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class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>2011 NGO foreign workers abduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_NGO_foreign_workers_abduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مخيمات اللاجئين الصحراويين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخيمات اللاجئين الصحراويين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camps_de_refugiats_de_la_prov%C3%ADncia_de_Tindouf" title="Camps de refugiats de la província de Tindouf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camps de refugiats de la província de Tindouf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campos_de_refugiados_de_la_provincia_de_Tinduf" title="Campos de refugiados de la provincia de Tinduf – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campos de refugiados de la provincia de Tinduf" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharaj_Rifu%C4%9Dejoj" title="Saharaj Rifuĝejoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saharaj Rifuĝejoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camps_de_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s_sahraouis" title="Camps de réfugiés sahraouis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camps de réfugiés sahraouis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC_%EB%82%9C%EB%AF%BC_%EC%BA%A0%ED%94%84" title="사하라 난민 캠프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사하라 난민 캠프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campi_profughi_Sahrawi" title="Campi profughi Sahrawi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campi profughi Sahrawi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מחנות פליטים סהראווים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחנות פליטים סהראווים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambi_za_wakimbizi_za_Sahrawi" title="Kambi za wakimbizi za Sahrawi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kambi za wakimbizi za Sahrawi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_saharawiske_flyktningleirene_i_Tindouf" title="De saharawiske flyktningleirene i Tindouf – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De saharawiske flyktningleirene i Tindouf" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campos_de_refugiados_saarau%C3%ADs" title="Campos de refugiados saarauís – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campos de refugiados saarauís" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_v%C3%A4stsahariska_flyktingl%C3%A4gren_i_Tindouf" title="De västsahariska flyktinglägren i Tindouf – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="De västsahariska flyktinglägren i Tindouf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%81_%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE" title="صحراوی پناہ گزین کیمپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صحراوی پناہ گزین کیمپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ElAiounrefugeecamp.jpg/450px-ElAiounrefugeecamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ElAiounrefugeecamp.jpg/600px-ElAiounrefugeecamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Refugee camp in Tindouf.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding:0.5em 0.5em 0;">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/200px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/300px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/400px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army_of_Liberation" title="Moroccan Army of Liberation">Moroccan Army of Liberation</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Saguia_el_Hamra_and_Wadi_el_Dhahab" title="Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab">Movement for the Liberation of<br />Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Union_Party" title="Sahrawi National Union Party">Sahrawi National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_partition_agreement" title="Western Sahara partition agreement">Partition agreement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">Tiris al-Gharbiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">Free Zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Western_Sahara" title="Annexation of Western Sahara">Annexation of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco" title="Foreign relations of Morocco">Foreign relations of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Politics of the SADR</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council<br />for Saharan Affairs</a></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Clashes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemla_Intifada" title="Zemla Intifada">Zemla Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="First Sahrawi Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="Second Sahrawi Intifada">Independence Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gdeim_Izik_protest_camp" title="Gdeim Izik protest camp">Gdeim Izik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Arab Spring protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">2020–present clashes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugees" title="Sahrawi refugees">Refugees</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationality_law" title="Sahrawi nationality law">Sahrawi nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_settlers" title="Moroccan settlers">Moroccan settlers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Moroccan Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_peace_process" title="Western Sahara peace process">Peace process</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">UN resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" title="1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">UN referendum mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_Western_Sahara" title="Advisory opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_Autonomy_Proposal" title="Western Sahara Autonomy Proposal">Autonomy Proposal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Template:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Template talk:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sahrawi refugee camps</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مخيمات اللاجئين الصحراويين</span>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Campamentos de refugiados saharauis</i>), also known as the <b>Tindouf camps</b>, are a collection of <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camps</a> set up in the <a href="/wiki/Tindouf_Province" title="Tindouf Province">Tindouf Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, in 1975–76 for <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugees" title="Sahrawi refugees">Sahrawi refugees</a> fleeing from <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Moroccan forces</a>, who advanced through <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a>. With most of the original refugees still living in the camps, the situation is among the most protracted in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr_2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The limited opportunities for self-reliance in the harsh <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> environment have forced the refugees to rely on international <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian assistance</a> for their survival.<sup id="cite_ref-wfp_2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfp_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Tindouf camps differ from the majority of refugee camps in the level of self-organization. Most affairs and camp life organization are run by the refugees themselves, with little outside interference.<sup id="cite_ref-fmo_2004_c_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmo_2004_c-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The camps are divided into five <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wilaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilaya">wilayat</a></i></span> (districts) named after towns in Western Sahara; <a href="/wiki/El_Aaiun_refugee_camp" title="El Aaiun refugee camp">El Aaiun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awserd_refugee_camp" title="Awserd refugee camp">Awserd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smara_refugee_camp" title="Smara refugee camp">Smara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakhla_refugee_camp" title="Dakhla refugee camp">Dakhla</a> and more recently <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bojador_refugee_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bojador refugee camp (page does not exist)">Cape Bojador</a> (or the <a href="/wiki/Da%C3%AFra_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Daïra of Algeria">daira</a> of Bojador).<sup id="cite_ref-arso_1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arso_1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there is a smaller satellite camp known as "February 27", surrounding a <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a> for women, and an administrative camp called <a href="/wiki/Rabouni_refugee_camp" title="Rabouni refugee camp">Rabouni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fmo_2005_b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmo_2005_b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encampments are spread out over a quite large area. While Laayoune, Smara, Awserd, February 27 and Rabouni all lie within an hour's drive of the Algerian city of <a href="/wiki/Tindouf" title="Tindouf">Tindouf</a>, the Dakhla camp lies 170 kilometres (110 mi) to the southeast. The camps are also the headquarters of the 6th military region of the <a href="/wiki/Saharawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic">Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_public_service_institutions">Administration and public service institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Administration and public service institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camps_de_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s_Tindouf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Camps_de_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s_Tindouf.svg/220px-Camps_de_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s_Tindouf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Camps_de_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s_Tindouf.svg/330px-Camps_de_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s_Tindouf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Camps_de_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s_Tindouf.svg/440px-Camps_de_r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s_Tindouf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Map of the camps close to Tindouf. Not shown: Dakhla.</figcaption></figure> <p>The refugee camps are governed by <a href="/wiki/Polisario" class="mw-redirect" title="Polisario">Polisario</a>, being administratively part of the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (SADR). SADR's <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> and administration are located in the Rabouni camp.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tindouf camps are divided into administrative sub-units electing their own officials to represent the neighbourhoods in political decision-making. Each of the four <i><a href="/wiki/Wilaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilaya">wilayas</a></i> (districts) are divided into six or seven <i><a href="/wiki/Da%C3%AFra" title="Daïra">daïras</a></i> (villages),<sup id="cite_ref-arso_1995_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arso_1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are in turn divided into <i>hay</i>s or <i><a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrios</a></i> (neighborhoods).<sup id="cite_ref-arso_1995_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arso_1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local committees distribute basic goods, water and food, while "daïra" authorities made up by the representatives of the "hays" organize schools, cultural activities and medical services. Some argue that this results in a form of basic <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> on the level of camp administration, and that this has improved the efficiency of aid distribution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Women are active on several levels of administration, and <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> has appraised their importance in camp administration and social structures.<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr_2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr_2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Algeria does not intervene in their organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Stante_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stante-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Algerian military has a significant presence in the nearby city of Tindouf, Algeria insists that responsibility for human rights in the camps lies with the Polisario.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camp residents are subject to the constitution and laws of SADR. A local justice system, with <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisons</a>, is administered by Polisario. Local <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> judges) have jurisdiction over personal status and family law issues.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polisario has prioritised education from the beginning,<sup id="cite_ref-fmo_2005_b_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmo_2005_b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the local authorities have established 29 <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschools</a>, 31 <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary</a> and seven <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a>, the academic institutions of ‘27 February’ and ‘12 October’ as well as various technical training centres (without forgetting that Tindouf campements count 90.000 refugees) .<sup id="cite_ref-wfp_2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfp_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While teaching materials are still scarce, the literacy rate has increased from about 5% at the formation of the camps to 90% in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-arso_1995_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arso_1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children's education is obligatory,<sup id="cite_ref-fmo_2005_b_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmo_2005_b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several thousands have received university educations in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><sup id="cite_ref-arso_2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arso_2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Spain as part of aid packages. </p><p>The camps have 27 <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">clinics</a>, a central hospital and four regional hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-wfp_2010_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfp_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Men perform military service in the armed forces of the SADR. During the war years, at least some women were enrolled in auxiliary units guarding the refugee camps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_numbers">Population numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Population numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugees" title="Sahrawi refugees">Sahrawi refugees</a></div> <p>The number of Sahrawi refugees in Tindouf camps is disputed and politically sensitive. <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> argues that Polisario and Algeria overestimate the numbers to attract political attention and foreign aid, while Polisario accuses Morocco of attempting to restrict human aid as a means of pressure on civilian refugee populations. The refugees' numbers will also be important in determining their political weight in the possible event of a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> to determine Western Sahara's future status. </p><p>Algerian authorities have estimated the number of Sahrawi refugees in Algeria to be 165,000. This has been supported by Polisario, although the movement recognizes that some refugees have rebased to Mauritania, a country that houses about 26,000 Sahrawis refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-uscri_2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscri_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unhcr_2009_mauritania_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr_2009_mauritania-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> referred to Algeria's figure for many years, but in 2005 concern about it being inflated led the organization to reduce its working figure to 90,000 based on satellite imagery analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr_2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ussd_2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ussd_2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNHCR is in dialogue with the Algerian Government and the Sahrawi refugee leadership, seeking to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> to determine the exact number of refugees in the camps.<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr_2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, UN's <a href="/wiki/Minurso" class="mw-redirect" title="Minurso">Minurso</a> mission identified 42,378 voting-age adults in the camps, counting only those who had contacted the mission's registration offices and subsequently been able to prove their descent from pre-1975 Western Sahara. No attempt was made to estimate the total population number in the camps.<sup id="cite_ref-minurso_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minurso-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Moroccan government contends that the total number of refugees is around 45,000 to 50,000, and also that these people are kept in the camps by Polisario against their will.<sup id="cite_ref-ecoi_2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoi_2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Central Intelligence Agency notes that there are about 100,000 refugees in Algerian sponsored camps near the town of Tindouf alone.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Living_conditions">Living conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Living conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Efectos_de_las_lluvias_de_febrero_de_2006_en_el_campamento_27_de_febrero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Efectos_de_las_lluvias_de_febrero_de_2006_en_el_campamento_27_de_febrero.jpg/300px-Efectos_de_las_lluvias_de_febrero_de_2006_en_el_campamento_27_de_febrero.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Efectos_de_las_lluvias_de_febrero_de_2006_en_el_campamento_27_de_febrero.jpg/450px-Efectos_de_las_lluvias_de_febrero_de_2006_en_el_campamento_27_de_febrero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Efectos_de_las_lluvias_de_febrero_de_2006_en_el_campamento_27_de_febrero.jpg/600px-Efectos_de_las_lluvias_de_febrero_de_2006_en_el_campamento_27_de_febrero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>View of the 27 February camp after the floods that devastated the camps in February 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saharawi_refugee_women_with_flour_in_Dakhla,_Algeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Saharawi_refugee_women_with_flour_in_Dakhla%2C_Algeria.jpg/300px-Saharawi_refugee_women_with_flour_in_Dakhla%2C_Algeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Saharawi_refugee_women_with_flour_in_Dakhla%2C_Algeria.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a>-supplied bread flour being distributed to mothers and children in <a href="/wiki/Dakhla,_Western_Sahara" title="Dakhla, Western Sahara">Dakhla</a> refugee camp. (January 18–25, 2004)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tindouf area is located on the <i>hammada</i>, a vast desert plain of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>. Summer temperatures in this part of the <i>hammada</i>, historically known as "The Devil's Garden", are often above <span style="white-space:nowrap">50<span style="margin-left:0.25em">°C</span></span> and frequent sand storms disrupt normal life. There is little or no vegetation, and firewood has to be gathered by car tens of kilometers away. Only a few of the camps have access to water, and the drinking sources are neither clean nor sufficient for the entire refugee population. Basic life cannot be sustained in this environment, and the camps are completely dependent on foreign aid. </p><p>Food, drinking water, building materials and clothing are brought in by car by international aid agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basic food is brought in from the port of Oran to Rabouni by the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP) in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Red_Crescent_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Red Crescent Society">Algerian Red Crescent</a> (ARC) and the Algerian government, while food distribution from Rabouni is organized by Polisario in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Red_Crescent" title="Sahrawi Red Crescent">Western Sahara Red Crescent</a> (WSRC).<sup id="cite_ref-wfp_2010_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfp_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of a basic market economy, some refugees have been able to acquire television sets and use cars; several hundred <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dishes</a> have popped up in recent years. </p><p>The refugee population is plagued by the lack of vegetables, nutritious food and medicines. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="World Food Program">World Food Program</a>, 40% of the children suffer from lack of iron, and 10% of the children below five years of age suffer from acute lack of nutrition. 32% are suffering from chronic lack of nutrition. 47% of the women suffer from lack of iron.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Heavy flash rains and floods destroyed much of the camps in February 2006, prompting a crisis response from the <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> and the World Food Program (WFP), to replace destroyed housing with tents and provide food to cover for lost storages.<sup id="cite_ref-wfp_2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfp_2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WFP has repeatedly expressed its concern over a shortage of donations, and warned of dire health consequences if needs are not met.<sup id="cite_ref-wfp_2006-11-13_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfp_2006-11-13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wfp_2006-10-26_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wfp_2006-10-26-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UNHCR warned in early 2007 that demands were not being met in the Sahrawi camps, and that malnutrition was severe.<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr_2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr_2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refugees International has noted that the situation is especially precarious in Dakhla, the most inaccessible of the camps.<sup id="cite_ref-refint_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refint-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2015, heavy rainfalls flooded the refugee camps again, destroying houses (made of sand-bricks), tents and food provisions. More than 11,000 families were affected.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> refers to the Sahrawi refugees as the "forgotten refugees".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_role"><span id="Women.27s_role"></span>Women's role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Women's role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi women">Sahrawi women</a></div> <p>Polisario has attempted to <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernize</a> the camps' society, through emphasis on education, eradication of <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a> and emancipation of women. </p><p>The role of Sahrawi women was central already in pre-colonial and colonial life, but was strengthened further during the war years (1975–1991), when Sahrawi women ran most of the camps' administration, while the men were fighting at the front.<sup id="cite_ref-fmo_2005_b_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmo_2005_b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, together with literacy and professional education classes, produced major advances in the role of women in Sahrawi society. The return of large numbers of Sahrawi men since the cease fire in 1991 may have slowed this development according to some observers, but women still run a majority of the camps' administration,<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr_2006_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr_2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Sahrawi women's union <a href="/wiki/UNMS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMS">UNMS</a> is very active in promoting their role. </p><p>Two women who had been residents of the camps however claimed that women in the refugee camps are deprived of their fundamental rights and are victims of exclusion and sexual aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-menara.ma_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menara.ma-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_and_economy">Work and economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Work and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there are several international organizations (<a href="/wiki/ECHO_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHO (European Commission)">ECHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/WFP" class="mw-redirect" title="WFP">WFP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>, etc.) working in the camps, the Polisario has insisted on using mainly local staff for construction, teaching etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It argues that this will help activate the refugee population, to avoid a sense of stagnation and hopelessness after 30 years in exile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, jobs remain scarce and those Sahrawis educated at universities abroad can rarely if ever find opportunities to use their skills.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some Sahrawis work in nearby Tindouf city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A simple monetary economy began developing in the camps during the 1990s, after Spain decided to pay pensions to <a href="/wiki/Sahrawis" title="Sahrawis">Sahrawis</a> who had been forcibly drafted as soldiers in the <i>Tropas Nómadas</i> during the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> time. Money also came from Sahrawis working in Algeria or abroad, and from refugees who pursue a traditional <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">bedouin</a> and tuareg lifestyle, herding cattle in Algeria, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and the Polisario-held areas of Western Sahara. The private economy however remains very limited, and the camps continue to survive mainly on foreign and Algerian aid.<sup id="cite_ref-fmo_2004_n_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmo_2004_n-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_separation_and_human_rights">Family separation and human rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family separation and human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the Polisario Front and Morocco are still at war, visits between the camps and the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara are virtually impossible, with the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Moroccan Wall</a> hindering movement through Western Sahara, and the <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Morocco_border" title="Algeria–Morocco border">Algeria–Morocco border</a> closed added to the restriction on movement by the Polisario on the camps population. Thousands of families have been separated for up to 30 years, a painful situation for the population in both Western Sahara and the refugee camps. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> managed a family visits exchange program for five-day visits for a limited number of people, going from the camps to the Moroccan-held territories and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-un_2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> has also established telephone and mail services between the camps and Moroccan-held Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-un_2003_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_2003-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Polisario complains of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Intifada_(Western_Sahara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Intifada (Western Sahara)">repression</a> of Sahrawi <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> activists in the Moroccan-held parts of Western Sahara; the government of Morocco, dissident <a href="/wiki/Front_Polisario_Khat_al-Shahid" title="Front Polisario Khat al-Shahid">groups</a> inside Polisario, as well as <a href="/wiki/Former_members_of_Polisario" class="mw-redirect" title="Former members of Polisario">former members of Polisario</a>, have claimed that the refugee camps occasionally are the scene of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> abuse against the refugee population by the Polisario.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Polisario Front has acknowledged reports of mistreatment in the seventies and eighties, but deny the accusations of on-going abuse. Reports of beatings and torture, in many cases leading to death, of Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> who were formerly held in the camps were backed by some human rights organizations, which seems to have contributed to the release of the last of these prisoners by the summer of 2005. There are complaints of limitations on movement between the camps, with Morocco describing them as completely shut off from the outside world, but camp authorities maintain that this is untrue, and that they are simply engaged in registering movements for aid allocation purposes. Visiting human rights organizations have concluded that the conditions are troublesome with regard to basic subsistence, but that the human rights situation is satisfactory.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-claihr_1997_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claihr_1997-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrw_1995_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw_1995-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a> (United Nations' human rights monitors) visit to both Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara and the Tindouf refugee camps in 2006 documented no complaints of human rights abuse in the camps, but stressed the need for more information. However, the report, which severely criticized Moroccan conduct in Western Sahara, was slammed as biased and partisan by the Moroccan government.<sup id="cite_ref-arso_2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arso_2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2010, the Sahrawi government had called the UN to supervise human rights in the liberated territories and refugee camps, stating that "We are ready to fully cooperate with UN human rights observers in the territory under our control. The United Nations should take this proposal seriously, and ask Morocco to do likewise".<sup id="cite_ref-sps_2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sps_2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2011_NGO_foreign_workers_abduction">2011 NGO foreign workers abduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2011 NGO foreign workers abduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 October 2011, three European humanitarian aid workers were kidnapped in the <a href="/wiki/Rabuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabuni">Rabuni</a>, the administrative center of the refugee camps. The three hostages were two Spanish citizens (Enric Gonyalons and Ainhoa Fernández de Rincón) and an Italian woman (Rossella Urru); all members of humanitarian <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the abduction, Enric Gonyalons and a Sahrawi guard were wounded by the attackers, who according to POLISARIO sources came from <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, <a href="/wiki/Brahim_Gali" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahim Gali">Brahim Gali</a>, SADR ambassador in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, said that <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_Organization_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb</a> (AQMI) was responsible for this incident.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauritanian and Malian security sources also pointed to AQMI as perpetrators of the kidnapping.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 October, <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Army">Algerian Army</a> forces killed four AQMI members, suspects of the kidnappings.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kidnapping was widely condemned internationally, for example by the <a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were set free by the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa" title="Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa">Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa</a> (MOJWA) in <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>, Mali on the 18th of July 2012, being transferred to <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and later to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poets <a href="/wiki/Hadjatu_Aliat_Swelm" title="Hadjatu Aliat Swelm">Hadjatu Aliat Swelm</a> and Hossein Moulud have written about life at the <a href="/wiki/Gdeim_Izik_protest_camp" title="Gdeim Izik protest camp">Gdeim Izik</a> protest camp.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Najla_Mohamed-Lamin" title="Najla Mohamed-Lamin">Najla Mohamed-Lamin</a> was recognised as one of the <a href="/wiki/100_Women_(BBC)" title="100 Women (BBC)">BBC's 100 women</a> in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:bbcfrench_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:bbcfrench-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Sahara" title="Portal:Western Sahara">Western Sahara portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">History of Western Sahara</a></li> <li>The five cities in Western Sahara that give name to the refugee camps: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakhla,_Western_Sahara" title="Dakhla, Western Sahara">Dakhla</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Aai%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="El Aaiún">El-Aaiun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smara" title="Smara">Smara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awserd" class="mw-redirect" title="Awserd">Awserd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bojador" title="Cape Bojador">Cape Bojador</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Intifada_(Western_Sahara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Intifada (Western Sahara)">Independence Intifada (Western Sahara)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-unhcr_2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr_2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr_2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr_2010_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/4c9085bf9.html">"UNHCR Algeria Factsheet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>. 2010-08-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719180621/http://www.unhcr.org/4c9085bf9.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNHCR+Algeria+Factsheet&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F4c9085bf9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw_2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw_2008_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_GoldsteinBill_Van_Esveld2008" class="citation book cs1">Eric Goldstein; Bill Van Esveld, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/12/19/human-rights-western-sahara-and-tindouf-refugee-camps-0"><i>Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-420-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-420-7"><bdi>978-1-56432-420-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613030817/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/12/19/human-rights-western-sahara-and-tindouf-refugee-camps-0">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+Western+Sahara+and+in+the+Tindouf+Refugee+Camps&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-420-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Freports%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2Fhuman-rights-western-sahara-and-tindouf-refugee-camps-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wfp_2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wfp_2010_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfp_2010_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfp_2010_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfp_2010_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://one.wfp.org/operations/current_operations/project_docs/200034.pdf">"Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation (PRRO) Algeria, PRRO 200034"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007192326/http://one.wfp.org/operations/current_operations/project_docs/200034.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protracted+Relief+and+Recovery+Operation+%28PRRO%29+Algeria%2C+PRRO+200034&rft.pub=World+Food+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fone.wfp.org%2Foperations%2Fcurrent_operations%2Fproject_docs%2F200034.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fmo_2004_c-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fmo_2004_c_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Brunt_Smith2004" class="citation journal cs1">Van Brunt Smith, Danielle (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/western-sahara/fmo035.pdf">"Causes and consequences"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FMO Research Guide, Western Sahara</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+of+Origin+Information+Report.+Algeria.&rft.pub=UK+Border+Agency&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecoi.net%2Ffile_upload%2F1226_1224671304_algeria-101008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/">"Africa :: Algeria — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184359/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Africa+%3A%3A+Algeria+%E2%80%94+The+World+Factbook+-+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Falgeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wfp_2006-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wfp_2006_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/node/200195">"WFP assists Sahrawi refugees hit by torrential rains"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>. 2006-02-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520072007/http://www.reliefweb.int/node/200195">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sahrawi+plight+must+not+be+forgotten%2C+warns+WFP+chief&rft.pub=WFP&rft.date=2006-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfp.org%2Fnode%2F478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wfp_2006-10-26-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wfp_2006-10-26_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfp.org/node/486">"Shortage of donations impact Sahrawi refugees in Algeria"</a>. 2006-10-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617032814/http://www.wfp.org/node/486">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shortage+of+donations+impact+Sahrawi+refugees+in+Algeria&rft.date=2006-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfp.org%2Fnode%2F486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unhcr_2007-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unhcr_2007_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/45d09ac14.html">"UNHCR-WFP team finds dire health conditions in Algerian refugee camps"</a>. UNHCR. 2007-02-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612110145/http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/45d09ac14.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNHCR-WFP+team+finds+dire+health+conditions+in+Algerian+refugee+camps&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fnews%2FNEWS%2F45d09ac14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refint-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-refint_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010721/http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/1469/">"Dakhla Refugee Camp for Saharawis: The Farthest Reaches of a Desert Wasteland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/1469/">the original</a> on September 28, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dakhla+Refugee+Camp+for+Saharawis%3A+The+Farthest+Reaches+of+a+Desert+Wasteland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refugeesinternational.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1469%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Heavy rainfalls damage Sahrawi refugee camps". Oxfam Solidarity, 22/10/2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oxfamsol.be/fr/crise-des-refugies-sahraouis-des-inondations-ravagent-les-camps">http://www.oxfamsol.be/fr/crise-des-refugies-sahraouis-des-inondations-ravagent-les-camps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054303/http://www.oxfamsol.be/fr/crise-des-refugies-sahraouis-des-inondations-ravagent-les-camps">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/echo/where/africa/algeria-western-sahara_en">"Algeria"</a>. 3 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075720/http://ec.europa.eu/echo/where/africa/algeria-western-sahara_en">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algeria&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fecho%2Fwhere%2Fafrica%2Falgeria-western-sahara_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-menara.ma-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-menara.ma_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menara.ma/fr/2013/03/08/525376-des-femmes-sahraouies-d%C3%A9noncent-au-parlement-europ%C3%A9en-les-conditions-de-vie-inhumaines-dans-les-camps-de-tindouf.html">"Menara - Menara.ma, le portail du Maroc - actualité, offres d'emploi, petites annonces, pages Jaunes, musique, blogs, cinéma - Menara.ma"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915004632/http://www.menara.ma/fr/2013/03/08/525376-des-femmes-sahraouies-d%C3%A9noncent-au-parlement-europ%C3%A9en-les-conditions-de-vie-inhumaines-dans-les-camps-de-tindouf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menara+-+Menara.ma%2C+le+portail+du+Maroc+-+actualit%C3%A9%2C+offres+d%27emploi%2C+petites+annonces%2C+pages+Jaunes%2C+musique%2C+blogs%2C+cin%C3%A9ma+-+Menara.ma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.menara.ma%2Ffr%2F2013%2F03%2F08%2F525376-des-femmes-sahraouies-d%25C3%25A9noncent-au-parlement-europ%25C3%25A9en-les-conditions-de-vie-inhumaines-dans-les-camps-de-tindouf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fmo_2004_n-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fmo_2004_n_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Brunt_Smith2004" class="citation journal cs1">Van Brunt Smith, Danielle (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/western-sahara/fmo035.pdf">"Needs and responses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FMO Research Guide, Western Sahara</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FMO+Research+Guide%2C+Western+Sahara&rft.atitle=Needs+and+responses&rft.pages=19-22&rft.date=2004-08&rft.aulast=Van+Brunt+Smith&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forcedmigration.org%2Fresearch-resources%2Fexpert-guides%2Fwestern-sahara%2Ffmo035.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un_2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-un_2004_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=10301&Cr=Sahara&Cr1=">"Western Sahara: UN's family visits exchange scheme set to shift to second city"</a>. 2004-04-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201316/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=10301&Cr=Sahara&Cr1=">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+UN%27s+family+visits+exchange+scheme+set+to+shift+to+second+city&rft.date=2004-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D10301%26Cr%3DSahara%26Cr1%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un_2003-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-un_2003_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/events/peacekeepers/2003/docs/sahara.htm">"UNHCR and MINURSO initiate confidence building measures in Western Sahara"</a>. 2003-03-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309183708/http://www.un.org/events/peacekeepers/2003/docs/sahara.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNHCR+and+MINURSO+initiate+confidence+building+measures+in+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2003-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fevents%2Fpeacekeepers%2F2003%2Fdocs%2Fsahara.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-claihr_1997-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-claihr_1997_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arso.org/CLAIHR.htm">"Fact-Finding Mission to Algiers and the Sahrawi Refugee Camps Near Tindouf, Algeria"</a>. Canadian Lawyers Association For International Human Rights (CLAIHR). June 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071108134813/http://www.arso.org//CLAIHR.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact-Finding+Mission+to+Algiers+and+the+Sahrawi+Refugee+Camps+Near+Tindouf%2C+Algeria&rft.pub=Canadian+Lawyers+Association+For+International+Human+Rights+%28CLAIHR%29&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arso.org%2FCLAIHR.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw_1995-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hrw_1995_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Wsahara.htm">"Keeping it secret. The United Nations operation in the Western Sahara"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305081236/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Wsahara.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keeping+it+secret.+The+United+Nations+operation+in+the+Western+Sahara&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1995%2FWsahara.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arso_2006-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arso_2006_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arso.org/OHCHRrep2006.htm">"Report of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) about the mission of May/June 2006 in Western Sahara and Algeria"</a>. OHCHR. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011105529/http://arso.org/OHCHRrep2006.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights+%28OHCHR%29+about+the+mission+of+May%2FJune+2006+in+Western+Sahara+and+Algeria&rft.pub=OHCHR&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arso.org%2FOHCHRrep2006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sps_2010-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sps_2010_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.spsrasd.info/en/detail.php?id=10860">"Polisario calls on UN to supervise human rights in territories under its control"</a>. Sahara Press Service. 2010-04-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326034702/http://archives.spsrasd.info/en/detail.php?id=10860">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Polisario+calls+on+UN+to+supervise+human+rights+in+territories+under+its+control&rft.date=2010-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.spsrasd.info%2Fen%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D10860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2011" class="citation web cs1">AFP (23 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/fr/20111023-aqmi-algerie-enlevement-espagnols-italien-sahara-sahel-polisario-otages-al-qaida-rasd-rabuni-tindouf">"Le Polisario accuse Aqmi d'avoir enlevé trois Européens dans un camp sahraoui"</a>. France24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111224115517/http://www.france24.com/fr/20111023-aqmi-algerie-enlevement-espagnols-italien-sahara-sahel-polisario-otages-al-qaida-rasd-rabuni-tindouf">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Polisario+accuse+Aqmi+d%27avoir+enlev%C3%A9+trois+Europ%C3%A9ens+dans+un+camp+sahraoui&rft.pub=France24&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2F20111023-aqmi-algerie-enlevement-espagnols-italien-sahara-sahel-polisario-otages-al-qaida-rasd-rabuni-tindouf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2011/10/25/feature-02">Aid workers kidnapped from Tindouf camp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107190136/http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2011/10/25/feature-02">Archived</a> 2012-11-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Magharebia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magharebia">Magharebia</a>, 25 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/newsbriefs/general/2011/10/24/newsbrief-01">Aid workers snatched from Sahrawi camp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070942/http://magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/newsbriefs/general/2011/10/24/newsbrief-01">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Magharebia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magharebia">Magharebia</a>, 24 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2011/11/02/feature-03">AQIM likely responsible for Tindouf kidnappings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831150315/http://magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2011/11/02/feature-03">Archived</a> 2012-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Magharebia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magharebia">Magharebia</a>, 2 November 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/10/26/inenglish/1319606451_850210.html">Algerian soldiers kill four suspected of kidnapping Spanish aid workers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220638/http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/10/26/inenglish/1319606451_850210.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a>, 26 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achpr.org/press/2011/10/d105/">Communiqué on the abduction of three humanitarian NGO workers from Sahrawi Refugee Camps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119033140/http://www.achpr.org/press/2011/10/d105/">Archived</a> 2013-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Achpr.org, 31 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2011-010515&language=EN">Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190319171731/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2011-010515&language=EN">Archived</a> 2019-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, 22 February 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/07/18/inenglish/1342633630_558563.html">Spaniards freed by terrorists in Mali after nine months</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802212105/http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/07/18/inenglish/1342633630_558563.html">Archived</a> 2012-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a>, 18 July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berkson, Samuel; Sulaiman, Mohamed (2015). <i>Settled Wanderers</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Influx_Press" title="Influx Press">Influx Press</a>, pp. 44, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:bbcfrench-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:bbcfrench_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204161842/https://www.aps.dz/monde/162958-bbc-la-sahraouie-najla-mohamed-lamin-sur-la-liste-des-100-femmes-influentes-de-2023">"BBC: la Sahraouie Najla Mohamed-Lamin sur la liste des 100 femmes influentes de 2023"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Algeria_Press_Service" title="Algeria Press Service">Algeria Press Service</a></i> (in French). 21 November 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.dz/monde/162958-bbc-la-sahraouie-najla-mohamed-lamin-sur-la-liste-des-100-femmes-influentes-de-2023">the original</a> on 4 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Algeria+Press+Service&rft.atitle=BBC%3A+la+Sahraouie+Najla+Mohamed-Lamin+sur+la+liste+des+100+femmes+influentes+de+2023&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.dz%2Fmonde%2F162958-bbc-la-sahraouie-najla-mohamed-lamin-sur-la-liste-des-100-femmes-influentes-de-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahrawi+refugee+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sahrawi_refugee_camps_in_Tindouf_Province" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf Province">Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf Province</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nachohernandez.net/3064/western-sahara-the-children-of-the-clouds/">Photos from the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf and from the "liberated territories" in Western Sahara, by Nacho Hernandez.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forcedmigration.org/photos/westernsahara/">Photo gallery: Life in the Tindouf refugee camps, by Danielle Van Brunt Smith.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809072312/http://www.forcedmigration.org/photos/westernsahara/">Archived</a> 2011-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/echo/information/eye_witness/2002/2002_02_en.htm">Eye witness report from Tindouf By ECHO, the EU:s foreign aid branch.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stiffkitten.wordpress.com/2011/03/03/western-sahara-35-years-of-colonisation-and-exile-is-enough/">Article about the 35th anniversary of the proclamation of SADR, held in the Tindouf camps and Tifariti</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahara-occidental.com/images/cartes/cartesop.gif">Map of the region (anonymous).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usembassy.it/usunrome/files/Algeria.htm">The United States on Algeria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040817203737/http://www.usembassy.it/usunrome/files/Algeria.htm">Archived</a> 2004-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20editorials/2004%20opinions/Feb/19%20o/Forgotten%20West%20Sahara%20refugees%20languish%20in%20desert,%20Paul%20de%20Bendern.htm">Opinion Editorial by Paul de Bendern, February 2004.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040816083645/http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20editorials/2004%20opinions/Feb/19%20o/Forgotten%20West%20Sahara%20refugees%20languish%20in%20desert,%20Paul%20de%20Bendern.htm">Archived</a> 2004-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&oldid=1258943195">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_refugee_camps&oldid=1258943195</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Category:Sahrawi refugee camps">Sahrawi refugee camps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Category:Geography of Western Sahara">Geography of Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Refugee_camps_in_Algeria" title="Category:Refugee camps in Algeria">Refugee camps in Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Category:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tindouf_Province" title="Category:Tindouf Province">Tindouf Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algeria%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Category:Algeria–Morocco relations">Algeria–Morocco relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algeria%E2%80%93Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_relations" title="Category:Algeria–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations">Algeria–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 14:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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