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<span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Measurements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Measurements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stone bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brick_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brick_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Brick bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brick_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wooden_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wooden_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Wooden bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wooden_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pontoon_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pontoon_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pontoon bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pontoon_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opus_pontis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opus_pontis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Opus pontis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opus_pontis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Large_river_bridging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_river_bridging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Large river bridging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_river_bridging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جسر روماني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جسر روماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_roman" title="Pont roman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pont roman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_rom%C3%A0" title="Pont romà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pont romà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puentes_romanos" title="Puentes romanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Puentes romanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romia_ponto" title="Romia ponto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romia ponto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_zubi" title="Erromatar zubi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar zubi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_romain" title="Pont romain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pont romain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_romano" title="Ponte romano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ponte romano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontes_Romani" title="Pontes Romani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pontes Romani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_romana" title="Ponte romana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponte romana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мостостроение Древнего Рима – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мостостроение Древнего Рима" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ura_romake" title="Ura romake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ura romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimski_most" title="Rimski most – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimski most" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Римски мостови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римски мостови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanong_tulay" title="Romanong tulay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Romanong tulay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCleri" title="Roma köprüleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma köprüleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Давньоримський міст – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньоримський міст" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_La_M%C3%A3" title="Cầu La Mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cầu La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bridges built by ancient Romans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges" title="List of Roman bridges">List of Roman bridges</a>. For the railway station in Wales, see <a href="/wiki/Roman_Bridge_railway_station" title="Roman Bridge railway station">Roman Bridge railway station</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puente_Romano_y_Puente_de_Lusitania,_M%C3%A9rida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Puente_Romano_y_Puente_de_Lusitania%2C_M%C3%A9rida.jpg/300px-Puente_Romano_y_Puente_de_Lusitania%2C_M%C3%A9rida.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Puente_Romano_y_Puente_de_Lusitania%2C_M%C3%A9rida.jpg/450px-Puente_Romano_y_Puente_de_Lusitania%2C_M%C3%A9rida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Puente_Romano_y_Puente_de_Lusitania%2C_M%C3%A9rida.jpg/600px-Puente_Romano_y_Puente_de_Lusitania%2C_M%C3%A9rida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Puente_Romano,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Puente Romano, Mérida">Puente Romano, Mérida</a>, the world's longest (still in use) surviving Roman bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">ancient Romans</a> were the first civilization to build large, permanent <a href="/wiki/Bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridges">bridges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Roman bridges used techniques introduced by <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a>, but the Romans improved those skills, developing and enhancing methods such as <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keystones" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystones">keystones</a>. There were three major types of <b>Roman bridge</b>: wooden, pontoon, and stone. Early Roman bridges were wooden, but by the 2nd century BC stone was being used. Stone bridges used the arch as their <a href="/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">basic structure</a>, and most used <a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">concrete</a>, the first use of this material in bridge-building. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Tarquinius_Priscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarquinius Priscus">Tarquinius Priscus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan engineers</a> migrated to Rome, bringing with them their knowledge of bridge-building techniques. The oldest bridge in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Pons_Sublicius" title="Pons Sublicius">Pons Sublicius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aldrete_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aldrete-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whitney_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built in the 6th century BC by <a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Tiber_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber River">Tiber River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whitney_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-corbishley_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbishley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans improved on <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan architectural</a> techniques. They developed the <a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">voussoir</a>, stronger <a href="/wiki/Keystones" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystones">keystones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaults</a>, and superior arched bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-bunson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman arched bridges were capable of withstanding more stress by dispersing forces across bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-oleson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oleson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Roman bridges had semicircular arches, but a few were <a href="/wiki/Segmental_arch" title="Segmental arch">segmental</a>, i.e. with an arc of less than 180 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-beall_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma-Ponte_rotto02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roma-Ponte_rotto02.jpg/220px-Roma-Ponte_rotto02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roma-Ponte_rotto02.jpg/330px-Roma-Ponte_rotto02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Roma-Ponte_rotto02.jpg/440px-Roma-Ponte_rotto02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aemilius" title="Pons Aemilius">Pons Aemilius</a>, the oldest stone bridge in Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 2nd century BC, the Romans had further refined their bridge-building techniques, using stronger materials such as <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>. Also, they began to use <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">iron clamps</a> to hold together bridges, constructing midstream arches, and <a href="/wiki/Pentagon" title="Pentagon">pentagonal</a> stones to allow for wider <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dupre_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupre-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Canadian classicist <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a>, no known stone bridges existed in Italy before the 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-oleson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oleson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is not supported unanimously: Spanish engineer <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Troyano" class="extiw" title="es:Leonardo Fernández Troyano">Leonardo Fernández Troyano</a> suggested that stone bridges have existed since <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Pre-Roman Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-troyano_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troyano-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 150 and 50 BC, many stone Roman bridges were built, the <a href="/wiki/Pons_Aemilius" title="Pons Aemilius">Pons Aemilius</a> being the first.<sup id="cite_ref-aldrete_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aldrete-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engineers began to use stone instead of wood to exemplify the <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></i> and to construct longer-lasting bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-bove_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bove-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the first large-scale bridges ever constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-dupre_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupre-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bridges were constructed by the Roman government to serve the needs of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">military</a> and the empire's administration. Sometimes roads and bridges were used for commercial purposes, but this was rare as boats better served the needs of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Roman economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ruddock_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 2nd century Roman techniques had declined, and they had been mostly lost by the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-whitney_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Roman bridges are still used today, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a>, and even after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, engineers copied their bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-maynard_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maynard-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman bridge-building techniques persisted until the 18th century:<sup id="cite_ref-whitney_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, the prevalence of arches in bridges can be attributed to the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-ruddock_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurements">Measurements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Measurements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sant_Angelo_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sant_Angelo_bridge.jpg/220px-Sant_Angelo_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sant_Angelo_bridge.jpg/330px-Sant_Angelo_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sant_Angelo_bridge.jpg/440px-Sant_Angelo_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Roman bridges were much larger than the bridges of other civilizations. They could be anywhere from 4.6 to 18.3 metres (15 to 60 ft) long. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> around the turn of the 1st millennium the maximum span of Roman bridges increased from around 24 metres (79 ft) in 142 BC to 35 metres (115 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a>, built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, has five arches each with a span of 18 metres (59 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-troyano_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troyano-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bridge in <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Alcántara">Alcántara</a> has piers 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) wide, 47 metres (154 ft) high, and arches with a span of 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in). Another bridge over the Bibey River in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> has a pier 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) wide, arches with a 4.3-metre (14 ft) span, 6-and-9-metre (20 and 30 ft) side arches, and an arch spanning 18.5 metres (61 ft). Wider spans increase the bridge's drainage, reduce water pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Spandrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Spandrels">spandrels</a>, and reduced the bridge's weight.<sup id="cite_ref-troyano_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troyano-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Trajan's Bridge</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> featured open-spandrel segmental arches made of wood (standing on 40 metres (130 ft) high concrete piers). This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length. The longest extant Roman bridge is the 790-metre (2,590 ft) <a href="/wiki/Puente_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Puente Romano">Puente Romano</a> at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_bridges">Stone bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stone bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When building bridges across moving bodies of water, Roman engineers would begin by laying a foundation. At first, they used heavy timbers as <a href="/wiki/Deep_foundations" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep foundations">deep foundations</a> in the riverbed, but a later technique involved using <a href="/wiki/Cofferdam" title="Cofferdam">watertight walls</a> to redirect the water and then laying a stone foundation in the area. To aid in the construction of a foundation, work was exclusively done during the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>. This ensured as many piers as possible were accessible. There is some evidence that in order to construct bridges rivers were diverted. Such a practice might have been performed by Trajan when constructing his Danube bridge. Roman engineers might have diverted rivers using rudimentary methods and tools. Sometimes dirt was added to the foundation. The foundation of a bridge could either be built above or below <a href="/wiki/Water_level" title="Water level">water level</a>. Building the bridge above water level resulted in a need for a wider span.<sup id="cite_ref-maynard_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maynard-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ruddock_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bridge's tunnels and spandrels were designed to decrease the weight of the bridge and function as <a href="/wiki/Flood_arch" title="Flood arch">flood arches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ruddock_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bender_-_Pons_Aemilius.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bender_-_Pons_Aemilius.JPG/220px-Bender_-_Pons_Aemilius.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bender_-_Pons_Aemilius.JPG/330px-Bender_-_Pons_Aemilius.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bender_-_Pons_Aemilius.JPG/440px-Bender_-_Pons_Aemilius.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aemilius" title="Pons Aemilius">Pons Aemilius</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Pons Aemilius probably had stone piers, with wooden roadbeds and arches.<sup id="cite_ref-aldrete_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aldrete-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were rebuilt in stone in 142 BC, and either extended from the abutments to the <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a>, or vice versa. Throughout Roman history, brick or stone arches were used to support bridges' weight.<sup id="cite_ref-maynard_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maynard-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman engineers built bridges with one long arch instead of several smaller ones. This practice made construction easier, as they only needed to build one arch on land, instead of many in water. Roman arches were semi-circular and used <a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">voussoirs</a> with equal dimensions and <a href="/wiki/Conic_section" title="Conic section">conic sections</a> with equal circumference.<sup id="cite_ref-troyano_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troyano-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:143_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:143-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in Roman history arches started to become <a href="/wiki/Semicircle" title="Semicircle">semi-circular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes arches were <a href="/wiki/Segmental_arch" title="Segmental arch">segmented</a>, or not semicircular.<sup id="cite_ref-beall_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique was invented by the Romans. Segmented arches allowed greater amounts of flood water to pass, preventing the bridge from being swept away and allowing it to be lighter. The <a href="/wiki/Limyra_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Limyra Bridge">Limyra Bridge</a> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> has 26 segmental arches with an average span-to-rise ratio of 5.3:1,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving the bridge an unusually flat profile unsurpassed for more than a millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-:153_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:153-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late Roman <a href="/wiki/Karamagara_Bridge" title="Karamagara Bridge">Karamagara Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> in eastern Turkey may represent the earliest surviving bridge featuring a pointed arch, though it is now submerged by the <a href="/wiki/Keban_Dam" title="Keban Dam">Keban Dam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman arches were unable to properly fit into the arch springings, forcing the base of the arches upwards. </p><p>In the 2nd century, arches become thinner, and spandrels became flat and pierced with holes. They were constructed using a wooden frame to hold wedge-shaped blocks in place. Afterwards the wooden frame was removed, but the weight of the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)">keystone</a>, the last block to be put in place, held it together.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bridges had <a href="/wiki/Abutment" title="Abutment">abutments</a> at each end and piers in the middle, these two design features carrying most of the bridge's weight. Abutments could be constructed in the many <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arches</a> of a bridge, allowing each to be built separately.<sup id="cite_ref-maynard_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maynard-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piers were usually twenty-six feet thick and <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">framed</a> with <a href="/wiki/Starling_(structure)" title="Starling (structure)">starlings</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Late_antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late antique">late antique</a> Karamagara Bridge represents an early example of the use of <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch" title="Pointed arch">pointed arches</a>. </p><p>Roman <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a> were thick enough to support the pressure of an arch. Stone arches allowed bridges to have much longer spans.<sup id="cite_ref-dupre_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupre-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, iron clamps covered in <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> were used to build piers. Because of poor performance underwater, Roman piers were often destroyed over time.<sup id="cite_ref-ruddock_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bridges that survived to the modern day were often furnished with <a href="/wiki/Starling_(structure)" title="Starling (structure)">cut waters</a> on the upstream side and a flat downstream face, though some bridges, such as a bridge in <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>, are exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-ruddock_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/Niche_construction" title="Niche construction">niches</a> carrying <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornices</a> were inserted between <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a>. They were then put above the framed starlings. Roman bridges had <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrels</a>, between which images of <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> were often inserted.<sup id="cite_ref-whitney_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They rarely had wide spans and thick piers with <a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">bow</a>-shaped piers that used small openings to allow for the flow of water. During construction, cranes were used to move materials and lift heavy objects.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some bridges had <a href="/wiki/Apron_(architecture)" title="Apron (architecture)">aprons</a>. They were used to surround piers. Usually, the aprons covered the area of the <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">stream bed</a> near the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-ruddock_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a> used <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> and bricks to cover the outside of bridges and concrete for <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">footings</a> and water channels. Ashlar was used because large amounts of wood was needed to <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">cast</a> the concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a> limestone and <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> were used to build Roman bridges,<sup id="cite_ref-oleson_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oleson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or they could be made of dry rubble or concrete. Often the building materials varied in <a href="/wiki/Smoothness" title="Smoothness">smoothness</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">rustication</a>. Other bridges were made of <a href="/wiki/Boss_(architecture)" title="Boss (architecture)">bossed</a> limestone combined with cornices, voussoirs and slabs. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaults</a> were used to construct bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-oleson_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oleson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bridges built in Iberia tended to have cylindrical vault geometry.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of the 2nd century BC, blocks of stone held together with iron <a href="/wiki/Sleeve_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeve coupling">clamps</a> were used to aid in the construction of bridges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brick_bridges">Brick bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brick bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Roman_brick" title="Roman brick">Roman bricks</a> were used to build many bridges, they were far more commonly used to build aqueducts. Bridges built from bricks were rare as bricks often failed to survive <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brick bridges that were built were generally used by the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">military</a>, and they used construction techniques called <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_vittatum" title="Opus vittatum">opus vittatum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_mixtum" title="Opus mixtum">opus mixtum</a></i>, the latter alternating rows of bricks in <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_reticulatum" title="Opus reticulatum">opus reticulatum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bove_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bove-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are bridges in <a href="/wiki/Carmona,_Spain" title="Carmona, Spain">Carmona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palomas,_Badajoz" title="Palomas, Badajoz">Palomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponte_del_Chianche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ponte del Chianche (page does not exist)">Ponte della Chianche</a> in Italy. One brick bridge in <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, has stone arches and brick spandrels.<sup id="cite_ref-troyano_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troyano-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bricks were sometimes used to create parts of bridges, such as <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaults</a>, piers with <a href="/wiki/Welding_joint" title="Welding joint">welding joints</a>, and brick and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar</a> <a href="/wiki/Rubble" title="Rubble">rubble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-beall_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wooden_bridges">Wooden bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wooden bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_ponte_di_Cesare_sul_Reno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Il_ponte_di_Cesare_sul_Reno.jpg/220px-Il_ponte_di_Cesare_sul_Reno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Il_ponte_di_Cesare_sul_Reno.jpg/330px-Il_ponte_di_Cesare_sul_Reno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Il_ponte_di_Cesare_sul_Reno.jpg/440px-Il_ponte_di_Cesare_sul_Reno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">Caesar's Rhine Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early Roman bridges were wooden, including one constructed by <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Damascus" title="Apollodorus of Damascus">Apollodorus</a> and the Pons Sublicius, the oldest bridge in ancient Rome, and they were probably common across northern Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian coast</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-ruddock_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, because of their lack of durability few have survived to the modern day.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bridges were supported by wooden <a href="/wiki/Trestle_support" title="Trestle support">trestles</a> spanned by horizontal timbers and reinforced with <a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">struts</a>, and they were possibly <a href="/wiki/Cantilever" title="Cantilever">cantilevered</a>. In order to simplify the process of cutting trees, multiple shorter timbers were used.<sup id="cite_ref-whitney_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wooden poles were driven into the ground, and flat pieces of timber laid across them to create a flat surface.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgeough_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgeough-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other early techniques used to build wooden bridges involved <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a>, sometimes they were <a href="/wiki/Moored" class="mw-redirect" title="Moored">moored</a> side by side. Workmen would raise weights, sometimes by rope, then it would fall down onto the piles. This method of construction, called <a href="/wiki/Pile_driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Pile driving">pile driving</a>, was necessary for wooden bridges to properly function. Because this technique created <a href="/wiki/Cofferdam" title="Cofferdam">cofferdams</a>, which are enclosures build to pump water out of an area.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The base for the foundation of the bridge would be put in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-ruddock_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cofferdams were constructed of many piles held together. It is possible the piles were interconnected, likely to improve positioning, <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">waterproofness</a>, or both. Cofferdams would have been sealed with packed clay.<sup id="cite_ref-ruddock_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cofferdams also needed to be consistently dry. In order to achieve this, engineers would use tools such as buckets to drain the water.<sup id="cite_ref-ruddock_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wooden bridges could be burned to stop an attacker, or dismantled quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-oleson_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oleson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, according to <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, during a battle against the <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a> the Romans set one of their wooden bridges on fire, driving the enemy back.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early wooden bridges used <a href="/wiki/Post_and_lintel" title="Post and lintel">post and lintel</a> construction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Pontoon_Bridge,_Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius,_Rome,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roman_Pontoon_Bridge%2C_Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Roman_Pontoon_Bridge%2C_Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roman_Pontoon_Bridge%2C_Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-Roman_Pontoon_Bridge%2C_Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roman_Pontoon_Bridge%2C_Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-Roman_Pontoon_Bridge%2C_Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2586" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Roman legionaries crossing the Danube River by <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon bridge</a>, as depicted in a relief on the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pontoon_bridges">Pontoon bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pontoon bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">Pontoon bridges</a> were built by laying boats from side to side across a river.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgeough_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgeough-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bunson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">campaign</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germany</a>, he built <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">bridges</a> by driving wooden piles into the <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">stream bed</a> from floating platforms and fixing beams at <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angles</a> across them to create trestles. <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> built another bridge supported by stone during the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corbishley_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbishley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman engineers gradually developed new techniques to build bridges, such as oval-shaped bases and pierced bases to facilitate the movement of water. Many bridges would have <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carvings</a>, but these bridges were likely used exclusively by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">government officials</a> because of the difficulty and expense of carving marble artwork. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponte_Quattro_Capi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ponte_Quattro_Capi.jpg/220px-Ponte_Quattro_Capi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ponte_Quattro_Capi.jpg/330px-Ponte_Quattro_Capi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ponte_Quattro_Capi.jpg/440px-Ponte_Quattro_Capi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a> in Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>There were three major types of Roman bridges. These were wooden, pontoon, and stone bridges. A list of Roman bridges compiled by the engineer Colin O'Connor features 330 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges#Masonry_bridges" title="List of Roman bridges">stone bridges</a> for traffic, 34 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges#Timber_and_stone_pillar_bridges" title="List of Roman bridges">timber bridges</a> and 54 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges#Aqueduct_bridges" title="List of Roman bridges">aqueduct bridges</a>, a substantial number still standing and even used to carry vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-:153_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:153-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more complete survey by the Italian scholar Vittorio Galliazzo found 931 Roman bridges, mostly of stone, in as many as 26 different countries (including former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>; see right table).<sup id="cite_ref-:143_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:143-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A segmental arch is an arch that is less than a semicircle.<sup id="cite_ref-beall_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple-arch <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman aqueducts">aqueducts</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard">Pont du Gard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Segovia_Aqueduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Segovia Aqueduct">Segovia Aqueduct</a>. Their bridges often had flood openings in the piers, e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a> in Rome (62 BC), one of the world's oldest major bridges still standing. </p><p>There were two main types of wooden bridge in Britain. Small timber bridges with <a href="/wiki/Girder" title="Girder">girders</a>, and large ones made of stone and wood. Throughout the rest of the Roman world, except for northern Europe, arched bridges made of stone were common. This was likely due to the climate and rivers of the regions. Rivers were much calmer and water levels were lower in the southern parts of the Empire. This ensured foundations were easy to construct. While in the northern parts it was much harder to lay down foundations due to the high water level, muddy water, and substantial waterflow.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>The location of all 961 known Roman bridges<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Europe </th> <th>830 </th> <th>Asia </th> <th>74 </th> <th>Africa </th> <th>57 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td>460 </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td>55 </td> <td>Tunisia </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain </td> <td>142 </td> <td>Syria </td> <td>7 </td> <td>Algeria </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td>72 </td> <td>Jordan </td> <td>5 </td> <td>Libya </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td>30 </td> <td>Lebanon </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>29 </td> <td>Israel </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal </td> <td>14 </td> <td>Iran </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yugoslavia </td> <td>13 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland </td> <td>11 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgaria </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luxemburg </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Albania </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romania </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opus_pontis"><i>Opus pontis</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Opus pontis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_Alcantara.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bridge_Alcantara.JPG/220px-Bridge_Alcantara.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bridge_Alcantara.JPG/330px-Bridge_Alcantara.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bridge_Alcantara.JPG/440px-Bridge_Alcantara.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1ntara_Bridge" title="Alcántara Bridge">Alcántara Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The costs of building and repairing bridges, known as <i>opus pontis</i> ("bridge work"), were the responsibility of multiple local municipalities. Their shared costs prove Roman bridges belonged to the region overall, and not to any one town (or two, if on a border). The <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1ntara_Bridge" title="Alcántara Bridge">Alcántara Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>, for example, was built at the expense of 12 local municipalities, whose names were added on an inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the local lords of the land had to pay tithes to the empire for <i>opus pontis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> continued this practice with <i>bricg-geworc</i>, a literal translation of <i>opus pontis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Built in 142 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Pons_Aemilius" title="Pons Aemilius">Pons Aemilius</a>, later named Ponte Rotto (broken bridge), is the oldest Roman stone bridge in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, with only one surviving arch and pier. However, evidence suggests only the <a href="/wiki/Abutment" title="Abutment">abutment</a> is original to the 2nd century BC while the arch and pier perhaps date to a reconstruction during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (27 BC – 14 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pons Fabricius, built in 62 BC during the late Republic, is the oldest Roman bridge that is still intact and in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor20002_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor20002-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest Roman bridge was <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Trajan's Bridge</a> over the lower <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, constructed by <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Damascus" title="Apollodorus of Damascus">Apollodorus of Damascus</a>, which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall and span length.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_river_bridging">Large river bridging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Large river bridging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roman engineers built stone arch or stone pillar bridges over all major rivers of their <i>Imperium</i>, save two: the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, which lay at the frontier to the rival <a href="/wiki/Persian_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian empires">Persian empires</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, the longest river in the world, which was 'bridged' as late as 1902 by the British <a href="/wiki/Old_Aswan_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Aswan Dam">Old Aswan Dam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest rivers to be spanned by solid bridges by the Romans were the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">the two largest European rivers</a> west of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>. The lower Danube was crossed by least two (<a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Trajan's Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine%27s_Bridge_(Danube)" title="Constantine's Bridge (Danube)">Constantine's Bridge</a>) and the middle and lower Rhine by four different bridges (the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merbr%C3%BCcke_(Mainz)" class="extiw" title="de:Römerbrücke (Mainz)">Roman Bridge at Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">Caesar's Rhine bridges</a>, the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Br%C3%BCcken_in_Koblenz" class="extiw" title="de:Römische Brücken in Koblenz">Roman Bridge at Koblenz</a>, the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merbr%C3%BCcke_(K%C3%B6ln)" class="extiw" title="de:Römerbrücke (Köln)">Roman Bridge at Cologne</a>). For rivers with strong currents and to allow swift army movements, <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontoon bridges">pontoon bridges</a> were also routinely employed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judging by the distinct lack of records of pre-modern solid bridges spanning larger rivers,<sup id="cite_ref-troyano_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troyano-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Roman feat appears to be unsurpassed anywhere in the world until into the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges" title="List of Roman bridges">List of Roman bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridges_in_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridges in Rome">Bridges in Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_architectural_records#Bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient architectural records">Record-holding bridges in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_architectural_revolution" title="Roman architectural revolution">Roman architectural revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor1993">O'Connor 1993</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aldrete-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aldrete_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aldrete_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aldrete_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAldrete2007" class="citation book cs1">Aldrete, Gregory S. (5 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHE4UJQ0XRIC"><i>Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9188-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9188-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-9188-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floods+of+the+Tiber+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9188-5&rft.aulast=Aldrete&rft.aufirst=Gregory+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHE4UJQ0XRIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitney-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whitney_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitney_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitney_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitney_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitney_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitney_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney2003" class="citation book cs1">Whitney, Charles S. (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryW-Qo3Hr3sC"><i>Bridges of the World: Their Design and Construction</i></a>. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42995-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42995-3"><bdi>978-0-486-42995-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridges+of+the+World%3A+Their+Design+and+Construction&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-486-42995-3&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DryW-Qo3Hr3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corbishley-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corbishley_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-corbishley_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbishley2004" class="citation book cs1">Corbishley, Mike (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uo4JN29FNPEC&dq=Bridges+in+Ancient+Rome&pg=PA24"><i>Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ancient Rome</i></a>. Getty Publications. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-705-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-705-4"><bdi>978-0-89236-705-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-705-4&rft.aulast=Corbishley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duo4JN29FNPEC%26dq%3DBridges%2Bin%2BAncient%2BRome%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bunson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bunson_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bunson_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson2014" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5tic2VunRoC&dq=Construction+of+Roman+bridges&pg=PA194"><i>Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1027-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1027-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-1027-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1027-1&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5tic2VunRoC%26dq%3DConstruction%2Bof%2BRoman%2Bbridges%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1943" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, D.S. (1943). <i>Greek and Roman Architecture</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 231. <q>The Romans were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first in the world, fully to appreciate the advantages of the arch, the vault and the dome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Architecture&rft.pages=231&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=D.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oleson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oleson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oleson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oleson_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oleson_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oleson_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleson2008" class="citation book cs1">Oleson, John Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrsVDAAAQBAJ&q=Bridges+in+Ancient+Rome"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 259, 456, 569–571. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973485-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973485-6"><bdi>978-0-19-973485-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Engineering+and+Technology+in+the+Classical+World&rft.pages=259%2C+456%2C+569-571&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973485-6&rft.aulast=Oleson&rft.aufirst=John+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjrsVDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DBridges%2Bin%2BAncient%2BRome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beall-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beall_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beall_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beall_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beall_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeall1988" class="citation web cs1">Beall, Christine (1 September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concreteconstruction.net/_view-object?id=00000154-2575-db06-a1fe-777dacdc0000">"Designing the segmental arch"</a>. The Aberdeen Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2022</span> – via Concrete Construction.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designing+the+segmental+arch&rft.pub=The+Aberdeen+Group&rft.date=1988-09-01&rft.aulast=Beall&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concreteconstruction.net%2F_view-object%3Fid%3D00000154-2575-db06-a1fe-777dacdc0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dupre-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dupre_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dupre_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dupre_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupré2017" class="citation book cs1">Dupré, Judith (7 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=om5FDgAAQBAJ&q=History+of+Roman+bridges"><i>Bridges: A History of the World's Most Spectacular Spans</i></a>. Running Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-47380-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-47380-4"><bdi>978-0-316-47380-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridges%3A+A+History+of+the+World%27s+Most+Spectacular+Spans&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-316-47380-4&rft.aulast=Dupr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dom5FDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DHistory%2Bof%2BRoman%2Bbridges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleson2018" class="citation web cs1">Oleson, John Peter (13 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uvic.ca/~jpoleson/#toc">"BRIEF BIOGRAPHY"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BRIEF+BIOGRAPHY&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft.aulast=Oleson&rft.aufirst=John+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uvic.ca%2F~jpoleson%2F%23toc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-troyano-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-troyano_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-troyano_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-troyano_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-troyano_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-troyano_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-troyano_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroyano2003" class="citation book cs1">Troyano, Leonardo Fernández (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0u5G8E3uPUAC"><i>Bridge Engineering: A Global Perspective</i></a>. Thomas Telford. pp. 86, 94, 100–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3215-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3215-6"><bdi>978-0-7277-3215-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+Engineering%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=86%2C+94%2C+100-107&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-3215-6&rft.aulast=Troyano&rft.aufirst=Leonardo+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0u5G8E3uPUAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfcsl.com/en/">"main"</a>. <i>CFCSL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CFCSL&rft.atitle=main&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfcsl.com%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProskeGelder2009" class="citation book cs1">Proske, Dirk; Gelder, Pieter van (18 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8m1I6ERB0HEC&dq=Construction+of+Roman+bridges&pg=PA37"><i>Safety of historical stone arch bridges</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-77618-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-77618-5"><bdi>978-3-540-77618-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safety+of+historical+stone+arch+bridges&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft.isbn=978-3-540-77618-5&rft.aulast=Proske&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft.au=Gelder%2C+Pieter+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8m1I6ERB0HEC%26dq%3DConstruction%2Bof%2BRoman%2Bbridges%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bove-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bove_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bove_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoveBergamascoLippiello2004" class="citation book cs1">Bove, L.; Bergamasco, I.; Lippiello, M. (2004). <i>The Stone Bridges in Southern Italy: From the Roman Tradition to the Middle of the 19th Centuries</i>. Dipartimento di Costruzioni e Metodi Matematici in Architettura Università degli Studi di Napoli – Facoltà di Architettura. pp. 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stone+Bridges+in+Southern+Italy%3A+From+the+Roman+Tradition+to+the+Middle+of+the+19th+Centuries&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Dipartimento+di+Costruzioni+e+Metodi+Matematici+in+Architettura+Universit%C3%A0+degli+Studi+di+Napoli+%E2%80%93+Facolt%C3%A0+di+Architettura&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bove&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Bergamasco%2C+I.&rft.au=Lippiello%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruddock-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ruddock_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruddock_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruddock_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruddock_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruddock_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruddock_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruddock_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruddock_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruddock_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruddock_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruddock_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuddock2017" class="citation book cs1">Ruddock, Ted (15 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulsPEAAAQBAJ&dq=History+of+Roman+bridges&pg=PR21"><i>Masonry Bridges, Viaducts and Aqueducts</i></a>. Routledge. pp. XXI, 15–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-91928-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-91928-9"><bdi>978-1-351-91928-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masonry+Bridges%2C+Viaducts+and+Aqueducts&rft.pages=XXI%2C+15-23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-351-91928-9&rft.aulast=Ruddock&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DulsPEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DHistory%2Bof%2BRoman%2Bbridges%26pg%3DPR21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maynard-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maynard_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maynard_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maynard_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maynard_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard2006" class="citation book cs1">Maynard, Charles W. (15 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Za6fFqskPFUC&dq=Bridges+in+Ancient+Rome&pg=PA15"><i>The Technology of Ancient Rome</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. pp. 15–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0556-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0556-7"><bdi>978-1-4042-0556-7</bdi></a>. <q>The ends of the bridge called abutments, were built on each side, and piers were situated in the middle. The abutments and piers carried most of the bridge's weight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Technology+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=15-21&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-0556-7&rft.aulast=Maynard&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZa6fFqskPFUC%26dq%3DBridges%2Bin%2BAncient%2BRome%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagarinFantham2010" class="citation book cs1">Gagarin, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fantham" title="Elaine Fantham">Fantham, Elaine</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&q=Bridges+in+Ancient+Rome"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517072-6&rft.aulast=Gagarin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fantham%2C+Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC%26q%3DBridges%2Bin%2BAncient%2BRome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:132-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:132_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:132_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliazzo1995">Galliazzo 1995</a>, pp. 92, 93 (fig. 39)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:143-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:143_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:143_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliazzo1994">Galliazzo 1994</a>, p. 2 (Indice)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliazzo1995">Galliazzo 1995</a>, pp. 429–437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor1993">O'Connor 1993</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor1993">O'Connor 1993</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:153-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:153_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:153_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor1993">O'Connor 1993</a>, p. 187ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhl2019" class="citation book cs1">Uhl, Xina M. (15 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oLPXDwAAQBAJ&dq=Construction+of+Roman+bridges&pg=PA34"><i>How STEM Built the Roman Empire</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7253-4154-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7253-4154-8"><bdi>978-1-7253-4154-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+STEM+Built+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2019-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-7253-4154-8&rft.aulast=Uhl&rft.aufirst=Xina+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoLPXDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DConstruction%2Bof%2BRoman%2Bbridges%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArêdeCosta2019" class="citation book cs1">Arêde, António; Costa, Cristina (1 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0uzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Construction+of+Roman+bridges&pg=PA104"><i>Proceedings of ARCH 2019: 9th International Conference on Arch Bridges</i></a>. Springer Nature. pp. 31–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-29227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-29227-0"><bdi>978-3-030-29227-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+ARCH+2019%3A+9th+International+Conference+on+Arch+Bridges&rft.pages=31-34&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.isbn=978-3-030-29227-0&rft.aulast=Ar%C3%AAde&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rft.au=Costa%2C+Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0uzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DConstruction%2Bof%2BRoman%2Bbridges%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2018" class="citation book cs1">Garrison, Ervan G. (19 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XuCDwAAQBAJ&dq=History+of+Roman+bridges&pg=PT113"><i>History of Engineering and Technology: Artful Methods</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-44047-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-44047-9"><bdi>978-1-351-44047-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Engineering+and+Technology%3A+Artful+Methods&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-351-44047-9&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Ervan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3XuCDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DHistory%2Bof%2BRoman%2Bbridges%26pg%3DPT113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:112-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:112_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYegülFavro2019" class="citation book cs1">Yegül, Fikret; Favro, Diane (5 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8CkDwAAQBAJ&dq=Brick+bridges+Roman&pg=PA153"><i>Roman Architecture and Urbanism: From the Origins to Late Antiquity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47071-1"><bdi>978-0-521-47071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Architecture+and+Urbanism%3A+From+the+Origins+to+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47071-1&rft.aulast=Yeg%C3%BCl&rft.aufirst=Fikret&rft.au=Favro%2C+Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8CkDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBrick%2Bbridges%2BRoman%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlickLiveseyWallis2014" class="citation book cs1">Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven; Wallis, Faith (27 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&dq=Brick+bridges+Roman&pg=PA103"><i>Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45932-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45932-1"><bdi>978-1-135-45932-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45932-1&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft.au=Livesey%2C+Steven&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77y2AgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBrick%2Bbridges%2BRoman%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgeough-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcgeough_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcgeough_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeough2009" class="citation book cs1">McGeough, Kevin M. (26 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKzvK5YbCJYC&dq=Construction+of+Roman+bridges&pg=PA213"><i>The Romans: An Introduction</i></a>. OUP USA. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537986-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537986-0"><bdi>978-0-19-537986-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537986-0&rft.aulast=McGeough&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKzvK5YbCJYC%26dq%3DConstruction%2Bof%2BRoman%2Bbridges%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cofferdam" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cofferdam">Cofferdam</a>" . <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 649.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandart2021" class="citation book cs1">Landart, Paula (5 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S-VxBAAAQBAJ&dq=Bridges+in+Ancient+Rome&pg=PA46"><i>Finding Ancient Rome: Walks in the city</i></a>. Paula Landart. pp. 45–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Ancient+Rome%3A+Walks+in+the+city&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Paula+Landart&rft.date=2021-12-05&rft.aulast=Landart&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS-VxBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBridges%2Bin%2BAncient%2BRome%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivius" class="citation book cs1">Livius, Titus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.romanroadsstatic.com/materials/romans/historians/Livy_Early_History_Rome_1-0.pdf"><i>Early History of Rome</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+Rome&rft.pages=43&rft.aulast=Livius&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.romanroadsstatic.com%2Fmaterials%2Fromans%2Fhistorians%2FLivy_Early_History_Rome_1-0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2004" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, David Featherstone (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AE4VDAAAQBAJ&dq=types+of+Roman+bridges&pg=PA99"><i>The Bridges of Medieval England: Transport and Society, 400–1800</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927274-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927274-7"><bdi>978-0-19-927274-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bridges+of+Medieval+England%3A+Transport+and+Society%2C+400%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927274-7&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=David+Featherstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAE4VDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtypes%2Bof%2BRoman%2Bbridges%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galliazzo 1994, p. 2 (Indice). Galliazzo's survey excludes Late Roman or <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> structures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrothingham1915" class="citation journal cs1">Frothingham, A.I. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xX1JAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA172">"The Roman Territorial Arch"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>14</b> (19). Macmillan Company: 159, 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Territorial+Arch&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=159%2C+172&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Frothingham&rft.aufirst=A.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxX1JAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames-RaoulThomasset2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">James-Raoul, Danièle; Thomasset, Claude (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pyh1YlfFCIC&pg=PA201"><i>Les ponts au Moyen Âge</i></a> (in French). Presses Paris Sorbonne. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782840503736" title="Special:BookSources/9782840503736"><bdi>9782840503736</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+ponts+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Presses+Paris+Sorbonne&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9782840503736&rft.aulast=James-Raoul&rft.aufirst=Dani%C3%A8le&rft.au=Thomasset%2C+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Pyh1YlfFCIC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2015" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Donald S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-McCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"><i>Le Beau Dieu</i></a>. Holy Fire Publishing. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603835084" title="Special:BookSources/9781603835084"><bdi>9781603835084</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Beau+Dieu&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Holy+Fire+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781603835084&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-McCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1882" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Joseph (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXlii1KgDngC&q=opus+pontis&pg=PA125"><i>An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth ...</i></a> Clarendon Press. p. 125<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anglo-Saxon+Dictionary%3A+Based+on+the+Manuscript+Collections+of+the+Late+Joseph+Bosworth+...&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoXlii1KgDngC%26q%3Dopus%2Bpontis%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Platner, Samuel Ball, <i>A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome</i>, ed. Ashby, Thomas, London: Oxford University Press, 1929 [Thayer, Bill (17 May 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Pons_Aemilius.html">"Pons Aemilius"</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, Accessed 9 June 2021]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor20002-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor20002_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2000" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Rabun M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rqMGZr4yAkQC&pg=PA141"><i>Public Needs and Private Pleasures: Water Distribution, the Tiber River and the Urban Development of Ancient Rome</i></a>. L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER. pp. 141–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8265-100-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8265-100-8"><bdi>978-88-8265-100-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Needs+and+Private+Pleasures%3A+Water+Distribution%2C+the+Tiber+River+and+the+Urban+Development+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=L%27ERMA+di+BRETSCHNEIDER&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-88-8265-100-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Rabun+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrqMGZr4yAkQC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-ncxDpuAE8"><i>Where are the Greatest Bridges of Ancient Rome?</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+are+the+Greatest+Bridges+of+Ancient+Rome%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Do-ncxDpuAE8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor1993">O'Connor 1993</a>, pp. 193–202 (Appendices A and B) <a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor1993">O'Connor 1993</a>, pp. 133–139</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fuentes, Manuel Durán: <i>La construcción de puentes romanos en Hispania</i>, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-453-3937-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-453-3937-4">978-84-453-3937-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_Troyano2003" class="citation cs2">Fernández Troyano, Leonardo (2003), <i>Bridge Engineering. A Global Perspective</i>, London: Thomas Telford Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7277-3215-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7277-3215-3"><bdi>0-7277-3215-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+Engineering.+A+Global+Perspective&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7277-3215-3&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Troyano&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalliazzo1995" class="citation cs2">Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995), <i>I ponti romani</i>, vol. 1, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-85066-66-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-85066-66-6"><bdi>88-85066-66-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+ponti+romani&rft.place=Treviso&rft.pub=Edizioni+Canova&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=88-85066-66-6&rft.aulast=Galliazzo&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalliazzo1994" class="citation cs2">Galliazzo, Vittorio (1994), <i>I ponti romani. Catalogo generale</i>, vol. 2, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-85066-66-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-85066-66-6"><bdi>88-85066-66-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+ponti+romani.+Catalogo+generale&rft.place=Treviso&rft.pub=Edizioni+Canova&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=88-85066-66-6&rft.aulast=Galliazzo&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazzola1963" class="citation cs2">Gazzola, Piero (1963), <i>Ponti romani. Contributo ad un indice sistematico con studio critico bibliografico</i>, Florence</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ponti+romani.+Contributo+ad+un+indice+sistematico+con+studio+critico+bibliografico&rft.place=Florence&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Gazzola&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1993" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, Colin (1993), <i>Roman Bridges</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39326-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39326-4"><bdi>0-521-39326-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Bridges&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-39326-4&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesters_Bridge" title="Chesters Bridge">Chesters Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piercebridge_Roman_Bridge" title="Piercebridge Roman Bridge">Piercebridge Roman Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aelius" title="Pons Aelius">Pons Aelius</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo in Rome"><img alt="Ponte Sant'Angelo in Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg/150px-Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg/225px-Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg/300px-Ponte_St._Angelo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Ambroix" title="Pont Ambroix">Pont Ambroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Born%C3%A8gre" title="Pont de Bornègre">Pont de Bornègre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_des_Marchands" title="Pont des Marchands">Pont des Marchands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard">Pont du Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Flavien" title="Pont Flavien">Pont Flavien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Julien" title="Pont Julien">Pont Julien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Serme" title="Pont Serme">Pont Serme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_sur_la_Laye" title="Pont sur la Laye">Pont sur la Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bridge_(Saint-Thib%C3%A9ry)" title="Roman Bridge (Saint-Thibéry)">Roman Bridge (Saint-Thibéry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bridge_(Vaison-la-Romaine)" title="Roman Bridge (Vaison-la-Romaine)">Roman Bridge (Vaison-la-Romaine)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">Caesar's Rhine bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bridge_(Trier)" title="Roman Bridge (Trier)">Roman Bridge (Trier)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band-e_Kaisar" title="Band-e Kaisar">Band-e Kaisar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aemilius" title="Pons Aemilius">Pons Aemilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Agrippae" title="Pons Agrippae">Pons Agrippae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Altinate" title="Ponte Altinate">Ponte Altinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Cestius" title="Pons Cestius">Pons Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Neronianus" title="Pons Neronianus">Pons Neronianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Probi" title="Pons Probi">Pons Probi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Sublicius" title="Pons Sublicius">Pons Sublicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_d%27A%C3%ABl" title="Pont d'Aël">Pont d'Aël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Pierre_(Aosta)" title="Pont de Pierre (Aosta)">Pont de Pierre (Aosta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Saint-Martin_(bridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pont-Saint-Martin (bridge)">Pont-Saint-Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_d%27Augusto_(Narni)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponte d'Augusto (Narni)">Ponte d'Augusto (Narni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_di_Tiberio_(Rimini)" title="Ponte di Tiberio (Rimini)">Ponte di Tiberio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Corvo_(bridge)" title="Ponte Corvo (bridge)">Ponte Corvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_del_Gran_Caso" title="Ponte del Gran Caso">Ponte del Gran Caso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Molino_(Padua)" title="Ponte Molino (Padua)">Ponte Molino (Padua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Nomentano" title="Ponte Nomentano">Ponte Nomentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Pietra_(Verona)" title="Ponte Pietra (Verona)">Ponte Pietra (Verona)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_di_Pioraco" title="Ponte di Pioraco">Ponte di Pioraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_di_Quintodecimo" title="Ponte di Quintodecimo">Ponte di Quintodecimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Salario" title="Ponte Salario">Ponte Salario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_San_Lorenzo" title="Ponte San Lorenzo">Ponte San Lorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_di_San_Vito" title="Ponte di San Vito">Ponte di San Vito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susegana_Bridge" title="Susegana Bridge">Susegana Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leontes_Bridge" title="Leontes Bridge">Leontes Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_de_Rubi%C3%A3es" title="Ponte de Rubiães">Ponte de Rubiães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Nova_da_Cava_da_Velha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponte Nova da Cava da Velha">Ponte Nova da Cava da Velha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bridge_(Chaves)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Bridge (Chaves)">Roman Bridge (Chaves)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bridge_of_Catribana" title="Roman Bridge of Catribana">Roman Bridge of Catribana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine%27s_Bridge_(Danube)" title="Constantine's Bridge (Danube)">Constantine's Bridge (Danube)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Trajan's Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acueducto_de_los_Milagros" title="Acueducto de los Milagros">Acueducto de los Milagros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarregas_Roman_bridge" title="Albarregas Roman bridge">Albarregas Roman bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcon%C3%A9tar_Bridge" title="Alconétar Bridge">Alconétar Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Segovia" title="Aqueduct of Segovia">Aqueduct of Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1ntara_Bridge" title="Alcántara Bridge">Alcántara Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Ferreres_Aqueduct" title="Les Ferreres Aqueduct">Les Ferreres Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puente_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Puente de Alcántara">Puente de Alcántara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puente_Romano,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Puente Romano, Mérida">Puente Romano, Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge_of_%C3%81vila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman bridge of Ávila (page does not exist)">Roman bridge of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Roman bridge of Córdoba">Roman bridge of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge_of_Lugo" title="Roman bridge of Lugo">Roman bridge of Lugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge_of_Salamanca" title="Roman bridge of Salamanca">Roman bridge of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge_of_Talamanca_de_Jarama" title="Roman bridge of Talamanca de Jarama">Roman bridge of Talamanca de Jarama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Diwar_Bridge" title="Ain Diwar Bridge">Ain Diwar Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_at_Nimreh" title="Bridge at Nimreh">Bridge at Nimreh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemarrin_Bridge" title="Gemarrin Bridge">Gemarrin Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaba_Bridge" title="Kharaba Bridge">Kharaba Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesepus_Bridge" title="Aesepus Bridge">Aesepus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapsu_Bridge" title="Arapsu Bridge">Arapsu Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_at_Oinoanda" title="Bridge at Oinoanda">Bridge at Oinoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine%27s_Bridge_(Mysia)" title="Constantine's Bridge (Mysia)">Constantine's Bridge (Mysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurymedon_Bridge_(Aspendos)" title="Eurymedon Bridge (Aspendos)">Eurymedon Bridge (Aspendos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurymedon_Bridge_(Selge)" title="Eurymedon Bridge (Selge)">Eurymedon Bridge (Selge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamagara_Bridge" title="Karamagara Bridge">Karamagara Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_near_Kemer" title="Bridge near Kemer">Kemer Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_near_Limyra" title="Bridge near Limyra">Limyra Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misis_Bridge" title="Misis Bridge">Misis Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macestus_Bridge" title="Macestus Bridge">Macestus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_Bridge" title="Nysa Bridge">Nysa Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penkalas_Bridge" title="Penkalas Bridge">Penkalas Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Bridge" title="Pergamon Bridge">Pergamon Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_Bridge" title="Sangarius Bridge">Sangarius Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_Bridge" title="Severan Bridge">Severan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Adana)" title="Stone Bridge (Adana)">Stone Bridge (Adana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens_Aqueduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Valens Aqueduct">Valens Aqueduct Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bridge_(Mysia)" title="White Bridge (Mysia)">White Bridge (Mysia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges" title="List of Roman bridges">Full list of Roman bridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_bridges_on_the_Tiber_(from_source_to_mouth)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Tiber_bridges" title="Template:Ancient Tiber bridges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Tiber_bridges" title="Template talk:Ancient Tiber bridges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Tiber_bridges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Tiber bridges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_bridges_on_the_Tiber_(from_source_to_mouth)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient</a> bridges on the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from source to mouth)</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upstream</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Milvius</a> (Molle)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ælius</a> (Sant'Angelo)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pons_Neronianus" title="Pons Neronianus">Neronianus</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pons_Agrippae" title="Pons Agrippae">Agrippae</a> (Sisto)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sisto" title="Ponte Sisto">Aurelius</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-size:85%;">After <a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Isl.</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Fabricius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pons_Cestius" title="Pons Cestius">Cestius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aemilius" title="Pons Aemilius">Æmilius</a> (Rotto)<sup><small>†</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pons_Sublicius" title="Pons Sublicius">Sublicius</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pons_Probi" title="Pons Probi">Probi</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>† <span style="font-size:85%;">partly or wholly underwater or demolished</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Names are in the original Latin; in parentheses are the Italian names that differ significantly</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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7.50% 55.860 1 Template:Commons_category"," 7.10% 52.870 1 Template:Sister_project"," 6.85% 51.061 1 Template:Side_box"," 5.77% 42.959 9 Template:Harvnb"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.417","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9523062,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAldrete2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArêdeCosta2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeall1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoveBergamascoLippiello2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbishley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupré2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández_Troyano2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrothingham1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagarinFantham2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalliazzo1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalliazzo1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrison2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGazzola1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillespie2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlickLiveseyWallis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames-RaoulThomasset2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandart2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaynard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGeough2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOleson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOleson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProskeGelder2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuddock2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroyano2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUhl2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitney2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYegülFavro2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Rome topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Tiber Bridges\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 9,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Roman bridges\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-559c9fd9f4-86wkg","timestamp":"20241126132043","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Roman bridge","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_bridge","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1223230","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1223230","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-19T21:18:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T18:48:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/ca\/Puente_Romano_y_Puente_de_Lusitania%2C_M%C3%A9rida.jpg","headline":"bridge built by the ancient Romans"}</script> </body> </html>