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id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Anilien" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Anilien" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Anilien" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Anilien" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sintetiese_kleurstofbedryf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintetiese_kleurstofbedryf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sintetiese kleurstofbedryf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sintetiese_kleurstofbedryf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontwikkelings_in_medisyne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontwikkelings_in_medisyne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ontwikkelings in medisyne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontwikkelings_in_medisyne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vuurpylbrandstof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vuurpylbrandstof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vuurpylbrandstof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vuurpylbrandstof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anilien</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 54 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أنيلين – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنيلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آنیلین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنیلین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Анілін – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анілін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Анилин – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анилин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilina" title="Anilina – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anilina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ανιλίνη – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανιλίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Aniline" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilino" title="Anilino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anilino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilina" title="Anilina – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anilina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniliin" title="Aniliin – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aniliin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilina" title="Anilina – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anilina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آنیلین – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنیلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniliini" title="Aniliini – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aniliini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aniline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainil%C3%ADn" title="Ainilín – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ainilín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אנילין – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנילין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Անիլին – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անիլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilino" title="Anilino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anilino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilina" title="Anilina – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anilina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="アニリン – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アニリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ანილინი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანილინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Анилин – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анилин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅನಿಲಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅನಿಲಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8B%90%EB%A6%B0" title="아닐린 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아닐린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Анилин – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Анилин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil%C4%ABns" title="Anilīns – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anilīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Анилин – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Анилин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="അനിലിൻ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനിലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilina" title="Anilina – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anilina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aniline" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilina" title="Anilina – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anilina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilina" title="Anilina – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anilina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin%C4%83" title="Anilină – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anilină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Анилин – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анилин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil%C3%ADn" title="Anilín – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anilín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அனிலின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனிலின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Анилин – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Анилин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Анілін – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анілін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin" title="Anilin – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anilin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E8%83%BA" title="苯胺 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苯胺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186414#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anilien" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Anilien" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div 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border="0.2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:0.5em"> <caption><span style="font-size:large;"><b>Eienskappe</b></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" bgcolor="LightBlue"> <p><b>Algemeen</b> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Naam</td> <td>Anilien  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ander name</td> <td>aminobenseen, benseenamien, aminofeen </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Anilin_(chemical_structure).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Struktuurformule van"><img alt="Struktuurformule van" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Anilin_%28chemical_structure%29.svg/130px-Anilin_%28chemical_structure%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Anilin_%28chemical_structure%29.svg/195px-Anilin_%28chemical_structure%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Anilin_%28chemical_structure%29.svg/260px-Anilin_%28chemical_structure%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="166" /></a><figcaption>Struktuurformule van </figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Anilina_modello.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Anilina_modello.png/130px-Anilina_modello.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Anilina_modello.png/195px-Anilina_modello.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Anilina_modello.png/260px-Anilina_modello.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemiese_formule" title="Chemiese formule">Chemiese formule</a> </td> <td><span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NH<sub>2</sub></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%AAre_massa" title="Molêre massa">Molêre massa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CAS-registernommer" title="CAS-registernommer">CAS-nommer</a></td> <td>62-53-3   </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reuk</td> <td>aromaties, amienagtig   </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reukdrempel" title="Reukdrempel">Reukdrempel</a></td> <td>2,4 dpm </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"><b>Fasegedrag</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Smeltpunt" title="Smeltpunt">Smeltpunt</a> </td> <td>-6,3 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kookpunt" title="Kookpunt">Kookpunt</a></td> <td>184,13 °C </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f4f4f4;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Digtheid" title="Digtheid">Digtheid</a></td> <td>1,0297 g/mL </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f1f2f9;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Oplossing_(chemie)#Oplosbaarheid" title="Oplossing (chemie)">Oplosbaarheid</a></td> <td>opl. water 3.6 g/100mL @ 20 °C, <a href="/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol">metanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%ABtieleter" title="Diëtieleter">eter</a><sup id="cite_ref-SciLab_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciLab-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viskositeit" title="Viskositeit">Viskositeit</a></td> <td>3.71 cP (3.71 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(eenheid)" title="Pascal (eenheid)">mPa</a>·s @ 25 °C)  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dampdruk" title="Dampdruk">Dampdruk</a></td> <td>0,1 kPa @20 °C  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kritieke_punt" title="Kritieke punt">Kritieke temperatuur</a></td> <td>425,6 °C </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> <p><b>Suur-basis eienskappe</b> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suurheidskonstante" title="Suurheidskonstante">pKa</a></td> <td>4.63 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> <p><b>Veiligheid</b> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flitspunt" title="Flitspunt">Flitspunt</a></td> <td>70 °C  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selfontbrandingspunt" title="Selfontbrandingspunt">Selfontbrandingspunt</a></td> <td>615 °C  </td></tr> <tr> <td>LD<sub>50</sub></td> <td>250 mg/kg (rot; akuut) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="lightblue"> <p><small>Tensy anders vermeld is alle data vir <a href="/wiki/Standaardtemperatuur_en_-druk" title="Standaardtemperatuur en -druk">standaardtemperatuur en -druk</a> toestande.</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightblue"> <td align="center">  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightblue" align="center"> <td colspan="2">Portaal <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Chemie" title="Portaal:Chemie">Chemie</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anilien</b> is 'n organiese verbinding met 'n formule <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NH<sub>2</sub></span>. Anilien is die eenvoudigste <a href="/wiki/Aromatisiteit_(chemie)" title="Aromatisiteit (chemie)">aromatiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Amien" title="Amien">amien</a>, bestaande uit 'n fenielgroep ('n sikliese groep atome met die formule <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub></span>) wat aan 'n <a href="/wiki/Aminogroep" title="Aminogroep">aminogroep</a> geheg is. Dit is 'n bedryfsbeduidende handelschemikalie, sowel as 'n veelsydige uitgangsmateriaal vir fyn chemiese sintese. Die belangrikste gebruik daarvan is die vervaardiging van voorlopers vir <a href="/wiki/Sintetiese_vesels" title="Sintetiese vesels">poliuretaan</a>, kleurstowwe en ander industriële chemikalieë. Soos die meeste vlugtige amiene, het dit die geur van vrot vis. Dit vlam maklik aan en brand met 'n rokerige vlam wat kenmerkend is van aromatiese verbindings.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chemies word dit beskou as 'n elektronryke <a href="/wiki/Benseen" title="Benseen">benseenderivaat</a>, en reageer gevolglik vinnig in elektrofiele aromatiese substitusiereaksies. Net so is dit ook geneig tot <a href="/wiki/Oksidasie" title="Oksidasie">oksidasie</a>: terwyl varsgesuiwerde anilien 'n byna kleurlose olie is, lei blootstelling aan lug tot geleidelike verdonkering van die monster (tot geel of rooi) as gevolg van die vorming van sterk gekleurde, geoksideerde onsuiwerhede. Anilien kan gediasotiseer word om 'n diasoniumsout te gee, wat dan verskillende nukleofiele substitusiereaksies kan ondergaan. </p><p>Soos ander amiene, is anilien 'n <a href="/wiki/Basis" title="Basis">basis</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>aH</sub> = 4.6) en nukleofiel, hoewel dit 'n swakker basis en armer nukleofiel is as struktureel soortgelyke alifatiese amiene. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilien&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilien&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aniline is die eerste keer in 1826 deur Otto Unverdorben geïsoleer deur vernietigende distillasie van <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a> kleurstof.<sup id="cite_ref-Unverdorben_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unverdorben-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy het dit <i>Crystallin</i> genoem. In 1834 het Friedlieb Runge 'n stof van steenkoolteer geïsoleer wat 'n pragtige blou kleur gehad het toe dit met chloriedkalk behandel is. Hy het dit <i>kyanol</i> genoem.<sup id="cite_ref-APC1834_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APC1834-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1840 het Carl Julius Fritzsche (1808–1871) indigo met bytende potas behandel en het 'n olie gekry wat hy <i>anilien</i> genoem het, na 'n indigo-opbrengende plant, anil (<i>Indigofera suffruticosa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsche_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sintetiese_kleurstofbedryf">Sintetiese kleurstofbedryf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilien&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Sintetiese kleurstofbedryf" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilien&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sintetiese kleurstofbedryf"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1856, terwyl hy probeer om kinien te sintetiseer, het William Henry Perkin (die student van die Duitse chemikus August Wilhelm von Hofmann), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauvein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauvein (bladsy bestaan nie)">mauvein</a> ontdek en die eerste kommersiële sintetiese kleurstof begin vervaardig. Ander anilienkleurstowwe het gevolg, soos fuchsin, safranin en indulien. Ten tyde van die ontdekking van mauveine was anilien duur. Kort daarna, met die toepassing van 'n metode wat in 1854 deur Antoine Béchamp gerapporteer is,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is dit "per ton" voorberei.<sup id="cite_ref-Perkin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perkin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die reaksie, wat <i>Béchamp se reduksie</i> genoem is, het die ontwikkeling van 'n massiewe kleurstofbedryf in Duitsland moontlik gemaak. Vandag is die naam van BASF, oorspronklik Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik, nou een van die grootste chemiese verskaffers. Dit weerspiel die nalatenskap van die sintetiese kleurstofbedryf wat gebou is op anilienkleurstowwe en uitgebrei deur die verwante "azo-kleurstowwe". Die eerste azo-kleurstof was aniliengeel.<sup id="cite_ref-Auerbach_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auerbach-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontwikkelings_in_medisyne">Ontwikkelings in medisyne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilien&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Ontwikkelings in medisyne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilien&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ontwikkelings in medisyne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aan die einde van die 19de eeu het afgeleides van anilien soos asetanilied en fenasetien na vore gekom as pynstillende middels, met hul <a href="/wiki/Kardiologie" title="Kardiologie">kardiologiese</a> onderdrukkende newe-effekte. Gedurende die eerste dekade van die 20ste eeu, terwyl hy probeer het om sintetiese kleurstowwe te verander om <a href="/wiki/Slaapsiekte" title="Slaapsiekte">slaapsiekte</a> te behandel, het Paul Ehrlich (wat die term chemoterapie geskep het) misluk en oorgegaan na die wysiging van Béchamp se atoksiel, die eerste organiese arseeniese middel. Hy het sodoende, per ongeluk, 'n behandeling vir <a href="/wiki/Sifilis" title="Sifilis">sifilis</a> gevind - <i>salvarsan</i> - die eerste suksesvolle chemoterapie-middel. Salvarsan se geteikende mikro-organisme, wat nog nie as 'n bakterie erken is nie, is nog steeds as 'n parasiet beskou, en mediese bakterioloë, wat geglo het dat bakterieë nie vatbaar is vir die chemoterapeutiese benadering nie, het <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> se verslag in 1928 oor die gevolge van penicilline oor die hoof gesien.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagener2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagener2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932 soek die maatskappy Bayer vir mediese toepassings vir sy kleurstowwe. Gerhard Domagk het 'n rooi azo-kleurstof as 'n antibakteriese middel geïdentifiseer, wat in 1935 bekendgestel is as die eerste antibakteriese middel, <i>prontosil</i>. Teen die 1940's is meer as 500 verwante sulfa-middels vervaardig.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagener2009_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagener2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medisyne wat baie na gevra is tydens die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a>, hierdie eerste "wondermiddels", chemoterapie van groot effektiwiteit, het die Amerikaanse farmaseutiese industrie aangedryf. In 1939 het Howard Florey Fleming, aan die Universiteit van Oxford en op soek na 'n alternatief vir sulfa-medisyne, <a href="/wiki/Penisillien" title="Penisillien">penisillien</a> ontwikkel tot die eerste sistemiese <a href="/wiki/Antibiotika" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotika">antibiotika</a>, penisillien G. (Gramicidin, ontwikkel deur René Dubos aan die Rockefeller-instituut in 1939, was die eerste antibiotika, maar die toksisiteit daarvan het dit beperk tot plaaslike gebruik.) Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het Cornelius P. Rhoads die chemoterapeutiese benadering tot kankerbehandeling ingestel.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vuurpylbrandstof">Vuurpylbrandstof</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilien&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Vuurpylbrandstof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilien&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Vuurpylbrandstof"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hydrazin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hydrazin.svg/150px-Hydrazin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hydrazin.svg/225px-Hydrazin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hydrazin.svg/300px-Hydrazin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="86" /></a><figcaption>Hidrasien</figcaption></figure> <p>In die veertiger- en vroeë vyftigerjare is anilien gebruik met <a href="/wiki/Salpetersuur" title="Salpetersuur">salpetersuur</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stikstoftetroksied" title="Stikstoftetroksied">stikstoftetroksied</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vuurpyl" title="Vuurpyl">vuurpylbrandstof</a> vir klein missiele en die Aerobee-vuurpyl, 'n vroeë Amerikaanse vuurpyl. Die twee brandstofkomponente is <a href="/wiki/Hipergoliese_dryfmiddel" title="Hipergoliese dryfmiddel">hipergolies</a> (die komponente ontsteek spontaan) en lewer 'n hewige reaksie op kontak. Anilien is later deur <a href="/wiki/Hidrasien" title="Hidrasien">hidrasien</a> vervang.<sup id="cite_ref-Corporal_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corporal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilien&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anilien&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SciLab-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SciLab_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927435">SciLab msds</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFKahlSchröderLawrenceMarshall2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kahl, Thomas; Schröder, Kai-Wilfrid; Lawrence, F. R.; Marshall, W. J.; Höke, Hartmut; Jäckh, Rudolf (2007). "Aniline". In Ullmann, Fritz (red.). <i>Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry</i> (in Engels). John Wiley & Sons: New York. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a02_303">10.1002/14356007.a02_303</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-527-20138-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-527-20138-9"><bdi>978-3-527-20138-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11469727">11469727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aniline&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+encyclopedia+of+industrial+chemistry&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%3A+New+York&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11469727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a02_303&rft.isbn=978-3-527-20138-9&rft.aulast=Kahl&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+Kai-Wilfrid&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+F.+R.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=H%C3%B6ke%2C+Hartmut&rft.au=J%C3%A4ckh%2C+Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAnilien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unverdorben-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Unverdorben_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFOtto_Unverdorben1826" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Otto Unverdorben (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zx0AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA397">"Ueber das Verhalten der organischen Körper in höheren Temperaturen (Oor die gedrag van organiese stowwe in hoër temperature)"</a>. <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i> (in Duits). <b>8</b> (11): 397–410. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1826AnP....84..397U">1826AnP....84..397U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18260841109">10.1002/andp.18260841109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.atitle=Ueber+das+Verhalten+der+organischen+K%C3%B6rper+in+h%C3%B6heren+Temperaturen+%28Oor+die+gedrag+van+organiese+stowwe+in+ho%C3%ABr+temperature%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=397-410&rft.date=1826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18260841109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1826AnP....84..397U&rft.au=Otto+Unverdorben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzx0AAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAnilien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APC1834-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-APC1834_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRunge1834" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Runge, F. F. (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWbkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i></a> (in Duits). J.A. Barth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.pub=J.A.+Barth&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Runge&rft.aufirst=F.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWbkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAnilien" class="Z3988"></span> sien <b>uit. 31</b>: bl.65-77 en bl.513–524 en <b>uit. 32</b>: bl.308-332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritzsche-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFritzsche1840" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fritzsche, J. (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VYI-AAAAcAAJ">"Ueber das Anilin, ein neues Zersetzungsproduct des Indigo"</a>. <i>Bulletin scientifique publié par l'Académie impériale des sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg</i> (in Frans). Graeff. <b>7</b> (12): 161-165<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+scientifique+publi%C3%A9+par+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+imp%C3%A9riale+des+sciences+de+Saint-P%C3%A9tersbourg&rft.atitle=Ueber+das+Anilin%2C+ein+neues+Zersetzungsproduct+des+Indigo&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=161-165&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Fritzsche&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYI-AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAnilien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gallica_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBéchamp1854" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Béchamp, A. (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k347830">"De l'action des protosels de fer sur la nitronaphtaline et la nitrobenzine. Nouvelle méthode de formation des bases organiques artificielles de Zinin"</a>. <i>Annales de chimie et de physique</i> (in Frans). <b>3</b> (42): 186–196<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+chimie+et+de+physique&rft.atitle=De+l%27action+des+protosels+de+fer+sur+la+nitronaphtaline+et+la+nitrobenzine.+Nouvelle+m%C3%A9thode+de+formation+des+bases+organiques+artificielles+de+Zinin&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=186-196&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9champ&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k347830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAnilien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perkin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Perkin_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPerkin1861" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Perkin, William Henry (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oKEEAAAAYAAJ"><i>Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. Proceedings of Chemical Societies: Chemical Society</i></a> (in Engels). Chemical news office. p. 3-346<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+News+and+Journal+of+Industrial+Science.+Proceedings+of+Chemical+Societies%3A+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=3-346&rft.pub=Chemical+news+office.&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Perkin&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoKEEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAnilien" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Kategorie:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auerbach-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Auerbach_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbach1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Auerbach, G. (1880). "Azo and naphthol dyes". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCExAQAAMAAJ"><i>Textile Colorist: A Monthly Journal Devoted to Practical Dyeing, Bleaching, Printing and Finishing, Dyes, Dye-stuffs and Chemicals as Applied to Dyeing</i></a> (in Engels). p. 138<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Azo+and+naphthol+dyes&rft.btitle=Textile+Colorist%3A+A+Monthly+Journal+Devoted+to+Practical+Dyeing%2C+Bleaching%2C+Printing+and+Finishing%2C+Dyes%2C+Dye-stuffs+and+Chemicals+as+Applied+to+Dyeing&rft.pages=138&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCExAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAnilien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagener2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagener2009_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wagener2009_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWagener2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wagener, D.J.T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=53fmwacXu44C&pg=PA150"><i>The History of Oncology</i></a> (in Engels). Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-313-6143-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-313-6143-4"><bdi>978-90-313-6143-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Oncology&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Bohn+Stafleu+van+Loghum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-313-6143-4&rft.aulast=Wagener&rft.aufirst=D.J.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53fmwacXu44C%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAnilien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Time_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624131223/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820604,00.html">"Medicine: Spoils of War"</a>. <i>TIME.com</i> (in Engels). 15 Mei 1950. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820604,00.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 24 Junie 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TIME.com&rft.atitle=Medicine%3A+Spoils+of+War&rft.date=1950-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C820604%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAnilien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corporal-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Corporal_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBurnell2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burnell, Brian (15 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclear-weapons.info/cde.htm#Corporal">"Nuclear Weapons - a guide to British nuclear weapons projects"</a>. <i>nuclear-weapons.info</i> (in Engels)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuclear-weapons.info&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Weapons+-+a+guide+to+British+nuclear+weapons+projects&rft.date=2018-04-15&rft.aulast=Burnell&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclear-weapons.info%2Fcde.htm%23Corporal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAnilien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anilien&oldid=2667025">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anilien&oldid=2667025</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Organiese_verbindings" title="Kategorie:Organiese verbindings">Organiese verbindings</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteekte kategorieë: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-bronne_in_Engels_(en)" title="Kategorie:AS1-bronne in Engels (en)">AS1-bronne in Engels (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-bronne_in_Duits_(de)" title="Kategorie:AS1-bronne in Duits (de)">AS1-bronne in Duits (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-bronne_in_Frans_(fr)" title="Kategorie:AS1-bronne in Frans (fr)">AS1-bronne in Frans (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Kategorie:CS1 maint: date and year">CS1 maint: date and year</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Die bladsy is laas op 29 April 2024 om 14:26 bygewerk.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Die teks is beskikbaar onder die lisensie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Erkenning-Insgelyks Deel</a>. 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