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id="toc-Ancient_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspiration_and_Chelvanayakam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspiration_and_Chelvanayakam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Aspiration and Chelvanayakam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspiration_and_Chelvanayakam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-LTTE_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-LTTE_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post-LTTE era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-LTTE_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_divisions_and_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_divisions_and_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political divisions and demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_divisions_and_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pongu_Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pongu_Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pongu Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pongu_Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil_National_Alliance's_manifestos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil_National_Alliance's_manifestos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tamil National Alliance's manifestos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil_National_Alliance's_manifestos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LTTE's_Interim_Self_Governing_Authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LTTE's_Interim_Self_Governing_Authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>LTTE's Interim Self Governing Authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LTTE's_Interim_Self_Governing_Authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_Tamil_Eelam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_Tamil_Eelam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Support for Tamil Eelam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_Tamil_Eelam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_regional_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_regional_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Support for regional autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_regional_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil_referendums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil_referendums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Tamil referendums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil_referendums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_councils_and_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_councils_and_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Worldwide councils and organisations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worldwide_councils_and_organisations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worldwide councils and organisations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_councils_and_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swiss_Council_of_Eelam_Tamils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swiss_Council_of_Eelam_Tamils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Swiss Council of Eelam Tamils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swiss_Council_of_Eelam_Tamils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Tamils_Forum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Tamils_Forum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>British Tamils Forum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Tamils_Forum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maison_du_Tamil_Eelam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maison_du_Tamil_Eelam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Maison du Tamil Eelam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maison_du_Tamil_Eelam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Council_of_Canadian_Tamils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Council_of_Canadian_Tamils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>National Council of Canadian Tamils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Council_of_Canadian_Tamils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamil Eelam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إيلام التاميلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيلام التاميلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE" title="তামিল ঈলম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামিল ঈলম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тамил Илам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамил Илам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilsk_Eelam" title="Tamilsk Eelam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tamilsk Eelam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Elam_tamoul" title="Îlam tamoul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Îlam tamoul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%B0%80%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%8C" title="타밀일람 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타밀일람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%ADl_%C3%8Dlam" title="Tamíl Ílam – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tamíl Ílam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taprobane_Tamulensis" title="Taprobane Tamulensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Taprobane Tamulensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Elamas" title="Tamil Elamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamil Elamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_%C3%8Dlam" title="Tamil Ílam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tamil Ílam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%82" title="തമിഴ് ഈഴം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമിഴ് ഈഴം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE" title="तमिळ ईलम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तमिळ ईलम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="タミル・イーラム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タミル・イーラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тамил-Илам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тамил-Илам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilam_(pa%C5%84stwo)" title="Ilam (państwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ilam (państwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceil%C3%A3o_T%C3%A2mil" title="Ceilão Tâmil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ceilão Tâmil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тамил-Илам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамил-Илам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%85_%E0%B6%8A%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8" title="දෙමළ ඊළම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙමළ ඊළම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тамил Илам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тамил Илам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_Elam" title="Tamilski Elam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tamilski Elam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tamil Eelam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தமிழீழம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தமிழீழம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="ทมิฬอีฬัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทมิฬอีฬัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_%C4%B0lam" title="Tamil İlam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tamil İlam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB-%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Таміл-Ілам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таміл-Ілам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="泰米尔伊拉姆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰米尔伊拉姆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="泰米尔伊拉姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰米尔伊拉姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q242036#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tamil_Eelam&params=08_45_N_80_30_E_type:city(3369919)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">08°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">80°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.750°N 80.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.750; 80.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proposed independent state in Sri Lanka</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the aspirational state. For the ancient Tamil language name for Sri Lanka, see <a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proposed state</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow 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.ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tamil Eelam</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">தமிழீழம்</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Proposed state</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tamil Eelam"><img alt="Flag of Tamil Eelam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/180px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/270px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/360px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tamil_Eelam" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Tamil Eelam">Flag</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">ஏறுதுபார் கொடி</span><br />Ēṟutupār koṭi<br />"<a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Tamil_Eelam#National_anthem" title="Symbols of Tamil Eelam">Look the Flag is Rising</a>"<br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="263" data-mwtitle="Eruthu_Paar_Kodi.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Eruthu_Paar_Kodi.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Eruthu_Paar_Kodi.ogg/Eruthu_Paar_Kodi.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_eelam_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Area claimed as Tamil Eelam[citation needed]"><img alt="Area claimed as Tamil Eelam[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tamil_eelam_map.svg/250px-Tamil_eelam_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tamil_eelam_map.svg/375px-Tamil_eelam_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tamil_eelam_map.svg/500px-Tamil_eelam_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Area claimed as Tamil Eelam<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tamil_Eelam&params=08_45_N_80_30_E_type:city(3369919)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">08°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">80°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.750°N 80.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.750; 80.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest City</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Districts</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Amparai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Amparai District">Amparai</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_District" title="Batticaloa District">Batticaloa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_District" title="Jaffna District">Jaffna</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kilinochchi_District" title="Kilinochchi District">Kilinochchi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mannar_District" title="Mannar District">Mannar</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mullaitivu_District" title="Mullaitivu District">Mullaitivu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Puttalam_District" title="Puttalam District">Puttalam</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee_District" title="Trincomalee District">Trincomalee</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Vavuniya_District" title="Vavuniya District">Vavuniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">21,952 km<sup>2</sup> (8,476 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">20,533 km<sup>2</sup> (7,928 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1,419 km<sup>2</sup> (548 sq mi)  6.46%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2012)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,369,919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">150/km<sup>2</sup> (400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">Statistics include <a href="/wiki/Puttalam_District" title="Puttalam District">Puttalam District</a>, the inclusion of this district in Tamil Eelam is controversial.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity<div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2012)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,644,799 (48.80%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">950,498 (28.20%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Moors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">748,366 (22.20%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,263 (0.48%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Other</th><td class="infobox-data">9,993 (0.29%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion<div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2012)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,357,744 (40.29%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhist</a></th><td class="infobox-data">713,609 (21.18%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Muslim</a></th><td class="infobox-data">762,256 (22.62%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Sri Lanka">Catholic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">446,333 (13.24%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_history" title="Category:Sri Lankan Tamil history">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ancient era</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_clans_of_Lanka" title="Ancient clans of Lanka">Ancient clans of Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga people (Sri Lanka)">Nakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainativu" title="Nainativu">Nainativu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissamaharama_Tamil_Brahmi_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription">Tissamaharama inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Ishwarams" title="Pancha Ishwarams">Pancha Ishwarams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="History of the Jaffna kingdom">Early Jaffna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_rule_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola rule in Sri Lanka">Chola Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryacakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vannimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese conquest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Colonial</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalpana_Vaipava_Malai" title="Yalpana Vaipava Malai">Yalpana Vaipava Malai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colebrooke-Cameron_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Colebrooke-Cameron Commission">Colebrooke-Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Mission,_North_Ceylon" title="Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon">Wesleyan Methodist Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Youth_Congress" title="Jaffna Youth Congress">Jaffna Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Post independence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state_sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riots_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots in Sri Lanka">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru-Kotelawala_Pact" title="Nehru-Kotelawala Pact">1954 pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike%E2%80%93Chelvanayakam_Pact" title="Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact">1957 Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirima-Shastri_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirima-Shastri Pact">1964 pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirima-Gandhi_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirima-Gandhi Pact">1974 pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy of standardization">Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state-sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">Burning of Jaffna library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War"> Civil war</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Militancy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimpu_principles" title="Thimpu principles">Thimpu principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Self_Governing_Authority" title="Interim Self Governing Authority">ISGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_war_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_IDP_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan IDP camps">IDP camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">UN Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission" title="Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission">LLRC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Tamils" title="History of Eastern Tamils">History of Eastern Tamils</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tamils" title="Portal:Tamils">Tamils portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Template:History of Sri Lankan Tamils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Template talk:History of Sri Lankan Tamils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Sri Lankan Tamils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tamil Eelam</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">தமிழீழம்</span>, <i>tamiḻ īḻam</i>; generally rendered outside Tamil-speaking areas as தமிழ் ஈழம்) is a proposed <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> that many <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Tamils in Sri Lanka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Eelam Tamil diaspora</a> aspire to create in the north and east of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large sections of the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">North-East</a> were under <i>de facto</i> control of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE) for most of the 1990s–2000s during the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil Eelam, although encompassing the traditional homelands of Eelam Tamils,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not have official status or <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognition</a> by <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">world states</a>. The name is derived from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> name for Sri Lanka, <a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a>. </p><p>In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Ilankai_Tamil_Arasu_Kachchi" title="Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi">Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi</a> (ITAK), the most dominant <a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_political_parties_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Tamil political parties in Sri Lanka">Tamil political party</a> in Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon), lobbied for a united state that would give the minority Tamils and majority <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> equal rights, including recognition of two official languages—Tamil and <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>—and considerable <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> for the Tamil regions of the country. However, the Official Language Act No. 33 of 1956, more simply known as the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a>, was passed in the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Parliament">Sri Lankan Parliament</a> in 1956. The act replaced <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of Sri Lanka with <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese language">Sinhala</a>; due to the lack of official recognition of the Tamil language, the act was widely viewed by Tamils as a sign of the Sri Lankan state's ambition of establishing a Sinhala–<a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>. Though both the <a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike%E2%80%93Chelvanayakam_Pact" title="Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact">Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact</a> and the Senanayake-Chelvanayakam Pact were signed, they were not approved by the Sinhalese dominated Sri Lankan Parliament in 1957 and 1965, respectively. The failure of the Sri Lankan Parliament to implement these agreements caused further disillusionment and isolation among Tamils. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1970_Ceylonese_parliamentary_election" title="1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election">1970 Sri Lankan parliamentary election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(Sri_Lanka)" title="United Front (Sri Lanka)">United Front</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a> came to power. This new <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan government">Sri Lankan government</a> adopted two new policies that were considered discriminatory by the Tamil people; the government introduced a <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardisation" title="Policy of standardisation">policy of standardisation</a> to regulate university admissions, which was interpreted as a scheme to reduce the intake of Tamil and other minority students into the Sri Lankan educational system. A similar policy was later adopted for employment in the public sector that caused less than 10 percent of civil service jobs to be available for Tamil speakers. According to historian <a href="/wiki/K._M._de_Silva" title="K. M. de Silva">K. M. de Silva</a>, the system of standardisation of marks (or grades) required the Tamil students to achieve higher marks than Sinhalese students to gain entrance into university. </p><p>Under the United Front's constitution during the early 1970s, Tamil students sought ways to form a Tamil independent state where the rights and freedoms of the Tamils could be protected and nurtured. By 1975, all Tamil political parties merged and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a> (TULF), which was led by prominent Tamil politician <a href="/wiki/S._J._V._Chelvanayakam" title="S. J. V. Chelvanayakam">S. J. V. Chelvanayakam</a>. In 1976, the first national convention of the TULF was held at <a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai" title="Vaddukoddai">Vaddukoddai</a>, where the party adopted a unanimous resolution called the <a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukodai Resolution</a>. This resolution charged that the Sri Lankan Government had used its power to "deprive the Tamil nation of its territory, language, citizenship, economic life, opportunities of employment and education thereby destroying all the attributes of nationhood of the Tamil people." The resolution further called for the "Free, Sovereign, Secular Socialist State of Tamil Eelam". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils#History" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="History of the Jaffna kingdom">History of the Jaffna kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)#History" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Naga people (Lanka) § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence of a settlement of people with burial practices similar to that found in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> region in India and further North was excavated at <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> burial sites at Pomparippu in the western coast and in <a href="/wiki/Kathiraveli" title="Kathiraveli">Kathiraveli</a> in the eastern coast. These are dated between the 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula" title="Jaffna Peninsula">Jaffna Peninsula</a> was referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a> (2nd century AD) as <i>Naga Nadu,</i> inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Naga people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were early ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Eelam Tamils</a> who adapted Tamil culture and language.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a> trace their origin back to a fusion between the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> king <i>Killivalavan</i> and the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Naga</a> king <i>Pilli Valai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamil royal dynasties in this period are known to have patronized Tamil Saivite culture in the east that paralleled the growth of the community in the area, and by the 6th century, a special coastal route by boat was functioning to the <a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koneswaram temple">Koneswaram temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thirukkovil_Sithira_Velayutha_Swami_Kovil" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkovil Sithira Velayutha Swami Kovil">Thirukkovil Sithira Velayutha Swami Kovil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 12th century saw the rise of a significant <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Hindus" title="Tamil Hindus">Tamil Hindu</a> social formation in the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula" title="Jaffna Peninsula">Jaffna Peninsula</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Established as a powerful force in the north, north east and west of the island, it eventually became a tributary fief of the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in 1258, gaining independence in 1323 with the fragmentation of Pandyan control.<sup id="cite_ref-DS91_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS91-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PP_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 11th and 12th centuries AD the upper half of the eastern province had a large Tamil community.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Tamils had feudal organizations that centered around <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur_Podiyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur Podiyar (page does not exist)">Ur Podiyar</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a village level and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kudi_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kudi system (page does not exist)">Kudi system</a> that controlled social interactions. They also were organized politically as <a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vannimai</a> chiefs<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who came nominally under the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">kingdom of Kandy</a>. The most important social group were the <a href="/wiki/Mukkuvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukkuvar">Mukkuvar</a>, who had originated from <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and had repeatedly invaded <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> as evidenced by Sinhalese literature of that period, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kokila_Sande%C5%9Ba" title="Kokila Sandeśa">Kokila Sandeśa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mukkara_Hatana" title="Mukkara Hatana">Mukkara Hatana</a></i>. One of the local traditions that records the landing and settling of eastern Sri Lanka is called <i><a href="/wiki/Mattakallappu_Manmiyam" title="Mattakallappu Manmiyam">Mattakallappu Manmiyam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-p20_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p20-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the medieval <a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vanni</a> chieftaincies, those of Panankamam, Melpattu, Mulliyavalai, Karunavalpattu, Karrikattumulai and Tennamaravadi in the north of the island were incorporated into the Jaffna kingdom. The chieftaincy in Trincomalee was at times incorporated into the northern kingdom. Hence Vannimais just south of the Jaffna peninsula and in the eastern Trincomalee district usually paid an annual tribute to the Jaffna kingdom instead of taxes. The tribute was in cash, grains, honey, elephants, and ivory. The annual tribute system was enforced due to the greater distance from Jaffna.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspiration_and_Chelvanayakam">Aspiration and Chelvanayakam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aspiration and Chelvanayakam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Party (Sri Lanka)">Federal Party (Sri Lanka)</a> (FP) became the most dominant Tamil political party in 1956 and lobbied for a federal state which gave the Tamils and Sinhalese equal rights, including recognition of two official languages (Tamil and Sinhala) and considerable autonomy for the Tamil areas.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kearney1985_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearney1985-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Official Language Act No. 33 of 1956, more simply known as the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a>, was passed in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ceylon" title="Parliament of Ceylon">Parliament of Ceylon</a> in 1956. The act replaced <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of Ceylon with <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese language">Sinhala</a>; due to the lack of official recognition to the Tamil language, the act was widely viewed by the Tamils as a sign of the Sri Lanka state's ambition of establishing a <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federal party decided to sign the <a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike-Chelvanayakam_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandaranaike-Chelvanayakam Pact">Bandaranaike-Chelvanayakam Pact</a> in July 1957. As the name goes, it was merely an agreement between the two individuals and lacked any legality. It was never approved by the parliament or the ruling party or the Cabinet. However, soon afterwards the agreement was abandoned by the Sinhala party. In 1965, another pact, the <a href="/wiki/Senanayake-Chelvanayakam_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Senanayake-Chelvanayakam Pact">Senanayake-Chelvanayakam Pact</a> was signed but also not implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure of the Sinhalese dominated government to implement devolutionary agreements through the 1950s and 1960s, abrogation of power-sharing promises, worsening economic conditions, and lack of territorial autonomy caused further disillusionment and isolation among northern Tamils.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinfeld2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinfeld2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970 election the United Front (UF) led by <a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a> came into power. The new government adopted two new policies that were considered discriminatory by the Tamil people.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson,_A.J._p.102-103_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_A.J._p.102-103-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, the government introduced a discriminatory system regulating university admissions, specifically targeted at reducing the intake of overachieving Tamils and other minorities in the Sri Lankan educational system. The scheme allotted up to 40% of the university placement to rural youth (primarily from Sinhalese areas). The government claimed that this was an <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> scheme to assist geographically disadvantaged students to gain tertiary education. According to <a href="/wiki/K._M._de_Silva" title="K. M. de Silva">K. M. de Silva</a>, a historian, the system of standardisation of marks required the Tamil students to achieve higher marks than the Sinhalese students to get into university.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokke2000_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokke2000-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De1984_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De1984-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar policy was adapted for employment in the public sector, leaving less than 10 percent of civil service jobs available to Tamil speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson,_A.J._p.102-103_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_A.J._p.102-103-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federal Party opposed these policies and Chelvanayakam resigned his parliamentary seat in October 1972. The new constitution in 1972 further exacerbated long standing grievances and sense of discrimination for the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil people">Eelam Tamil people</a>. This had emboldened younger Tamils to seek ways to form a Tamil homeland (nation) where the rights and freedoms of the Tamil people could be protected and nurtured.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinfeld2005_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinfeld2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, Tamil parties' call for regional autonomy was replaced with the demand for a separate state called Tamil Eelam; <a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a> is the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> name for Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, in 1975, all Tamil political parties merged and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a> (TULF). In 1976, the first national convention of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a> was held at <a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai" title="Vaddukoddai">Vaddukoddai</a>, where the party adopted a unanimous resolution called the Vaddukodai Resolution. This resolution charged that the Sinhalese government, with the use of the constitution of 1972, had used its power to "deprive the Tamil nation of its territory, language, citizenship, economic life, opportunities of employment and education thereby destroying all the attributes of nationhood of the Tamil people." The resolution further called for the "Free, Sovereign, Secular Socialist State of TAMIL EELAM".<sup id="cite_ref-Pfaffenberger1981_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfaffenberger1981-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the Vaddukodai resolution, the Tamil United Liberation Front became the first Tamil political party to run its campaign on a separatist platform. It swept the parliamentary elections in the Tamil-dominated districts of the North and East in 1977, winning 18 seats and became the largest opposition in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Hin_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hin-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nadarajah2005_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nadarajah2005-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for the success of the TULF was seen as the result of growing Tamil agitation for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinfeld2005_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinfeld2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the time of the Vaddukodai declaration, there were several Tamil militant organizations who believed that armed struggle was the only way to protect the sovereignty of the Tamil areas. TULF, however, believed in peaceful parliamentary ways towards achieving a solution.<sup id="cite_ref-Schalk2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schalk2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the TULF had adapted a separatist platform, they were still open to peaceful negotiations and decided to work towards a political agreement with President <a href="/wiki/Junius_Richard_Jayewardene" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Richard Jayewardene">J.R Jayewardene</a>. The outcome was the District Development Councils scheme (DDC) passed in 1980. The District Development Councils scheme was based, to some extent, on decentralization of the government within a united Sri Lanka. DDCs were soon abandoned because the two sides were not able to agree to the number of District Ministers in the Tamil districts.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983 the Sixth Amendment was passed and required Tamil members of parliament and Tamils in public office to take the oath of allegiance to the unitary state of Sri Lanka. The Sixth Amendment forbade advocating a separate state even by peaceful means. Consequently, the TULF was expelled from the parliament for refusing to take the oath.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">Eelam War IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilinochchi_court_of_de-facto_State_Tamil_Eelam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kilinochchi_court_of_de-facto_State_Tamil_Eelam.jpg/180px-Kilinochchi_court_of_de-facto_State_Tamil_Eelam.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kilinochchi_court_of_de-facto_State_Tamil_Eelam.jpg/270px-Kilinochchi_court_of_de-facto_State_Tamil_Eelam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kilinochchi_court_of_de-facto_State_Tamil_Eelam.jpg/360px-Kilinochchi_court_of_de-facto_State_Tamil_Eelam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Kilinochchi Court</figcaption></figure> <p>The parts of northern and eastern Sri Lanka which were formerly under the control of the LTTE were run as a de facto state with its own government in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-sunday_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunday-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stokke2006_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokke2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McConnell2008_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McConnell2008-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ranganathan2002_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranganathan2002-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tamil Tigers military included land and naval (the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Tigers" title="Sea Tigers">Sea Tigers</a>) forces and an air wing (<a href="/wiki/Air_Tigers" title="Air Tigers">Tamil Eelam Air Force</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Winn2004_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winn2004-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rizas2005_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizas2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDowell1996_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowell1996-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LTTE ran a judicial system complete with local, supreme and high courts. The <a href="/wiki/US_state_department" class="mw-redirect" title="US state department">US state department</a> alleged that the judges had very little standards or training and acted as agents to the LTTE; it also accused the LTTE of forcing Tamils under their control to accept their judicial system.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, within areas controlled by the LTTE the Tigers performed state functions, including the operation of a civil police force, Human Rights organizations, offices for the coordination of humanitarian assistance board,<sup id="cite_ref-Stokke2006_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokke2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> health boards and education boards.<sup id="cite_ref-McConnell2008_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McConnell2008-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodhand2000_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodhand2000-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also ran a Bank (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Bank of Tamil Eelam">Bank of Tamil Eelam</a>), a radio station (<a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Tigers" title="Voice of Tigers">Voice of Tigers</a>) and a Television station (<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Television_of_Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Television of Tamil Eelam (page does not exist)">National Television of Tamil Eelam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ranganathan2002_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranganathan2002-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/180px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/270px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/360px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tamil Eelam Flag - LTTE era</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the clearance of <a href="/wiki/Kilinochchi" title="Kilinochchi">Kilinochchi</a> by government troops which had been the administrative capital of the de facto LTTE controlled area on 2 January 2009, the LTTE's civil administration system was suspended as the "state" of Tamil Eelam was gradually crushed by the resurgent Sri Lankan Army.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last pocket of territory controlled by the LTTE was captured by the Sri Lankan Army on 18 May 2009. During this operation almost the entire civil and military leadership of the LTTE were killed. Tens of thousands of LTTE cadres surrendered to government troops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-LTTE_era">Post-LTTE era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-LTTE era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the defeat of LTTE, pro-LTTE political party <a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a> (TNA), also the largest political group representing the Eelam Tamil community, dropped its demand for a Tamil Eelam, in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> solution.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardn_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardn-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were ongoing bilateral talks between President Rajapaksa's <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Freedom_Alliance" title="United People's Freedom Alliance">UPFA</a> government and the TNA, on a viable political solution and devolution of power.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pro Tamil groups advocating independence for Tamil areas of Sri Lanka continue to run websites and radio telecasts.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 19 May 2009 Tamil Eelam has ceased to exist as a physical entity but remains as political aspiration among sections of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Eelam Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Eelam Tamil diaspora</a>. In May 2010, New York based lawyer <a href="/wiki/Visvanathan_Rudrakumaran" title="Visvanathan Rudrakumaran">Visvanathan Rudrakumaran</a> formed a <a href="/wiki/Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam">Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam</a> intending to use soft power to reach its end.<sup id="cite_ref-tgte-us.org_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tgte-us.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This organisation continues to claim that they represent the Eelam Tamils.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tamil_Eelam" title="Special:EditPage/Tamil Eelam">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batticaloa_Lighthouse_(view_from_above).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Batticaloa_Lighthouse_%28view_from_above%29.jpg/200px-Batticaloa_Lighthouse_%28view_from_above%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Batticaloa_Lighthouse_%28view_from_above%29.jpg/300px-Batticaloa_Lighthouse_%28view_from_above%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Batticaloa_Lighthouse_%28view_from_above%29.jpg/400px-Batticaloa_Lighthouse_%28view_from_above%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4404" data-file-height="2931" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Lagoon" title="Batticaloa Lagoon">Batticaloa Lagoon</a>, an estuarine lagoon in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern province</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Kite_In_Ocean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flying_Kite_In_Ocean.jpg/200px-Flying_Kite_In_Ocean.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flying_Kite_In_Ocean.jpg/300px-Flying_Kite_In_Ocean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flying_Kite_In_Ocean.jpg/400px-Flying_Kite_In_Ocean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>The Bay of Bengal at <a href="/wiki/Point_Pedro" title="Point Pedro">Point Pedro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern province</a>, the northernmost point of the island</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, Tamil settlements had been established in the dry semi-arid territories of the island. The region is subdivided into three sections, the North, the East where the majority of the native Tamils live, and the northern part of the Puthalam district which had a large Tamil influence in the pre-colonial times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North">North</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Northern province is 22 miles (35 km) south of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Bridge" title="Adam's Bridge">Adam's Bridge</a> (Sethu Bridge) is located between the waters of the Mannar islet and the Indian mainland. The North is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a> and Palk Bay to the west, <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> to the east and the Eastern, North Central and North Western provinces to the south. It has a total area of 8,884 square kilometers (3,430.1 sq mi). </p><p>It is divided into two distinct geographic areas: <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna peninsula">Jaffna peninsula</a> and the central <a href="/wiki/Vanni_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanni region">Vanni region</a>. </p><p>The Jaffna peninsula has a number of bays and lagoons along its coastline and much of the coast consists of sandy beaches. A chain of both inhabited and uninhabited islands are also found along the Jaffna peninsula. </p><p>The sparsely populated Vanni region is covered in tropical forests with numerous rivers flowing through them, making agriculture and forestry the primary industry in the area. The dry-land forests house rare species of trees, such as the satinwood, ebony, ironwood, and mahogany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East">East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern part of the Tamil Eelam has an area of 9,996 square kilometers (3,859.5 sq mi). The Area is surrounded by land to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east, and the central highlands to its west, south and southwest. </p><p>The Eastern coast is dominated by lagoons, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Lagoon" title="Batticaloa Lagoon">Batticaloa Lagoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokkilai_Lagoon" title="Kokkilai Lagoon">Kokkilai Lagoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upaar_Lagoon" title="Upaar Lagoon">Upaar Lagoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ullackalie_Lagoon" title="Ullackalie Lagoon">Ullackalie Lagoons</a>. </p><p>Much of the coastline has a number of inlets from the sea, making them excellent inland ports and fishing harbours. The East has a rich biodiversity and is the natural habitat to many species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_divisions_and_demographics">Political divisions and demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political divisions and demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firewood_selling,_Batticaloa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Firewood_selling%2C_Batticaloa.JPG/200px-Firewood_selling%2C_Batticaloa.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Firewood_selling%2C_Batticaloa.JPG/300px-Firewood_selling%2C_Batticaloa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Firewood_selling%2C_Batticaloa.JPG/400px-Firewood_selling%2C_Batticaloa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Fire-wood sellers in Batticaloa district</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the declaration of independence, which saw large scale movements of people in search of better economic opportunities, and the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state_sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes">state sponsored Sinhalese colonization</a> of Tamil territories, the demographics of the North and East had been heavily altered. </p><p>The three decade long <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a> that followed the anti-Tamil policies further affected the North and the East with over 80,000–100,000 people estimated to have been killed and over 400,000 Tamils fleeing their homes. Many people still live in IDP camps in the North and the East and the present-day demographics of the region has been changing due to more and more <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state-sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes">Sinhalese settling in these territories</a>. </p><p>Large changes in the demographics of the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Muslims also occurred during the war. In 1987, widespread <a href="/wiki/1987_Eastern_Province_massacres" title="1987 Eastern Province massacres">anti-Sinhalese violence</a> caused 20,000 Sinhalese to flee the Eastern Province, although they were later resettled.<sup id="cite_ref-rubin_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubin-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, the LTTE <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">expelled</a> 72,000 Muslims from the Northern Province.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province</th> <th>District</th> <th>Population</th> <th>% <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Eelam Tamil</a></th> <th>% <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamil</a></th> <th>% <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Moor">Sri Lankan Moor</a></th> <th>% <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_District" title="Jaffna District">Jaffna District</a> </td> <td>831,112 </td> <td>97% </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilinochchi_District" title="Kilinochchi District">Kilinochchi District</a> </td> <td>91,641 </td> <td>97% </td> <td> </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mannar_District" title="Mannar District">Mannar District</a> </td> <td>106,940 </td> <td>63.7% </td> <td> </td> <td>26.6% </td> <td>8.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mullaitivu_District" title="Mullaitivu District">Mullaitivu District</a> </td> <td>77,152 </td> <td>89.8% </td> <td> </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vavuniya_District" title="Vavuniya District">Vavuniya District</a> </td> <td>95,904 </td> <td>76.2% </td> <td> </td> <td>6.9% </td> <td>16.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Province</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amparai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Amparai District">Amparai District</a> </td> <td>388,970 </td> <td>20.0% </td> <td>0.36% </td> <td>41.5% </td> <td>37.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_District" title="Batticaloa District">Batticaloa District</a> </td> <td>330,333 </td> <td>72% </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>23% </td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee_District" title="Trincomalee District">Trincomalee District</a> </td> <td>255,948 </td> <td>36.4% </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>29.3% </td> <td>33.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Western Province, Sri Lanka">North-Western Province</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puttalam_District" title="Puttalam District">Puthalam district</a> </td> <td>709,677 </td> <td>6.8% </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>18.8% </td> <td>73.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"> <ul><li><i><b>1981</b> Census report</i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> gained control of Sri Lanka in 1815 and administratively unified the island<sup id="cite_ref-Stokke2000_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokke2000-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a legislative council in 1833 with three Europeans and one each for <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a>, Eelam Tamils and <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burghers</a>. British Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Manning_(colonial_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Manning (colonial governor)">William Manning</a>, who arrived in Ceylon in 1919, created a reformed legislative council in 1921 and actively encouraged <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> communal thinking in the legislative council.<sup id="cite_ref-kms_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kms-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silva_p_114_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva_p_114-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Tamils started to develop communal consciousness and began to think of themselves as needing to be represented by Tamil leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva_p_114_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva_p_114-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kms488_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kms488-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this development that made way for the development of the Tamil political organization called the <a href="/wiki/All_Ceylon_Tamil_Congress" title="All Ceylon Tamil Congress">All Ceylon Tamil Congress</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/G._G._Ponnambalam" title="G. G. Ponnambalam">G. G. Ponnambalam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sri Lanka achieved independence from the British in 1948 and in the same year the government of Sri Lanka, with the acceptance vote from <a href="/wiki/G.G._Ponnambalam" class="mw-redirect" title="G.G. Ponnambalam">G.G. Ponnambalam</a>, passed a new act called the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Citizenship_Act" title="Ceylon Citizenship Act">Ceylon Citizenship Act</a> which disenfranchised the Indian Tamil plantation workers.<sup id="cite_ref-uthr.org_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uthr.org-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De1997_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De1997-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Ponnambalam did not vote for all the bills pertaining to the Ceylon citizenship act (including the offending bill), his silence in parliament made the Tamil public believe that he was not interested in Indian Tamil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949 a new Tamil political party, named the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Party (Sri Lanka)">Federal Party</a>, was formed and was led by <a href="/wiki/S._J._V._Chelvanayakam" title="S. J. V. Chelvanayakam">S. J. V. Chelvanayakam</a> who earlier broke away from All Ceylon Tamil Congress because of the latter's decision to tie up with the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">UNP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uthr.org_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uthr.org-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956 the government enacted the Official Language Act (commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a>) which made <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> the sole official language of Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-De1997_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De1997-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ceylon Citizen Act and the <a href="/wiki/Official_Language_Act_No._33_of_1956_(Ceylon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Language Act No. 33 of 1956 (Ceylon)">Official Language Act</a> were seen as discriminatory policies towards the minorities and led to increased ethnic and political tensions between the two communities. The Federal Party (FP) opposed both the Ceylon Citizenship Act and the Sinhala Only Act and as a result became popular amongst the Tamil population.<sup id="cite_ref-De1997_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De1997-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of their popularity the Federal party became the most dominant party in the Tamil districts after the <a href="/wiki/1956_Ceylonese_parliamentary_election" title="1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election">1956 elections</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pongu_Tamil">Pongu Tamil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pongu Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Pongu Tamil</i> (or Tamil Uprising) (பொங்குதமிழ்) is an event that is held in support of "Tamils Right to Self-Determination" and "Tamil Traditional homeland". Pongu Tamil was first organized in Jaffna in January 2001 by students of the Jaffna University. The event was organized in response to alleged <a href="/wiki/White_Van_Abductions_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="White Van Abductions in Sri Lanka">disappearances</a>, mass graves and abuses under the government's military rule and was designed as peaceful protest. The event attracted between 4000 and 5000 students amid the event being banned in Jaffna, an area controlled by the Sri Lankan Army, and allegations of intimidation and death threats by the police.<sup id="cite_ref-Orjuela2003_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orjuela2003-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, the event was held again and attracted over 150,000 people and has become an annual event in the LTTE held areas of Sri Lanka. In the recent years some members of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Eelam Tamil diaspora</a> have also picked up on the notion and it has become an annual event in the countries they reside.<sup id="cite_ref-st_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the event was held in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, Italy, South Africa, France, Australia, England and Canada. According to <a href="/wiki/TamilNet" title="TamilNet">TamilNet</a>, a pro-<a href="/wiki/LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE">rebel</a> website, the event attracted thousands of people in these countries including over 7,000 in France,<sup id="cite_ref-Tamilnetf_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamilnetf-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30,000 in England <sup id="cite_ref-Tamilnete_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamilnete-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 75,000 in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamilnetc_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamilnetc-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia is said to have attracted about 2000 people displayed the Australian flag, Tiger symbol and picture of <a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil_National_Alliance's_manifestos"><span id="Tamil_National_Alliance.27s_manifestos"></span>Tamil National Alliance's manifestos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tamil National Alliance's manifestos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tamil_Eelam" title="Special:EditPage/Tamil Eelam">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a> stands on a platform for Tamil aspirations of self-determination and equality, having won at elections held in the north and east. The alliance is the largest Tamil political party in Sri Lanka. It has had two manifestos since 2001. The policies are based on what is known as the Thimpu principles amongst Tamil nationalists. They are </p> <ul><li>Recognition of the Tamils of Sri Lanka as a distinct nationality.</li> <li>Recognition of an identified Tamil homeland and guarantee of its territorial integrity.</li> <li>Based on the above, recognition of the inalienable right of self-determination of the Tamil nation.</li> <li>Recognition of the right to full citizenship and other fundamental democratic rights of all Tamils who look upon the island as their country.'</li></ul> <p>Further the alliance stands for: </p> <ul><li>The immediate lifting of the economic embargo currently in force in parts of the northeast province</li> <li>The withdrawal of the residential and travel restrictions foisted on the Tamil nationality</li> <li>The immediate cessation of the war being currently waged in the northeast</li></ul> <p>Three of its sitting Members of the Parliament K. Sivanesan, Joseph Pararajasingham and Nadarajah Raviraj have been assassinated since 2006, which the TNA party blames on the Sri Lankan Government's army and paramilitary forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LTTE's_Interim_Self_Governing_Authority"><span id="LTTE.27s_Interim_Self_Governing_Authority"></span>LTTE's Interim Self Governing Authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: LTTE's Interim Self Governing Authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interim_Self_Governing_Authority" title="Interim Self Governing Authority">Interim Self Governing Authority</a></div> <p>On 31 October 2003 during the peace talks, with the <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> still holding, the LTTE issued their proposals for an ISGA. The ISGA would have broad powers such the right to impose the rule of law, collect taxes, run the administration and oversee the rehabilitation process in the north and east, and it would be controlled by the LTTE until elections were held. Crucially however, the LTTE had dropped their demand for an independent Tamil Eelam in favour of regional <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key points of the LTTE's proposals are:<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An ISGA will established for the eight <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Districts of Sri Lanka">districts</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern</a> provinces until a final negotiated settlement is reached and implemented.</li> <li>Initially the members of the ISGA will be appointed by the parties to this agreement with the LTTE appointing an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a>, but</li></ul> <p>Democratic <a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a> will be held if no final negotiated settlement is reached and implemented within five years. </p> <ul><li>The ISGA shall have <a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">plenary power</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> of the north-east including powers in relation to resettlement, rehabilitation, reconstruction, <a href="/wiki/Regional_development" title="Regional development">development</a>, raising <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> including imposition of <a href="/wiki/Taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxes">taxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">levies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duties" class="mw-redirect" title="Duties">duties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>, and over land.</li> <li>The GOSL agrees that any and all of its expenditures in or for the north-east shall be subject to the control of the ISGA.</li> <li>The ISGA shall have powers to borrow internally and externally, provide <a href="/wiki/Guarantees" class="mw-redirect" title="Guarantees">guarantees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnities</a>, receive <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">aid</a> directly, and engage in or regulate internal and external trade.</li> <li>The ISGA shall have direction and control over any and all <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">administrative</a> structures and personnel in the north-east.</li> <li>The ISGA shall have the power to <a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienate</a> and determine the appropriate use of all land in the north-east that is not privately owned.</li> <li>Land occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">armed forces</a> of the GOSL must be immediately vacated and restored to the possession of the previous owners. The GOSL must also <a href="/wiki/Compensation_(nationalization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compensation (nationalization)">compensate</a> the owners for the past <a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">dispossession</a> of their land.</li> <li>The ISGA shall be responsible for the resettlement and rehabilitation of <a href="/wiki/Displaced_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced person">displaced civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a> in such lands.</li> <li>The ISGA shall have control over the <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> and offshore resources of the adjacent seas and the power to regulate access thereto.</li> <li>The ISGA will have control over the <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> in the north-east region. The GOSL shall ensure that all monies due under existing agreements are paid to the ISGA.</li> <li>All future agreements concerning matters under the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> of the ISGA shall be made with the ISGA.</li></ul> <p>International reaction to the LTTE's proposals was generally positive. US Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage gave a cautious welcome, saying that the proposal is "the first time I have seen such a comprehensive delineation of the aspirations of the LTTE...it is significant". The European Union's Head of Mission in Colombo welcomed the proposals as an "important step forward in the peace process".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sri Lankan reaction was mixed. The GOSL reacted by stating that the proposal "differs in fundamental respects from the proposals submitted by the GOSL. The GOSL is convinced that the way forward lies through direct discussion of the issues arising from both sets of proposals". The Tamil National Alliance (TNA), the main political party representing Eelam Tamils, welcomed the proposals positively. R. Sampanthan, leader of the TNA, said "The ISGA proposal...bears historical importance in the political history of Tamils in the island. The ISGA provides a base to find a permanent political solution to the Tamil national question".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_Tamil_Eelam">Support for Tamil Eelam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Support for Tamil Eelam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main pledge made by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a> (TULF) in its <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1977_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">1977 parliamentary election</a> was "<i>to establish an independent sovereign, secular, socialist State of Tamil Eelam...</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TULF won all 14 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a> after receiving more than 278,000 votes (68%). In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Province</a> the TULF won 4 of 10 seats after receiving nearly 140,000 votes (32%). Eelam Tamils constituted 92% and 43% of the population in each of the provinces respectively. </p><p>In March 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a> (TNA), the largest political group representing the Eelam Tamils, dropped its demands for an independent Tamil Eelam but continues to demand greater autonomy through <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Page_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TG140310_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG140310-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burke_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TNA's change of policy is believed to be a pragmatic one based on the reality of the political situation in Sri Lanka: the Tamil Tigers have been defeated, the Sri Lankan government/military have the support of the regional super powers (China, India and Pakistan), there is no international support for independence and it is illegal in Sri Lanka to support separatism.<sup id="cite_ref-TG140310_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG140310-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the TNA's watered down demands are still a lot more than what the Sri Lankan government is prepared to give.<sup id="cite_ref-TG140310_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG140310-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Support_for_regional_autonomy">Support for regional autonomy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Support for regional autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly a year after the LTTE's loss in the Sri Lankan Civil war the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a> (TNA), in its manifesto for the 8 April <a href="/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">general election</a>, renounced its demand for Tamil Eelam and instead campaigned for greater regional autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TNA said it would settle for a "federal structure" in the northern and eastern provinces with power over land, finance, and law and order,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "if the Sri Lankan state continues its present style of governance without due regard to the rights of the Tamil-speaking people" it will launch a <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Gandhi-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> campaign. <sup id="cite_ref-Page_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TG140310_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG140310-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the manifesto the TNA also demanded the re-merger of northern and eastern provinces, which were separated in 2006, and has also made a pledge to lobby the international community, including <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and has called for power sharing arrangements between both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Page_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sixth Amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution of Sri Lanka</a> prohibits violation of territorial integrity of the island nation, outlawing any advocation of Tamil Eelam as a separate nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tamil_referendums">Tamil referendums</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tamil referendums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_independence_referendums,_2009-2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Eelam independence referendums, 2009-2010">Tamil Eelam independence referendums, 2009-2010</a></div> <p>During 2009–2010 a number of referendums were held in Eelam Tamil diaspora communities to ascertain support for an independent Tamil Eelam, despite attempts by the Sri Lankan government and its supporters to prevent them.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendums, although organised by Tamil groups, have been conducted by independent organisations with independent observers. Voters have been asked their opinion on the following statement: </p><p>"<i>I aspire for the formation of the independent and sovereign state of Tamil Eelam in the north and east territory of the island of Sri Lanka on the basis that the Tamils in the island of Sri Lanka make a distinct nation, have a traditional homeland and have the right to self-determination</i>." </p><p>To date referendums have been held in ten countries (<a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, France, Canada, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, Italy and Australia). Referendums were expected be held in other countries with significant Tamil diaspora population.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A survey in late 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Vikatan" title="Ananda Vikatan">Ananda Vikatan</a></i> found 55.4% of Indian Tamils in the state supported the separation of Tamil Eelam, while 34.63% supported a federal Tamil Eelam. </p><p>Notable supporters of independence include politicians <a href="/wiki/Vaiko" title="Vaiko">Vaiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thol_Thirumavalavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thol Thirumavalavan">Thol Thirumavalavan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nedumaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedumaran">Nedumaran</a>. Directors <a href="/wiki/Bharathiraaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharathiraaja">Bharathiraaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seeman_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeman (director)">Seeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ameer_Sultan" title="Ameer Sultan">Ameer Sultan</a> are strong advocates of the independence of Tamil Eelam. <a href="/wiki/K._Muthukumar" title="K. Muthukumar">K. Muthukumar</a>, a DTP operator for a Tamil magazine 'Penne Nee' <a href="/wiki/2009_Tamil_diaspora_protests#India" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Tamil diaspora protests">doused himself with kerosene</a> at the Regional Passport Office, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India and set himself on fire to highlight the Tamil plight.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2012 DMK president <a href="/wiki/Karunanidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a> said that India should prevail upon the United Nations to help carve out a separate Tamil Eelam from Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lanka. Raising the issue in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> during zero hour, DMK leader T.R. Baalu said tyranny in the Tamil areas was continuing and Sinhalese army men were roaming around Tamil habitats in Sri Lanka and "thousands of people have been kept behind barbed wire fences." He said the Indo-Sri Lankan accord was not being ratified and the 13th Amendment (devolution of powers to ethnic Tamils) was not being implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> said of the movement </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One-man one-vote led to the domination of the Sinhalese majority over the minority Tamils who were the active and intelligent fellows who worked hard and got themselves penalized. And English was out. They were educated in English...The country [Ceylon] will never be put together again. Somebody should have told them – change the system, loosen up, or break off. And looking back, I think the Tunku was wise. (The reference is to <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> the Malaysian Prime Minister under whose rule Singapore separated from Malaysia). I offered a loosening up of the system. He said: "Clean cut, go your way". Had we stayed in, and I look at Colombo and Ceylon, I mean changing names, sometimes maybe you deceive the gods, but I don't think you are deceiving the people who live in them. It makes no great difference to the tragedy that is being enacted. They failed because they had weak or wrong leaders."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Judge" title="Virginia Judge">Virginia Judge</a>, who visited the North East area noted that in a three-year period Tamils had developed a virtual state within a state. She has stated she supports a genuine federal Tamil Eelam that guarantees the right of the Tamil minority to autonomy so their culture is protected and they enjoy full economic and political rights. She has voiced support to a federal structure with equity and self-determination for the Tamil people.<sup id="cite_ref-nswevirg_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswevirg-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MP <a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Murphy (Australian politician)">John Murphy</a> stated that the targeting of Tamil civilians by the Sri Lankan Government's forces in airstrikes "clearly demonstrates that it does not regard the Tamil people to be part of its population." It strengthened his support for the Tamil people's case for self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, he handed a petition of 4000 signatories to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a> accusing the Government of Sri Lanka of being guilty of the crime of genocide, supporting the Tamil right to self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1981 resolution adopted by the United States <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a> called for the restoration and reconstitution of the separate sovereign state of Tamil Eelam, supporting the right to self-determination of the Tamils of Eelam.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">Government of South Africa</a>, noting in January 2009 that the continued conflict on the island has been cited on international monitoring mechanisms as reaching genocidal proportions, described the conflict as a liberation war between the Tamil Tigers for self-determination and the Sri Lankan Government that had led to the deaths of thousands of lives, and called for an end to hostilities and a political solution.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willis Mchunu of the state legislature of <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> condemned the genocide of Tamils and expressed support to the Tamil struggle for freedom. Mtandeni Dlungwana, leader of the province's branch of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">African National Congress Youth League</a> stated they were fully backing the Tamil Eelam struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar and activist <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, in a February 2009 interview, said of the Tamil Eelam struggle: "Parts of Europe, for example, are moving towards more federal arrangements. In Spain, for example, Catalonia by now has a high degree of autonomy within the Spanish state. The Basque Country also has a high degree of autonomy. In England, Wales and Scotland in the United Kingdom are moving towards a form of autonomy and self-determination and I think there are similar developments throughout Europe. Though they're mixed with a lot of pros and cons, but by and large I think it is a generally healthy development. I mean, the people have different interests, different cultural backgrounds, different concerns, and there should be special arrangements to allow them to pursue their special interests and concerns in harmony with others."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a September 2009 submitted Sri Lankan Crisis Statement, Chomsky was one of several signatories calling for full access to internment camps holding Tamils, the respect of international law concerning prisoners of war and media freedom, the condemnation of discrimination against Tamils by the state since independence from Britain, and to urge the international community to support and facilitate a political solution that addresses the self-determination aspirations of Tamils and protection of the human rights of all Sri Lankans.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major offensive against the Tamils in the Vanni region of their homeland in 2009 resulted in the deaths of at least 20,000 Tamil civilians in 5 months, amid widespread concerns war crimes were committed against the Tamil population. At a United Nations forum on <a href="/wiki/R2P" class="mw-redirect" title="R2P">R2P</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_Protect" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsibility to Protect">Responsibility to Protect</a> doctrine established by the UN in 2005, Chomsky said: </p> <blockquote><p>..."What happened in Sri Lanka was a major Rwanda-like atrocity, in a different scale, where the West didn't care. There was plenty of early warning. This [conflict] has been going on for years and decades. Plenty of things could have been done [to prevent it]. But there was not enough interest."<sup id="cite_ref-tamilnet.com_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamilnet.com-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Chomsky was responding to a question that referred to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Egeland" title="Jan Egeland">Jan Egeland</a>, former head of the UN's Humanitarian Affairs' earlier statement that R2P was a failure in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-tamilnet.com_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamilnet.com-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_councils_and_organisations">Worldwide councils and organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Worldwide councils and organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg/220px-Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg/330px-Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg/440px-Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Tamil Democrats with the traditional colors of Tamil Eelam</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam">Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam">Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transnational_Constituent_Assembly_of_Tamil_Eelam_election_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnational Constituent Assembly of Tamil Eelam election 2010">Transnational Constituent Assembly of Tamil Eelam election 2010</a></div> <p>The <b>Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam</b> (TGTE) is formed by unification of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Eelam Tamil diaspora</a> which aims to create Tamil Eelam, a state which TGTE aspire to create in the north and east provinces of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TGTE and Tamil Eelam have no official status or recognition by any state or authority. The TGTE has been called a "ploy to perpetuate terrorism" by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government of Sri Lanka</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is itself under international pressure for alleged war crime probes.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For its part, the TGTE has maintained that it is a democratic organization, and intends to use soft power and not military power to its end.<sup id="cite_ref-tgte-us.org_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tgte-us.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact words found in TGTE constitution are : "Whereas the TGTE has guided us towards a democratic system of government, in order to establish an independent state of Tamil Eelam based on the principles of peace, non-violence, tolerance, pluralism, transparency and accountability".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swiss_Council_of_Eelam_Tamils">Swiss Council of Eelam Tamils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Swiss Council of Eelam Tamils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Council_of_Eelam_Tamils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss Council of Eelam Tamils (page does not exist)">Swiss Council of Eelam Tamils (SCET)</a> is established on the basis of democratic participation by the population of Eelam Tamils in Switzerland. The Council of the Eelam Tamils has been working in Switzerland. The Council represents the interests of the Eelam Tamils in Switzerland at national and international level. At the same time, this council has the mandate to work for the rights of Eelam Tamils.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Tamils_Forum">British Tamils Forum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: British Tamils Forum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/British_Tamils_Forum" title="British Tamils Forum">British Tamils Forum</a>, a conglomeration of <a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">British Tamil</a> diaspora organizations states as its aim to "highlight the humanitarian crises and human rights violations perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government of Sri Lanka</a> (GOSL), and to advance the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Tamil national cause</a> through democratic means."<sup id="cite_ref-BTF_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTF-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forum has garnered recognition and appraisal from several prominent figures in public life during its tenure. Annual political rallies are organised by the BTF and in June, July, September and October 2008, the forum organised and participated in several public demonstrations in London. It worked in union with the NSSP, the TYO (Tamil Youth Organisation), S4P (Solidarity for Peace), <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Socialist Party of Great Britain">the UK Socialist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">International Socialist Group</a> in supporting the right to <a href="/wiki/Self_determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Self determination">self determination</a> of the Tamil people in Tamil Eelam. An All Party debate in <a href="/wiki/UK_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Parliament">UK Parliament</a> have highlighted gatherings organised by the BTF and the issues the forum has raised.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maison_du_Tamil_Eelam">Maison du Tamil Eelam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Maison du Tamil Eelam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maison du Tamil Eelam<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a France-based Council of Eelam Tamils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Council_of_Canadian_Tamils">National Council of Canadian Tamils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: National Council of Canadian Tamils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National Council of Canadian Tamils is a Not-For-Profit-Organization built by delegates elected by Tamils from districts across Canada. NCCT is registered as Not-For-Profit-Organization with both Federal and Provincial governments of Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903223507/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/abstract2010/chapters/chap1/AB1-1.pdf">"Area of Sri Lanka by province and district"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Statistical Abstract 2010</i>. Department of Census & Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.lk/abstract2010/chapters/chap1/AB1-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Abstract+2010&rft.atitle=Area+of+Sri+Lanka+by+province+and+district&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.lk%2Fabstract2010%2Fchapters%2Fchap1%2FAB1-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053313/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/cph2011Pub/pop42.pdf%20">"Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/cph2011Pub/pop42.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+ethnic+group+according+to+districts%2C+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.lk%2FPopHouSat%2FCPH2011%2FPages%2FActivities%2FReports%2Fcph2011Pub%2Fpop42.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053313/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/cph2011Pub/pop42.pdf%20">"Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/cph2011Pub/pop42.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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AdaDerana. 30 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723115228/http://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=13002">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tamil+United+Liberation+Front+General+Election+Manifesto%2C+July+1977&rft.pub=Tamil+Nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnation.org%2Fselfdetermination%2Ftamileelam%2F7707tulfmanifesto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010313215127841206.html">Tamils give up on independence – Central & South Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315104902/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010313215127841206.html">Archived</a> 15 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Page_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Page_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Page_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2010" class="citation news cs1">Page, Jeremy (15 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article7061885.ece">"Tamil party renounces demand for Independent homeland"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Tamil+party+renounces+demand+for+Independent+homeland&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticle7061885.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TG140310-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TG140310_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TG140310_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TG140310_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TG140310_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2010" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Jason (14 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/14/tamils-drop-calls-for-separate-state">"Sri Lankan Tamils drop demand for separate independent homeland"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sri+Lankan+Tamils+drop+demand+for+separate+independent+homeland&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fmar%2F14%2Ftamils-drop-calls-for-separate-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaviland2010" class="citation news cs1">Haviland, Charles (13 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8566114.stm">"Sri Lanka Tamil party drops statehood demand"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suicide+at+Chennai+passport+office+over+Lanka+Tamil+plight&rft.pub=Indian+Express&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2FSuicide-at-Chennai-passpot-office-over-Lanka-Tamil-plight%2F416547%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhar2012" class="citation news cs1">Dhar, Aarti (25 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3353146.ece">"DMK for separate Tamil Eelam in Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=DMK+for+separate+Tamil+Eelam+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft.aulast=Dhar&rft.aufirst=Aarti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Farticle3353146.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article3333117.ece">"Karunanidhi for Eelam, a la Kosovo, South Sudan"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+for+Eelam%2C+a+la+Kosovo%2C+South+Sudan&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2Farticle3333117.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/karunanidhi-for-eelam-a-la-kosovo-south-sudan-the-hindu/">Karunanidhi for Eelam, a la Kosovo, South Sudan – THE HINDU</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219112025/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/karunanidhi-for-eelam-a-la-kosovo-south-sudan-the-hindu/">Archived</a> 19 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Colombo Telegraph (20 April 2012). Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFook_KwagWarren_FernandezSumiko_Tan1998" class="citation book cs1">Fook Kwag, Han; Warren Fernandez; Sumiko Tan (1998). <i>Lee Kuan Yew – The Man and his Ideas</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TamilNet&rft.atitle=Indiscriminate+Attacks+strengthen+case+for+Tamil+self-rule-+Aussie+MP&rft.date=2006-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnet.com%2Fart.html%3Fcatid%3D13%26artid%3D18020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=26220">"Australian parliamentarian calls for ceasefire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TamilNet" title="TamilNet">TamilNet</a></i>. 17 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124100415/http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=26220">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TamilNet&rft.atitle=Australian+parliamentarian+calls+for+ceasefire&rft.date=2008-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnet.com%2Fart.html%3Fcatid%3D13%26artid%3D26220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/us/81mass_declaration.htm">"Resolution of US Massachusetts House of Representatives Calling for the Restoration of the Separate Sovereign State of Tamil Eelam"</a>. <i>TamilNation.org</i>. 18 June 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Noam+Chomsky+says+about+Lankan+conflict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F19noam-chomsky-talks-on-lanka-ltte-obama-and-bush.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fastuntoaction.wordpress.com/sri-lanka-crisis-statement-of-support/">"SLCS signed by Noam Chomsky"</a>. <i>Australians for Tamil Justice</i>. 28 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017133720/http://fastuntoaction.wordpress.com/sri-lanka-crisis-statement-of-support/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australians+for+Tamil+Justice&rft.atitle=SLCS+signed+by+Noam+Chomsky&rft.date=2009-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffastuntoaction.wordpress.com%2Fsri-lanka-crisis-statement-of-support%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tamilnet.com-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tamilnet.com_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamilnet.com_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamilNet" class="citation web cs1">TamilNet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=29846">"TamilNet: 24.07.09 Chomsky: Sri Lanka, a Rwanda-like major atrocity the West didn't care"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413031701/http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=29846">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TamilNet%3A+24.07.09+Chomsky%3A+Sri+Lanka%2C+a+Rwanda-like+major+atrocity+the+West+didn%27t+care&rft.au=TamilNet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnet.com%2Fart.html%3Fcatid%3D13%26artid%3D29846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100518120125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/srilanka/Lanka-asks-Europe-not-to-support-LTTE-remnants/Article1-544056.aspx">"Lanka asks European countries not to support LTTE remnants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. 15 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/srilanka/Lanka-asks-Europe-not-to-support-LTTE-remnants/Article1-544056.aspx">the original</a> on 18 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Lanka+asks+European+countries+not+to+support+LTTE+remnants&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FNews-Feed%2Fsrilanka%2FLanka-asks-Europe-not-to-support-LTTE-remnants%2FArticle1-544056.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nation.lk/2010/05/16/news17.htm">"Transnational Eelam Govt ploy to perpetuate terrorism"</a>. <i>The Nation, Sri Lanka</i>. 16 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092704/http://www.nation.lk/2010/05/16/news17.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.atitle=Transnational+Eelam+Govt+ploy+to+perpetuate+terrorism&rft.date=2010-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.lk%2F2010%2F05%2F16%2Fnews17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sri Lanka war probe 'lacks credibility' <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/sri-lanka-war-probe-lacks-credibility-20100811-11zkl.html">http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/sri-lanka-war-probe-lacks-credibility-20100811-11zkl.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905204258/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/sri-lanka-war-probe-lacks-credibility-20100811-11zkl.html">Archived</a> 5 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TGTE 'Constitution' <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tgte-us.org/constitution.html">http://www.tgte-us.org/constitution.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728090454/http://www.tgte-us.org/constitution.html">Archived</a> 28 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTF-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BTF_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilsforum.com/about.html">"UK Tamils Forum Index Page"</a>. <i>British Tamils Forum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215105435/http://www.tamilsforum.com/about.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Tamils+Forum&rft.atitle=UK+Tamils+Forum+Index+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilsforum.com%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm081014/halltext/81014h0009.htm#column_240WH">"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 14th October 2008"</a>. <i>UKParliament.co.uk</i>. 14 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090127033221/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm081014/halltext/81014h0009.htm#column_240WH">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UKParliament.co.uk&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+Hansard+Debates+for+14th+October+2008&rft.date=2008-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200708%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm081014%2Fhalltext%2F81014h0009.htm%23column_240WH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906041607/http://www.maisondutamileelam.org/">"Maison du Tamil Eelam"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maisondutamileelam.org/">the original</a> on 6 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maison+du+Tamil+Eelam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maisondutamileelam.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Eelam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tamil_Eelam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeith2013" class="citation book cs1">Feith, David (2013). "Separatism in Sri Lanka". <i>Secessionism and Separatism in Europe and Asia: To have a state of one’s own</i>. Routledge. pp. 178–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Separatism+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.btitle=Secessionism+and+Separatism+in+Europe+and+Asia%3A+To+have+a+state+of+one%E2%80%99s+own&rft.pages=178-195&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Feith&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Eelam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch nationalism">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Template:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamil people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamils">List of Sri Lankan Tamils</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Tamils" title="History of Eastern Tamils">History of Eastern Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissamaharama_Tamil_Brahmi_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription">Tissamaharama inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaicoddai_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Annaicoddai seal">Annaicoddai seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketheeswaram_temple" title="Ketheeswaram temple">Ketheeswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koneswaram temple">Koneswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munneswaram_temple" title="Munneswaram temple">Munneswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenavaram_temple" title="Tenavaram temple">Tenavaram temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="History of the Jaffna kingdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryacakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Palace_ruins" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Palace ruins">Jaffna Palace ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotagama_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotagama inscriptions">Kotagama inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vannimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demala_Hatpattu" title="Demala Hatpattu">Demala Hatpattu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Mission,_North_Ceylon" title="Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon">Wesleyan Methodist Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Youth_Congress" title="Jaffna Youth Congress">Jaffna Youth Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state_sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riots_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots in Sri Lanka">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike%E2%80%93Chelvanayakam_Pact" title="Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact">Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardisation" title="Policy of standardisation">Standardisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Militancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">Burning of Jaffna library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Northern_Province_Council_resolution_on_genocide_of_Tamils" title="2015 Northern Province Council resolution on genocide of Tamils">NPC Resolution on Genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Provincial_Council" title="Northern Provincial Council">Northern Provincial Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Northern Province">Government of the Northern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Northern Province">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Northern Province">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Provincial_Council" title="Eastern Provincial Council">Eastern Provincial Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Eastern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Eastern Province">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Eastern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Eastern Province">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Ceylon_Tamil_Congress" title="All Ceylon Tamil Congress">All Ceylon Tamil Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Party (Sri Lanka)">Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Democratic Tamil National Alliance">Democratic Tamil National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_People%27s_Front" title="Tamil National People's Front">Tamil National People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_People%27s_National_Alliance" title="Tamil People's National Alliance">Tamil People's National Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Militant groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Democratic_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front">ENDLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Liberation Front">ENLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Revolutionary_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front">EPRLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_Revolutionary_Organisation_of_Students" title="Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students">EORS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Organisation_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam">PLOTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Liberation_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization">TELO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamils_Forum" title="British Tamils Forum">British Tamils Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tamil_Congress" title="Canadian Tamil Congress">Canadian Tamil Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Tamil_Sangams_of_North_America" title="Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America">Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Tamil_Forum" title="Global Tamil Forum">Global Tamil Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_Against_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils Against Genocide">Tamils Against Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Youth_Organisation" title="Tamil Youth Organisation">Tamil Youth Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam">Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils">Genetic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaiyar" title="Karaiyar">Karaiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koviar" class="mw-redirect" title="Koviar">Koviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkuvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukkuvar">Mukkuvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalavar" title="Nalavar">Nalavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraiyar" title="Paraiyar">Paraiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesavalamai" title="Thesavalamai">Thesavalamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellalar_(Sri_Lankan_Tamil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellalar (Sri Lankan Tamil)">Vellalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Veddas" title="Coast Veddas">Vedar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_cinema" title="Sri Lankan Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema">Representations in Indian cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_literature" title="Sri Lankan Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li>News <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(Sri_Lankan_newspaper)" title="Saturday Review (Sri Lankan newspaper)">Saturday Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sudar_Oli" title="Sudar Oli">Sudar Oli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Guardian" title="Tamil Guardian">Tamil Guardian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TamilNet" title="TamilNet">TamilNet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Times" title="Tamil Times">Tamil Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thinakaran" title="Thinakaran">Thinakaran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thinakkural" title="Thinakkural">Thinakkural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uthayan" title="Uthayan">Uthayan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virakesari" title="Virakesari">Virakesari</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_India" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealanders" title="Tamil New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Languages and dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Tamil_dialect" title="Batticaloa Tamil dialect">Batticaloa Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loanwords_in_Sri_Lankan_Tamil" title="Loanwords in Sri Lankan Tamil">Loanwords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naguleswaram_temple" title="Naguleswaram temple">Naguleswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Nallur Kandaswamy temple">Nallur Kandaswamy temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Sri Lanka">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Madhu" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu">Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_deities_of_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka">Village deities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_national_cricket_team" title="Tamil Eelam national cricket team">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_national_football_team" title="Tamil Eelam national football team">Football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Category:Sri Lankan Tamil people">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lankan_civil_war_(1983–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Template:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lankan_civil_war_(1983–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a> (1983–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1956 anti-Tamil pogrom">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1977 anti-Tamil pogrom">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1981 anti-Tamil pogrom">1981</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna Library">Burning of Jaffna Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span data-sort-value="Sri Lanka"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Patrol_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)">LRRP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Police Service">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Task_Force_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Task Force (Sri Lanka)">Special Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Civil_Security_Force" title="Sri Lanka Civil Security Force">Home Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_civilians_attributed_to_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" title="List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces">Attacks on civilians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_assassinated_by_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people assassinated by Sri Lankan government forces">Assassinations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/23px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/35px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/45px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tigers" title="Air Tigers">Air Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Tigers" title="Sea Tigers">Sea Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tigers" title="Black Tigers">Black Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE">Attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1970s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1970s">in the 1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1980s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1990s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_2000s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_assassinated_by_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="List of people assassinated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombings_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide bombings in Sri Lanka">Suicide bombings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Other militants</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">list</a>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Democratic_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front">ENDLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Liberation Front">ENLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Revolutionary_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front">EPRLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_Revolutionary_Organisation_of_Students" title="Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students">EROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Organisation_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam">PLOTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Liberation_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization">TELO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Paramilitary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Democratic_Party" title="Eelam People's Democratic Party">EPDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Makkal_Viduthalai_Pulikal" title="Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal">TMVP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_I" title="Eelam War I">Eelam War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war">Indian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_II" title="Eelam War II">Eelam War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_III" title="Eelam War III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">IV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV" title="Eastern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Eastern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV" title="Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Northern theatres</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="List of military operations of the Sri Lankan civil war">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokkilai_offensive" title="Kokkilai offensive">Kokkilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadamarachchi_Operation" title="Vadamarachchi Operation">Vadamarachchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Poomalai" title="Operation Poomalai">Poomalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pawan" title="Operation Pawan">Pawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_University_Helidrop" title="Jaffna University Helidrop">Jaffna University Helidrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Balavegaya" title="Operation Balavegaya">Balavegaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Elephant_Pass" title="First Battle of Elephant Pass">1st Elephant Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pooneryn" title="Battle of Pooneryn">Pooneryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Riviresa" title="Operation Riviresa">Riviresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(1996)" title="Battle of Mullaitivu (1996)">1st Mullaitivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Weli_Oya_(1995)" title="Battle of Weli Oya (1995)">Weli Oya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sath_Jaya" title="Operation Sath Jaya">Sath Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Vavunathivu_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Vavunathivu Offensive">Vavunathivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jayasikurui" title="Operation Jayasikurui">Jayasikurui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandikulam%E2%80%93Omanthai_offensive" title="Thandikulam–Omanthai offensive">Thandikulam–Omanthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Battle_of_Kilinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Battle of Kilinochchi">1st Kilinochchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddusuddan_offensive_(1999)" title="Oddusuddan offensive (1999)">Oddusuddan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_A-9_highway" title="Battle for the A-9 highway">A-9 highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Elephant_Pass" title="Second Battle of Elephant Pass">2nd Elephant Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pedro_(2006)" title="Battle of Point Pedro (2006)">Point Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffna_(2006)" title="Battle of Jaffna (2006)">Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thoppigala" title="Battle of Thoppigala">Thoppigala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vidattaltivu" title="Battle of Vidattaltivu">Vidattaltivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Battle_of_Kilinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Battle of Kilinochchi">2nd Kilinochchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(2009)" title="Battle of Mullaitivu (2009)">2nd Mullaitivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puthukkudiyirippu" title="Battle of Puthukkudiyirippu">Puthukkudiyirippu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Lanka_Flight_512" title="Air Lanka Flight 512">Air Lanka Flight 512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">Expulsions from Northern province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Lalith_Athulathmudali" title="Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali">Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa">Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Temple_of_the_Tooth_attack" title="1998 Temple of the Tooth attack">Temple of the Tooth attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionair_Flight_602" title="Lionair Flight 602">Lionair Flight 602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_non-resident_Tamils_from_Colombo" title="Expulsion of non-resident Tamils from Colombo">Expulsions from Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_suicide_air_raid_on_Colombo" title="2009 suicide air raid on Colombo">2009 suicide air raid on Colombo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Army_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tissa_Weeratunga" title="Tissa Weeratunga">Tissa Weeratunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalin_Seneviratne" title="Nalin Seneviratne">Nalin Seneviratne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wanasinghe" title="Hamilton Wanasinghe">Hamilton Wanasinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Waidyaratne" title="Cecil Waidyaratne">Cecil Waidyaratne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._De_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="G. H. De Silva">G. H. De Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Daluwatte" title="Rohan Daluwatte">Rohan Daluwatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srilal_Weerasooriya" title="Srilal Weerasooriya">Srilal Weerasooriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._P._Balagalle" class="mw-redirect" title="L. P. Balagalle">L. P. Balagalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantha_Kottegoda" title="Shantha Kottegoda">Shantha Kottegoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka" title="Sarath Fonseka">Sarath Fonseka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Navy_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asoka_de_Silva_(Admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka de Silva (Admiral)">Asoka de Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._A._Silva" title="H. A. Silva">H. A. Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clancy_Fernando" title="Clancy Fernando">Clancy Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._M._R._Samarasekara" title="D. A. M. R. Samarasekara">D. A. M. R. Samarasekara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._A._C._Thisera" title="H. C. A. C. Thisera">H. C. A. C. Thisera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Sandagiri" title="Daya Sandagiri">Daya Sandagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasantha_Karannagoda" title="Wasantha Karannagoda">Wasantha Karannagoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Air_Force_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Perera" title="Dick Perera">Dick Perera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andibuduge_Fernando" class="mw-redirect" title="Andibuduge Fernando">Andibuduge Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalandage_Gunawardena" class="mw-redirect" title="Makalandage Gunawardena">Makalandage Gunawardena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ranasinghe" title="Oliver Ranasinghe">Oliver Ranasinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayalath_Weerakkody" title="Jayalath Weerakkody">Jayalath Weerakkody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Perera" title="Donald Perera">Donald Perera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshan_Goonetileke" title="Roshan Goonetileke">Roshan Goonetileke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingiri_Banda_Wijetunga" title="Dingiri Banda Wijetunga">Dingiri Banda Wijetunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LTTE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders_of_the_LTTE" title="List of commanders of the LTTE">Militant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottu_Amman_(Tamil_militant)" title="Pottu Amman (Tamil militant)">Pottu Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thillaiyampalam_Sivanesan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thillaiyampalam Sivanesan">Soosai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagamoorthy_Muralitharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan">Karuna Amman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selvarasa_Pathmanathan" title="Selvarasa Pathmanathan">Selvarasa Pathmanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Balasingham" title="Anton Balasingham">Anton Balasingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Thamilselvan" title="S. P. Thamilselvan">S. P. Thamilselvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harkirat_Singh_(general)" title="Harkirat Singh (general)">Harkirat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_K._Mehta" title="Ashok K. Mehta">Ashok K. Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulwant_Singh_(general)" title="Kulwant Singh (general)">Kulwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depinder_Singh" title="Depinder Singh">Depinder Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalvir_Singh" title="Dalvir Singh">Dalvir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Sundarji" title="Krishnaswamy Sundarji">Krishnaswamy Sundarji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit" title="Jyotindra Nath Dixit">Jyotindra Nath Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiko" title="Vaiko">Vaiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Tamil_genocide" title="List of films about the Tamil genocide">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Northern_Province_Council_resolution_on_genocide_of_Tamils" title="2015 Northern Province Council resolution on genocide of Tamils">NPC resolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission" title="Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission">LLRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_end_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Reactions to the end of the Sri Lankan civil war">Reactions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Protests</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Remembrance Day (Sri Lanka)">Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">UN Panel on Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_chemical_weapons_use_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of chemical weapons use in the Sri Lankan civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Sri Lankan civil war">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan civil war">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of massacres in Sri Lanka">Massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_use_of_children_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant use of children in Sri Lanka">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka">Disappearances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_on_Missing_Persons" title="Office on Missing Persons">Office on Missing Persons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war_in_popular_culture" title="Sri Lankan civil war in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_(non-state)_terrorist_incidents_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of (non-state) terrorist incidents in Sri Lanka">Non-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act (Sri Lanka)">PTA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">Sixth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">Thirteenth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_attempt" title="1988 Maldives coup attempt">1988 Maldives coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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