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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transverse orbital speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transverse_orbital_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mean_orbital_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mean_orbital_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mean orbital speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mean_orbital_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instantaneous_orbital_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instantaneous_orbital_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Instantaneous orbital speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instantaneous_orbital_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tangential_velocities_at_altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tangential_velocities_at_altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tangential velocities at altitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tangential_velocities_at_altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Planets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orbital speed</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سرعة مدارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرعة مدارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidat_orbital" title="Velocidat orbital – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Velocidat orbital" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Арбітальная скорасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арбітальная скорасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Орбитална скорост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Орбитална скорост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocitat_orbital" title="Velocitat orbital – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Velocitat orbital" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruhov%C3%A1_rychlost" title="Kruhová rychlost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kruhová rychlost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahngeschwindigkeit_(Astronomie)" title="Bahngeschwindigkeit (Astronomie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bahngeschwindigkeit (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitaalkiirus" title="Orbitaalkiirus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orbitaalkiirus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Τροχιακή ταχύτητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τροχιακή ταχύτητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidad_orbital" title="Velocidad orbital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Velocidad orbital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbita_rapido" title="Orbita rapido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orbita rapido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سرعت مداری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرعت مداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitesse_orbitale" title="Vitesse orbitale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vitesse orbitale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%84_%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84" title="공전 속도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공전 속도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ուղեծրային արագություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուղեծրային արագություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="परिक्रमण गति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परिक्रमण गति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitalna_brzina" title="Orbitalna brzina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Orbitalna brzina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecepatan_orbit" title="Kecepatan orbit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kecepatan orbit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_orbitale" title="Velocità orbitale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Velocità orbitale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="ორბიტალური სიჩქარე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორბიტალური სიჩქარე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnvitess_(Astronomie)" title="Bunnvitess (Astronomie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bunnvitess (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmikus_sebess%C3%A9gek#Szökési_sebességek" title="Kozmikus sebességek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kozmikus sebességek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Орбитална брзина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Орбитална брзина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="कक्षीय वेग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कक्षीय वेग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelajuan_orbit" title="Kelajuan orbit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelajuan orbit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omloopsnelheid_(astronomie)" title="Omloopsnelheid (astronomie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Omloopsnelheid (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="軌道速度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軌道速度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oml%C3%B8pshastighet" title="Omløpshastighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Omløpshastighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banefart" title="Banefart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Banefart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocitat_orbitala" title="Velocitat orbitala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Velocitat orbitala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%99dko%C5%9B%C4%87_orbitalna" title="Prędkość orbitalna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prędkość orbitalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidade_orbital" title="Velocidade orbital – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Velocidade orbital" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitez%C4%83_orbital%C4%83" title="Viteză orbitală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viteză orbitală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Орбитальная скорость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орбитальная скорость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="කක්ෂීය වේගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කක්ෂීය වේගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orbital speed" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruhov%C3%A1_r%C3%BDchlos%C5%A5" title="Kruhová rýchlosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kruhová rýchlosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirna_hitrost" title="Tirna hitrost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tirna hitrost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Орбитална брзина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орбитална брзина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitalna_brzina" title="Orbitalna brzina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Orbitalna brzina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratanopeus" title="Ratanopeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ratanopeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omloppshastighet" title="Omloppshastighet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Omloppshastighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சுற்றுப்பாதை வேகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுற்றுப்பாதை வேகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="కక్ష్యావేగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కక్ష్యావేగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" 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class="cdx-message__content">The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Speed at which a body orbits around the barycenter of a system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Orbital_speed" title="Special:EditPage/Orbital speed">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Orbital+speed%22">"Orbital speed"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Orbital+speed%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Orbital+speed%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Orbital+speed%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Orbital+speed%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Orbital+speed%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Astrodynamics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.85em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg/60px-Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg/90px-Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg/120px-Orbit_mechanics_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.55em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics"><span style="font-size:110%;">Orbital mechanics</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Orbital elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of periapsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_node" title="Orbital node">Orbital nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_anomaly" title="True anomaly">True anomaly</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Types of <a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem" title="Two-body problem">two-body orbits</a> by <br />eccentricity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptic orbit</a></li></ul> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_orbit" title="Transfer orbit">Transfer orbit</a> <div class="hlist" style="font-size:90%"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Hohmann transfer orbit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-elliptic_transfer" title="Bi-elliptic transfer">Bi-elliptic transfer orbit</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trajectory" title="Parabolic trajectory">Parabolic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory" title="Hyperbolic trajectory">Hyperbolic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_trajectory" title="Radial trajectory">Radial orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">Decaying orbit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Equations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamical_friction" title="Dynamical friction">Dynamical friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_equation" title="Kepler's equation">Kepler's equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws of planetary motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orbital velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" title="Specific orbital energy">Specific orbital energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-viva_equation" title="Vis-viva equation">Vis-viva equation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.55em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics"><span style="font-size:110%;">Celestial mechanics</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Gravitational influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">Barycenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">Perturbations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)" title="Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/N-body_problem" title="N-body problem">N-body orbits</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrangian points</a> <div class="hlist" style="font-size:90%"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">Halo orbits</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lissajous_orbit" title="Lissajous orbit">Lissajous orbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyapunov_stability" title="Lyapunov stability">Lyapunov orbits</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.55em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering"><span style="font-size:110%;">Engineering and efficiency</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Preflight engineering</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_ratio" title="Mass ratio">Mass ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_fraction" title="Payload fraction">Payload fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propellant_mass_fraction" title="Propellant mass fraction">Propellant mass fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation" title="Tsiolkovsky rocket equation">Tsiolkovsky rocket equation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Efficiency measures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberth_effect" title="Oberth effect">Oberth effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Propulsive maneuvers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">Orbital maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_insertion" title="Orbit insertion">Orbit insertion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrodynamics" title="Template:Astrodynamics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrodynamics" title="Template talk:Astrodynamics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrodynamics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrodynamics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_binding_energy" title="Gravitational binding energy">gravitationally bound</a> systems, the <b>orbital speed</b> of an <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical body</a> or object (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">artificial satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a> at which it <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a> around either the <a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycenter</a> (the combined center of mass) or, if one body is much more massive than the other bodies of the system combined, its speed relative to the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Primary_body" title="Primary body">most massive body</a>. </p><p>The term can be used to refer to either the mean orbital speed (i.e. the average speed over an entire orbit) or its instantaneous speed at a particular point in its orbit. The maximum (instantaneous) orbital speed occurs at <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">periapsis</a> (perigee, perihelion, etc.), while the minimum speed for objects in closed orbits occurs at apoapsis (apogee, aphelion, etc.). In ideal <a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem" title="Two-body problem">two-body systems</a>, objects in open orbits continue to slow down forever as their distance to the barycenter increases. </p><p>When a system approximates a two-body system, instantaneous orbital speed at a given point of the orbit can be computed from its distance to the central body and the object's <a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" title="Specific orbital energy">specific orbital energy</a>, sometimes called "total energy". Specific orbital energy is constant and independent of position.<sup id="cite_ref-lissauer2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lissauer2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radial_trajectories">Radial trajectories</h2></div> <p>In the following, it is assumed that the system is a two-body system and the orbiting object has a negligible mass compared to the larger (central) object. In real-world orbital mechanics, it is the system's barycenter, not the larger object, which is at the focus. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" title="Specific orbital energy">Specific orbital energy</a>, or total energy, is equal to <i>E</i><sub>k</sub> − <i>E</i><sub>p</sub> (the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy). The sign of the result may be positive, zero, or negative and the sign tells us something about the type of orbit:<sup id="cite_ref-lissauer2019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lissauer2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>If the <a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" title="Specific orbital energy">specific orbital energy</a> is positive the orbit is unbound, or open, and will follow a <a href="/wiki/Hyperbola" title="Hyperbola">hyperbola</a> with the larger body the <a href="/wiki/Focus_(geometry)" title="Focus (geometry)">focus</a> of the hyperbola. Objects in open orbits do not return; once past periapsis their distance from the focus increases without bound. See <a href="/wiki/Radial_hyperbolic_trajectory" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial hyperbolic trajectory">radial hyperbolic trajectory</a></li> <li>If the total energy is zero, (<i>E</i><sub>k</sub> = <i>E</i><sub>p</sub>): the orbit is a <a href="/wiki/Parabola" title="Parabola">parabola</a> with <a href="/wiki/Focus_(geometry)" title="Focus (geometry)">focus</a> at the other body. See <a href="/wiki/Radial_parabolic_trajectory" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial parabolic trajectory">radial parabolic trajectory</a>. Parabolic orbits are also open.</li> <li>If the total energy is negative, <span class="nowrap"><i>E</i><sub>k</sub> − <i>E</i><sub>p</sub> < 0</span>: The orbit is bound, or closed. The motion will be on an <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">ellipse</a> with one <a href="/wiki/Focus_(geometry)" title="Focus (geometry)">focus</a> at the other body. See <a href="/wiki/Radial_elliptic_trajectory" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial elliptic trajectory">radial elliptic trajectory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free-fall_time" title="Free-fall time">free-fall time</a>. Planets have bound orbits around the Sun.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transverse_orbital_speed">Transverse orbital speed</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Transverse_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse direction">transverse</a> orbital speed is inversely proportional to the distance to the central body because of the law of conservation of <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a>, or equivalently, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">second law</a>. This states that as a body moves around its orbit during a fixed amount of time, the line from the barycenter to the body sweeps a constant area of the orbital plane, regardless of which part of its orbit the body traces during that period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This law implies that the body moves slower near its <a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a> than near its <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a>, because at the smaller distance along the arc it needs to move faster to cover the same area.<sup id="cite_ref-lissauer2019_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lissauer2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mean_orbital_speed">Mean orbital speed</h2></div> <p>For orbits with small <a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(orbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccentricity (orbit)">eccentricity</a>, the length of the orbit is close to that of a circular one, and the mean orbital speed can be approximated either from observations of the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Semimajor_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semimajor axis">semimajor axis</a> of its orbit, or from knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">masses</a> of the two bodies and the semimajor axis.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v\approx {2\pi a \over T}\approx {\sqrt {\mu \over a}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v\approx {2\pi a \over T}\approx {\sqrt {\mu \over a}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c86493d99fd1b940ca6e1ed1fdc0157c86580263" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:16.447ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v\approx {2\pi a \over T}\approx {\sqrt {\mu \over a}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="texhtml"><i>v</i></span> is the orbital velocity, <span class="texhtml"><i>a</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Semimajor_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semimajor axis">semimajor axis</a>, <span class="texhtml"><i>T</i></span> is the orbital period, and <span class="texhtml"><i>μ</i> = <i>GM</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter" title="Standard gravitational parameter">standard gravitational parameter</a>. This is an approximation that only holds true when the orbiting body is of considerably lesser mass than the central one, and eccentricity is close to zero. </p><p>When one of the bodies is not of considerably lesser mass see: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_two-body_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational two-body problem">Gravitational two-body problem</a> </p><p>So, when one of the masses is almost negligible compared to the other mass, as the case for <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, one can approximate the orbit velocity <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{o}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{o}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ccb64ce4687f1ac02ef3ad2175694ea72bfe950e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.157ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{o}}"></span> as:<sup id="cite_ref-lissauer2019_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lissauer2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{o}\approx {\sqrt {\frac {GM}{r}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{o}\approx {\sqrt {\frac {GM}{r}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff5595cb6d81d417863e0f83dfa78c4e7dc0479d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.684ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{o}\approx {\sqrt {\frac {GM}{r}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>or: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{o}\approx {\frac {v_{e}}{\sqrt {2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{o}\approx {\frac {v_{e}}{\sqrt {2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb2ae1bb1e77931d72a0f31eae45884f85c63703" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:9.19ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{o}\approx {\frac {v_{e}}{\sqrt {2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Where <span class="texhtml"><i>M</i></span> is the (greater) mass around which this negligible mass or body is orbiting, and <span class="texhtml"><i>v<sub>e</sub></i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a> at a distance from the center of the primary body equal to the radius of the orbit. </p><p>For an object in an eccentric orbit orbiting a much larger body, the length of the orbit decreases with <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>e</i></span>, and is an <a href="/wiki/Ellipse#Circumference" title="Ellipse">ellipse</a>. This can be used to obtain a more accurate estimate of the average orbital speed:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{o}={\frac {2\pi a}{T}}\left[1-{\frac {1}{4}}e^{2}-{\frac {3}{64}}e^{4}-{\frac {5}{256}}e^{6}-{\frac {175}{16384}}e^{8}-\cdots \right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>64</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>5</mn> <mn>256</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>175</mn> <mn>16384</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{o}={\frac {2\pi a}{T}}\left[1-{\frac {1}{4}}e^{2}-{\frac {3}{64}}e^{4}-{\frac {5}{256}}e^{6}-{\frac {175}{16384}}e^{8}-\cdots \right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ad5791feac5142d389ffda8b958ab12c3ac7de32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:55.428ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{o}={\frac {2\pi a}{T}}\left[1-{\frac {1}{4}}e^{2}-{\frac {3}{64}}e^{4}-{\frac {5}{256}}e^{6}-{\frac {175}{16384}}e^{8}-\cdots \right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The mean orbital speed decreases with eccentricity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instantaneous_orbital_speed">Instantaneous orbital speed</h2></div> <p>For the instantaneous orbital speed of a body at any given point in its trajectory, both the mean distance and the instantaneous distance are taken into account: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\mu \left({2 \over r}-{1 \over a}\right)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>a</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\mu \left({2 \over r}-{1 \over a}\right)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d733c1c483f781ff1c83c4d1a178f9050d24d18" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:18.665ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\mu \left({2 \over r}-{1 \over a}\right)}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="texhtml"><i>μ</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter" title="Standard gravitational parameter">standard gravitational parameter</a> of the orbited body, <span class="texhtml"><i>r</i></span> is the distance at which the speed is to be calculated, and <span class="texhtml"><i>a</i></span> is the length of the semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit. This expression is called the <a href="/wiki/Vis-viva_equation" title="Vis-viva equation">vis-viva equation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lissauer2019_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lissauer2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Earth at <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a>, the value is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {1.327\times 10^{20}~{\text{m}}^{3}{\text{s}}^{-2}\cdot \left({2 \over 1.471\times 10^{11}~{\text{m}}}-{1 \over 1.496\times 10^{11}~{\text{m}}}\right)}}\approx 30,300~{\text{m}}/{\text{s}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>1.327</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>20</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mn>1.471</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>1.496</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>30</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>300</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {1.327\times 10^{20}~{\text{m}}^{3}{\text{s}}^{-2}\cdot \left({2 \over 1.471\times 10^{11}~{\text{m}}}-{1 \over 1.496\times 10^{11}~{\text{m}}}\right)}}\approx 30,300~{\text{m}}/{\text{s}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc3a66102e09b864b6df3ff0db936ed104fc5c04" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:75.344ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {1.327\times 10^{20}~{\text{m}}^{3}{\text{s}}^{-2}\cdot \left({2 \over 1.471\times 10^{11}~{\text{m}}}-{1 \over 1.496\times 10^{11}~{\text{m}}}\right)}}\approx 30,300~{\text{m}}/{\text{s}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>which is slightly faster than Earth's average orbital speed of 29,800 m/s (67,000 mph), as expected from <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion#Second_law" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's 2nd Law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tangential_velocities_at_altitude">Tangential velocities at altitude</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Orbit</a> </th> <th>Center-to-center<br /><a href="/wiki/Distance" title="Distance">distance</a> </th> <th>Altitude above<br />the Earth's surface </th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Speed</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" title="Specific orbital energy">Specific orbital energy</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:lightgrey;"> <td><i>Earth's own rotation at surface (for comparison— not an orbit)</i> </td> <td><i>6,378<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</i></td> <td><i>0<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation#Angular_speed" title="Earth's rotation">465.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>m/s</a> (1,674<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/h or 1,040<span class="nowrap"> </span>mph)</i> </td> <td><i>23<span class="nowrap"> </span>h 56<span class="nowrap"> </span>min 4.09<span class="nowrap"> </span>sec</i></td> <td><i>−62.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>MJ/kg</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orbiting at Earth's surface (equator) theoretical </td> <td>6,378<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</td> <td>0<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</td> <td>7.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/s (28,440<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/h or 17,672<span class="nowrap"> </span>mph)</td> <td>1<span class="nowrap"> </span>h 24<span class="nowrap"> </span>min 18<span class="nowrap"> </span>sec</td> <td>−31.2<span class="nowrap"> </span>MJ/kg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a> </td> <td>6,600–8,400<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</td> <td>200–2,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>km </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Circular orbit: 7.7–6.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/s (27,772–24,840<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/h or 17,224–15,435<span class="nowrap"> </span>mph) respectively</li><li>Elliptic orbit: 10.07–8.7<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/s respectively</li></ul></div> </td> <td>1<span class="nowrap"> </span>h 29<span class="nowrap"> </span>min – 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>h 8<span class="nowrap"> </span>min</td> <td>−29.8<span class="nowrap"> </span>MJ/kg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit">Molniya orbit</a> </td> <td>6,900–46,300<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</td> <td>500–39,900<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</td> <td>1.5–10.0<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/s (5,400–36,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/h or 3,335–22,370<span class="nowrap"> </span>mph) respectively</td> <td>11<span class="nowrap"> </span>h 58<span class="nowrap"> </span>min</td> <td>−4.7<span class="nowrap"> </span>MJ/kg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">Geostationary</a> </td> <td>42,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</td> <td>35,786<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</td> <td>3.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/s (11,600<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/h or 6,935<span class="nowrap"> </span>mph)</td> <td>23<span class="nowrap"> </span>h 56<span class="nowrap"> </span>min 4.09<span class="nowrap"> </span>sec</td> <td>−4.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>MJ/kg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit of the Moon</a> </td> <td>363,000–406,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</td> <td>357,000–399,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>km</td> <td>0.97–1.08<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/s (3,492–3,888<span class="nowrap"> </span>km/h or 2,170–2,416<span class="nowrap"> </span>mph) respectively</td> <td>27.27<span class="nowrap"> </span>days</td> <td>−0.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>MJ/kg </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg/250px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg/375px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg/500px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The lower axis gives orbital speeds of some orbits.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planets">Planets</h2></div> <p>The closer an object is to the Sun the faster it needs to move to maintain the orbit. Objects move fastest at perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) and slowest at aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun). Since planets in the Solar System are in nearly circular orbits their individual orbital velocities do not vary much. Being closest to the Sun and having the most eccentric orbit, Mercury's orbital speed varies from about 59 km/s at perihelion to 39 km/s at aphelion.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercury_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:0.9em;"> <caption>Orbital velocities of the Planets<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Planet </th> <th>Orbital<br />velocity </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></td> <td>47.9 km/s (29.8 mi/s) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></td> <td>35.0 km/s (21.7 mi/s) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></td> <td>29.8 km/s (18.5 mi/s) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></td> <td>24.1 km/s (15.0 mi/s) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></td> <td>13.1 km/s (8.1 mi/s) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></td> <td>9.7 km/s (6.0 mi/s) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></td> <td>6.8 km/s (4.2 mi/s) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></td> <td>5.4 km/s (3.4 mi/s) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> on an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric orbit</a> that reaches beyond <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> will be moving 54.6 km/s when 0.586 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (87,700 thousand <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>) from the Sun, 41.5 km/s when 1 AU from the Sun (passing Earth's orbit), and roughly 1 km/s at aphelion 35 AU (5.2 billion km) from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objects passing Earth's orbit going faster than 42.1 km/s have achieved <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity#List_of_escape_velocities" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a> and will be ejected from the Solar System if not slowed down by a <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">gravitational interaction</a> with a planet. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:0.9em;"> <caption>Velocities of better-known numbered objects that have perihelion close to the Sun </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Object </th> <th>Velocity at perihelion </th> <th>Velocity at 1 AU<br />(passing Earth's orbit) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/322P/SOHO" title="322P/SOHO">322P/SOHO</a></td> <td>181 km/s @ 0.0537 AU</td> <td>37.7 km/s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/96P/Machholz" title="96P/Machholz">96P/Machholz</a></td> <td>118 km/s @ 0.124 AU</td> <td>38.5 km/s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3200_Phaethon" title="3200 Phaethon">3200 Phaethon</a></td> <td>109 km/s @ 0.140 AU</td> <td>32.7 km/s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1566_Icarus" title="1566 Icarus">1566 Icarus</a></td> <td>93.1 km/s @ 0.187 AU</td> <td>30.9 km/s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup" title="66391 Moshup">66391 Moshup</a></td> <td>86.5 km/s @ 0.200 AU</td> <td>19.8 km/s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1P/Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="1P/Halley">1P/Halley</a></td> <td>54.6 km/s @ 0.586 AU</td> <td>41.5 km/s </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget" title="Delta-v budget">Delta-v budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Hohmann transfer orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-elliptic_transfer" title="Bi-elliptic transfer">Bi-elliptic transfer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lissauer2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lissauer2019_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lissauer2019_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lissauer2019_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lissauer2019_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lissauer2019_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLissauerde_Pater2019" class="citation book cs1">Lissauer, Jack J.; de Pater, Imke (2019). <i>Fundamental Planetary Sciences: physics, chemistry, and habitability</i>. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108411981" title="Special:BookSources/9781108411981"><bdi>9781108411981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Planetary+Sciences%3A+physics%2C+chemistry%2C+and+habitability&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+US&rft.pages=29-31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781108411981&rft.aulast=Lissauer&rft.aufirst=Jack+J.&rft.au=de+Pater%2C+Imke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamow1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">Gamow, George</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gravityclassicmo00gamo"><i>Gravity</i></a></span>. New York, NY, US: Anchor Books, Doubleday & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gravityclassicmo00gamo/page/66">66</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-42563-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-42563-0"><bdi>0-486-42563-0</bdi></a>. <q>...the motion of planets along their elliptical orbits proceeds in such a way that an imaginary line connecting the Sun with the planet sweeps over equal areas of the planetary orbit in equal intervals of time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravity&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+US&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Anchor+Books%2C+Doubleday+%26+Co.&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-486-42563-0&rft.aulast=Gamow&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgravityclassicmo00gamo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertzLarson2010" class="citation book cs1">Wertz, James R.; Larson, Wiley J., eds. (2010). <i>Space mission analysis and design</i> (3rd ed.). Hawthorne, CA, US: Microcosm. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1881883-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1881883-10-4"><bdi>978-1881883-10-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+mission+analysis+and+design&rft.place=Hawthorne%2C+CA%2C+US&rft.pages=135&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Microcosm&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1881883-10-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStöckerHarris1998" class="citation book cs1">Stöcker, Horst; Harris, John W. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofmathem00harr/page/386"><i>Handbook of Mathematics and Computational Science</i></a></span>. Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofmathem00harr/page/386">386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-94746-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-94746-9"><bdi>0-387-94746-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Mathematics+and+Computational+Science&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-387-94746-9&rft.aulast=St%C3%B6cker&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Harris%2C+John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofmathem00harr%2Fpage%2F386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercury-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mercury_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%271%27&START_TIME=%272021-Jun-10%27&STOP_TIME=%272021-Jul-24%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720,22%27&CENTER=%27@Sun%27">"Horizons Batch for Mercury aphelion (2021-Jun-10) to perihelion (2021-Jul-24)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System" title="JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System">JPL Horizons</a></i> (VmagSn is velocity with respect to Sun.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JPL+Horizons&rft.atitle=Horizons+Batch+for+Mercury+aphelion+%282021-Jun-10%29+to+perihelion+%282021-Jul-24%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons_batch.cgi%3Fbatch%3D1%26COMMAND%3D%25271%2527%26START_TIME%3D%25272021-Jun-10%2527%26STOP_TIME%3D%25272021-Jul-24%2527%26STEP_SIZE%3D%25271%2520day%2527%26QUANTITIES%3D%252720%2C22%2527%26CENTER%3D%2527%40Sun%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.nrao.edu/ask/which-planet-orbits-our-sun-the-fastest/">"Which Planet Orbits our Sun the Fastest?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Which+Planet+Orbits+our+Sun+the+Fastest%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.nrao.edu%2Fask%2Fwhich-planet-orbits-our-sun-the-fastest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrbital+speed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap"><i>v</i> = 42.1219 <span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">1/<i>r</i> − 0.5/<i>a</i></span></span></span>, where <i>r</i> is the distance from the Sun, and <i>a</i> is the major semi-axis.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gravitational_orbits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbits" title="Template:Orbits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbits" title="Template talk:Orbits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gravitational_orbits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gravitational <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbits" title="List of orbits">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_orbit" title="Box orbit">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trajectory" title="Parabolic trajectory">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptical</a> / <a href="/wiki/Highly_elliptical_orbit" title="Highly elliptical orbit">Highly elliptical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trajectory" title="Parabolic trajectory">Escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_orbit" title="Horseshoe orbit">Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory" title="Hyperbolic trajectory">Hyperbolic trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_orbit" title="Inclined orbit">Inclined</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-inclined_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-inclined orbit">Non-inclined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_orbit" title="Kepler orbit">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Osculating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trajectory" title="Parabolic trajectory">Parabolic trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_orbit" title="Parking orbit">Parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">Prograde / Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_orbit" title="Synchronous orbit">Synchronous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semi-synchronous_orbit" title="Semi-synchronous orbit">semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsynchronous_orbit" title="Subsynchronous orbit">sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Transfer orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">Geostationary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">Geostationary transfer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graveyard_orbit" title="Graveyard orbit">Graveyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Earth_orbit" title="High Earth orbit">High Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">Medium Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit">Molniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-equatorial_orbit" title="Near-equatorial orbit">Near-equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_orbit" title="Polar orbit">Polar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatmospheric_orbit" title="Transatmospheric orbit">Transatmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_orbit" title="Tundra orbit">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_low_Earth_orbit" title="Very low Earth orbit">Very low Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">About<br />other points</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areocentric_orbit" title="Areocentric orbit">Areocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areosynchronous_orbit" title="Areosynchronous orbit">Areosynchronous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areostationary_orbit" title="Areostationary orbit">Areostationary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lagrange points <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distant_retrograde_orbit" title="Distant retrograde orbit">Distant retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">Halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissajous_orbit" title="Lissajous orbit">Lissajous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libration_point_orbit" title="Libration point orbit">Libration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">Lunar</a></li> <li>Sun <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">Heliocentric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_cycler" title="Mars cycler">Mars cycler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Heliosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_cycler" title="Lunar cycler">Lunar cycler</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Parameters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Shape</li><li>Size</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span>  <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">a</span>  <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">b</span>  <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-minor axis</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Q</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">q</span>  <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apsides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Orientation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span>  <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Ω</span>  <a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of the ascending node</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ω</span>  <a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of periapsis</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ϖ</span>  <a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitude of the periapsis">Longitude of the periapsis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Position</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">M</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ν</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">θ</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">f</span>  <a href="/wiki/True_anomaly" title="True anomaly">True anomaly</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">E</span>  <a href="/wiki/Eccentric_anomaly" title="Eccentric anomaly">Eccentric anomaly</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">L</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mean_longitude" title="Mean longitude">Mean longitude</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">l</span>  <a href="/wiki/True_longitude" title="True longitude">True longitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span>  <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mean_motion" title="Mean motion">Mean motion</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">v</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orbital speed</a></li> <li><span class="texhtml"><i>t</i><sub>0</sub></span>  <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">Maneuvers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-elliptic_transfer" title="Bi-elliptic transfer">Bi-elliptic transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_(spacecraft)" title="Collision avoidance (spacecraft)">Collision avoidance (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">Delta-v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget" title="Delta-v budget">Delta-v budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_turn" title="Gravity turn">Gravity turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Hohmann transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination_change" title="Orbital inclination change">Inclination change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_transfer" title="Low-energy transfer">Low-energy transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberth_effect" title="Oberth effect">Oberth effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_phasing" title="Orbit phasing">Phasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation" title="Tsiolkovsky rocket equation">Rocket equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">Rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">Trans-lunar injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition,_docking,_and_extraction" title="Transposition, docking, and extraction">Transposition, docking, and extraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Orbital<br />mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_coordinate_systems" title="Astronomical coordinate systems">Astronomical coordinate systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characteristic_energy" title="Characteristic energy">Characteristic energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system" title="Equatorial coordinate system">Equatorial coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground track">Ground track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_Transport_Network" title="Interplanetary Transport Network">Interplanetary Transport Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws of planetary motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrangian point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-body_problem" title="N-body problem"><i>n</i>-body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_equation" title="Orbit equation">Orbit equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_state_vectors" title="Orbital state vectors">Orbital state vectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">Perturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">Retrograde and prograde motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" title="Specific orbital energy">Specific orbital energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_angular_momentum" title="Specific angular momentum">Specific angular momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-line_element_set" title="Two-line element set">Two-line elements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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