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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Infectivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition_and_allergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_and_allergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nutrition and allergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_and_allergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nordic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Nordic states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llet_crua" title="Llet crua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llet crua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohmilch" title="Rohmilch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rohmilch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leche_no_pasteurizada" title="Leche no pasteurizada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leche no pasteurizada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="شیر خام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیر خام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lait_cru" title="Lait cru – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lait cru" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Հում կաթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հում կաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu_mentah" title="Susu mentah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Susu mentah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latte_crudo" title="Latte crudo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Latte crudo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu_mentah" title="Susu mentah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Susu mentah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu_segar" title="Susu segar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Susu segar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauwe_melk" title="Rauwe melk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rauwe melk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauwe_melk" title="Rauwe melk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rauwe melk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%B9%B3" title="生乳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生乳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mleko_surowe" title="Mleko surowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mleko surowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Парное молоко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парное молоко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Raw milk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surovo_mleko" title="Surovo mleko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Surovo mleko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C4%9F_s%C3%BCt" title="Çiğ süt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çiğ süt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%AFa_t%C6%B0%C6%A1i" title="Sữa tươi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sữa tươi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%B9%B3" title="生乳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生乳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q513631#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Milk that has not been pasteurized</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouteilles_commerce_lait_cru_vache_Aveyron_sud.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bouteilles_commerce_lait_cru_vache_Aveyron_sud.JPG/220px-Bouteilles_commerce_lait_cru_vache_Aveyron_sud.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bouteilles_commerce_lait_cru_vache_Aveyron_sud.JPG/330px-Bouteilles_commerce_lait_cru_vache_Aveyron_sud.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bouteilles_commerce_lait_cru_vache_Aveyron_sud.JPG/440px-Bouteilles_commerce_lait_cru_vache_Aveyron_sud.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Raw milk from <a href="/wiki/Aveyron" title="Aveyron">Aveyron</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Raw milk</b> or <b>unpasteurized milk</b> is <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> that has not undergone <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a>, a process of heating liquid foods to kill <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> for safe consumption and extension of shelf life.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of raw milk have asserted numerous supposed benefits to consumption, including better <a href="/wiki/Flavor_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavor (taste)">flavor</a>, better <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>, contributions to the building of a healthy <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and protection from allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no clear benefit to consumption has been found; the medical community notes there is increased risk of contracting dangerous <a href="/wiki/Milk_borne_diseases" title="Milk borne diseases">milk borne diseases</a> from these products.<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substantial evidence of this increased risk, combined with a lack of any clear benefit, has led countries around the world to either prohibit the sale of raw milk or require warning labels on packaging when sold. </p><p>In countries where it is available for sale, its availability and regulations around its sale vary. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, individual <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> can prohibit or restrict the sale of raw milk, but it is not banned outright; in some member states, the sale of raw milk through vending machines is permitted, though the packaging will typically instruct consumers to boil before consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, some dairies have adopted <i>low-temperature vat pasteurization</i>, which they say produces a product similar to raw milk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_raw_milk_and_pasteurization">History of raw milk and pasteurization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of raw milk and pasteurization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasture_Nectar_Farm_(15121436432).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pasture_Nectar_Farm_%2815121436432%29.jpg/200px-Pasture_Nectar_Farm_%2815121436432%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pasture_Nectar_Farm_%2815121436432%29.jpg/300px-Pasture_Nectar_Farm_%2815121436432%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pasture_Nectar_Farm_%2815121436432%29.jpg/400px-Pasture_Nectar_Farm_%2815121436432%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="2681" /></a><figcaption>American raw milk</figcaption></figure> <p>Humans first learned to regularly consume the milk of other mammals following the domestication of animals during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> or the development of agriculture. This development occurred independently in several places around the world from as early as 9000–7000 BC in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 3500–3000 BC in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important dairy animals—cattle, sheep and goats—were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, although domestic cattle had been independently derived from wild <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> populations several times since.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there dairy animals spread to Europe (beginning around 7000 BC but not reaching Britain and Scandinavia until after 4000 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> (7000–5500 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pasteurization is widely used to prevent infected milk from entering the food supply. The pasteurization process was developed in 1864 by French scientist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>, who discovered that heating beer and wine was enough to kill most of the <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> that caused spoilage, preventing these beverages from turning sour. The process achieves this by eliminating pathogenic microbes and lowering microbial numbers to prolong the quality of the beverage. </p><p>After sufficient scientific study led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ theory">germ theory</a>, pasteurization was introduced in the United States in the 1890s. This move successfully controlled the spread of highly contagious bacterial diseases, including <i><a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bovine_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine tuberculosis">bovine tuberculosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a> (all thought to be easily transmitted to humans through the drinking of raw milk).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early days after the scientific discovery of bacteria, there was no product testing to determine whether a farmer's milk was safe or infected, so all milk was treated as potentially contagious. After the first tests were developed, some farmers took steps to prevent their infected animals from being killed and removed from food production, sometimes even falsifying test results to make their animals appear free of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent advances in the analysis of milk-borne diseases have enabled scientists to <a href="/wiki/Forensic_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic DNA">track the DNA</a> of the infectious bacteria to the cows on the farms that supplied the raw milk.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recognition of many potentially deadly pathogens, such as <a href="/wiki/E._coli_0157_H7" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli 0157 H7"><i>E. coli</i> 0157 H7</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i>, and their possible presence in poorly produced milk products has led to the continuation of pasteurization. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, and other health agencies of the United States strongly recommend that the public not consume raw milk or raw milk products.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young children, the elderly, people with weakened immune systems, and pregnant women are more susceptible to infections originating in raw milk.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some cheeses are produced with raw milk, although local statutes vary regarding what health precautions must be followed, such as aging cheese for a certain amount of time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large proportion of the US population eats several different kinds of cheese made with raw milk, including aged <a href="/wiki/Gouda_cheese" title="Gouda cheese">Gouda cheese</a>. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Camembert" title="Camembert">camembert</a> was made from raw milk, and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">Appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i></span> (AOC) variety "<i>Camembert de Normandie</i>" (approximately 10% of all camembert production) is required by law to be made only with unpasteurized milk. Many modern cheesemakers, however, use pasteurized milk for safety, compliance with regulations, or convenience.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A thick mixture known as <a href="/wiki/Syllabub" title="Syllabub">syllabub</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/Milkmaid" title="Milkmaid">milkmaids</a> squirting milk directly from a cow into a container of cider, beer<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other beverage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raw yak milk can ferment overnight to become <a href="/wiki/Yak_butter" title="Yak butter">yak butter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infectivity">Infectivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Infectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The potential <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">pathogenic bacteria</a> from raw milk include <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brucella" title="Brucella">Brucella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococcal infections">streptococcal infections</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and make it potentially unsafe to consume.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fda.gov_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda.gov-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, a review published in 2012 by the <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_the_Safety_of_the_Food_Chain" title="Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain">Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain</a> alongside experts from several Belgian universities and institutions concluded that "raw milk poses a realistic health threat due to a possible contamination with human pathogens. It is therefore strongly recommended that milk should be heated before consumption."<sup id="cite_ref-Claeys2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claeys2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even with precautions and cold storage (optimally 3–4 °C or 37–39 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raw milk has a shelf life of 3 to 5 days.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932024_H5N1_outbreak" title="2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak">2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak</a> spread to dairy cattle in 2024, and influenza was detected in commercial milk supplies in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> warned (as has been its long-standing position) that consumers should avoid raw milk because its ability to transmit influenza to humans is unknown, but pasteurization is believed to inactivate the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high mortality rate was observed among cats that drank raw milk from cows displaying symptoms of H5N1 infection.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before pasteurized milk was adopted in the US, public health officials were concerned with cow milk transmission of bovine tuberculosis to humans, with an estimated 10% of all tuberculosis cases in humans being attributed to milk consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with specific diseases, officials continue to be concerned about outbreaks. With modern pasteurization and sanitation practices, milk accounts for less than 1% of reported outbreaks caused by food and water consumption. By comparison, raw milk was associated with 25% of all disease outbreaks from food/water during the time before World War II in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a public health standpoint, pasteurization has decreased the percentage of milk associated food/water borne outbreaks. </p><p>Between 2007 and 2016, there were 144 outbreaks connected to raw milk consumption in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCRawMilk_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCRawMilk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because raw milk production skips the pasteurization process, the germs that are normally removed remain in the milk product. Exposure to raw milk containing harmful germs threatens infection, resulting from bacteria including <i>Campylobacter</i>, <i>Cryptosporidium</i>, <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Listeria</i>, and <i>Salmonella</i>. Additionally, depending on the severity of the infection, there may be further threats to human health. Infection has the potential to induce serious illnesses such as <a href="/wiki/Guillain-Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillain-Barré syndrome">Guillain-Barré syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_Uremic_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome">Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome</a> (HUS). Because of the vulnerability of developing and degrading immune systems, children, pregnant women, the elderly, and those who are immunocompromised are at a heightened risk of experiencing infection from raw milk consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCRawMilk_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCRawMilk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outbreaks have occurred from consuming food products made with raw milk. One of the potential pathogens in raw milk, <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, can survive the pasteurization process and contaminate post-pasteurization environments. Milk and dairy products made with that milk then become recontaminated. Consistent contamination persists by bacteria survival in <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a> within the processing systems. </p><p>One food item that has commonly used raw milk in its production in the past is cheese. Several different types of cheeses made with raw milk are consumed by a large portion of the United States population, including <a href="/wiki/Soft_cheeses" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft cheeses">soft cheeses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/Gouda_cheese" title="Gouda cheese">Gouda cheese</a> has a 60-day aging period before its consumption, it has previously been hypothesized that no bacteria would persist through that time. A review study published in the <i>Journal of Food Protection</i> showed that <a href="/wiki/E._coli_0157:H7" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli 0157:H7">E. coli 0157:H7</a> can persist through the aging period of Gouda cheese. The study's evidence included three outbreaks before 2013 associated with this specific strain of <i>E. coli</i> in Gouda.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition_and_allergy">Nutrition and allergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nutrition and allergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"With the exception of an altered organoleptic [flavor] profile, heating (particularly ultra-high temperature and similar treatments) will not substantially change the nutritional value of raw milk or other benefits associated with raw milk consumption."<sup id="cite_ref-Claeys2013_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claeys2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raw milk advocates, such as the <a href="/wiki/Weston_A._Price_Foundation" title="Weston A. Price Foundation">Weston A. Price Foundation</a>, say that raw milk can be produced hygienically and that it has health benefits that are destroyed in the pasteurization process.<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research shows only very slight differences in the nutritional values of pasteurized and unpasteurized milk.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Claeys2013_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claeys2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of raw milk in the US typically argue that while pasteurization may kill dangerous bacteria, it also kills off good bacteria claimed to have health benefits not present in pasteurized milk.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> has stated that this is false, and that pasteurizing milk does not destroy any of its nutritional value.<sup id="cite_ref-fda.gov_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda.gov-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study used mice to evaluate the difference in nutritional values between raw and pasteurized milk. Mice were separated into two groups: a pasteurized milk group and a raw milk group. Each group consisted of breeding pairs. The study's conclusion measured no significant difference in pasteurized to raw milk-consuming mice weights. Birth weights were measured from each group, and no significant differences were observed. Overall, the study showed no significant measurable difference in nutritional value in the growth and fertility of mice.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three studies have found an inverse relationship between consumption of raw milk and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">allergies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all of these studies have been performed in children living on farms and living a farming lifestyle, rather than comparing urban children living typical urban lifestyles and with typical urban exposures based on consumption or nonconsumption of raw milk. Aspects of the overall urban vs. farming environment lifestyle have been suggested as having a role in these differences. For this reason, the overall phenomenon has been named the "farm effect". A recent scientific review concluded that "most studies alluding to a possible protective effect of raw milk consumption do not contain any objective confirmation of the raw milk's status or a direct comparison with heat-treated milk. Moreover, it seems that the observed increased resistance seems to be rather related to the exposure to a farm environment or to animals than to raw milk consumption."<sup id="cite_ref-Claeys2013_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claeys2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the largest of these studies,<sup id="cite_ref-GABRIELA2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GABRIELA2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exposure to cows and straw as well as raw milk were associated with lower rates of asthma and exposure to animal feed storage rooms and manure with lower rates of atopic dermatitis; "the effect on hay fever and <a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopic sensitization</a> could not be completely explained by the questionnaire items themselves or their diversity."<sup id="cite_ref-GABRIELA2012_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GABRIELA2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regulation of the commercial distribution of packaged raw milk varies around the world. Some countries have complete bans, but many do not restrict the purchase of raw milk directly from the farmer. Raw milk is sometimes distributed through a program in which the consumer owns a share in the dairy animal or the herd and, therefore, can be considered to be consuming milk from their own animal, which is legal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raw milk is sometimes marketed for animal or pet consumption or for other uses such as <a href="/wiki/Soap_making#Soapmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Soap making">soap making</a> in places where sales for human consumption are prohibited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although milk consumption in Africa is fairly low compared to the rest of the world, in tribes where milk consumption is popular, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> tribe, milk is typically consumed unpasteurized.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In rural areas of Asia, where milk consumption is popular, milk is typically unpasteurized. In large Asian cities, raw milk is typical, especially from <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>. In most countries of Asia, laws prohibiting raw milk are nonexistent or rarely enforced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Milk labeled as "raw" (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">nama</i></span>) is available in Japan. Still, the designation means it is 100% raw whole milk before being pasteurized. Unpasteurized milk is very uncommon in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Singapore, the sale of raw milk for human consumption is prohibited due to safety concerns outlined by the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Food_Agency" title="Singapore Food Agency">Singapore Food Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, milk is often drunk raw, although milk supplied in major cities is sometimes pasteurized. Pasteurized or not, milk is often boiled in homes before consumption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roquefort_cheese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Roquefort_cheese.jpg/250px-Roquefort_cheese.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Roquefort_cheese.jpg/375px-Roquefort_cheese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Roquefort_cheese.jpg/500px-Roquefort_cheese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Roquefort" title="Roquefort">roquefort</a>, a famous <a href="/wiki/Blue_cheese" title="Blue cheese">blue cheese</a>, which is required by European Union law to be made from raw sheep's milk</figcaption></figure> <p>In the European Union, raw milk and products made with raw milk must be labeled to indicate this.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under EU hygiene rules, <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> can prohibit or restrict the placing on the market of raw milk intended for human consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual member states can also implement stricter requirements. Usually, special sanitary regulations and frequent quality tests (at least once per month)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Tests for whom? (March 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are mandatory.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raw milk cheeses make up about 18 percent of France's total cheese production and are considered far superior to cheeses made from pasteurized milk.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many French cuisine traditionalists consider pasteurized cheeses almost a sacrilege. Many traditional French cheeses have solely been made from raw milk for hundreds of years.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unpasteurised cheese in France is the major source of staphylococcal food poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, packaged raw milk may be sold in shops under the name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vorzugsmilch</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The raw milk has to be packed before vending, with the necessary information (producer, shelf life, and special warnings) written on the product. The distribution license has stringent quality restrictions; as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, just 80 farmers in Germany had a license.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unpackaged raw milk may only be sold under specific conditions. It must: </p> <ul><li>only be sold at the farm where it was produced</li> <li>be from the day of or the day before production</li> <li>have a warning label "Raw Milk – boil before use"</li></ul> <p>Packed raw milk is sold widely in all health food stores, supermarkets, <a href="/wiki/Gourmet" title="Gourmet">gourmet</a> delis, and <a href="/wiki/Delicatessen" title="Delicatessen">delicatessen</a> sections of department stores. Raw milk is legally sold in the entire country, and the same goes for raw milk cheeses, which are especially sought out and promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Health_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Health food">health food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slow_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow food">slow food</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, the sale and production of raw milk is legal and regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Food_and_the_Marine" title="Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine">Department of Agriculture</a>. While raw milk was previously banned in Irish law, since 2015, raw milk production has been regulated in accordance with the <i>European Communities (Food and Feed Hygiene) Regulations (2009)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers wishing to produce more than 30 litres (6.6 imp gal; 7.9 US gal) of raw milk for human consumption are required to register with the department's Milk Hygiene Division and consent to random sampling of their products as well as regular inspections of their production facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sale and consumption of raw milk has been discouraged by various food safety experts, including the Food Safety Authority of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nordic_states">Nordic states</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nordic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shops are not permitted to sell unpasteurised milk to consumers in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All four countries allow limited "barn door" sales subject to strict controls. As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, just one distributor in Denmark is licensed to supply restaurants with raw milk from approved farms.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasteurisation of milk became common practice in Denmark and Sweden in the mid-1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Slovenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raw milk has been available from refrigerated milk vending machines (<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">mlekomati</i></span>) all over the country since 2010. The milk sold in the machines is subject to stringent regular control. </p><p>As of 2018,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> raw milk is also available in shops. The Slovenian National Institute of Public Health advises that consuming fresh milk from a milk machine that is not heat-treated (boiled) can pose a health risk.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raw_Milk_Vending_Machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Raw_Milk_Vending_Machine.jpg/200px-Raw_Milk_Vending_Machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Raw_Milk_Vending_Machine.jpg/300px-Raw_Milk_Vending_Machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Raw_Milk_Vending_Machine.jpg/400px-Raw_Milk_Vending_Machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Raw Milk Vending Machine, Norfolk, UK</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreenTopMilk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/GreenTopMilk.jpg/200px-GreenTopMilk.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/GreenTopMilk.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>A bottle of green top milk in the UK</figcaption></figure> <p>About 150 producers of raw milk are listed with the <a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sell raw, or "green top" milk directly to consumers either at the farm, at a <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_market" title="Farmers' market">farmers' market</a>, or through a delivery service, as it is legal to supply unpasteurized raw milk directly to consumers, but illegal to be sold to a shop. The bottle must display the warning "this product has not been heat-treated and may contain organisms harmful to health", and the milk must conform to higher hygiene standards than dairies producing only pasteurised milk.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is an offence to place raw milk or cream on the market for direct consumption in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> following a spate of deaths in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sale of raw milk directly to consumers has been prohibited in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the <i>Food and Drug Regulations</i> since 1991. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No person shall sell the normal lacteal secretion obtained from the mammary gland of the cow, genus Bos, or of any other animal, or sell a dairy product made with any such secretion, unless the secretion or dairy product has been pasteurized by being held at a temperature and for a period that ensure the reduction of the alkaline phosphatase activity so as to meet the tolerances specified in official method MFO-3, Determination of Phosphatase Activity in Dairy Products, dated November 30, 1981.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Section B.08.002.2 (1)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Provincial laws also forbid the sale and distribution of raw milk. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>'s Health Protection and Promotion Act, subsection 18(1) reads: "No person shall sell, offer for sale, deliver or distribute milk or cream that has not been pasteurized or sterilized in a plant that is licensed under the Milk Act or in a plant outside Ontario that meets the standards for plants licensed under the Milk Act." </p><p>In January 2010, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schmidt_(agriculture)" title="Michael Schmidt (agriculture)">Michael Schmidt</a> was found not guilty on 19 charges relating to the sale of raw milk in the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Court_of_Justice" title="Ontario Court of Justice">Ontario Court of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidtdecision_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidtdecision-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On appeal to the Ontario Court of Justice, that decision was overturned. Schmidt was convicted on thirteen counts and imposed fines totaling $9,150 and one year of probation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent appeal to the Ontario Court of Appeal was dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Alice Jongerden, Michael Schmidt and Gordon Watson—persons involved in the operation of her raw milk dairy—attempted to avoid enforcement of a judgement against them under the Public Health Act by challenging the constitutionality of the legislation, which deems raw milk to be a hazardous product, on the grounds that it violated the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This argument, and other defenses invoked by her and defendants in her business, was rejected in 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Supreme Court of British Columbia">Supreme Court of British Columbia</a>, which instead found Schmidt and Watson guilty of <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">civil contempt</a>, and sentenced them to a 3-month <a href="/wiki/Suspended_sentence" title="Suspended sentence">suspended sentence</a> imprisonment with a probationary period of 1 year during which "Any repetition of this contempt ... will trigger the imposed sentence imprisonment of 3 months."<sup id="cite_ref-2013BCSC_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013BCSC-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also charged special costs. </p><p>Meanwhile, Canada permits the sale of raw milk <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> aged over 60 days. In 2009, the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> modified regulations to allow raw milk cheeses aged less than 60 days, provided stringent safeguards were met.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_raw_milk_debate" title="United States raw milk debate">United States raw milk debate</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raw_Milk_Legality_in_the_USA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raw_Milk_Legality_in_the_USA.svg/250px-Raw_Milk_Legality_in_the_USA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raw_Milk_Legality_in_the_USA.svg/375px-Raw_Milk_Legality_in_the_USA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raw_Milk_Legality_in_the_USA.svg/500px-Raw_Milk_Legality_in_the_USA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Legality of raw milk per state.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;"> </span> Legal through Retail Sales</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008080; color:white;"> </span> Legal through Farm Sales</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Legal through Herdshares</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;"> </span> Legal for Animal Consumption</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D45500; color:black;"> </span> Legal for Goat's Milk only</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AA4400; color:white;"> </span> Legal through Doctor's Approval</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AA8800; color:black;"> </span> Legal through State Commission</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800000; color:white;"> </span> Illegal</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century, many states within the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> allowed the sale of raw milk that was certified by a "medical milk commission",<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effectively allowing an alternative of extra inspection for pasteurization. Most states impose restrictions on raw milk suppliers due to safety concerns. 43 U.S. states allow the sale of raw milk.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herdshare" title="Herdshare">Cow shares</a> can be found, and raw milk purchased for animal consumption in many states where retail for human consumption is prohibited. The sale of raw milk cheese is permitted if the cheese has been aged for 60 days or more.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FDA reports that, in 2002, consuming partially heated raw milk and raw milk products caused 200 Americans to become ill in some manner.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> governmental officials and most public health organizations hold to the need for pasteurization. Before pasteurization, many dairies, especially in cities, fed their cattle on low-quality feed, producing milk rife with dangerous bacteria. Pasteurizing it was the only way to make it safely drinkable.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cornell University Food Science Department has compiled data indicating that pathogenic microorganisms are present in between 0.87% and 12.6% of raw milk samples.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents also invoke the benefits of direct-marketing when promoting the sale of raw milk. The ability of the farmer to eliminate intermediaries and sell directly to the consumer allows for greater profitability. Many manufacturers sell small-scale pasteurization equipment, allowing farmers to bypass the milk processors and sell pasteurized milk directly to the consumer. Additionally, some small U.S. dairies are now beginning to adopt low-temperature vat pasteurization.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocates of low-temperature vat pasteurization note that it produces a product similar to raw milk in composition. </p><p>Food freedom advocates cite <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> arguments in claiming a basic <a href="/wiki/Civil_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil right">civil right</a> of each person to weigh the risks and benefits in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">choosing</a> the food one eats, including the choice to consume raw milk.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphrodite_bath_milk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Aphrodite_bath_milk.jpg/200px-Aphrodite_bath_milk.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Aphrodite_bath_milk.jpg/300px-Aphrodite_bath_milk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Aphrodite_bath_milk.jpg/400px-Aphrodite_bath_milk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Australian raw milk sold as "bath milk"</figcaption></figure> <p>The sale of raw milk for drinking purposes is illegal in all states and territories in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, as is all raw milk cheese. This has been circumvented somewhat by selling raw milk as <i>bath milk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception to the cheese rule has been made recently for two <a href="/wiki/Roquefort" title="Roquefort">Roquefort</a> cheeses.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some indication of share owning cows, allowing the "owners" to consume the raw milk,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also evidence that the government is trying to close this loophole.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 November 2015, four-year-old Apu Khangura died of <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic%E2%80%93uremic_syndrome" title="Hemolytic–uremic syndrome">hemolytic–uremic syndrome</a>, and seven other children became seriously ill following the consumption of raw milk. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victorian</a> government created new regulations that require producers to treat raw milk to reduce pathogens or to make the product unpalatable to taste, such as making it bitter.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Age_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Age-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raw milk for drinking and raw milk products can be made and sold in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> but are highly regulated to offset the pathogen risk. Producers of raw milk for sale to consumers must be registered. Raw milk must either be collected by the purchaser from the producer's farm or delivered to the purchaser's home.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">Gut flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis" title="Hygiene hypothesis">Hygiene hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_food_safety" title="Infant food safety">Infant food safety</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_milk&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeecher2016" class="citation news cs1">Beecher, Cookson (12 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2016/01/raw-milks-explosive-growth-comes-with-costs-to-the-state/">"Raw milk's 'explosive 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Immunol</i>. <b>128</b> (4): 766–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2011.07.048">10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.048</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F407013">1874/407013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21875744">21875744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Allergy+Clin.+Immunol.&rft.atitle=The+protective+effect+of+farm+milk+consumption+on+childhood+asthma+and+atopy%3A+the+GABRIELA+study&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=766-73&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F407013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21875744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2011.07.048&rft.aulast=Loss&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Apprich%2C+S&rft.au=Waser%2C+M&rft.au=Kneifel%2C+W&rft.au=Genuneit%2C+J&rft.au=B%C3%BCchele%2C+G&rft.au=Weber%2C+J&rft.au=Sozanska%2C+B&rft.au=Danielewicz%2C+H&rft.au=Horak%2C+E&rft.au=van+Neerven%2C+RJ&rft.au=Heederik%2C+D&rft.au=Lorenzen%2C+PC&rft.au=von+Mutius%2C+E&rft.au=Braun-Fahrl%C3%A4nder%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+milk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GABRIELA2012-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GABRIELA2012_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GABRIELA2012_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlliDepnerGenuneitHorak2012" class="citation journal cs1">Illi S, Depner M, Genuneit J, Horak E, Loss G, Strunz-Lehner C, Büchele G, Boznanski A, Danielewicz H, Cullinan P, Heederik D, Braun-Fahrländer C, von Mutius E, GABRIELA Study Group (June 2012). "Protection from childhood asthma and allergy in Alpine farm environments – the GABRIEL Advanced Studies". <i>J Allergy Clin Immunol</i>. <b>129</b> (6): 1470–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2012.03.013">10.1016/j.jaci.2012.03.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F272655">1874/272655</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22534534">22534534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Allergy+Clin+Immunol&rft.atitle=Protection+from+childhood+asthma+and+allergy+in+Alpine+farm+environments+%E2%80%93+the+GABRIEL+Advanced+Studies.&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1470-77&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F272655&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22534534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2012.03.013&rft.aulast=Illi&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Depner%2C+M&rft.au=Genuneit%2C+J&rft.au=Horak%2C+E&rft.au=Loss%2C+G&rft.au=Strunz-Lehner%2C+C&rft.au=B%C3%BCchele%2C+G&rft.au=Boznanski%2C+A&rft.au=Danielewicz%2C+H&rft.au=Cullinan%2C+P&rft.au=Heederik%2C+D&rft.au=Braun-Fahrl%C3%A4nder%2C+C&rft.au=von+Mutius%2C+E&rft.au=GABRIELA+Study+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+milk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew_Falkenstein2009" class="citation web cs1">Drew Falkenstein (November 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2009/11/skirting-the-law-with-cow-share-agreements/#.U2UbjaKPOM1">"Cow Share Agreements: Fooling Nobody"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Food_Safety_News" title="Food Safety News">Food Safety News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Safety+News&rft.atitle=Cow+Share+Agreements%3A+Fooling+Nobody&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft.au=Drew+Falkenstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodsafetynews.com%2F2009%2F11%2Fskirting-the-law-with-cow-share-agreements%2F%23.U2UbjaKPOM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+milk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://okinawahai.com/buying-milk-in-okinawa-%E7%89%9B%E4%B9%B3-gyuu-nyuu/">Okinawa Hai. <i>Buying milk in Okinawa.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://expatliving.sg/where-to-get-fresh-milk-and-soy-almond-uht-milk-in-singapore/">Expat Living. <i>Which milk – and why?</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/Reg853_2004%281%29.pdf">"Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 25 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>In addition to the requirements of Directive 2000/13/EC, except in the cases envisaged in Article 13(4) and (5) of that Directive, labelling must clearly show: (a) in the case of raw milk intended for direct human consumption, the words 'raw milk'; (b) in the case of products made with raw milk, the manufacturing process for which does not include any heat treatment or any physical or chemical treatment, the words 'made with raw milk'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corrigendum+to+Regulation+%28EC%29+No+853%2F2004+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+29+April+2004+laying+down+specific+hygiene+rules+for+food+of+animal+origin&rft.date=2004-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsai.ie%2FuploadedFiles%2FReg853_2004%25281%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+milk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/150113">European Food Safety Authority: <i>Raw drinking milk: what are the risks?</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reading.ac.uk/foodlaw/f-eu-law.htm">"EU Food Laws (Frame)"</a>. <i>www.reading.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.reading.ac.uk&rft.atitle=EU+Food+Laws+%28Frame%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reading.ac.uk%2Ffoodlaw%2Ff-eu-law.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+milk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/20/dining/the-french-resist-again-this-time-over-cheese.html?pagewanted=all">Nytimes.com: <i>The French Resist Again: This Time, Over Cheese</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandfrance.org/Food/Cheese.html">"Cheese etiquette; discovering cheese; wine and cheese; raw milk; fromages français"</a>. <i>www.understandfrance.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.understandfrance.org&rft.atitle=Cheese+etiquette%3B+discovering+cheese%3B+wine+and+cheese%3B+raw+milk%3B+fromages+fran%C3%A7ais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandfrance.org%2FFood%2FCheese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+milk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jodi A. Lindsay. Genomics of Staphylococcus pp. 237–65 in Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens. Editors: Martin Wiedmann, Wei Zhang. Springer, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441976857" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441976857">978-1441976857</a>. p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mody RK and Griffin PM. Foodborne Illness. Chapter 103 in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases: Expert Consult Premium Edition. Editors John E. Bennett, Raphael Dolin, and Martin J. Blaser. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1455748013" title="Special:BookSources/978-1455748013">978-1455748013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1289">p. 1289</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milch-und-mehr.de/de/11758-Vorzugsmilch">Information about raw milk production by the German raw milk industry (no English version available)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719061622/http://www.milch-und-mehr.de/de/11758-Vorzugsmilch">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307122727/http://www.milch-und-mehr.de/de/11761-Erzeugerbetriebe">"Erzeugerbetriebe - Bundesverband der Vorzugsmilcherzeuger und Direktvermarkter von Milch und Milchprodukten"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milch-und-mehr.de/de/11761-Erzeugerbetriebe">the original</a> on 2016-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erzeugerbetriebe+-+Bundesverband+der+Vorzugsmilcherzeuger+und+Direktvermarkter+von+Milch+und+Milchprodukten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milch-und-mehr.de%2Fde%2F11761-Erzeugerbetriebe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+milk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/weltspiegel/essen-trinken/kampf-der-kulturen/1282532.html">One of the leading German newspapers, <i>Der Tagesspiegel</i>, writes about raw milk, raw cheeses and the controversy in the US compared to the legal and normal status in Germany and Europe (no English version)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2009/si/432/made/en/print">"S.I. No. 432/2009 – European Communities (Food and Feed Hygiene) Regulations 2009, Section 32.2"</a>. <i>Irish Statute Book</i>. Irish Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=S.I.+No.+432%2F2009+%E2%80%93+European+Communities+%28Food+and+Feed+Hygiene%29+Regulations+2009%2C+Section+32.2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F2009%2Fsi%2F432%2Fmade%2Fen%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+milk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDAFM" class="citation web cs1">DAFM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/foodsafetypublichealthampconsumerissues/foodsafetycontrolsonmilk/tradernotices/3MilkCircularTBCSCC160518.pdf">"Trader Notice – Testing of Raw Milk for TBC/SCC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Agriculture.gov.ie</i>. DAFM<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Raw_milk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Raw milk">Raw milk</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021035337/http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/cheesespotlight/cheese_spotlight.htm">Health Risks are Still Black and White</a> (CDC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/buy-store-serve-safe-food/dangers-raw-milk-unpasteurized-milk-can-pose-serious-health-risk">The Dangers of Raw Milk</a> (FDA)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (October 8, 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Milk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Milk_navbox" title="Template talk:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Milk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo milk">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_milk" title="Donkey milk">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_milk" title="Mare milk">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">Colostrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_milk" title="Witch's milk">Newborn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_milk" title="Moose milk">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_milk" title="Pig milk">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep milk">Sheep</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/63px-Milk_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="63" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/95px-Milk_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/126px-Milk_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1908" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2_milk" title="A2 milk">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_milk" title="Baked milk">Baked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonated_milk" title="Carbonated milk">Carbonated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">Condensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporated_milk" title="Evaporated milk">Evaporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filled_milk" title="Filled milk">Filled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_milk" title="Flavored milk">Flavored</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anijsmelk" title="Anijsmelk">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya_milk" title="Papaya milk">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry milk">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_milk" title="Vanilla milk">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_milk" title="Watermelon milk">Watermelon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymilk" title="Haymilk">Haymilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malted_milk" title="Malted milk">Malted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_milk" title="Organic milk">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized milk">Pasteurized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">Powdered</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalded_milk" title="Scalded milk">Scalded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimmed_milk" title="Skimmed milk">Skimmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">Soured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toned_milk" title="Toned milk">Toned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high-temperature processing">UHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltered_milk" title="Ultrafiltered milk">Ultrafiltered</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doogh" title="Doogh">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">Curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">Custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_milk" title="Ice milk">Ice milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_jewelry" title="Breast milk jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk" title="Filmjölk">Filmjölk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">Milkshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">Skyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">Sour cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_fra%C3%AEche" title="Crème fraîche">Crème fraîche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymer_(dairy_product)" title="Ymer (dairy product)">Ymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk carton">Milk carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_churn" title="Milk churn">Milk churn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_crate" title="Milk crate">Milk crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_delivery" title="Milk delivery">Milk delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_milk_jug" title="Square milk jug">Square milk jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro_and_dairy" title="Fidel Castro and dairy">Fidel Castro and dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">Milking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milking_pipeline" title="Milking pipeline">Pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkmaid" title="Milkmaid">Milkmaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkman">Milkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_quotas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Milk quotas in the United Kingdom">Milk quotas in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Milk_Day" title="World Milk Day">World Milk Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Milk" title="Category:Milk">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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