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width:350px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Physikalische_Konstante" title="Physikalische Konstante">Physikalische Konstante</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Name </td> <td><b>Gravitationskonstante</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Formelzeichen" title="Formelzeichen">Formelzeichen</a> </td> <td><i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffffbd;">Wert </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Internationales_Einheitensystem#SI-Einheiten" title="Internationales Einheitensystem">SI</a> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r198689956">.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-multiply{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;border-radius:0.2em;color:transparent;display:inline-block;line-height:0.2em;margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;width:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-10::before{content:"10"}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-10 sup{margin-left:0.12em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r198372224">.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-1000::after{content:"."}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus>span,.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec>span{position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus::after{content:"−"}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec::after{content:","}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-fractpart{margin-right:0.2em}</style>6<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>67430(15)<span class="numericFormat-multiply" style="background-color:#000000">e</span><span class="numericFormat-10"><sup><span class="numericFormat-minus"><span>-</span></span>11</sup></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {\mathrm {m^{3}} }{\mathrm {kg\,s^{2}} }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {\mathrm {m^{3}} }{\mathrm {kg\,s^{2}} }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe797a30b6fbe0293485f7d10d327b74999a6b60" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:4.393ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {\mathrm {m^{3}} }{\mathrm {kg\,s^{2}} }}}"></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CODATA#Standardunsicherheiten_von_CODATA-Werten" class="mw-redirect" title="CODATA">Unsicherheit</a> <small>(rel.)</small> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r198689956"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r198372224">2<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>2<span class="numericFormat-multiply" style="background-color:#000000">e</span><span class="numericFormat-10"><sup><span class="numericFormat-minus"><span>-</span></span>5</sup></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Planck-Einheiten" title="Planck-Einheiten">Planck-Einheiten</a> </td> <td>1<br /> gelegentlich auch <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{8\pi }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>8</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{8\pi }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba82a9962cfd0e9880549113fe5bc1d944c50df9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.331ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{8\pi }}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffffbd;">Quellen und Anmerkungen </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Quelle SI-Wert: <a href="/wiki/CODATA" class="mw-redirect" title="CODATA">CODATA</a> 2022<sup id="cite_ref-CODATAbg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATAbg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Die <b>Gravitationskonstante</b> (Formelzeichen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span>) ist die fundamentale <a href="/wiki/Naturkonstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturkonstante">Naturkonstante</a>, die die Stärke der <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation">Gravitation</a> bestimmt. Im <a href="/wiki/Gravitationsgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationsgesetz">Gravitationsgesetz</a> nach <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> ergibt sie direkt die Stärke der Gravitationskraft zwischen zwei Körpern in Abhängigkeit von ihrem Abstand und ihren <a href="/wiki/Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Massen</a>; in der <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie">allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie</a> nach <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> bestimmt sie die Krümmung der vierdimensionalen <a href="/wiki/Raumzeit" title="Raumzeit">Raumzeit</a> und damit den Ablauf aller mit der Gravitation zusammenhängenden Erscheinungen. Für die Beschreibung astronomischer Größen und Vorgänge besitzt sie fundamentale Bedeutung. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="de" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Wert_und_Einheiten"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Wert und Einheiten</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Messungen"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Messungen</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Voraussetzungen"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Voraussetzungen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Schiehallion-Experiment"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Schiehallion-Experiment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Das_Cavendish-Experiment"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Das Cavendish-Experiment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Moderne_Messungen"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Moderne Messungen</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Siehe_auch"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Siehe auch</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Literatur"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Literatur</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Weblinks"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Weblinks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Einzelnachweise"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Einzelnachweise</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Definition" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Definition"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nach dem <a href="/wiki/Newtonsches_Gravitationsgesetz" title="Newtonsches Gravitationsgesetz">newtonschen Gravitationsgesetz</a> ziehen sich zwei kugelsymmetrische Körper mit den Massen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31aafa60e48d39ccce922404c0b80340b2cc777a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ecebe334d5cadc3ffcf245eb02919034d7a2ec8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{2}}"></span>, deren Mittelpunkte einen Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span> haben, gegenseitig mit der Kraft </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=G\,{\frac {m_{1}\,m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=G\,{\frac {m_{1}\,m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb278e751d01934dd858c60a444322122c5f302a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:14.466ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=G\,{\frac {m_{1}\,m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>an. Die in der Gleichung auftretende <a href="/wiki/Proportionalit%C3%A4t" title="Proportionalität">Proportionalitätskonstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> ist die Gravitationskonstante. </p><p>Diese Form des Gesetzes wurde 1873, zwei Jahrhunderte nach Newton, durch <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cornu" title="Alfred Cornu">Alfred Cornu</a> und <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptistin_Baille" title="Jean-Baptistin Baille">Jean-Baptistin Baille</a> eingeführt.<sup id="cite_ref-SpeakeQuinn2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpeakeQuinn2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newton schrieb sein Gesetz ohne Nennung der Konstante in Form der Proportionalitäten <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F\sim m_{1}\ ,\ F\sim m_{2}\ ,\ F\sim r^{-2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>F</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>F</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F\sim m_{1}\ ,\ F\sim m_{2}\ ,\ F\sim r^{-2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a7288c1416e05f60c7d31c4b6ba32aaebfbd620" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.479ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F\sim m_{1}\ ,\ F\sim m_{2}\ ,\ F\sim r^{-2}}"></span>, wie es damals in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur üblich war. </p><p>Um die Formulierung eines <a href="/wiki/Rationalisiertes_Einheitensystem" title="Rationalisiertes Einheitensystem">rationalisierten Einheitensystems</a> zu erhalten, hätte man eine Definition über <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle F=G\,{\frac {m_{1}\,m_{2}}{4\pi r^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle F=G\,{\frac {m_{1}\,m_{2}}{4\pi r^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90606ad3ddb702de95e8eae40a4e9c8a2cdbd371" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:12.825ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle F=G\,{\frac {m_{1}\,m_{2}}{4\pi r^{2}}}}"></span> wählen müssen, also mit einer 4π-mal so großen Proportionalitätskonstanten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wert_und_Einheiten">Wert und Einheiten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Wert und Einheiten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Wert und Einheiten"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Im <a href="/wiki/Internationales_Einheitensystem" title="Internationales Einheitensystem">Internationalen Einheitensystem</a> (SI) beträgt der Wert nach der aktuellen Empfehlung <a href="/wiki/CODATA" class="mw-redirect" title="CODATA">CODATA</a> 2018:<sup id="cite_ref-CODATAbg_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATAbg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=6{,}674\,30(15)\cdot 10^{-11}\,\mathrm {\frac {m^{3}}{kg\cdot s^{2}}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6,674</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>30</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>15</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=6{,}674\,30(15)\cdot 10^{-11}\,\mathrm {\frac {m^{3}}{kg\cdot s^{2}}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d2c1841672995baeb544063e0c72b3a9fc41c59" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.49ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=6{,}674\,30(15)\cdot 10^{-11}\,\mathrm {\frac {m^{3}}{kg\cdot s^{2}}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>(also mit einer geschätzten <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Data_for_Science_and_Technology#Standardunsicherheiten_von_CODATA-Werten" title="Committee on Data for Science and Technology">Standardunsicherheit</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0{,}000\,15\cdot 10^{-11}\,\mathrm {\tfrac {m^{3}}{kg\cdot s^{2}}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0,000</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>15</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0{,}000\,15\cdot 10^{-11}\,\mathrm {\tfrac {m^{3}}{kg\cdot s^{2}}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6106fe3a69cb73c79ac6ba4a35dfb19aca0ad7f8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:20.017ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0{,}000\,15\cdot 10^{-11}\,\mathrm {\tfrac {m^{3}}{kg\cdot s^{2}}} }"></span>). </p><p>Verglichen mit den anderen <a href="/wiki/Grundkr%C3%A4fte_der_Physik" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundkräfte der Physik">Grundkräften der Physik</a> ist die Gravitation eine sehr schwache Wechselwirkung, was sich in dem kleinen Wert der Gravitationskonstanten ausdrückt. Berechnet man beispielsweise den <a href="/wiki/Betragsfunktion" title="Betragsfunktion">Betrag</a> des Verhältnisses zwischen der Gravitationskraft und der <a href="/wiki/Coulombsches_Gesetz" title="Coulombsches Gesetz">elektrostatischen Kraft</a> zwischen zwei <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Protonen</a>, so erhält man unabhängig vom Abstand: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|{\frac {F_{\text{Gravitation}}}{F_{\text{elektrisch}}}}\right|={\frac {Gm_{\text{Proton}}^{2}}{e^{2}/(4\pi \varepsilon _{0})}}\approx 10^{-36}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Gravitation</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>elektrisch</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Proton</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>36</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|{\frac {F_{\text{Gravitation}}}{F_{\text{elektrisch}}}}\right|={\frac {Gm_{\text{Proton}}^{2}}{e^{2}/(4\pi \varepsilon _{0})}}\approx 10^{-36}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cde990a8466032136a5c296babc99069f92010af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:34.488ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|{\frac {F_{\text{Gravitation}}}{F_{\text{elektrisch}}}}\right|={\frac {Gm_{\text{Proton}}^{2}}{e^{2}/(4\pi \varepsilon _{0})}}\approx 10^{-36}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Wie klein dieser Wert ist, sieht man auch, wenn man die Gravitationskonstante in <a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BCrliche_Einheiten#Teilchenphysik" title="Natürliche Einheiten">Einheiten der Teilchenphysik</a> angibt, also mit der <a href="/wiki/Reduzierte_Planck-Konstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduzierte Planck-Konstante">reduzierten Planck-Konstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de68de3a92517953436c93b5a76461d49160cc41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.306ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar }"></span>, der <a href="/wiki/Lichtgeschwindigkeit" title="Lichtgeschwindigkeit">Lichtgeschwindigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> und der Energieeinheit <a href="/wiki/Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">GeV</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-CODATAbgspu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATAbgspu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=6{,}708\,83(15)\cdot 10^{-39}\,{\frac {\hbar c}{(\mathrm {GeV} /c^{2})^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6,708</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>83</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>15</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>39</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=6{,}708\,83(15)\cdot 10^{-39}\,{\frac {\hbar c}{(\mathrm {GeV} /c^{2})^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23a0e36ed8a03deabcdb430028c680a7bb8371b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:36.137ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=6{,}708\,83(15)\cdot 10^{-39}\,{\frac {\hbar c}{(\mathrm {GeV} /c^{2})^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Messungen">Messungen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Messungen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Messungen"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voraussetzungen">Voraussetzungen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Voraussetzungen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&action=edit&section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Voraussetzungen"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aus der im Alltag beobachtbaren Gravitationskraft zwischen der Erde und anderen Objekten (<a href="/wiki/Gewichtskraft" title="Gewichtskraft">Gewicht</a> von Objekten, <a href="/wiki/Fallbeschleunigung" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallbeschleunigung">Fallbeschleunigung</a>, Umlaufbahnen von Mond und Satelliten) lässt sich das Produkt aus <i>G</i> und der Erdmasse <i>M</i><sub>⊕</sub>, die <a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System_1984#Referenzellipsoid" title="World Geodetic System 1984">geozentrische Gravitationskonstante</a> <i>GM</i><sub>⊕</sub>, auf bis zu zehn Dezimalstellen genau bestimmen. Analog lässt sich die <a href="/wiki/Astronomische_Einheit#Heliozentrische_Gravitationskonstante" title="Astronomische Einheit">heliozentrische Gravitationskonstante</a> <i>GM</i><sub>☉</sub> aus den Planetenbewegungen ableiten. Es gibt aber keine Möglichkeit, die Masse von Himmelskörpern ohne Kenntnis der Gravitationskonstante auch nur halbwegs genau zu bestimmen. </p><p>Zur Messung von <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> muss daher auf die geringe Anziehungskraft zwischen weitaus kleineren Körpern zurückgegriffen werden, deren Masse man präzise bestimmen kann. Beispielsweise beträgt die Anziehungskraft zwischen zwei Körpern von je 100 kg Masse in 1 m Abstand weniger als 10<sup>−9</sup> (ein Milliardstel) ihrer Gewichtskraft, und alle andere Materie im Labor oder außerhalb davon übt auf die Testkörper ebenfalls Gravitation aus. Diese Messungen gestalten sich daher schwierig. Schon kleinste Temperaturunterschiede, Luftströmungen, Ungleichmäßigkeiten im Material oder <a href="/wiki/Kriechen_(Werkstoffe)" title="Kriechen (Werkstoffe)">Kriechen</a> des Materials, sogar die Anzahl der Fahrzeuge auf dem Parkplatz vor dem Institutsgebäude, verfälschen die Ergebnisse.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die bislang erreichte Genauigkeit ist mit fünf Dezimalstellen deutlich geringer als für andere Naturkonstanten. </p><p>Mit der im Labor bestimmten Gravitationskonstante lässt sich die Masse eines Himmelskörpers bestimmen, wenn er von einem Begleiter umrundet wird, dessen Bahnradius <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span> und Umlaufkreisfrequenz <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ω</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }"></span> bekannt sind. <span id="Gravitationsparameter"></span> Aus dem <b>Gravitationsparameter</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =r^{3}\omega ^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =r^{3}\omega ^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b85f4d7c845549a8b2ccc8032c509f5a4bcd7b3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.103ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =r^{3}\omega ^{2}}"></span> ergibt sich die Masse des Himmelskörpers als <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=\mu /G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=\mu /G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23c0580caea1041500cadb6b3cffeabc7e65cd56" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.932ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=\mu /G}"></span> (siehe <a href="/wiki/Keplersche_Gesetze" title="Keplersche Gesetze">Keplersche Gesetze</a>). Das ist trotz der Unsicherheit in <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> wesentlich genauer als die Schätzung der Masse des Himmelskörpers aus seinem Durchmesser und dem angenommenen Dichteverlauf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schiehallion-Experiment">Schiehallion-Experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Schiehallion-Experiment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&action=edit&section=5" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Schiehallion-Experiment"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die erste erfolgreiche Messung mit einer bekannten Masse wurde 1774 von einem Forscherteam der <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> durchgeführt (<a href="/wiki/Schiehallion-Experiment" title="Schiehallion-Experiment">Schiehallion-Experiment</a>). Hierbei wurde die <a href="/wiki/Lotabweichung" title="Lotabweichung">Lotabweichung</a> im <a href="/wiki/Schwerefeld_der_Erde" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwerefeld der Erde">Schwerefeld der Erde</a> aufgrund der gravitativen Anziehung eines Berges gemessen. Hieraus ließ sich das Verhältnis aus mittlerer Dichte der Erde und Dichte des Berges ermitteln, was (richtigerweise) einen unerwartet hohen Wert für die Dichte und damit Masse der Erde ergab. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Das_Cavendish-Experiment">Das Cavendish-Experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Das Cavendish-Experiment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&action=edit&section=6" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Das Cavendish-Experiment"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Cavendish_Experiment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cavendish_Experiment.png/220px-Cavendish_Experiment.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cavendish_Experiment.png/330px-Cavendish_Experiment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cavendish_Experiment.png/440px-Cavendish_Experiment.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Cavendish-Experiment (1798)</figcaption></figure> <p>Das erste Laborexperiment zur Messung der Gravitationskraft zwischen zwei Körpern bekannter Masse gelang <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> im Jahr 1797 mithilfe der von <a href="/wiki/John_Michell" title="John Michell">John Michell</a> (1724–1793) einige Jahre zuvor eigens dafür erfundenen <a href="/wiki/Gravitationswaage" title="Gravitationswaage">Gravitationswaage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Waage bestand aus zwei kugelförmigen Testmassen mit zusammen (in heutigen Einheiten) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m=1{,}46\,\mathrm {kg} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>46</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m=1{,}46\,\mathrm {kg} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f57770d1d09e8d9e30b195354dcfac960f8bab9e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.05ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m=1{,}46\,\mathrm {kg} }"></span>, die zu einer Hantel verbunden und an einem Torsionsdraht aufgehängt waren, sodass sie freie horizontale Drehschwingungen ausführen konnten. Zwei große Kugeln mit einer Gesamtmasse <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{c}=316\,\mathrm {kg} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>316</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{c}=316\,\mathrm {kg} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3010b7e031d754edd063df332308a7bcf0530fd7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.561ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{c}=316\,\mathrm {kg} }"></span>, in gleichem Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d890e9041463a4a1cf563bf55f3943ca3b318d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.724ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{m}}"></span> dicht neben je einer der Testmassen, erzeugten die Anziehungskraft, die die Testmassen ca. 1° aus der Ruhelage auslenkten. Aus dem Auslenkwinkel wurde die Torsionskraft <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/60eebab5c416247ae9c8b7d317d03b23b0b31c4b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.439ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{c}}"></span> ermittelt, die der Anziehungskraft der großen und kleinen Kugeln bei diesem Abstand die Waage hält. Die dazu nötige Kenntnis der Torsionssteifigkeit des Drahtes wurde aus der Periodendauer der Torsionsschwingung gewonnen. </p><p>Aus Cavendishs Messwerten ergibt sich </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\mathrm {Cavendish} }=6{,}754\cdot 10^{-11}\,\mathrm {{m^{3}}\,{kg^{-1}\,s^{-2}}} .}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6,754</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\mathrm {Cavendish} }=6{,}754\cdot 10^{-11}\,\mathrm {{m^{3}}\,{kg^{-1}\,s^{-2}}} .}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ed363c2be4b2db459143ca8af5ad979343a673e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:37.837ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\mathrm {Cavendish} }=6{,}754\cdot 10^{-11}\,\mathrm {{m^{3}}\,{kg^{-1}\,s^{-2}}} .}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Dies verfehlt den heutigen Wert nur um 1,2 Prozent. </p><p>Allerdings war der Begriff einer Gravitationskonstante zu Cavendishs Zeiten noch gar nicht üblich, vielmehr wurde das Newtonsche Gravitationsgesetz ausschließlich in Form von Proportionalitäten gebraucht. Dementsprechend betrachtete er das Verhältnis der beiden Kräfte <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/60eebab5c416247ae9c8b7d317d03b23b0b31c4b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.439ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{c}}"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{E}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{E}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be19515c03e88b1f58c48ad3a9d85123c1413418" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.982ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{E}}"></span>, mit denen die kleinen Kugeln von den großen bzw. von der Erde angezogen werden. Nach Newton gilt: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {F_{c}}{F_{E}}}={\frac {M_{c}}{M_{E}}}\ {\frac {r_{E}^{2}}{r_{m}^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {F_{c}}{F_{E}}}={\frac {M_{c}}{M_{E}}}\ {\frac {r_{E}^{2}}{r_{m}^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eee76be8dde0a74be19dccf547017dc777845554" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:15.635ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {F_{c}}{F_{E}}}={\frac {M_{c}}{M_{E}}}\ {\frac {r_{E}^{2}}{r_{m}^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{E}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{E}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be19515c03e88b1f58c48ad3a9d85123c1413418" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.982ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{E}}"></span> ist nichts anderes als das (Gesamt-)Gewicht der kleinen Kugeln, sodass die Erdmasse <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{E}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{E}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8512d0383278c80083d6da1c71610c10f0baac0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.742ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{E}}"></span> hierin die einzige Unbekannte ist. Cavendish konnte aus seinen Messdaten die Masse der Erde bestimmen. Populär wurde die physikalisch nicht korrekte und genau genommen sinnlose Formulierung, Cavendish habe „die Erde gewogen“. </p><p>Nachdem die Erdmasse, implizit also der Wert der Gravitationskonstante bekannt war, konnten auch die Massen weiterer Himmelskörper des Sonnensystems bestimmt werden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderne_Messungen">Moderne Messungen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Moderne Messungen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&action=edit&section=7" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Moderne Messungen"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moderne Messungen verwenden verschiedene Methoden </p> <ul><li>das Prinzip des Cavendish-Experiments, mit kleineren Massen und dafür möglichst dünnen Fäden zur Aufhängung, weil deren Tragkraft mit kleinerem Radius <i>r</i> gemäß <i>r<sup>2</sup></i> abnimmt, das Rückstellmoment aber mit <i>r<sup>4</sup>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-SpeakeQuinn2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpeakeQuinn2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>… mit Messung der Änderung der Schwingungsfrequenz (statt des Winkels),<sup id="cite_ref-SpeakeQuinn2014_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpeakeQuinn2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>… mit Messung der Winkelbeschleunigung: Beide Massen können sich unabhängig drehen und der Drehtisch wird so nachgeführt, dass die Torsion kompensiert wird, wodurch kein Drehwinkel, sondern die Winkelbeschleunigung zur Kompensation des Drehwinkels gemessen wird,<sup id="cite_ref-Li_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>… mit Ausgleich des Drehmoments durch elektrische Felder;</li> <li>Änderung der Differenz des Gewichts zweier vertikal übereinander positionierter Testmassen, wenn zwischen sie eine große Masse (Quecksilber) eingefügt wird.<sup id="cite_ref-SpeakeQuinn2014_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpeakeQuinn2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Siehe auch" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&action=edit&section=8" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Siehe auch"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gau%C3%9Fsche_Gravitationskonstante" title="Gaußsche Gravitationskonstante">Gaußsche Gravitationskonstante</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Literatur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&action=edit&section=9" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Literatur"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Venzo de Sabbata: <i>The gravitational constant – generalized gravitational theories and experiments.</i> Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/1402019556" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4020-1955-6</a>.</li> <li><span class="cite">Achim Schumacher: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/edocs/dokumente/fb08/diss1999/schumacher/d089907.pdf"><i>Systematische Untersuchungen zur Messung der Newtonschen Gravitationskonstanten mit einem Pendelresonator.</i></a> (PDF; 3,89 MB) August 1999,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 18. November 2009</span> (Dissertation (Universität Wuppertal)).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGravitationskonstante&rft.title=Systematische+Untersuchungen+zur+Messung+der+Newtonschen+Gravitationskonstanten+mit+einem+Pendelresonator&rft.description=Systematische+Untersuchungen+zur+Messung+der+Newtonschen+Gravitationskonstanten+mit+einem+Pendelresonator&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Felpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de%2Fedocs%2Fdokumente%2Ffb08%2Fdiss1999%2Fschumacher%2Fd089907.pdf&rft.creator=Achim+Schumacher&rft.date=1999-08"> </span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&action=edit&section=10" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Weblinks"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/16px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/24px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/32px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gravitationskonstante" class="extiw" title="wikt:Gravitationskonstante">Wiktionary: Gravitationskonstante</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div> <ul><li>Frank Grotelüschen: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschlandfunk.de/gravitationskonstante-die-schwere-der-schwerkraft.740.de.html?dram:article_id=298111"><i>Gravitationskonstante. Die Schwere der Schwerkraft</i>.</a> <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk.de</a>, 28. September 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationskonstante&action=edit&section=11" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CODATAbg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CODATAbg_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CODATAbg_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bg"><i>CODATA Recommended Values: Newtonian constant of gravitation.</i></a> National Institute of Standards and Technology,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 10. Juni 2024</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGravitationskonstante&rft.title=CODATA+Recommended+Values%3A+Newtonian+constant+of+gravitation&rft.description=CODATA+Recommended+Values%3A+Newtonian+constant+of+gravitation&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FValue%3Fbg&rft.publisher=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology"> </span> Wert für die Gravitationskonstante (2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpeakeQuinn2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SpeakeQuinn2014_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SpeakeQuinn2014_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SpeakeQuinn2014_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SpeakeQuinn2014_2-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> Clive Speake, Terry Quinn: <cite style="font-style:italic">The search for Newton’s constant</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physics Today</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>67</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>27</span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.2447">10.1063/PT.3.2447</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Gravitationskonstante&rft.atitle=The+search+for+Newton%E2%80%99s+constant&rft.au=Clive+Speake%2C+Terry+Quinn&rft.date=2014&rft.doi=10.1063%2FPT.3.2447&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.pages=27&rft.volume=67" style="display:none"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CODATAbgspu-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CODATAbgspu_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bgspu"><i>CODATA Recommended Values: Newtonian constant of gravitation over h-bar c.</i></a> National Institute of Standards and Technology,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 20. Mai 2019</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGravitationskonstante&rft.title=CODATA+Recommended+Values%3A+Newtonian+constant+of+gravitation+over+h-bar+c&rft.description=CODATA+Recommended+Values%3A+Newtonian+constant+of+gravitation+over+h-bar+c&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FValue%3Fbgspu&rft.publisher=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology"> </span> Wert für die Gravitationskonstante in natürlichen Einheiten. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartlett-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Bartlett: <i>Why is it so easy to underestimate systematic errors when measuring G?</i> Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 372, 2014, <a href="//doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0021" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0021">doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0021</a> (freier Volltext).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tetfolio.fu-berlin.de/web/1678702"><i>Das Cavendish-Experiment.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 21. November 2024</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGravitationskonstante&rft.title=Das+Cavendish-Experiment&rft.description=Das+Cavendish-Experiment&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Ftetfolio.fu-berlin.de%2Fweb%2F1678702"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Henry Cavendish: <i><a href="/wiki/Datei:Cavendish-Experiments_to_Determine_the_Density_of_the_Earth..pdf" title="Datei:Cavendish-Experiments to Determine the Density of the Earth..pdf">Experiments to determine the Density of the Earth.</a></i> Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 88, 469–526 (1798) (PDF) (englisch)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Li_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Li_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> Qing Li et al.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0431-5">Measurements of the gravitational constant using two independent methods</a> Nature 560, S. 582–588 (2018), 29. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constante_de_gravitaci%C3%B3n_universal" title="Constante de gravitación universal – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Constante de gravitación universal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کوتله چکیمی ثابیتی – Südaserbaidschanisch" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوتله چکیمی ثابیتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="Südaserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Гравітацыйная пастаянная – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гравітацыйная пастаянная" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гравітацыйная канстанта – Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гравітацыйная канстанта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гравитационна константа – Bulgarisch" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гравитационна константа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95" title="মহাকর্ষ ধ্রুবক – Bengalisch" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাকর্ষ ধ্রুবক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_de_la_gravitaci%C3%B3" title="Constant de la gravitació – Katalanisch" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constant de la gravitació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%95%DB%8C_%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نەگۆڕی ڕاکێشان – Zentralkurdisch" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەگۆڕی ڕاکێشان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Zentralkurdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravita%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_konstanta" title="Gravitační konstanta – Tschechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gravitační konstanta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tschechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гравитаци константи – Tschuwaschisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гравитаци константи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tschuwaschisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universelle_gravitationskonstant" title="Universelle gravitationskonstant – Dänisch" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Universelle gravitationskonstant" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σταθερά της βαρύτητας – Griechisch" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σταθερά της βαρύτητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Griechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant – Englisch" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gravitational constant" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravita_konstanto" title="Gravita konstanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gravita konstanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constante_de_gravitaci%C3%B3n_universal" title="Constante de gravitación universal – Spanisch" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constante de gravitación universal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitatsioonikonstant" title="Gravitatsioonikonstant – Estnisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gravitatsioonikonstant" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabitazio_unibertsalaren_konstantea" title="Grabitazio unibertsalaren konstantea – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grabitazio unibertsalaren konstantea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="ثابت گرانش – Persisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ثابت گرانش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitaatiovakio" title="Gravitaatiovakio – Finnisch" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gravitaatiovakio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constante_gravitationnelle" title="Constante gravitationnelle – Französisch" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constante gravitationnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Französisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grawitatsioonstaal" title="Grawitatsioonstaal – Nordfriesisch" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Grawitatsioonstaal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Nordfriesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tairiseach_imtharraingthe" title="Tairiseach imtharraingthe – Irisch" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tairiseach imtharraingthe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constante_da_gravitaci%C3%B3n_universal" title="Constante da gravitación universal – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Constante da gravitación universal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="קבוע הכבידה – Hebräisch" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קבוע הכבידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebräisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="गुरुत्वीय स्थिरांक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुरुत्वीय स्थिरांक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitacijska_konstanta" title="Gravitacijska konstanta – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gravitacijska konstanta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravit%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_%C3%A1lland%C3%B3" title="Gravitációs állandó – Ungarisch" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gravitációs állandó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրավիտացիոն հաստատուն – Armenisch" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրավիտացիոն հաստատուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetapan_gravitasi" title="Tetapan gravitasi – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tetapan gravitasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costante_di_gravitazione_universale" title="Costante di gravitazione universale – Italienisch" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costante di gravitazione universale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italienisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E6%95%B0" title="万有引力定数 – Japanisch" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="万有引力定数" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="გრავიტაციული მუდმივა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრავიტაციული მუდმივა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Гравитациялық тұрақты – Kasachisch" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гравитациялық тұрақты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kasachisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5_%EC%83%81%EC%88%98" title="중력 상수 – Koreanisch" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중력 상수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_gravitatis" title="Constans gravitatis – Latein" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constans gravitatis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latein" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitacijos_konstanta" title="Gravitacijos konstanta – Litauisch" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gravitacijos konstanta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litauisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravit%C4%81cijas_konstante" title="Gravitācijas konstante – Lettisch" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gravitācijas konstante" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lettisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гравитациска константа – Mazedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гравитациска константа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Mazedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഗുരുത്വാകർഷണസ്ഥിരാങ്കം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുരുത്വാകർഷണസ്ഥിരാങ്കം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="गुरुत्व स्थिरांक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुरुत्व स्थिरांक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemalar_graviti" title="Pemalar graviti – Malaiisch" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemalar graviti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malaiisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1" title="ဒြပ်ဆွဲအား ကိန်းသေ – Birmanisch" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်ဆွဲအား ကိန်းသေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण स्थिर अङ्क – Nepalesisch" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुरुत्वाकर्षण स्थिर अङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitatieconstante" title="Gravitatieconstante – Niederländisch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gravitatieconstante" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Niederländisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasjonskonstanten" title="Gravitasjonskonstanten – Norwegisch (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gravitasjonskonstanten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegisch (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasjonskonstant" title="Gravitasjonskonstant – Norwegisch (Bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gravitasjonskonstant" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegisch (Bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanta_gravitacionala" title="Constanta gravitacionala – Okzitanisch" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Constanta gravitacionala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Okzitanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C5%82a_grawitacji" title="Stała grawitacji – Polnisch" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stała grawitacji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constante_gravitacional_universal" title="Constante gravitacional universal – Portugiesisch" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constante gravitacional universal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugiesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanta_gravita%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Constanta gravitațională – Rumänisch" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constanta gravitațională" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Гравитационная постоянная – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гравитационная постоянная" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custanti_di_gravitazzioni_universali" title="Custanti di gravitazzioni universali – Sizilianisch" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Custanti di gravitazzioni universali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sizilianisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitacijska_konstanta" title="Gravitacijska konstanta – Serbokroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gravitacijska konstanta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbokroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant – einfaches Englisch" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gravitational constant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="einfaches Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravita%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_kon%C5%A1tanta" title="Gravitačná konštanta – Slowakisch" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gravitačná konštanta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowakisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitacijska_konstanta" title="Gravitacijska konstanta – Slowenisch" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gravitacijska konstanta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slowenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гравитациона константа – Serbisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гравитациона константа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationskonstanten" title="Gravitationskonstanten – Schwedisch" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gravitationskonstanten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Schwedisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="ஈர்ப்பியல் மாறிலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈர்ப்பியல் மாறிலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="సార్వత్రిక గురుత్వాకర్షణ స్థిరాంకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సార్వత్రిక గురుత్వాకర్షణ స్థిరాంకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="ค่าคงตัวความโน้มถ่วง – Thailändisch" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค่าคงตัวความโน้มถ่วง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thailändisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabitasyonal_na_konstante" title="Grabitasyonal na konstante – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Grabitasyonal na konstante" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtle_%C3%A7ekimi_sabiti" title="Kütle çekimi sabiti – Türkisch" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kütle çekimi sabiti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Türkisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitatsion_daimi" title="Gravitatsion daimi – Tatarisch" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Gravitatsion daimi" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гравітаційна стала – Ukrainisch" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гравітаційна стала" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitatsion_doimiy" title="Gravitatsion doimiy – Usbekisch" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gravitatsion doimiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Usbekisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%B1ng_s%E1%BB%91_h%E1%BA%A5p_d%E1%BA%ABn" title="Hằng số hấp dẫn – Vietnamesisch" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hằng số hấp dẫn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0" title="万有引力常数 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="万有引力常数" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="გრავიტაციული კონსტანტა – Mingrelisch" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გრავიტაციული კონსტანტა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0" title="万有引力常数 – Chinesisch" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="万有引力常数" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81n-i%C3%BA-%C3%ADn-le%CC%8Dk_si%C3%B4ng-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Bān-iú-ín-le̍k siông-sò͘ – Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bān-iú-ín-le̍k siông-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="萬有引力常數 – Kantonesisch" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="萬有引力常數" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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