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class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" 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mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Staal" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Staal" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Staal" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Staal" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Materiaaleienskappe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materiaaleienskappe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Materiaaleienskappe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materiaaleienskappe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Staal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 145 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">145 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahl" title="Stahl – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stahl" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acero" title="Acero – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Acero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="इस्पात – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इस्पात" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B0" title="فولاذ – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فولاذ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE" title="তীখা – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তীখা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceru" title="Aceru – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aceru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polad" title="Polad – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="پولاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پولاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Ҡорос – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡорос" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%97ins" title="Plėins – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Plėins" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waja" title="Waja – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Waja" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Стомана – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стомана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waja" title="Waja – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Waja" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="ইস্পাত – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইস্পাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir" title="Dir – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dir" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čelik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ган булад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ган булад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer" title="Acer – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%B8_%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ – Cherokees" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%A7" title="پۆڵا – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆڵا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocel" title="Ocel – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ocel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Хурçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хурçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur" title="Dur – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahl" title="Stahl – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stal" title="Stal – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Stal" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χάλυβας – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάλυβας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctalo" title="Ŝtalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acero" title="Acero – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teras" title="Teras – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teras" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altzairu" title="Altzairu – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Altzairu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فولاد – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فولاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A4s" title="Teräs – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teräs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A4s" title="Teräs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Teräs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acier" title="Acier – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stial" title="Stial – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stial" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%A2r" title="Açâr – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Açâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiel" title="Stiel – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stiel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruach_(miotal)" title="Cruach (miotal) – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruach (miotal)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asy%C3%A9" title="Asyé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Asyé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A0ilinn" title="Stàilinn – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Stàilinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceiro" title="Aceiro – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aceiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotijy" title="Kuarepotijy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotijy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karfe" title="Karfe – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Karfe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%94" title="פלדה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="इस्पात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्पात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čelik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wocl" title="Wocl – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wocl" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asye" title="Asye – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Asye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A9l" title="Acél – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Acél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Պողպատ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պողպատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciero" title="Aciero – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aciero" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja" title="Baja – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalo" title="Stalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1l" title="Stál – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acciaio" title="Acciaio – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acciaio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%BC" title="鋼 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鋼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiil" title="Stiil – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Stiil" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gasta" title="gasta – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gasta" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waja" title="Waja – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Waja" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ფოლადი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოლადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfed" title="Anfed – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anfed" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiyee" title="Asiyee – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Asiyee" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Болат – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Болат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81" title="ಉಕ್ಕು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಕ್ಕು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%B2%A0" title="강철 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강철" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Болот – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Болот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalybs" title="Chalybs – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chalybs" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stol" title="Stol – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чаннан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чаннан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aser" title="Aser – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aser" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staol" title="Staol – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzal" title="Azzal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Azzal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plienas" title="Plienas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plienas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93rauds" title="Tērauds – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tērauds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%E1%BB%B3" title="Tsỳ – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsỳ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja" title="Baja – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Baja" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Челик – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Челик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉരുക്ക് – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉരുക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ган – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ган" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="पोलाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluli" title="Keluli – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keluli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7o" title="Aço – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Aço" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AD" title="သံမဏိ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံမဏိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acciare" title="Acciare – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Acciare" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staal" title="Staal – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Staal" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoal" title="Stoal – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Stoal" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="स्टिल – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्टिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="स्टील – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्टील" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staal_(legering)" title="Staal (legering) – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staal (legering)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acièr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4" title="ଇସ୍ପାତ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇସ୍ପାତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Æндон – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æндон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਇਸਪਾਤ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਪਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stal" title="Stal – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assel" title="Assel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Assel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فولاد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فولاد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7o" title="Aço – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aço" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiru" title="Asiru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Asiru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C8%9Bel" title="Oțel – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oțel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilechi" title="Cilechi – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cilechi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ыстаал – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ыстаал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzaru" title="Azzaru – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Azzaru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اسٽيل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسٽيل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čelik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A" title="වානේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වානේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C4%BE" title="Oceľ – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oceľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeklo" title="Jeklo – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jeklo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisa" title="Chisa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chisa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eliku" title="Çeliku – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çeliku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Челик – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Челик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuma_cha_pua" title="Chuma cha pua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuma cha pua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="எஃகு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எஃகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81" title="ఉక్కు – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉక్కు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="เหล็กกล้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหล็กกล้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asero" title="Asero – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asero" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87elik" title="Çelik – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87" title="Корыч – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Корыч" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D2%A3" title="Каң – Tuvinees" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Каң" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="پولات – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پولات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فولاد – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فولاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%CA%BBlat" title="Poʻlat – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Poʻlat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asal" title="Asal – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Asal" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teraz" title="Teraz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Teraz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9p" title="Thép – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thép" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoal" title="Stoal – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Stoal" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asero" title="Asero – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asero" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A2" title="钢 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钢" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ბულათი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბულათი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="שטאל – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irin" title="Irin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Irin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A2" title="钢 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钢" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C7%B9g-thih" title="Kǹg-thih – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kǹg-thih" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%BC" title="鋼 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鋼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11427#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Staal" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Staal" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Staal"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Staal"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Staal" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Staal" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&oldid=2656612" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Staal&id=2656612&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStaal"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStaal"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Staal"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Staal&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steel" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11427" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:The_viaduct_La_Polvorilla,_Salta_Argentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_viaduct_La_Polvorilla%2C_Salta_Argentina.jpg/225px-The_viaduct_La_Polvorilla%2C_Salta_Argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_viaduct_La_Polvorilla%2C_Salta_Argentina.jpg/338px-The_viaduct_La_Polvorilla%2C_Salta_Argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_viaduct_La_Polvorilla%2C_Salta_Argentina.jpg/450px-The_viaduct_La_Polvorilla%2C_Salta_Argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>'n <a href="/wiki/Brug" title="Brug">Staalbrug</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Staal</b> is 'n <a href="/wiki/Legering" title="Legering">legering</a> wat hoofsaaklik uit <a href="/wiki/Yster" title="Yster">yster</a> bestaan met 'n <a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">koolstof</a>-inhoud tussen 0.2 en 2.04% op 'n massabasis (<a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">C</a>:1000–10,8.67<a href="/wiki/Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fe">Fe</a>), afhangende van die graad. Koolstof is die mees kostedoeltreffende legeringselement vir yster. Verskeie ander legeringselemente word egter ook gebruik soos <a href="/wiki/Mangaan" title="Mangaan">mangaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chroom" title="Chroom">chroom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EM2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EM2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koolstof en ander elemente dien as verhardingsmiddels en verhoed dat die dislokasies van die ysteratoom <a href="/wiki/Kristalstruktuur" title="Kristalstruktuur">kristalstruktuur</a> oormekaar gly. Deur die hoeveelhede en die vorm waarin die legeringselemente in die staal voorkom kan eienskappe soos die hardheid, smeebaarheid en treksterkte van die staal beheer word. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Steel_wire_rope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/225px-Steel_wire_rope.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/338px-Steel_wire_rope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/450px-Steel_wire_rope.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>Die staalkabel van 'n koolmyn se skag.</figcaption></figure> <p>Staal met 'n verhoogde koolstofinhoud kan harder en sterker gemaak word as yster, maar word dan ook meer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bros (bladsy bestaan nie)">bros</a>. Die maksimum oplosbaarheid van koolstof in yster (in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oustenities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oustenities (bladsy bestaan nie)">oustenitiese</a> gebied) is 2.14% op 'n massabasis en kom voor by 1149 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>; hoër konsentrasies van koolstof of laer temperature sal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sementiet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sementiet (bladsy bestaan nie)">sementiet</a> tot gevolg hê. Legerings met 'n hoër koolstofinhoud as hierdie staan bekend as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gietyster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gietyster (bladsy bestaan nie)">gietyster</a> as gevolg van hulle laer smeltpunt en gietvermoë. Staal kan ook van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smeeyster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smeeyster (bladsy bestaan nie)">smeeyster</a> onderskei word wat slegs 'n klein hoeveelheid vreemde elemente bevat, maar soveel as 1% tot 3% op 'n massabasis <a href="/wiki/Slak" title="Slak">slak</a> in die vorm van verlengde partikels wat in een rigting voorkom wat 'n kenmerkende grein in die yster veroorsaak. Smeeyster is meer roesbestand as staal en kan makliker gesweis word. </p><p>Ten spyte daarvan dat staal lank voor die <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> met behulp van verskeie ondoeltreffende metodes vervaardig is, het die gebruik daarvan eers algemeen geword nadat meer doeltreffende vervaardigingsmetodes in die 17<sup>de</sup> eeu ontwikkel is. Met die ontdekking van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bessemer-proses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bessemer-proses (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bessemer-proses</a> in die middel 19<sup>de</sup> eeu het staal 'n betreklik goedkoop, massavervaardigde materiaal geword. Verdere verfynings van die proses, soos die Linz-Donawitz verwerkingstegniek oftewel die basiese suurstofproses, het die vervaardigingskoste verder verlaag en ook die kwaliteit van die metaal verhoog. Vandag is staal 'n algemene boumateriaal in die wêreld en is 'n belangrike komponent in geboue, gereedskap, voertuie en huishoudelike- en ander toebehore. </p><p>Moderne staal word geïdentifiseer deur verskeie grade wat deur verskillende standaarde-organisasies daargestel word. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materiaaleienskappe">Materiaaleienskappe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Materiaaleienskappe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Materiaaleienskappe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yster" title="Yster">Yster</a> word soos die meeste ander metale gewoonlik nie as 'n onverbonde element in die aardkors aangetref nie.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yster word slegs in verbinding met <a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">suurstof</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swael" title="Swael">swael</a> in die aarde se kors gevind. Tipiese ysterbevattende minerale sluit Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-die vorm waarin <a href="/wiki/Ysteroksied" title="Ysteroksied">ysteroksied</a> in die mineraal <a href="/wiki/Hematiet" title="Hematiet">hematiet</a> voorkom en FeS<sub>2</sub>—<a href="/wiki/Piriet" title="Piriet">piriet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yster word ontgin vanuit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erts (bladsy bestaan nie)">erts</a> deur die suurstof te verwyder deur dit met 'n ander chemiese element te verbind soos koolstof. Die smeltproses is eers toegepas op metale met laer smeltpunte. <a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Koper">Koper</a> smelt net bokant 1000 °C, terwyl <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> rondom 250 °C. Daarteenoor smelt gietyster wat meer as 1.7% koolstof in legering bevat by ongeveer 1 370 °C. Al hierdie temperature kon bereik word met antieke metodes wat vir ten minste 6000 <a href="/wiki/Jaar" title="Jaar">jaar</a> lank in gebruik was (sedert die <a href="/wiki/Bronstydperk" title="Bronstydperk">bronstydperk</a>). Aangesien die oksidasietempo baie vinnig toeneem bo 800 °C, is dit belangrik dat die smeltproses in 'n omgewing plaasvind waar daar min suurstof teenwoordig is. </p><p>Anders as koper en tin los koolstof geredelik op in vloeibare yster, wat meebring dat die smeltproses 'n legering tot gevolg het wat te veel koolstof bevat om staal genoem te word.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selfs in die nouer konsentrasiebestek van staal, kan die mengsels van koolstof en staal 'n verskeidenheid strukture vorm waarvan die eienskappe merkbaar verskil. Dit is baie belangrik dat 'n mens hierdie verskille verstaan om goeie kwaliteit staal te kan vervaardig. By kamertemperatuur is die mees stabiele vorm van yster die liggaamsgesentreerde kubiese struktuur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferriet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferriet (bladsy bestaan nie)">ferriet</a> of α-yster, wat 'n betreklik sagte metaal is wat slegs 'n klein hoeveelheid koolstof kan oplos (nie meer as 0.021 % op 'n massabasis teen 910 °C). Bo 910 °C ondergaan ferriet 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fase-oorgang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fase-oorgang (bladsy bestaan nie)">fase-oorgang</a> vanaf die <a href="/wiki/Kristalstruktuur" title="Kristalstruktuur">liggaamsgesentreerde kubiese</a> struktuur na 'n <a href="/wiki/Kristalstruktuur" title="Kristalstruktuur">vlakgesentreerde kubiese</a> struktuur wat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oustenities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oustenities (bladsy bestaan nie)">oustenitiese</a> of γ-yster genoem word, wat ook 'n sagte metaal is maar beduidend meer koolstof kan oplos (soveel as 2.03 % op 'n massabasis teen 1154 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aangesien koolstofryke <a href="/wiki/Ousteniet" title="Ousteniet">ousteniet</a> verkoel, poog die mengsel om terug te keer na die ferrietfase wat 'n oormaat koolstof tot gevolg het. Een manier waarop die koolstof die oustenietfase kan verlaat is vir die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sementiet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sementiet (bladsy bestaan nie)">sementiet</a> om uit die mengsel te presipiteer wat yster agterlaat wat suiwer genoeg is om ferriet te vorm en 'n gevolglike sementiet-ferrietmengsel tot gevolg het. Sementiet is 'n <a href="/wiki/Stoigiometrie" title="Stoigiometrie">stoigiometriese</a> fase met die chemiese formule Fe<sub>3</sub>C. Sementiet vorm in gebiede waar die koolstofinhoud hoër is terwyl ander gebiede daar rondom na die ferrietfase terugkeer. Sodoende word herhalende patrone gevorm wat aanleiding gee tot lae wat as <a href="/wiki/Perliet" title="Perliet">perliet</a> (Fe<sub>3</sub>C:6.33Fe) bekend staan vanweë die pêrelagtige voorkoms of die soortgelyke maar minder aantreklike <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bainiet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bainiet (bladsy bestaan nie)">bainietfase</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Phase_diag_iron_carbon.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Phase_diag_iron_carbon.PNG/250px-Phase_diag_iron_carbon.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Phase_diag_iron_carbon.PNG/375px-Phase_diag_iron_carbon.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Phase_diag_iron_carbon.PNG 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>'n Yster-koolstof <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fase-diagram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fase-diagram (bladsy bestaan nie)">fase-diagram</a>, toon die toestande wat nodig is vir die verskillende fases om te vorm.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die belangrikste polimorfiese vorm is waarskynlik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martensiet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martensiet (bladsy bestaan nie)">martensiet</a>, 'n chemies metastabiele stof wat ongeveer vier keer sterker is as ferriet. 'n Minimum van 0.4 massapersent koolstof (C:50Fe) word benodig om martensiet te vorm. Wanneer ousteniet geblus word om martensiet te vorm, word die koolstof op die plek "vasgevang" wanneer die selstruktuur oorskakel vanaf 'n vlakgesentreerde kubiese tot 'n liggaamsgesentreerde kubiese struktuur. Die koolstofatome is veels te groot om in die interstellêre ruimtes te pas en verwring die selstruktuur na 'n liggaamsgesentreerde tetragonale struktuur. Martensiet en ousteniet het 'n identiese chemiese samestelling. Daarom vereis dit uiters min termiese <a href="/wiki/Aktiveringsenergie" title="Aktiveringsenergie">aktiveringsenergie</a> om te vorm. </p><p>Die hittebehandelingsproses vir die meeste soorte staal behels die verhitting van die legering totdat ousteniet vorm en die daaropvolgende blus van die warm metaal in water of olie, wat dit so vinnig afkoel dat die omskakeling na ferriet of perliet nie genoegsame tyd het om plaas te vind nie. Die omskakeling na martensiet in teenstelling gebeur bykans onmiddellik vanweë die laer aktiveringsenergie. </p><p>Martensiet het 'n laer digtheid as ousteniet, dus het die omskakeling tussen die twee fases 'n verandering in volume tot gevolg, wat in hierdie geval 'n uitsetting tot gevolg het. Interne spanning van hierdie uitsetting veroorsaak dat die martensietkristalle saamgepers word en trekspanning word op die oorblywende ferriet uitgeoefen met 'n beduidende hoeveelheid skuifspanning op beide fases. As die blus nie behoorlik gedoen word nie kan die spannings veroorsaak dat die onderdeel uitmekaarspat wanneer dit afkoel; en indien nie kan dit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werksverharding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werksverharding (bladsy bestaan nie)">werksverharding</a> en ander mikroskopiese gebreke tot gevolg hê. Dit is algemeen dat bluskrake vorm wanneer staal met water geblus word, al is dit nie altyd sigbaar nie.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg/250px-LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg/375px-LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg/500px-LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Korrels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ystererts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ystererts (bladsy bestaan nie)">ystererts</a> gereed vir die vervaardiging van staal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Op hierdie stadium is die koolstofinhoud hoog genoeg om 'n beduidende hoeveelheid konsentrasie martensiet te vorm, wat 'n uiters harde dog bros materiaal lewer. Dikwels word staal aan 'n verdere lae-temperatuurproses blootgestel om van die martensiet te vernietig (deur genoeg tyd toe te laat vir sementiet om te vorm) en help ook om die interne spannings en gebreke te verminder. Dit maak die staal sagter en lewer 'n meer smeebare en breukbestande metaal. Hierdie stap waarin tyd so 'n belangrike rol speel word tempering genoem en lewer getemperde staal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ander materiale word dikwels by die yster-koolstofmengsel gevoeg om die uiteindelike eienskappe te beheer. <a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">Nikkel</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mangaan" title="Mangaan">mangaan</a> in staal verleen daaraan 'n hoër treksterkte en maak ousteniet chemies meer stabiel, <a href="/wiki/Chroom" title="Chroom">chroom</a> verhoog die hardheid en smeltpunt en <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> verhoog ook die hardheid terwyl dit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaalvermoei%C3%AFng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaalvermoeiïng (bladsy bestaan nie)">metaalvermoeiïng</a> verminder. Groot hoeveelhede chroom en nikkel (dikwels 18% en 8% respektiewelik) word bygevoeg om <a href="/wiki/Vlekvrye_staal" title="Vlekvrye staal">vlekvrye staal</a> te lewer wat 'n harde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passivering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passivering (bladsy bestaan nie)">oksied</a> op die metaaloppervlak vorm en korrosie inhibeer. <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram</a> vertraag die vorming van sementiet wat meer martensiet laat vorm teen laer blustempos en lewer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snelstaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snelstaal (bladsy bestaan nie)">snelstaal</a>. Aan die ander kant maak <a href="/wiki/Swael" title="Swael">swael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stikstof" title="Stikstof">stikstof</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a> staal brosser en daarom moet hierdie elemente vanuit die erts verwyder word tydens verwerking.<sup id="cite_ref-materialsengineer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-materialsengineer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In: Lantern. Tydskrif vir Volksopvoeding. Jaargang 3, no. 2, September 1953.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EM2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EM2_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAshbyJones1992" class="citation book cs1">Ashby, Michael F.; Jones, David R. H. (1992) [1986]. <i>Engineering Materials 2</i> (in English) (with corrections uitg.). Oxford: Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0080325327" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-08-032532-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Materials+2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=with+corrections&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft.au=Jones%2C+David+R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AStaal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: onerkende taal (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_onerkende_taal" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: onerkende taal">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWinter" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Winter, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Fe/geol.html">"Periodic Table: Iron"</a> (in Engels). The University of Sheffield. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520124805/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Fe/geol.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 20 Mei 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">28 Februarie</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Periodic+Table%3A+Iron&rft.pub=The+University+of+Sheffield&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebelements.com%2Fwebelements%2Felements%2Ftext%2FFe%2Fgeol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AStaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFF._Brookins1899" class="citation journal cs1">F. Brookins, Theo. (November 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://birdnature.com/nov1899/ores.html">"Common Minerals and Valuable Ores"</a>. <i>Birds and All Nature</i>. A. W. Mumford. <b>6</b> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">28 Februarie</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birds+and+All+Nature&rft.atitle=Common+Minerals+and+Valuable+Ores&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1899-11&rft.aulast=F.+Brookins&rft.aufirst=Theo.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbirdnature.com%2Fnov1899%2Fores.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AStaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> "Smelting". <i>Britannica</i>. (2007). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. URL besoek op 2007-02-28.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.title=Smelting&rft.source=Britannica&rft.publisher=%5B%5BEncyclopedia+Britannica%5D%5D&rft.date=2007"> </span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMittemeijer=Slycke" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mittemeijer, E. J.; =Slycke, J. T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160908205518/http://www.it-innovation.soton.ac.uk/surfaceweb/se/Se-12-2/se122152.pdf">"Chemical potentials and activities of nitrogen and carbon imposed by gaseous nitriding and carburising atmospheres"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Surface Engineering 1996 Vol. 12 No. 2</i> (in Engels). p. 156. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.it-innovation.soton.ac.uk/surfaceweb/se/Se-12-2/se122152.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 8 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">10 Augustus</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Surface+Engineering+1996+Vol.+12+No.+2&rft.atitle=Chemical+potentials+and+activities+of+nitrogen+and+carbon+imposed+by+gaseous+nitriding+and+carburising+atmospheres&rft.pages=156&rft.aulast=Mittemeijer&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft.au=%3DSlycke%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.it-innovation.soton.ac.uk%2Fsurfaceweb%2Fse%2FSe-12-2%2Fse122152.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AStaal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: ekstra leestekens (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_ekstra_leestekens" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: ekstra leestekens">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://key-to-steel.com/Articles/Art12.htm">"Quench hardening of steel"</a> (in Duits). INI International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081101202452/http://www.key-to-steel.com/Articles/Art12.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 1 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">28 Februarie</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quench+hardening+of+steel&rft.pub=INI+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkey-to-steel.com%2FArticles%2FArt12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AStaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPye" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pye, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221224456/http://www.moldmakingtechnology.com/articles/110002.html">"Steel Heat Treating"</a> (in Engels). Gardner Publications, Inc. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moldmakingtechnology.com/articles/110002.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 21 Februarie 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">28 Februarie</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steel+Heat+Treating&rft.pub=Gardner+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.aulast=Pye&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoldmakingtechnology.com%2Farticles%2F110002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AStaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-materialsengineer-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-materialsengineer_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://materialsengineer.com/E-Alloying-Steels.htm">"Alloying of Steels"</a> (in Engels). Metallurgical Consultants. 28 Junie 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523012724/http://materialsengineer.com/E-Alloying-Steels.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">28 Februarie</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alloying+of+Steels&rft.pub=Metallurgical+Consultants&rft.date=2006-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaterialsengineer.com%2FE-Alloying-Steels.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AStaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li 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