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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ptolemaic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ptolemaic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ptolemaic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peti_kanopik" title="Peti kanopik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peti kanopik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תיבה קנופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיבה קנופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peti_kanopi" title="Peti kanopi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peti kanopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" 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href="/wiki/File:Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg/220px-Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg/330px-Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg/440px-Cano_ja_49_tut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>'s canopic chest. <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Canopic chests</b> are cases used by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">ancient Egyptians</a> to contain the internal organs removed during the process of <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummification</a>. Once <a href="/wiki/Canopic_jars" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopic jars">canopic jars</a> began to be used in the late <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a>, the jars were placed within canopic chests. Although the first proven canopic burials date from the Fourth Dynasty reign of <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a>, there is evidence to suggest that there were canopic installations at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a> dating from the <a href="/wiki/Second_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Second dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connections_to_Ancient_Egyptian_culture">Connections to Ancient Egyptian culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_chest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Connections to Ancient Egyptian culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tutankhamun%27s_canopic_chest_replica_REM.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tutankhamun%27s_canopic_chest_replica_REM.JPG/220px-Tutankhamun%27s_canopic_chest_replica_REM.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tutankhamun%27s_canopic_chest_replica_REM.JPG/330px-Tutankhamun%27s_canopic_chest_replica_REM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tutankhamun%27s_canopic_chest_replica_REM.JPG/440px-Tutankhamun%27s_canopic_chest_replica_REM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Replica of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>'s canopic chest on display at the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Egyptian_Museum" title="Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum">Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Personified_canopic_chest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Personified_canopic_chest.svg/220px-Personified_canopic_chest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Personified_canopic_chest.svg/330px-Personified_canopic_chest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Personified_canopic_chest.svg/440px-Personified_canopic_chest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>The canopic chest personified as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_of_Ani" title="Papyrus of Ani">Papyrus of Ani</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Canopic chests had an important place in Egyptian culture. Canopic chests contained the internal organs (<a href="/wiki/Viscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscus">viscera</a>) of mummies, so they relate to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Egyptian belief that the afterlife</a> is just as important as life on earth. Egyptians believed that everything had to be perfectly preserved to journey into the land after life and as part of the mummification process they removed viscera from the body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_through_history">Changes through history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_chest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Changes through history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first canopic chests were simple and wooden, but as time went on they became more elaborate. Then, around the 21st Dynasty (1069–945 BCE), the Egyptians decided to leave the viscera inside mummies. But because they had been using canopic chests for thousands of years they kept putting them in tombs, just without anything in them. Canopic chests fell out of use during the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_materials">Style and materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_chest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Style and materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The style and materials were different at different times, though always reflected the Egyptian ideal of perfectly measured and precise beauty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ptolemaic_period">Ptolemaic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_chest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ptolemaic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tall wooden shrine-like chests had bright painting on their sides and a falcon crouching on top. Craftsmen coated the wood with <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a> to prepare it for the pigment they later painted it with. All the decoration tells us something about <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a>. The falcon on top represents <a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Sokar</a>, a funerary god and picture on the sides show the chest’s owner worshipping <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, god of the afterlife; <a href="/wiki/Ra-Horakhty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra-Horakhty">Ra-Horakhty</a>, a combination of the gods <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>; <a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">four sons of Horus</a>, each of whom guards one of the viscera traditionally removed during mummification; the dyed pillar, which represents Osiris, and the <a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">tyet</a>, which represents <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>. The painting is not as perfectly measured and precise as <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">earlier Egyptian art</a>, because Egyptian civilization was decaying when it was made.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_chest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodson, Aidan, "Canopic Jars and Chests", in Redford, Donald B. (ed) (2001). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>, vol. II, Oxford University Press. pp. 231–235</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_chest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw"><i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280458-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280458-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280458-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280458-7&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofa00shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+chest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1964" class="citation book cs1">Green, Roger Lancelyn (1964). <i>Ancient Egypt</i>. J. Day Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=J.+Day+Co&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Roger+Lancelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+chest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimal1992" class="citation book cs1">Grimal, Nicholas (1992). <i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19396-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19396-8"><bdi>978-0-631-19396-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19396-8&rft.aulast=Grimal&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanopic+chest" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canopic_chest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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