681091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otaku+Spaces&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Chin+Music+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F709681091&rft.isbn=978-0-9844576-5-6&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2019" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Patrick W. (2019). <i>Otaku and the Struggle for Imagination in Japan</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1220mhm">10.2307/j.ctv1220mhm</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0509-4"><bdi>978-1-4780-0509-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1220mhm">j.ctv1220mhm</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148100778">1148100778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240980856">240980856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otaku+and+the+Struggle+for+Imagination+in+Japan&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1220mhm%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1220mhm&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148100778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240980856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-0509-4&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtaku" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otaku&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Otaku" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Otaku">Otaku</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/otaku" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/otaku">otaku</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjas.org/~leng/otaku-e.htm">"I'm Alone, but Not Lonely"</a>—An early article about Japanese otaku by Volker Grassmuck, December 1990</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35783297/Léthique_otaku_Tous_seuls_ensemble_la_crise_de_contact_et_autres_troubles_des_sens_1999">"L'éthique otaku : Tous seuls ensemble (la crise de contact et autres troubles des sens) 1999"</a>—Article in French by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjas.org/~leng/otaku-p.htm">The Politics of Otaku</a>—A general commentary on the usage and meanings of "otaku" in Japan and internationally, September 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306022123/http://www.brunel.ac.uk/4042/entertext4.1/lamarre1.pdf">An Introduction to Otaku Movement</a>, paper by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lamarre" title="Thomas Lamarre">Thomas Lamarre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120225555/https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.07/posts.html?pg=5">"Meet the Geek Elite"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>, July 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010073854/http://www.transcript-verlag.de/ts313/ts313.htm">"Otakismus"</a> by Michael Manfé <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_subcultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_subcultures" title="Template:Japanese subcultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_subcultures" title="Template talk:Japanese subcultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_subcultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese subcultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_subcultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Japanese subcultures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Ds%C5%8Dzoku" title="Bōsōzoku">Bōsōzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">Fujoshi/fudanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganguro" title="Ganguro">Ganguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyaru" title="Gyaru">Gyaru</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gyaruo" title="Gyaruo">gyaruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogal" title="Kogal">Kogal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi">Omorashi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Otaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukeban" title="Sukeban">Sukeban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyaru-moji" title="Gyaru-moji">Gyaru-moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fandoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fandom" 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href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fantasy fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furry_fandom" title="Furry fandom">Furry fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Science fiction fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">Yaoi fandom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Anime and manga fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinephilia" title="Cinephilia">Cinephilia</a></li> <li>Disney fandom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_adult" title="Disney adult">Disney adults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_social_club" title="Disneyland social club">Disneyland social club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donaldism" title="Donaldism">Donaldism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamer" title="Gamer">Gamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports fan">Sports fan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lego_fandom" title="Lego fandom">AFOL</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_fandom" title="A Song of Ice and Fire fandom">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatlemania" title="Beatlemania">Beatlemania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadhead" title="Deadhead">Deadhead</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_fandom" title="Doctor Who fandom">Doctor Who</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EarthBound_fandom" title="EarthBound fandom">EarthBound</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James_Bond_fandom" title="James Bond fandom">James Bond</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janeite" title="Janeite">Janeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggalo" title="Juggalo">Juggalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_fandom" title="Michael Jackson fandom">Moonwalker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic_fandom" title="My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom">MLP: FIM</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MST3K" class="mw-redirect" title="MST3K">MST3K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrothead" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrothead">Parrothead</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_fandom" title="Sherlock Holmes fandom">Sherlock Holmes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Star_Wars" title="Cultural impact of Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_fandom" title="Stargate fandom">Stargate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrek_fandom" title="Shrek fandom">Shrek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swifties" title="Swifties">Swiftie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trekkie" title="Trekkie">Trekkie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_fandom" title="Twilight fandom">Twilight</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorak_(slang)" title="Anorak (slang)">Anorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fan" title="Anti-fan">Anti-fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_worship_syndrome" title="Celebrity worship syndrome">Celebrity worship syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">Cult following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursona" title="Fursona">Furry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemon%C4%81" title="Kemonā">Kemonā</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geek" title="Geek">Geek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupie" title="Groupie">Groupie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerd" title="Nerd">Nerd</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Otaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasaeng_fan" title="Sasaeng fan">Sasaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_(fan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stan (fan)">Stan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifosi" title="Tifosi">Tifosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras" title="Ultras">Ultras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Waifu">Waifu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_club" title="Car club">Car club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_racer" title="Boy racer">Boy racer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruising_(driving)" title="Cruising (driving)">Cruising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_scene" title="Import scene">Import scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rodding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kustom_Kulture" title="Kustom Kulture">Kustom Kulture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider_Club" title="Lowrider Club">Lowrider Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar_Season" title="Supercar Season">Supercar Season</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_club" title="Fan club">Fan club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">Fan convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fandom_names" title="List of fandom names">Fandom names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Game club">Game club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game" title="Live action role-playing game">Live action role-playing game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_club" title="Motorcycle club">Motorcycle club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harley_Owners_Group" title="Harley Owners Group">Harley Owners Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railfan" title="Railfan">Railfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Twitter" title="Stan Twitter">Stan Twitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications<br />and activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autograph_collecting" title="Autograph collecting">Autograph collecting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music"><i>Doujin</i> music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">Fan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_edit" title="Fan edit">Fan edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_mail" title="Fan mail">Fan mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_rice" title="Fan rice">Fan rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanac" title="Fanac">Fanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansite" title="Fansite">Fansite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_wiki" title="Fan wiki">Fan wiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fan_wikis" title="List of fan wikis">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_person_fiction" title="Real person fiction">Real person fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">Vidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">Zine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">Conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">Anime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_convention" title="Comic book convention">Comic book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_book_conventions" title="List of comic book conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention"><i>Doujinshi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furry_convention" title="Furry convention">Furry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_convention" title="Gaming convention">Gaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gaming_conventions" title="List of gaming conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multigenre_conventions" title="List of multigenre conventions">Multigenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_conventions" title="List of professional wrestling conventions">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_conventions" title="List of science fiction conventions">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fan_conventions_by_date_of_founding" title="List of fan conventions by date of founding">by date of establishment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">Autograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_loyalty" title="Fan loyalty">Fan loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_service" title="Fan service">Fan service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odagiri_effect" title="Odagiri effect">Odagiri effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_character" title="Original character">Original character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_(fandom)" title="Shipping (fandom)">Shipping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_discourse" title="Shipping discourse">Shipping discourse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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