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style="width:var(--card-width);height:270.5px;min-width:var(--card-width);" class="pencraft pc-reset pc-borderRadius-md placeholder-sSVwvu"></div><div style="width:var(--card-width);height:270.5px;min-width:var(--card-width);" class="pencraft pc-reset pc-borderRadius-md placeholder-sSVwvu"></div></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-paddingLeft-8 pc-paddingRight-0 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset animate-XFJxE4 arrow-M1xp9f"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton2-DvFP7w iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonNew-KfJF0Q size_md-gCDS3o priority_tertiary-rlke8z"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-chevron-right"><path d="m9 18 6-6-6-6"></path></svg></button></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-paddingTop-16 pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset"><div style="max-width:var(--feed-page-width);" tab="[object Object]" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-minWidth-0 pc-position-relative flexGrow-tjePuI pc-reset sizing-border-box-DggLA4"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset container-Zhfsnf independentVoicesItem-DH12OQ"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-16 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset content-sYxJIX independentVoices-XSKLqQ"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset"><h3 translated class="pencraft pc-reset color-bg-light-YVLLIr weight-medium-fw81nC reset-IxiVJZ marketingHeading3-ZMAfap">The app for independent voices</h3></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft buttonBase-GK1x3M button-iUdbkg buttonNew-KfJF0Q button2-bH8fBu priority_primary-RfbeYt size_md-gCDS3o">Get started</button><button style="border-color:var(--color-light-tertiary);" tabindex="0" type="button" data-href="https://substack.com?learn_more=1" class="pencraft pc-reset color-bg-light-YVLLIr pencraft buttonBase-GK1x3M button-iUdbkg buttonNew-KfJF0Q button2-bH8fBu priority_tertiary-rlke8z size_md-gCDS3o">Learn more</button></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-20 pc-reset"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft floatingCta-lejCBE buttonBase-GK1x3M button-iUdbkg buttonNew-KfJF0Q button2-bH8fBu priority_secondary-S63h9o size_md-gCDS3o">Get app</button></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset modalViewer-EReBU2"></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset container-K5XPov"></div><div inert role="dialog" class="modal typography 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