CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "dl.acm.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92a30765aa819c6e',cH: 'kdc5koz7jq7s26gfaxAEFqbF9JtnWi7ER3GJJu8z46w-1743625247-1.2.1.1-jvk7IThkz2hB8oa4FOJQ8s83zJgDtjplWfCWv6LhDHvZMFdnoey9XVDV7AzmUBKd',cUPMDTk: "\/journal\/pacmnet?__cf_chl_tk=uLgQszV1zUYlJW9RUoi2JCinVh3Nz4kMSulHQ9Mjs_s-1743625247-1.0.1.1-uw_ugVxERAmnA44XyXnAKP0NLNvdw4x85ZqpUQpJjKE",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1743625247',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/journal\/pacmnet?__cf_chl_f_tk=uLgQszV1zUYlJW9RUoi2JCinVh3Nz4kMSulHQ9Mjs_s-1743625247-1.0.1.1-uw_ugVxERAmnA44XyXnAKP0NLNvdw4x85ZqpUQpJjKE",md: "GDaKdQPU_dVDgz3SgdcS20Lq9RGBsXQrLWUOTtmw8os-1743625247-1.2.1.1-8mlSCPXMM3bUzYo3TJIhkd4dq3qx9tOj5aSqjHDPcskbxQ5JpijSrbrV6HC1koAWcQn4oaVJXgMhTzoaqM0mOc_91xS9CuGYEf3tWRZCe_I8_LHXpKyfvyAkTLcGBCG500GDVFmp1a3KSW3mZGh_v1JIBuAicLn9DrzyEn0RXiHh7PFa2wOzh3OJg6XjhLwYXJfW1r05lKxw7n3O.bdSjUEkHQi8AWPcw9Up.8OpIcAgpt7K0sqHIfFWNqWXd.Jz.mcmG_Q5phMCEdCTRuxNjJpNPF.YlSAIRh1Iriy54ut6q9vTfAHvjAVfVuBTXqZV6qgQ66D6bAt2VZMteJlYJkk26rHxwuCr0b_mQBJOBXDAVM9XMJbmpr4r2eJSi2rox6T7kt93newKS8K2ETiYRSkKoJhoyyuQ8hh8Rt.LoM4e6xjt2VuY8KW_NxXuyqu_8behnbvVkpWhIyWHIcvyCAHZn5QqJvSR.R.DV51gU1YBKig_PQ8rnsDelLjC1SDslQD4UYax4yJk5hL13KNM854EcfA3pbANk5i.OIWyw2h.6WEXfHr9Vzmhwx.qUKeZsGXkjGYoscGs90XyB6FSQNvGJXMnlr3SDUtOCvl5jG9QWOYOvlWTIxjsjepxe_UMb1oKIsUTx9wxql4hp8Io.qawO_fqtWvLPhqilhhh6ujjxauljiVC2XOay2o9gduNvMc5roKVwoItK4yhHiRq_Eh1Ki3Z6ukuo3QKrhXuFShX23zFmI1wlNO2_DFZzDyKWL8qFbrh8MM9vBTcRW9ioH11CxpF5xIy0GcswbMNDIp7f.hHDyRTmpsLqdKLoJSwNDTO7chLFMJTQdi2Yp3Z0Uz0uZh9Ab4FuTqpnfzqDz3NpiPdthlUQnRW7lQxm3Gkj6O5ZOycY809sCZBE11FFntO4AL6OBbdoerlpVqiSxyY_kdYRhM15Pvasv2dkBRCXSRN93ATSBxlLA6Uzq1Kyl.H0KboGD3dXKyujB1I6_FnlkDUiaaEO41ph8NVUukOwXS7p2XBOWlTsCR5YWTHp.T76BHlY3IljwdCA4eqHjEkaWO3uwXZxIvJRAcs.ZSFwjzQ2YYHUaeQNKvt..JlieIrBwyfdhlJ5AN7ZJxIjGq6nlFCE7M.Q5bHIf4FEirQTV2U439STC9Iibupnvzy7xFXYoWVCmU7noyLQDdtMQMrDNiyFtKHNvrLdCqforqhTEN0HnD5QD9bKbGj8x3SQJWrLy..3fhZI_3T2jKwcMU",mdrd: "XTVyBcuPefzAOGguF3pCk1mvv7M4WQQo383Ffs4Hi5g-1743625247-1.2.1.1-MYPC9OAw_ETcFW5lAfFhRO7MJVp8s0XjtHp3U_ixDkgy._u5eIBZfVgCQoP.Va7bVS._QvNTS4L0grcv33BRZ30ogUE0qVidZp.Wh94bOhCC59tnv4xO8kRtqU34BS4sNnKg0GEVFZ0GhjzdwhNiRtDwSDR4ddRNHN_XOelDZcS0Ee8QnI_euq7M7SIav7Qwftx2_7vmgkfkpeITTkHNOMok2V6BMRT8SiOnWLQmI3zaWVpI5wD47_345A3Cn02Vnv3AUasQV4lhvC3CpZROwmcbExkZbUNf1sXil88h604XkbH1wTceYKfuULh1bkv2M3_FmxR4.bbRG.xdx3eXBBWG5jczCGhucdLzCPpgcjsmBBxlff6gnT_HitWD4sVXtj4x8HMxD_KzDOcNk0CYzPcOneVPVJedlGXRo5j4ckK5bhW8vq0dSkLtNhZ9E8mWHgfLIvMdrOXFhq5oGPxnK2MbByF9o9qUdTvDkq6I6gmKPIyr0ER9hG9ZZ9dqi_prO4h3tsnTG14syRcDNuHTaAha8UuqaWmNzVDKryBq9U18Eb4yoFYIEK9M03exfmsvKWB72l7pxk0cE31cqg4EiqLb1175hhAwlVMziIq_K_Yjrsma7U1dTATuMi_1aHcHFTTDx72gUd..T4E9v6Kqd6.XlS8bjPybc..6ajuu2aPH1oQDvM2Uo8wLkz4AHUPV0foTOFmoCLfIEhJ2QL36OR1mYAON1f2SwDSTo7lNMtUR_Gg59oMlHj_MQkipw6uLssmwpj_el42OMq6gEec4qSrrRusrCj1SESyGD0.pelr3O.K1RcS.jkSb4htIERSnAs..SFXCmCi1mvwqEMWbvJIPZ0zI96kq7mnRTyJB8bn3VrjbnAcjGL9LGApExh9.BsXHOEHA5cf55TLGytlfBt8uv3jVgPgKUg9wJwfEU54Svtj8e4rvfLG9FiXMuYzm4Ln0SuzYhUBGJYAOQai7gcU3zruEXLk2TrYHpekgtWxjH8IbazLFJJJF4e9tgwKiNr1iupanC_jhRz2uxLgnzK1wSyOK7yVM05HQdc7ZPoFcWjLOI28yoDorXGRX82LSfMIuepOCJ0XsBC8Np12hkVs.MTwOhGLhIHz9OZOOq2wQNqB8RV6nEkpyZXMP.AkM7.TXUqwFC21HdWJmwxCyW8kmEoGzvHT5cCxwvpjLXiz14gyog95amk526DRcMXrCOaCy0YAJ3IG_k3clYmpBBAv.WWtMxyaLHm4FTcFGaNt2FEmCKZ2LBttvboE69MoXCz8gqqAXX.f9xzkDy6iw3c8pFqqKhVL6vDBqUjsVxrcuCZWT5hhlFHHAZz7T6tUbiElcFQw1MvNPFpQpXUAOd8YMrr.6hJi3oT9BcdryOiVxyhorc4Qd6s6HbN0PGJBnHrGDqfjo357mUGJjzei0a0bcwbCsVflNlz41t39QQvOsL6IFGwQkOnqqIKQ.qCrOnkmfnEr5sU7FpDdzGkKY3t7PMD1LpkdZPEcBww4ATu7ngQM3Kr4ZZN39Oc9F_GJF4RCtEDeObXCtVSpj27pT6VD7Z8l.WwW3eap5IGHDPeKn5Vz.kB1Ri71arDhhXZ6ei87AC2WiHJ9A2qcvNSQoCFp1iZGKS.trqV03mX3mWc2K_awn8JShcozq0NDzBl0Fi6QAjxYZQDSgKEktwEmlYntp8rrs5hao29Iqv1GeLgJENRjEzjve69WKqKpn08uPL6kHDrXZrze4nXYg6TbN2DcHLzPNNMSeDYFZkEoSyYHzBj2h7eRqzxh1KUbVUV7vm5ZMNHu5SEO47jHq.WcGSQNKAsvOb8UkAumWjKOQPQ_peLII98qQuvmhq89Zn1VIHigy8XZbn5tG3RSU5vS59Y5PbafWCgcptuzc_plGYQR.exivE1Q7MXE7c58VHuuheW3b9z.GVtMBo5yy.5WNmyC48sCgKduck72FICPhqp7vRlpTqCzwJdKiYRw_M70lghKORWCBCvr9PrG8viHAAMoN97AEWmJMhsh79xY2H.kGKQKTggz4wM9X6EQ4rc5W9MPYt4r5ei2vf2bST5JFlw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92a30765aa819c6e';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/journal\/pacmnet?__cf_chl_rt_tk=uLgQszV1zUYlJW9RUoi2JCinVh3Nz4kMSulHQ9Mjs_s-1743625247-1.0.1.1-uw_ugVxERAmnA44XyXnAKP0NLNvdw4x85ZqpUQpJjKE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>