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href="#Banking_and_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Banking and finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking_and_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Government budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_economic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_economic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Foreign economic relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_economic_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign economic relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_economic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_and_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>History and overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Foreign trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>External debt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Foreign investment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>International aid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Yemen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="اقتصاد اليمن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد اليمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_del_Iemen" title="Economia del Iemen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Economia del Iemen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika_Jemenu" title="Ekonomika Jemenu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekonomika Jemenu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaft_des_Jemen" title="Wirtschaft des Jemen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirtschaft des Jemen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_de_Yemen" title="Economía de Yemen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía de Yemen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="اقتصاد یمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد یمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_du_Y%C3%A9men" title="Économie du Yémen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie du Yémen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_do_Iemen" title="Economía do Iemen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Economía do Iemen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EB%A9%98%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C" title="예멘의 경제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예멘의 경제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Եմենի տնտեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եմենի տնտեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomio_di_Yemen" title="Ekonomio di Yemen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekonomio di Yemen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_Yaman" title="Ekonomi Yaman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekonomi Yaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_dello_Yemen" title="Economia dello Yemen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Economia dello Yemen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="כלכלת תימן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלכלת תימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="იემენის ეკონომიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იემენის ეკონომიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_Yaman" title="Ekonomi Yaman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekonomi Yaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_de_Iem%C3%A8n" title="Economia de Iemèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Economia de Iemèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_do_I%C3%A9men" title="Economia do Iémen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia do Iémen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Экономика Йемена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экономика Йемена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Економіка Ємену – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Економіка Ємену" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%96%80%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="也門經濟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="也門經濟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2917974#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="View the 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:26.0em;padding:0;"><caption class="infobox-title adr">Economy of <span class="country-name">Yemen</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87.jpg/310px-%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87.jpg/465px-%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="418" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> — the commercial port city of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_rial" title="Yemeni rial">Yemeni rial</a> (YER, ر.ي)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Calendar year</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Trade organisations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arab_Economic_Unity" title="Council of Arab Economic Unity">CAEU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Country group</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">Least Developed</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">Low-income economy</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 34.4 million (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $21.890 billion (nominal, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOYE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOYE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $72.979 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOYE_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOYE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">123th (nominal, 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">110th (PPP, 2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP growth</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>-0.5% (2023) 2% (2024e)</li> <li>7% (2025f) 6.5% (2026f)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOYE_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOYE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $628 (nominal, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOYE_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOYE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2,095 (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOYE_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOYE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita rank</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">187th (nominal, 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">183rd (PPP, 2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP by sector</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">agriculture</a>: 20.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">industry</a>: 11.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a>: 67.9%</li> <li>(2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFYM_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFYM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">14.9% (2023 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFINFLATION_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFINFLATION-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Population below <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>48.6% (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>18.8% on less than $1.90/day (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient"><span class="wrap">Gini coefficient</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">36.7 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkorange">medium</span> (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.455 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">low</span> (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">183rd</a>)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.307 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">low</span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">IHDI</a> (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labour force</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6,814,139 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>31.4% employment rate (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labour force by occupation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-fourth of the labor force<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFYM_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFYM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unemployment</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13.6% (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main industries</div></th><td class="infobox-data">crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles, leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; aluminum products; cement; commercial ship repair; natural gas production</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">External</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exports</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $37.5 million (2020 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFYM_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFYM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Export goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data">crude petroleum, gold, fish, industrial chemical liquids, scrap iron</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main export partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 31.6%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> 20.4%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> 11.9%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> 6.88% (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-OECExport_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECExport-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Imports</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $800.999 million (2022 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFYM_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFYM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Import goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data">wheat, refined petroleum, iron, rice, cars</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main import partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 25.6%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> 14%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> 9.94%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> 9.77% (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-OECImport_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECImport-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)"><span class="wrap">Current account</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> −$1.236 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFYM_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFYM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Gross <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt"><span class="wrap">external debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $7.068 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFYM_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFYM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Public finances</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_debt" title="List of countries by government debt"><span class="wrap">Government debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 83,96% of GDP (2020 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance"><span class="wrap">Budget balance</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−5.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFYM_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFYM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenues</th><td class="infobox-data">$2.821 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFYM_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFYM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data">$4.458 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFYM_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFYM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Economic aid</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>recipient</i>: $2.3 billion (2003–07 disbursements)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves"><span class="wrap">Foreign reserves</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $245.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:lightblue;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding:0.2em;"> <i>All values, unless otherwise stated, are in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>economy of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></b> has significantly weakened since the breakout of the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a> and the humanitarian crisis, which has caused instability, escalating hostilities, and flooding in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">unification</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North Yemen</a> had vastly different but equally struggling underdeveloped <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic systems</a>. Since unification, the economy has been forced to sustain the consequences of Yemen's support for <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> during the 1990–91 <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> expelled almost 1 million Yemeni workers, and both Saudi Arabia and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> significantly reduced economic aid to Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">1994 civil war</a> further drained Yemen's economy. As a consequence, Yemen has relied heavily on aid from multilateral agencies to sustain its economy for the past 24 years. In return, it has pledged to implement significant economic reforms. In 1997 the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) approved two programs to increase Yemen's credit significantly: the enhanced structural adjustment facility (now known as the poverty reduction and growth facility, or PRGF) and the extended funding facility (EFF). In the ensuing years, Yemen's government attempted to implement recommended reforms: reducing the civil service payroll, eliminating diesel and other subsidies, lowering defense spending, introducing a general <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a>, and privatizing state-run industries. However, limited progress led the IMF to suspend funding between 1999 and 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2005, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> (which extended Yemen a four-year US$2.3 billion economic support package in October 2002, together with other bilateral and multilateral lenders) announced that, as a consequence of Yemen's failure to implement significant reforms, the World Bank would reduce financial aid by one-third over the period July 2005 through July 2008. A key component of the $2.3 billion package — $300 million in concessional financing — has been withheld, pending the renewal of Yemen's PRGF with the IMF, which is currently under negotiation. However, in May 2006 the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> adopted an assistance strategy for Yemen, under which it will provide approximately $400 million in <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a> (IDA) credits over the period FY 2006 to FY 2009. In November 2006, at a meeting of Yemen's development partners, a total of $4.7 billion in grants and concessional loans was pledged for the period 2007–10. At present, despite possessing significant oil and gas resources and a considerable amount of agriculturally productive land, Yemen remains one of the poorest of the world's low-income countries; more than 80 percent (2018) of the population lives in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influx of an average 1,000 Somali refugees per month into Yemen looking for work is an added drain on the economy, which already must cope with a 20 to 40 percent rate of unemployment. Yemen remains under significant pressure to implement economic reforms, lest it face the loss of badly needed international financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the north, disruptions of the <a href="/wiki/North_Yemeni_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemeni Civil War">civil war</a> (1962–1970) and frequent periods of drought dealt severe blows to a previously prosperous agricultural sector. Coffee production, formerly the north's main export and principal form of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange</a>, declined as the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a> increased. Low domestic industrial output and a lack of raw materials made the Yemeni Arab Republic dependent on a wide variety of imports. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expensive_black_market_fuel_-_often_the_only_that_s_available_for_Yemeni_s_have_driven_many_hospitals_and_small_enterprises_out_of_business_in_Sanaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Expensive_black_market_fuel_-_often_the_only_that_s_available_for_Yemeni_s_have_driven_many_hospitals_and_small_enterprises_out_of_business_in_Sanaa.jpg/220px-Expensive_black_market_fuel_-_often_the_only_that_s_available_for_Yemeni_s_have_driven_many_hospitals_and_small_enterprises_out_of_business_in_Sanaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Expensive_black_market_fuel_-_often_the_only_that_s_available_for_Yemeni_s_have_driven_many_hospitals_and_small_enterprises_out_of_business_in_Sanaa.jpg/330px-Expensive_black_market_fuel_-_often_the_only_that_s_available_for_Yemeni_s_have_driven_many_hospitals_and_small_enterprises_out_of_business_in_Sanaa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Expensive_black_market_fuel_-_often_the_only_that_s_available_for_Yemeni_s_have_driven_many_hospitals_and_small_enterprises_out_of_business_in_Sanaa.jpg/440px-Expensive_black_market_fuel_-_often_the_only_that_s_available_for_Yemeni_s_have_driven_many_hospitals_and_small_enterprises_out_of_business_in_Sanaa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a> fuel for sale in <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">ongoing civil war</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a> and air bombing campaign by the coalition during the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention</a> have devastated the Yemeni economy further.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of civil war, Yemen is suffering from <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_rial" title="Yemeni rial">Yemeni rial</a>, and Yemen's economy contracted by 50% from the start of the civil war on 19 March 2015 to October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlTwo-year_war_deepens_depreciation_of_Yemens_Rial_-_Xinhua_|_English.news.cn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlTwo-year_war_deepens_depreciation_of_Yemens_Rial_-_Xinhua_|_English.news.cn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macro-economic_trend">Macro-economic trend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Macro-economic trend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita development</figcaption></figure> <p>This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Yemen (since unification) at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Yemeni Rials.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Gross domestic product</th> <th>US dollar exchange</th> <th>Inflation index (2000=100) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1989</td> <td>125,562</td> <td>11.70 Yemeni Rials</td> <td>5.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>516,643</td> <td>40.49 Yemeni Rials</td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>1,539,386</td> <td>161.00 Yemeni Rials</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>2,907,636</td> <td>191.37 Yemeni Rials</td> <td>175 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at 150.11 Yemeni Rials only. Mean wages were $1.06 per <a href="/wiki/Man-hour" title="Man-hour">man-hour</a> in 2009. </p><p>Remittances from Yemenis working abroad and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> paid for perennial trade deficits. Substantial Yemeni communities exist in many countries of the world, including Yemen's immediate neighbors on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, East Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Beginning in the mid-1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and People's Republic of China provided large-scale assistance to the YAR. This aid included funding of substantial construction projects, scholarships, and considerable military assistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integration_issues">Integration issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Integration issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the south, pre-independence economic activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in the port city of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>. The seaborne transit trade, upon which the port relied, collapsed with the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and Britain's withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in 1967. Only extensive Soviet aid, remittances from south Yemenis working abroad, and revenues from the Aden refinery (built in the 1950s) kept the PDRY's centrally planned <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> economy afloat. With the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and a cessation of Soviet aid, the south's economy effectively collapsed. </p><p>Since unification, the government has worked to integrate two relatively disparate economic systems. However, severe shocks — including the return of approximately 850,000 Yemenis in 1990 from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> states, a subsequent major reduction of aid flows, and internal political disputes culminating in the 1994 civil war — hampered economic growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industries">Industries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_fishing">Agriculture and fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Agriculture and fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khat_fields_in_western_yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Khat_fields_in_western_yemen.jpg/300px-Khat_fields_in_western_yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Khat_fields_in_western_yemen.jpg/450px-Khat_fields_in_western_yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Khat_fields_in_western_yemen.jpg/600px-Khat_fields_in_western_yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a> cultivation in western <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> near <a href="/wiki/At_Tawilah" class="mw-redirect" title="At Tawilah">At Tawilah</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Market,_Yemen_(10525589863).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fish_Market%2C_Yemen_%2810525589863%29.jpg/220px-Fish_Market%2C_Yemen_%2810525589863%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fish_Market%2C_Yemen_%2810525589863%29.jpg/330px-Fish_Market%2C_Yemen_%2810525589863%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fish_Market%2C_Yemen_%2810525589863%29.jpg/440px-Fish_Market%2C_Yemen_%2810525589863%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5802" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Fish market in Yemen (2013)</figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture is the mainstay of Yemen's economy, generating more than 20 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) since 1990 (20.4 percent in 2005 according to the Central Bank of Yemen). Agriculture employs more than half (54.2 percent in 2003) of the working Yemeni population. However, a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> estimate suggests that the sector accounted for only 13.5 percent of GDP in 2005. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Yemen" title="Environmental issues in Yemen">environmental problems</a> hamper growth in this sector — soil erosion, sand dune encroachment, and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> — but the greatest problem by far is the scarcity of water. As a result of low levels of rainfall, agriculture in Yemen relies heavily on the extraction of groundwater, a resource that is being depleted. Yemen's water tables are falling by approximately two meters per year; it is estimated that Sanaa's groundwater supplies could be exhausted by 2030. The use of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> has made fruit and vegetables Yemen's primary cash crops. With the rise in the output of irrigated crops, the production of traditional rain-fed crops such as cereals has declined. According to the Central Bank of Yemen, the production of <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a>, a mildly narcotic and heavily cultivated plant that produces natural stimulants when its leaves are chewed, rose 6.7 percent in 2005 and accounted for 5.8 percent of GDP; the consumption of khat is widespread in Yemen. According to <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">the World Bank</a> and other economists, cultivation of this plant plays a dominant role in Yemen's agricultural economy, constituting 10 percent of GDP and employing an estimated 150,000 persons while consuming an estimated 30 percent of irrigation water and displacing land areas that could otherwise be used for exportable coffee, fruits, and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Yemen's extensive territorial waters and marine resources have the potential to produce 840,000 tons of fish each year, <a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Yemen" title="Fishing in Yemen">its fishing industry</a> is relatively underdeveloped and consists largely of individual fishermen in small boats. In recent years, the government has lifted restrictions on fish exports, and production has reached one-quarter of capacity, yielding revenues valued at US$260 million in 2005. Fish and fish products constitute only 1.7 percent of Yemen's GDP but are the second largest export. In December 2005, the World Bank approved a US$25 million credit for a Fisheries Management and Conservation Project to be launched in all coastal governorates along the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. This project is expected to improve fish landing and auction facilities; provide ice plants for fish preservation; and enable Yemen's Ministry of Fisheries to undertake more effective research, resource management planning, and regulatory activities.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oil and gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Yemen is an oil producer and has significant untapped offshore oil and gas deposits. Unlike many regional oil producers, Yemen relies heavily on foreign oil companies that have production-sharing agreements with the government. Income from oil production constitutes 70 to 75 percent of government revenue and about 90 percent of exports. Yemen contains proven crude oil reserves of more than 9 billion barrels (1.4<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>), although that is falling from the country's older fields, which have been wrecked by war and corruption, both driven by the fact that oil provides around 90% of the country's exports.<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> predicts that Yemen's oil and gas revenues will plummet during 2009 and 2010, and fall to zero by 2017 as supplies run out; the UK's Royal Institute for International Affairs warns that instability in Yemen could expand a zone of lawlessness from northern Kenya to Saudi Arabia, while describing Yemen's democracy as "fragile" and pointing to armed conflicts with Islamists and tribal insurgents as causes of instability. As a result, Western entities and other diplomats and leaders have an interest in maintaining Yemen's stability and to avert adverse outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to statistics published by the Energy Information Administration, crude oil output averaged 413,300 barrels per day (65,710 m<sup>3</sup>/d) in 2005, a reduction from 423,700 bbl/d (67,360 m<sup>3</sup>/d) in 2004. For the first eight months of 2006, crude oil output was flat, averaging 412,500 bbl/d (65,580 m<sup>3</sup>/d).<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a minor discovery in 1982 in the south, an American company found an oil basin near <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in 1984. A total of 27,000 cubic metres per day (170,000 barrels per day) were produced there in 1995. A small oil refinery began operations near Ma'rib in 1986. A Soviet discovery in the southern governorate of <a href="/wiki/Shabwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabwah">Shabwah</a> has proven only marginally successful even when taken over by a different group. A Western consortium began exporting oil from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masila,_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masila, Yemen (page does not exist)">Masila</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a> in 1993, and production there reached 67,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d (420,000 bbl/d) in 1999. There are new finds in the Jannah (formerly known as the Joint Oil Exploration Area) and east Shabwah blocks. Yemen's oil exports in 1995 earned about US$1 billion. Yemen's offshore oil and gas deposits are estimated to contain billions of barrels of oil and gas. Marib oil contains associated natural gas. In September 1995, the Yemeni Government signed an agreement that designated <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> of France to be the lead company for a project for the export of liquefied natural gas (LNG). In 1997, Yemen Gas Company joined with various privately held companies to establish <a href="/wiki/Yemen_LNG" title="Yemen LNG">Yemen LNG</a> (YLNG). In August 2005, the government gave final approval to three LNG supply agreements, enabling YLNG to award a $2 billion contract to an international consortium to build the country's first liquefaction plant at Balhat on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> coast. The project is a $3.7 billion investment over 25 years, producing approximately 6.7 million tons of LNG annually, with shipments likely to go to the United States and South Korea. Production of LNG began in October 2009. The Yemen government expects the LNG project to add $350 million to its budget and enable it to develop a petrochemicals industry.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_manufacturing">Industry and manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industry and manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The US government estimates that Yemen's industrial sector constitutes 47.2 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Together with services, construction, and commerce, industry accounts for less than 25 percent of the labor force. The largest contributor to the manufacturing sector's output is <a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">oil refining</a>, which generates roughly 40 percent of total revenue. The remainder of this sector consists of the production of consumer goods and construction materials. Manufacturing constituted approximately 9.5 percent of Yemen's GDP in 2005. In 2000 Yemen had almost 34,000 industrial establishments with a total of nearly 115,000 workers; the majority of the establishments were small businesses (one to four employees). Almost half of all industrial establishments are involved in processing food products and beverages; the production of flour and <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a> has increased in recent years. Approximately 10 percent of the establishments are classified as manufacturing mixed metal products, such as water-storage tanks, doors, and windows.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services_and_tourism">Services and tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Services and tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economists have reported that Yemen's services sector constituted 51.7 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2002 and 52.2 percent of GDP in 2003. The US government estimates that the services sector accounted for 39.7 percent of GDP in 2004 and 39.3 percent in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yemen's <a href="/wiki/Tourism_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism industry">tourism industry</a> is hampered by both limited infrastructure and significant security concerns. The country's hotels and restaurants are below international standards, and air and road transportation is largely inadequate. Kidnappings of foreign tourists remain a threat, especially outside the main cities. Coupled with terrorist bombings at the Port of Aden in 2000 and 2002, the threat of kidnappings presents a significant deterrent to tourism. As recently as September 2006, tribesmen in the Shabwa province, east of Sanaa, kidnapped four French tourists on their way to Aden; the tourists were freed two weeks later. In October 2006, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> reiterated previous warnings to U.S. citizens, strongly urging them to carefully consider the risks of traveling to Yemen. Britain's Foreign Office has issued a similar advisory. Recent statistics for tourist arrivals in Yemen are not available, but the number of tourist arrivals rose to 274,000 in 2004 from 155,000 in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labor">Labor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the US government, the agriculture and herding sector employs the majority of Yemen's working population (54.2 percent in 2003). Industry, services, construction, and commerce collectively account for less than 25 percent of the labor force.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, Yemen's civil service is characterized by a large, poorly paid work force and inadequate salary differential between high and low skilled jobs to attract and retain qualified workers. In 2004, the government increased civil service salaries by 20 to 40 percent in order to alleviate the impact of anticipated economic reforms that were never implemented. The result was a 20 percent rise in wage costs; civil service wages constituted 7 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2004. The 2005 budget reduced economic subsidies, but in exchange the new budget required the government to make various concessions, including increasing civil service wages another 10 to 15 percent by 2007 as part of a national wage strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic assistance package that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) pledged to Yemen is contingent on the implementation of civil service reform, which the government has resisted because of the country's estimated 20 to 40 percent unemployment rate. In 2004, the government claimed to have reduced the civil service labor force through retirements and layoffs, but it appears that the large salary increases have lessened the impact of any reforms. The IMF has stated that civil service salaries as a component of GDP should be reduced by 1 to 2 percent, a level that can only be achieved with continued reductions in the size of the civil service. It is unclear whether the national wage strategy, which may succeed in streamlining the system and removing irregularities, will in fact be able to reduce employment costs.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currency,_exchange_rate,_and_inflation"><span id="Currency.2C_exchange_rate.2C_and_inflation"></span>Currency, exchange rate, and inflation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Currency, exchange rate, and inflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yemen's currency is the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_riyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni riyal">Yemeni riyal</a> (YR), which was floated on the open market in July 1996. Periodic intervention by the Central Bank of Yemen has enabled the riyal to gradually depreciate approximately 4 percent per year since 1999. Its valued averaged YR191.5 per U.S. dollar in 2005, and has averaged YR197.5 in 2006. In late November 2006, the exchange rate was about YR198 per dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2023 the exchange rate for new rials in government-controlled areas was YR1,252 on average.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the years immediately following unification (1990–96), Yemen experienced a very high average rate of inflation, at 40%. Economic reforms brought the inflation rate down to only 5.4 percent in 1997, but high oil prices and cuts in the fuel subsidy in recent years have had a negative impact on the inflation rate, which has generally been on the rise despite some fluctuations. In 2004, efforts by the Central Bank of Yemen to tighten the money supply were offset by a weakening U.S. dollar - to which the Yemeni riyal is linked in a managed float - and by rising global commodity prices, resulting in an inflation rate of 12.5%. In 2018 the inflation rate was 33.65%.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2005, the government succumbed to public opposition and lowered the new general <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a> from 10 to 5 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are special rates for telecommunication mobile services (10%) and cigarettes (90%).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banking_and_finance">Banking and finance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Banking and finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to economists, Yemen's financial services sector is underdeveloped and dominated by the banking system. Yemen has no public <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>. The banking system consists of the Central Bank of Yemen, 15 commercial banks (nine private domestic banks, four of which are Islamic banks; four private foreign banks; and two state-owned banks), and two specialized state-owned development banks. The Central Bank of Yemen controls monetary policy and oversees the transfer of currencies abroad. It is the <a href="/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort" title="Lender of last resort">lender of last resort</a>, exercises supervisory authority over commercial banks, and serves as a banker to the government. Since the end of 2005 and up to the end of 2010, Tadhamon International Islamic Bank has maintained the top spot of all banks in Yemen (both Commercial and Islamic) in terms of total assets, capital, and trade business. The largest commercial bank, the state-owned Credit and Agricultural Cooperative Bank, and the majority state-owned Yemen Bank for Reconstruction and Development are each currently being restructured with the goal of eventual privatization. Because of fiscal difficulties in both banks, Yemen's government adopted a plan to merge all three banks in 2004; the new publicly owned Development Bank will have a minimum capital of US$50 million. As of April 2011, this step has not yet materialized.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large volume of non-performing loans, low capitalization, and weak enforcement of regulatory standards hamper Yemen's banking sector as a whole. Numerous banks are technically insolvent. Because many debtors are in default, Yemen's banks limit their lending activities to a select group of consumers and businesses. As a result, the entire banking system holds less than 60 percent of the money supply; the bulk of the economy operates with cash. Legislation adopted in 2000 gave the Central Bank the authority to enforce tougher lending requirements, and in mid-2005 the Central Bank promulgated several new capital requirements for commercial banks, together aimed at curtailing currency speculation and protecting deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2023, the Houthi-controlled parliament in Sana’a passed a law banning the charging of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MP Ahmed Saif said the law would have catastrophic consequences for banks and citizens, the Minister of Finance and the governor of the Sana’a-based Central Bank of Yemen refused to endorse the law publicly, and a Sana’a banking official said that religious hardliners in the Houthi movement had pushed for the legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy">Energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Yemen" title="Energy in Yemen">Energy in Yemen</a></div> <p>Yemen's state-owned Public Electricity Corporation (PEC) operates an estimated 80 percent of the country's electricity generating capacity (810–900 <a href="/wiki/Megawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatts">megawatts</a>) as well as the national power grid. Over the past 10 years, the government has considered various means of alleviating the country's significant electricity shortage, including restructuring the PEC, integrating the power sector through small-scale privatization of power stations, creating independent power projects (IPPs), and introducing gas-generated power plants to free up oil supplies for export. However, because of inadequate infrastructure, large-scale IPPs and privatization proposals have failed to materialize; several smaller-scale projects in <a href="/wiki/Mukalla" title="Mukalla">Mukalla</a> and Aden, however, have been completed, and contracts have been signed for future projects. In 2004, Yemen's diesel-run power plants generated 4.1 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity, a level of production that is insufficient to maintain a consistent supply of electricity. Although demand for electricity increased 20 percent between 2000 and 2004, it is estimated that only 40 percent of the total population has access to electricity from the national power grid, and supply is intermittent. To meet this demand, the government plans to increase the country's power generating capacity to 1,400 megawatts by 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_budget">Government budget</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995, in order to comply with conditions stipulated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Yemen began an economic reform program, one component of which is fiscal policy reform aimed at reducing deficits and expanding the revenue base. However, the government has failed to significantly reduce its primary expenditure—subsidies, especially the fuel subsidy. In January 2005, Yemen's parliament narrowly adopted a 2005 budget that forecast a reduced budget deficit of about 3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). The budget was predicated on the adoption of a reform package that included a broad-based, 10 percent general sales tax (GST) and a 75 percent reduction in the fuel subsidy. Strong public opposition to these reforms led the government in July 2005 to defer the 10 percent GST for 18 months, adopting instead a hybrid 5 percent GST, and to modify the fuel subsidy reduction. Nonetheless, the cost of subsidies, primarily for fuel, rose dramatically (almost 90 percent) in 2005, accounting for the largest share (almost 25 percent) of total government expenditures and approximately 9 percent of GDP. These costs, coupled with a 24 percent increase in civil service wages and salaries and a 42 percent increase in defense spending, resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">government budget deficit</a> of US$350.8 million, or more than 2 percent of GDP, in 2005. The government has budgeted a sharp (41 percent) rise in overall spending for 2006, which economists estimate will result in a fiscal deficit of US$800 million, or 4.2 percent of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_economic_relations">Foreign economic relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign economic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_overview">History and overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History and overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War, Yemen supported <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">invasion of Kuwait</a>, thereby alienating Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, which both had provided critical financial assistance to Yemen. In addition to withdrawing this aid, Saudi Arabia expelled almost 1 million Yemeni workers. The resultant fall in expatriate remittances had a disastrous impact on Yemen's governmental budget. The civil war of 1994 further drained the economy, and in 1995 Yemen sought the aid of multilateral agencies. In 1996 the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) granted Yemen a US$190 million stand-by credit facility, and the following year it approved two funding facilities that increased the country's credit by approximately US$500 million. The funding was contingent on Yemen's adoption of stringent economic reforms, a requirement that the country had limited success in fulfilling. As a result, the IMF suspended lending to Yemen from late 1999 until February 2001. The extension of the two funding facilities, particularly the poverty reduction and growth facility (PRGF), through October 2001 was again contingent on Yemen's commitment to economic reform. Because of Yemen's failure to comply sufficiently with the terms imposed by the IMF, since 2002 the IMF has withheld US$300 million in concessional financing. Discussions over the renewal of the PRGF are ongoing. In 2000 Kuwait and Saudi Arabia resumed financial aid to Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2002, bilateral and multilateral lenders led by the World Bank agreed to give Yemen a four-year economic support package worth US$2.3 billion, 20 percent in grants and 80 percent in concessional loans. This funding is almost eight times the amount of financial support Yemen received under the IMF's PRGF. However, in December 2005 the World Bank announced that because of the government's continued inability to effect significant economic reforms and stem corruption, funding would be reduced by more than one-third, from US$420 million to US$240 million for the period July 2005 – July 2008. In May 2006, the World Bank adopted a new Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) for Yemen for the period FY 2006 to FY 2009, providing a blueprint for fostering the country's fiscal and human development improvement. The bank pledged to contribute approximately US$400 million in International Development Association (IDA) credits over the CAS time frame. At present, Yemen owes approximately US$264 million to Japan, one of its largest donors. In December 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese government</a> pledged to write off US$17 million of the debt. That same month, Germany pledged to increase its annual aid to Yemen to US$83.6 million over the next two years; funding will go primarily to education and water improvement projects. In November 2006, the United Kingdom announced that aid to Yemen would increase 400 percent, to US$222 million through 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yemen is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Fund_for_Economic_and_Social_Development" title="Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development">Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development</a>, which since 1974 has contributed to the financing of economic and social development in <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab states</a> and countries through loans and guarantees. In March 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> provided US$136 million to Yemen to finance infrastructure improvements. At a mid-November 2006 meeting in London, a group of bilateral and multilateral donors pledged US$4.7 billion over four years (2007–10) to fund economic development in Yemen. The goal of the meeting, which was jointly chaired by the World Bank and the government of Yemen, was to provide sufficient economic aid to Yemen to enable it to qualify for future <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> (GCC) membership. More than 55 percent of the aid, which is primarily in the form of grants, will come from the GCC. Yemen was granted observer status at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) in 1999, and its application for full membership was under negotiation as of December 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_trade">Foreign trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imports totaled an estimated US$4.7 billion in 2005 and are projected to increase to US$5 billion in 2006 and to US$5.4 billion in 2007. Yemen is a net importer of all major categories of products except fuels. Principal imports are machinery and transport equipment, food and livestock, and processed materials. According to the United Nations, Yemen imports more than 75 percent of its main dietary staple—wheat. The principal source of Yemen's imports in 2005 was the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (13.4 percent of total imports); the bulk of these imports are actually re-exports from the United States and Kuwait. Yemen received 10.6 percent of its total imports from Saudi Arabia and 9 percent from China.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 Yemen's exports totaled US$6.4 billion. Exports are expected to increase to reach a record US$8.6 billion in 2006 as a result of strong oil revenues. Petroleum is Yemen's main export, accounting for 92 percent of total exports in 2004 and 87 percent in 2005. Yemen's non-oil exports are primarily agricultural products, mainly fish and fish products, vegetables, and fruits. In 2005 Asia was the most important market for Yemen's exports, primarily China (37.3 percent of total exports), <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and Japan. <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> was also a primary export market (19.6 percent of total exports).<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yemen's import and export values have increased and decreased dramatically in the past 10 years owing to shifts in global oil prices. As a result, the country's trade balance has fluctuated significantly from a deficit of almost US$800 million in 1998 to a surplus of US$1 billion in 2000. Rising oil prices resulted in a surplus of US$817 million in 2004 and a surplus of US$1.7 billion in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, Yemen has reported increasing non-merchandise deficits. These deficits have, however, been offset by record export earnings, which have resulted in large enough trade surpluses to keep the current account in surplus—US$175.7 million in 2003, US$524.6 million in 2004, and US$633.1 million (about 4 percent of gross domestic product) in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_debt">External debt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990 the newly unified <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Republic of Yemen</a> inherited an unsustainable debt burden amounting to roughly 106 percent of gross domestic product. Debt rescheduling by the Paris Club creditor countries in the 1990s coupled with assistance from the World Bank's International Development Agency resulted in a drop in Yemen's debt stock to US$5.4 billion (an estimated 39 percent of gross domestic product) by year-end 2004. According to the Central Bank of Yemen, Yemen's debt stock was US$5.2 billion (an estimated 33 percent of gross domestic product) by year-end 2005. According to the U.S. government, Yemen's reserves of foreign exchange and gold were US$6.1 billion in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_investment">Foreign investment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yemen does not have a stock exchange, therefore limiting inward portfolio investment. Portfolio investment abroad is also very limited, with the result that portfolio flows are largely unrecorded by authorities. In the early 1990s, net direct investment was at its peak as foreign investors tapped Yemeni <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a>, but since 1995 net direct investment flows have been negative because cost recovery for foreign oil companies has exceeded new direct investment. A five-year US$3 billion liquid natural gas (LNG) construction project involving a consortium of foreign companies is planned following government approval in August 2005. Such a project raises the prospect of increased <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a> in the future as LNG facilities are built.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_20-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_aid">International aid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the mid-1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and China provided large-scale assistance. For example, China was involved with the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a International Airport">Sana'a International Airport</a>. In the south, pre-independence economic activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in the port city of Aden. The seaborne transit trade, which the port relied upon, collapsed with the temporary closure of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and Britain's withdrawal from Aden in 1967.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In early 1995, the government of Yemen launched an economic, financial, and administrative reform program (EFARP) with the support of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the IMF, as well as international donors. These programs had a positive impact on Yemen's economy and led to the reduction of the budget deficit to less than 3% of gross domestic product during the period 1995–1999 and the correction of macro-financial imbalances.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The real growth rate in the non-oil sector rose by 5.6% from 1995 to 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yemen is missing some international support because, as of 2024, it is one of three countries which have not ratified the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> to limit <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Country+and+Lending+Groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org%2Fknowledgebase%2Farticles%2F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/YE">"World Population Dashboard Yemen"</a>. <i>unfpa.org</i>. United Nations Population Fund]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unfpa.org&rft.atitle=World+Population+Dashboard+Yemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fdata%2Fworld-population%2FYE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEOYE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOYE_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOYE_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOYE_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOYE_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOYE_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=37&pr.y=14&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=474&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a=">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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the Yemen oil and gas infrastructure</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yemen_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yemen_topics" title="Template:Yemen topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yemen_topics" title="Template talk:Yemen topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yemen_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yemen topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yemen_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Yemen-related_articles" title="Index of Yemen-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yemeni_history" title="Timeline of Yemeni history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Minaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Yemen" title="Sasanian Yemen">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Islamic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Yemen" title="Modern history of Yemen">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwaziri_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwaziri coup">Alwaziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li>Yemenite Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">1994 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen">Aftermath of the takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Crisis (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil war (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi–led intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen" title="Blockade of Yemen">Saudi–led blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine_in_Yemen_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Famine in Yemen (2016–present)">Famine in Yemen (2016–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak" title="2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak">2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen">COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Insigne_Iemeniae.svg/80px-Insigne_Iemeniae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Insigne_Iemeniae.svg/120px-Insigne_Iemeniae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Insigne_Iemeniae.svg/160px-Insigne_Iemeniae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Yemen" title="Template:Borders of Yemen">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Yemen" title="List of cities in Yemen">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Yemen" title="List of districts of Yemen">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Yemen" title="Governorates of Yemen">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Yemen" title="List of islands of Yemen">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Yemen" title="List of protected areas of Yemen">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Yemen" title="Category:Rivers of Yemen">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Yemen" title="Cabinet of Yemen">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yemen" title="Constitution of Yemen">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yemen" title="Elections in Yemen">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yemen" title="Foreign relations of Yemen">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Yemen">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Yemen" title="Law enforcement in Yemen">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Yemen">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Yemen" title="President of Yemen">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Yemen" title="Vice President of Yemen">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of Yemen">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Yemen">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Yemen)" title="Republican Guard (Yemen)">Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Navy" title="Yemeni Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Air_Force" title="Yemeni Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Coast_Guard" title="Yemen Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Yemen" title="Energy in Yemen">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_rial" title="Yemeni rial">Rial <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Yemen" title="Mining industry of Yemen">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Yemen" title="Telecommunications in Yemen">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Yemen" title="Tourism in Yemen">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Yemen" title="Transport in Yemen">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Yemen" title="Category:Society of Yemen">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Yemen" title="Tribes of Yemen">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Yemen" title="Health in Yemen">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Yemen">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Yemen" title="Water supply and sanitation in Yemen">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Yemen" title="National anthem of Yemen">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yemen" title="Emblem of Yemen">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yemen" title="Flag of Yemen">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Yemen" title="Mass media in Yemen">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Yemen" title="List of museums in Yemen">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Yemen" title="Public holidays in Yemen">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Yemen">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Yemen" title="Outline of Yemen">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Yemen-related_articles" title="Index of Yemen-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yemen" title="Category:Yemen">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Asia" title="Economy of Asia">Economy of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bhutan" title="Economy of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Timor" title="Economy of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkmenistan" title="Economy of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uzbekistan" title="Economy of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Abkhazia" title="Economy of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Economy of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Economy of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> 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