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<ul id="toc-Chieftain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_of_specific_tribal_chiefdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_of_specific_tribal_chiefdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terms of specific tribal chiefdoms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terms_of_specific_tribal_chiefdoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terms of specific tribal chiefdoms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terms_of_specific_tribal_chiefdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania_and_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania_and_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Oceania and Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania_and_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_states_or_regions_providing_an_organized_form_of_tribal_chiefships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_states_or_regions_providing_an_organized_form_of_tribal_chiefships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern states or regions providing an organized form of tribal chiefships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_states_or_regions_providing_an_organized_form_of_tribal_chiefships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern states or regions providing an organized form of tribal chiefships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_states_or_regions_providing_an_organized_form_of_tribal_chiefships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Botswana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botswana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Botswana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botswana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Uganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.1</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_cultural_differences_between_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_cultural_differences_between_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3.1</span> <span>Historical cultural differences between tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_cultural_differences_between_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_power_in_a_tribe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_power_in_a_tribe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3.2</span> <span>Political power in a tribe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_power_in_a_tribe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_power_in_a_tribe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_power_in_a_tribe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3.3</span> <span>Economic power in a tribe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_power_in_a_tribe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tribal chief</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9" title="شيخ قبيلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيخ قبيلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okimaw" title="Okimaw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Okimaw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Правадыр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Правадыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4" title="Вожд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вожд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiptling" title="Haiptling – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Haiptling" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poglavica" title="Poglavica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poglavica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishe_(wedunhu)" title="Ishe (wedunhu) – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ishe (wedunhu)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8vding" title="Høvding – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Høvding" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4uptling" title="Häuptling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Häuptling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefe_tribal" title="Jefe tribal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jefe tribal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentestro" title="Gentestro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gentestro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef_tribal" title="Chef tribal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chef tribal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamhaad" title="Stamhaad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stamhaad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%94%EC%9E%A5" title="추장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="추장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poglavica" title="Poglavica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poglavica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Tribal chief" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala_suku" title="Kepala suku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepala suku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_trib%C3%B9" title="Capo tribù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capo tribù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A3_(%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%98)" title="צ'יף (שבט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'יף (שבט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifu" title="Chifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Поглавица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Поглавица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamhoofd" title="Stamhoofd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stamhoofd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7" title="酋長 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酋長" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Баьчча – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Баьчча" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8vding" title="Høvding – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høvding" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8vding" title="Høvding – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Høvding" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chefe_tribal" title="Chefe tribal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chefe tribal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Вождь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вождь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tribal chief" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Поглавица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Поглавица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poglavica" title="Poglavica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poglavica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6vding" title="Hövding – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hövding" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabile_lideri" title="Kabile lideri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kabile lideri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Вождь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вождь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chieftain" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chieftain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chieftain (disambiguation)">Chieftain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tribal_chief" title="Special:EditPage/Tribal chief">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tribal_chief" title="Talk:Tribal chief">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tribal+chief%22">"Tribal chief"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tribal+chief%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tribal+chief%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tribal+chief%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tribal+chief%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tribal+chief%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">Political</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">legal anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Status and rank</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascribed_status" title="Ascribed status">Ascribed status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achieved_status" title="Achieved status">Achieved status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Social status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_grade" title="Age grade">Age grade</a>/<a href="/wiki/Age_set" title="Age set">Age set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leveling_mechanism" title="Leveling mechanism">Leveling mechanism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Leadership</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_man_(anthropology)" title="Big man (anthropology)">Big man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(administrative_title)" title="Elder (administrative title)">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantribal sodalities">Pantribal sodalities</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">Paramount chief</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Polities</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">Band society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentary_lineage" title="Segmentary lineage">Segmentary lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">Petty kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_state" title="Theatre state">Theatre state</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Law and custom</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_warfare" title="Ritual warfare">Ritual warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Acephelous</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Societies without hierarchical leaders</dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Systems" title="African Political Systems">African Political Systems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_exchange" title="Moka exchange">Papuan Big man system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Not_Being_Governed" title="The Art of Not Being Governed">The Art of Not Being Governed</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>State</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Non-western state systems</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali" title="Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali">Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">Mandala</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Technology,_Tradition,_and_the_State_in_Africa" title="Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa">Technology, Tradition,<br /> and the State in Africa</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Legal systems</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapu_(Hawaiian_culture)" title="Kapu (Hawaiian culture)">Kapu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Colonialism and resistance</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europe_and_the_People_Without_History" title="Europe and the People Without History">Europe and the People <br />Without History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._Adamson_Hoebel" title="E. Adamson Hoebel">E. Adamson Hoebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Balandier" title="Georges Balandier">Georges Balandier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._G._Bailey" title="F. G. Bailey">F. G. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Barth" title="Fredrik Barth">Fredrik Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Boissevain" title="Jeremy Boissevain">Jeremy Boissevain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carneiro" title="Robert L. Carneiro">Robert L. Carneiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_J._M._Claessen" title="Henri J. M. Claessen">Henri J. M. Claessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Comaroff" title="Jean Comaroff">Jean Comaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Comaroff" title="John Comaroff">John Comaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Clastres" title="Pierre Clastres">Pierre Clastres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fikentscher" title="Wolfgang Fikentscher">Wolfgang Fikentscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Fortes" title="Meyer Fortes">Meyer Fortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Fried" title="Morton Fried">Morton Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Gill" title="Lesley Gill">Lesley Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Hannerz" title="Ulf Hannerz">Ulf Hannerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blom_Hansen" title="Thomas Blom Hansen">Thomas Blom Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_C._Lewellen" title="Ted C. Lewellen">Ted C. Lewellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leach" title="Edmund Leach">Edmund Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Linton" title="Ralph Linton">Ralph Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mertz" title="Elizabeth Mertz">Elizabeth Mertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Sidney Mintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Falk_Moore" title="Sally Falk Moore">Sally Falk Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Needham" title="Rodney Needham">Rodney Needham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">James C. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elman_Service" title="Elman Service">Elman Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Southall" title="Aidan Southall">Aidan Southall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spencer" title="Jonathan Spencer">Jonathan Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Thomassen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Thomassen">Bjorn Thomassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_R._White" title="Douglas R. White">Douglas R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumscription_theory" title="Circumscription theory">Circumscription theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">Legal anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_paradigm" title="Left–right paradigm">Left–right paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">State formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy in anthropology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Network_Analysis_and_Ethnographic_Problems" title="Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems">Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Anthropology_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Political and Legal Anthropology Review">Political and Legal Anthropology Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Legal_Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Legal Anthropology (page does not exist)">Journal of Legal Anthropology</a></i></li> <li><i>Journal of Law and Society</i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_anthropology" title="Template:Political anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_anthropology" title="Template talk:Political anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>tribal chief</b>, <b>chieftain</b>, or <b>headman</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader">leader</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal society</a> or of a <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdom</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Coolie_Chieftain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_Coolie_Chieftain.jpg/220px-A_Coolie_Chieftain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_Coolie_Chieftain.jpg/330px-A_Coolie_Chieftain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_Coolie_Chieftain.jpg/440px-A_Coolie_Chieftain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2683" data-file-height="3536" /></a><figcaption>A portrait, published in 1813, of a <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a> tribal chief of <a href="/wiki/Dahewan" title="Dahewan">Dahewan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_societies">Tribal societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tribal societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no definition for "tribe". </p><p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a> is a broadly applied concept, based on tribal concepts of societies of western <a href="/wiki/Afroeurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroeurasia">Afroeurasia</a>. </p><p>Tribal societies are sometimes categorized as an intermediate stage between the <a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">band society</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> stage and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> with centralized, super-regional government based in <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the Ancient Near East">cities</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Elman_Service" title="Elman Service">Elman Service</a> distinguishes two stages of tribal societies: simple societies organized by limited instances of social rank and prestige, and more <a href="/wiki/Stratified_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratified society">stratified societies</a> led by chieftains or tribal kings (<a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>). Stratified tribal societies led by tribal kings are thought to have flourished from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> stage into the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, albeit in competition with <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> civilisations and <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a> beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the case of tribal societies of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> existing within larger colonial and post-colonial states, tribal chiefs may represent their tribe or ethnicity in a form of <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chieftain">Chieftain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chieftain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom#Concept" title="Chiefdom">Chiefdom § Concept</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tribal_chief" title="Special:EditPage/Tribal chief">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most common types are the chairman of a council (usually of "<a href="/wiki/Elder_(administrative_title)" title="Elder (administrative title)">elders</a>") and/or a broader <a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">popular assembly</a> in "parliamentary" cultures, the war chief (may be an alternative or additional post in war time), the hereditary chief, and the politically dominant <a href="/wiki/Medicineman" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicineman">medicineman</a>. </p><p>The term is usually distinct from chiefs at lower levels, such as <a href="/wiki/Village_headman" class="mw-redirect" title="Village headman">village chief</a> (geographically defined) or <a href="/wiki/Clan_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan chief">clan chief</a> (an essentially genealogical notion). The descriptive "tribal" requires an ethno-cultural identity (racial, linguistic, religious etc.) as well as some political (representative, legislative, executive and/or judicial) expression. In certain situations, and especially in a <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> context, the most powerful member of either a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> of such tribal, clan or village chiefs would be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">paramount chief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tribal_chief" title="Special:EditPage/Tribal chief">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arminius1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Arminius1.jpg/170px-Arminius1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Arminius1.jpg/255px-Arminius1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Arminius1.jpg/340px-Arminius1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="3433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>, a chieftain of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a> tribe who defeated three <a href="/wiki/Roman_legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman legions">Roman legions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Classical sources of information about tribal societies are external descriptions such as from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Roman_ethnography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greco-Roman ethnography (page does not exist)">Greco-Roman ethnography</a>, which identified societies, surrounding the societies of the ethnographers, as tribal. </p><p><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, particularly in the last centuries, forced their central governments onto many remaining tribal societies. </p><p>In some instances tribes have retained or regained partial self-government and their lifestyles, with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous peoples rights</a> having been fought for and some being secured on state or international levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_of_specific_tribal_chiefdoms">Terms of specific tribal chiefdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terms of specific tribal chiefdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lonco" class="mw-redirect" title="Lonco">Lonco</a></i> (mapudungun: longko, "head") among the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">Morubixaba</a> — tribal Cacique (chief) of the <a href="/wiki/Tupi_people" title="Tupi people">Tupi people</a></li> <li>Oubutu (among the Kalinago people of the southern Caribbean)</li> <li>Rajiv (among the central Trinidadian people of Freeport)</li> <li>Tyee, a tribal chief of the <a href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinookan peoples</a> in the Pacific Northwest of the present-day United States<sup id="cite_ref-Appleton_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cramoisy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramoisy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">Cacique</a>, a term used among the <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a> Nation of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean islands">Caribbean islands</a>, later adopted by the Spanish to refer to all heads of <a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefdoms">chiefdoms</a> whom they encountered: <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tecun_Uman" title="Tecun Uman">Tecun Uman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenamaxtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenamaxtli">Tenamaxtli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1catl" title="Atlácatl">Atlácatl</a>, Lempira, <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_(cacique)" title="Nicarao (cacique)">Nicarao (cacique)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Amaru_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupac Amaru II">Tupac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">Sachem</a>, term of chiefdom of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> nations of present-day New England in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivian_monarchy" title="Afro-Bolivian monarchy">Afro-Bolivian king</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tribal_chief" title="Special:EditPage/Tribal chief">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesia-chief-badge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Rhodesia-chief-badge.jpg/220px-Rhodesia-chief-badge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/Rhodesia-chief-badge.jpg/330px-Rhodesia-chief-badge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/Rhodesia-chief-badge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Badge of office of Chief Gambo, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1979</span>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Ishe or She for male chiefs and Shekadzi for a woman (<a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>)</li> <li>Agwam (<a href="/wiki/Atyap_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Atyap people">Atyap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bajju_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajju people">Bajju</a> people of central <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eze" title="Eze">Eze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> of Nigeria)</li> <li>Gbong Gwom Jos (of the <a href="/wiki/Berom_people" title="Berom people">Berom people</a> of Nigeria)</li> <li>Ker (<a href="/wiki/Luo_people" title="Luo people">Luo people</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgosi" title="Kgosi">Kgosi</a> (amongst the <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana people</a> of Botswana and South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamido" title="Lamido">Lamido</a> (in the Hausaland region of Niger and Nigeria)</li> <li>Mogho Naba (in the Ouagadougou region of Burkina Faso)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkosi" title="Inkosi">Nkosi</a> (Zulu, Ndebele and Xhosa peoples, South Africa and Zimbabwe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oba_(ruler)" title="Oba (ruler)">Oba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oloye" class="mw-redirect" title="Oloye">Oloye</a> (also in Nigeria, with various <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bini_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bini people">Bini</a> holders).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obai" class="mw-redirect" title="Obai">Obai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Temne_people" title="Temne people">Temne people</a> of Sierra Leone)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omanhene" title="Omanhene">Omanhene</a> (amongst the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan peoples</a> of Ghana)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkoiyot" title="Orkoiyot">Orkoiyot</a> (Nandi people in Kenya)</li> <li>Obong (of the <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a> people of Calabar in Southern Nigeria)</li> <li>Tor Tiv of the <a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a> people of Central Nigeria</li> <li>Uyini (meaning 'lord') of the <a href="/wiki/Ukelle_people_(Nigeria)" title="Ukelle people (Nigeria)">Ukelle</a> of Southern Nigeria</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania_and_Southeast_Asia">Oceania and Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oceania and Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi" title="Aliʻi">Aliʻi</a> and Aliʻi nui were the chiefs and high chiefs of the islands of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Islands">Hawaii Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">Ariki</a>, 'ariki henua</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade-taking" title="Grade-taking">Grade-taking</a> systems of northern <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li>Ibedul</li> <li>Meena means Chief of tribals in South Asia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroijlaplap" title="Iroijlaplap">Iroijlaplap</a></li> <li>Maga'låhi and maga'håga, the first-borne male and female, respectively, joint heads of a <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a> clan, through the maternal line, of the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Matai</i>, in the Samoan <i><a href="/wiki/Fa%27amatai" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'amatai">fa'amatai</a></i> system</li> <li>Nahnmwarki (<a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a>), Lepen Palikir</li> <li>Pilung, a title for village, municipal and paramount chiefs and rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">Rangatira</a>, a chief of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> in New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratu" title="Ratu">Ratu</a>, Fijian Chief, Malay for Queen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Datu</a>, Malay and Filipino Chief</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_states_or_regions_providing_an_organized_form_of_tribal_chiefships">Modern states or regions providing an organized form of tribal chiefships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern states or regions providing an organized form of tribal chiefships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_2">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Botswana">Botswana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Botswana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Botswana, the reigning <a href="/wiki/Kgosi" title="Kgosi">kgosis</a> of the various tribes are legally empowered to serve as advisers to the government as members of the <a href="/wiki/Ntlo_ya_Dikgosi" title="Ntlo ya Dikgosi">Ntlo ya Dikgosi</a>, the national <a href="/wiki/House_of_Chiefs" title="House of Chiefs">House of Chiefs</a>. In addition to this, they also serve as the ex officio chairs of the tribal <i>kgotlas</i>, meetings of all of the members of the tribes, where political and social matters are discussed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghana">Ghana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The offices and traditional realms of the <a href="/wiki/Nana_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana (title)">nanas</a> of Ghana are constitutionally protected by the republican constitution of the country. The chiefs serve as custodians of all traditional lands and the cultures of the traditional areas. They also serve as members of the Ghanaian <a href="/wiki/National_House_of_Chiefs" title="National House of Chiefs">National House of Chiefs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although both the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_rulers" title="Nigerian traditional rulers">Nigerian traditional rulers</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Chieftaincy" title="Nigerian Chieftaincy">chieftaincy</a> aren't mentioned in Nigeria's current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">constitution</a>, they derive their powers from various so-called <i>Chiefs laws</i> and are therefore legally recognized. The traditional rulers and select chiefs usually serve as members of each federating state's <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Traditional_Rulers_and_Chiefs" title="State Council of Traditional Rulers and Chiefs">State Council of Traditional Rulers and Chiefs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Such figures as the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Zulu_Nation" title="King of the Zulu Nation">king of the Zulu Nation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rain_Queen" title="Rain Queen">rain queen</a> are politically recognized in South Africa because they derive their status, not only from tribal custom, but also from the Traditional Leadership Clause of the country's current constitution. Some of them are members of the <a href="/wiki/National_House_of_Traditional_Leaders" title="National House of Traditional Leaders">National House of Traditional Leaders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uganda">Uganda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pre-colonial states that existed in what is today Uganda were summarily abolished following independence from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. However, following constitutional reforms in 1993, a number of them were restored as politically neutral constituencies of the state by the government of <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a>. Such figures as the <a href="/wiki/Kabaka_of_Buganda" title="Kabaka of Buganda">kabaka of Buganda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Omukama_of_Toro" class="mw-redirect" title="Omukama of Toro">omukama of Toro</a> typify the Ugandan chieftaincy class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas_2">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caciquismo" class="extiw" title="es:Caciquismo">El caciquismo</a></b> is a distorted form of government through which a political leader has total control of a rural society expressed as political <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelism</a>. This concept was most widespread in Latin America in its different periods of history. In Spain and some Latin American countries, the word <i>cacique</i> is used pejoratively to refer to those who hold the power through obscure networks of influence even though this type of fraud is not related to <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian era</a> civilizations </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivian_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Bolivian community">Afro-Bolivian people</a>, a recognized ethnic constituency of Bolivia, are led by a <a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivian_monarchy" title="Afro-Bolivian monarchy">king</a> whose title is also recognized by the Bolivian government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">Band government</a></div> <p>The band is the fundamental unit of governance among the <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations in Canada</a> (formerly called "Indians"). Most bands have elected chiefs, either directly elected by all members of the band, or indirectly by the band council, these chiefs are recognized by the Canadian state under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a>. As well, there may be traditional hereditary or charismatic chiefs, who are usually not part of the Indian Act-sanctioned formal government. There were 614 bands in Canada in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a national organization, the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a>, which elects a "national chief" to act as spokesperson of all First Nations bands in Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribe (Native American)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Historical_cultural_differences_between_tribes">Historical cultural differences between tribes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historical cultural differences between tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, a tribe or nation is considered to be part of an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>, usually sharing cultural <a href="/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (personal and cultural)">values</a>. For example, the forest-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewa">Chippewa</a> historically built dwellings from the bark of trees. On the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, where trees were rare, some tribes typically dwelt in skin-covered <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipis</a>, usually acquiring the <a href="/wiki/Lodgepole_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodgepole pine">lodgepoles</a> by trade, while other Plains tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a>, built their lodges of earth.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_FieldMuseum"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief#endnote_FieldMuseum">[1]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo people</a> of the Southwest built their dwellings of stone and earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Political_power_in_a_tribe">Political power in a tribe</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political power in a tribe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A chief might be considered to hold all political power, say by oratory or by example. But on the North American continent, it was historically possible to evade the political power of another by migration. The <a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingos</a>, for example, were <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> who migrated further west to the sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> during the 18th century. Two Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois, <a href="/wiki/Hiawatha" title="Hiawatha">Hiawatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Peacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Peacemaker">the Great Peacemaker</a>, formulated a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iroquois_constitution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iroquois constitution (page does not exist)">constitution</a> for the Iroquois Confederation. </p><p>The tribes <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">were pacified</a> by units of the United States Army in the nineteenth century, and were also subject to forced schooling in the decades afterward. Thus, it is uncommon for today's tribes to have a purely Native American cultural background, and today Native Americans are in many ways simply another ethnicity of the secular American people. Because formal education is now respected, some like <a href="/wiki/Peter_MacDonald_(Navajo_leader)" title="Peter MacDonald (Navajo leader)">Peter MacDonald</a>, a Navajo, left their jobs in the mainstream U.S. economy to become chairpeople of their tribal councils or similar self-government institutions. </p><p>Not all tribal leaders are or were men. <a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a> was a well-known chief of the Cherokee Nation. Also, the chief may not free to wield power without the consent of a council of elders of some kind. For example: <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> men were not permitted to go to war without the consent of the council of women. </p><p>Historically, the U.S. government treated tribes as seats of political power, and made treaties with the tribes as legal entities. Be that as it may, the territory of these tribes fell under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> as reservations held in trust for the tribes. Citizenship was formerly considered a tribal matter. For example, it was not until 1924 that the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo people</a> were granted U.S. citizenship, and it was not until 1948 that the Puebloans were granted the right to vote in state elections in New Mexico. In Wisconsin, the <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a> has its own county <a href="/wiki/Menominee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Menominee County, Wisconsin">Menominee County, Wisconsin</a> with special car license plates; 87% of the county's population is Native American. </p><p>Mainstream Americans often find pride and comfort in realizing that at least part of their ethnic ancestry is Native American, although the connection is usually only sentimental and not economic or cultural. Thus, there is some political power in one's ability to claim a Native American connection (as in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminole" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Seminole">Black Seminole</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Economic_power_in_a_tribe">Economic power in a tribe</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economic power in a tribe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Iroquois" title="Economy of the Iroquois">Economy of the Iroquois</a></div> <p>Because the Nations were sovereign, with treaty rights and obligations, the Wisconsin tribes innovated <a href="/wiki/Native_American_gaming" title="Native American gaming">Indian gaming</a> in 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, on-reservation gambling casinos, which have since become a US$14 billion industry nationwide. This has been imitated in many of the respective states that still have indigenous American tribes. The money that this generates has engendered some political scandal. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Tiwa_Puebloans" title="Tiwa Puebloans">Tigua</a> tribe, which fled their ancestral lands in New Mexico during the Pueblo revolt of 1680, and who then settled on land in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Texas" title="El Paso County, Texas">El Paso County, Texas</a>, has paid<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a low probable return to the tribe because of the <a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Jack Abramoff</a> publicity. </p><p>Many of the tribes use professional management for their money. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Mescalero_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero Apache">Mescalero Apache</a> renovated their Inn of the Mountain Gods to include gambling as well as the previous tourism, lodging, and skiing in the older Inn. </p><p>The Navajo nation defeated bids to open casinos in 1994, but by 2004 the <a href="/wiki/Shiprock" title="Shiprock">Shiprock</a> casino was a <i><a href="/wiki/Fait_accompli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fait accompli">fait accompli</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabia">Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arabs, in particular peninsular <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a>, nomadic Bedouins and many Iraqis and Syrians, are largely organized in tribes, many of whom have official representatives in governments. Tribal chiefs are known as <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikhs</a>, though this term is also sometimes applied as an honorific title to spiritual leaders of Sufism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apo Rodolfo Aguilar (Kudol I) serves as the chieftain of the <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagbanwa people">Tagbanwa</a> tribes people living in Banuang Daan and Cabugao settlements in Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines. His position is recognized by the Filipino government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> have a Local Court Act which empowers chiefs to deal with crimes in their communities, thus assuring them of considerable effective authority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>American professional wrestler <a href="/wiki/Roman_Reigns" title="Roman Reigns">Roman Reigns</a> has been using the <a href="/wiki/Persona_and_reception_of_Roman_Reigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Persona and reception of Roman Reigns">moniker</a> "The Tribal Chief" as part of his <a href="/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)" title="Heel (professional wrestling)">villainous</a> <a href="/wiki/Gimmick_(professional_wrestling)" title="Gimmick (professional wrestling)">character</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_chiefs" class="mw-redirect" title="House of chiefs">House of chiefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opperhoofd" title="Opperhoofd">Opperhoofd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">Petty kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_FieldMuseum"><b><a href="#ref_FieldMuseum">^</a></b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Museum">Field Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a> has an exhibit on the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> earth lodge.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_FieldMuseum2"><b><a href="#ref_FieldMuseum2">^</a></b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Museum">Field Museum</a> has exhibits with artifacts, dress, tools, and pottery of the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Northwest</a> tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Plains_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains tribes">Plains tribes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands</a> (especially those of the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFService1976" class="citation book cs1">Service, Elman R (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primitivesocialo0000serv"><i>Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective</i></a></span>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+is+Roman+Reigns+Called+the+Tribal+Chief%3F&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportsmanor.com%2Fwwe-news-why-is-roman-reigns-called-the-tribal-chief%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribal+chief" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_chief&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/full_story.php?content_id=69681">Death of Andamanese Tribal Chief in India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firstgov.gov/Government/State_Local/Tribal_Sites.shtml">List of 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