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autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i><span lang="en">Basic Local Alignment Search Tool</span></i></h1> <div class="tagline"> logiciel informatique </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Basic+Local+Alignment+Search+Tool&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Suivre</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirigé depuis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=BLAST&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BLAST">BLAST</a>)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Blast">Blast</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p><b>BLAST</b> (acronyme de <i><b><span class="lang-en" lang="en">basic local alignment search tool</span></b></i>) est une méthode de recherche <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heuristique_(math%C3%A9matiques)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heuristique (mathématiques)">heuristique</a> utilisée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bioinformatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioinformatique">bioinformatique</a>. Il permet de trouver les régions similaires entre deux ou plusieurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9quence_biologique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Séquence biologique">séquences</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9otide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléotide">nucléotides</a> ou d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acide_amin%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acide aminé">acides aminés</a>, et de réaliser un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alignement_de_s%C3%A9quences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alignement de séquences">alignement</a> de ces régions homologues.</p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <div class="entete icon informatique" style="color: #000000;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r188801372">.mw-parser-output .entete.informatique{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Picto-infoboxinfo.png")}</style> <div> BLAST </div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <div class="images"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:CCDC132_Blast_Results.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de l'image CCDC132 Blast Results.png." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CCDC132_Blast_Results.png/220px-CCDC132_Blast_Results.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/CCDC132_Blast_Results.png/330px-CCDC132_Blast_Results.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/CCDC132_Blast_Results.png 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="373"></a></span> </div> <table> <caption style="color:#000000;"> Informations </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9veloppeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Développeur">Développé par</a></th> <td>Altschul S.F., Gish W., Miller E.W., Lipman D.J., <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Version_d%27un_logiciel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Version d'un logiciel">Dernière version</a></th> <td>2.9.0+ (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-04-01" data-sort-value="2019-04-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> avril 2019</time>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langage_de_programmation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langage de programmation">Écrit en</a></th> <td><span class="wd_p277"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%2B%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C++">C++</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C_(langage)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C (langage)">C</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286820?uselang%3Dfr%23P277" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27exploitation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système d'exploitation">Système d'exploitation</a></th> <td><span class="wd_p306"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_Unix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Type Unix">Type Unix</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MacOS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MacOS">macOS</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microsoft_Windows?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286820?uselang%3Dfr%23P306" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plate-forme_(informatique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plate-forme (informatique)">Environnement</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multiplate-forme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplate-forme">Multiplate-forme</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Format_de_donn%C3%A9es?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Format de données">Formats</a> lus</th> <td><span class="wd_p1072">XML BLAST Output <small>(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105762919" class="extiw" title="d:Q105762919"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286820?uselang%3Dfr%23P1072" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Format_de_donn%C3%A9es?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Format de données">Formats</a> écrits</th> <td><span class="wd_p1073">XML BLAST Output <small>(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105762919" class="extiw" title="d:Q105762919"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286820?uselang%3Dfr%23P1073" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Type</th> <td>Outil bioinformatique</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Licence_de_logiciel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Licence de logiciel">Licence</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domaine_public_(propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9_intellectuelle)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domaine public (propriété intellectuelle)">Domaine public</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Site_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Site web">Site web</a></th> <td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi">blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi</a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style=""><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DBasic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DBasic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/frwiki/Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool" class="extiw" title="d:Special:ItemByTitle/frwiki/Basic Local Alignment Search Tool">voir Wikidata</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Infobox_Wikidata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Infobox Wikidata">(aide)</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Logiciel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></p> </div> <p>Étant donné une séquence introduite par l'utilisateur, BLAST permet de retrouver rapidement dans des bases de données, les séquences répertoriées ayant des zones de similitude avec la séquence d'entrée<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette méthode est utilisée pour trouver des relations fonctionnelles ou évolutives entre les séquences et peut aider à identifier les membres d'une même <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Famille_de_g%C3%A8nes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Famille de gènes">famille de gènes</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historique"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Principe"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Principe</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cr%C3%A9ation_du_dictionnaire_de_k-uplets"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Création du dictionnaire de <i>k</i>-uplets</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Recherche_et_extension_de_l'homologie"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Recherche et extension de l'homologie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Analyse_du_score_et_%C3%A9valuation_de_la_pertinence"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Analyse du score et évaluation de la pertinence</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Variations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Variations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Des_donn%C3%A9es_utilis%C3%A9es"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Des données utilisées</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#De_l'algorithme"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">De l'algorithme</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Historique">Historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Historique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Ce programme a été développé par Stephen Altschul, Warren Gish et David Lipman au <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a></span> (NCBI). La publication originale parue en octobre 1990, <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">« <span class="italique">Basic local alignment search tool</span> »</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, a été citée plus de 90 000 fois<sup id="cite_ref-pubmedcentral_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pubmedcentral-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ce qui en fait l'une des plus citées dans le monde scientifique.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Principe">Principe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Principe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>BLAST recherche dans une base de données de séquence des segments qui sont localement homologues à une séquence-test fournie par l'utilisateur (<i>query sequence</i>). BLAST utilise une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matrice_de_similarit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matrice de similarité">matrice de similarité</a> pour calculer des scores d'alignement. Il fournit un score pour chaque <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alignement_de_s%C3%A9quences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alignement de séquences">alignement</a> trouvé et utilise ce score pour donner une évaluation statistique de la pertinence de cet alignement (probabilité qu'il soit dû au hasard).</p> <p>Le principe de fonctionnement de BLAST, peut se décomposer en trois étapes<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> :</p> <ul> <li>la décomposition de la séquence-test en segments de longueur <i>k</i> (<i>k</i>-uplets) chevauchants et la recherche pour chacun d'eux de tous les <i>k</i>-uplets possibles ayant un score d'homologie supérieur à un seuil donné. BLAST constitue ainsi un dictionnaire de tous les <i>k-</i>uplets donnant une homologie locale minimum ;</li> <li>le balayage de la banque avec le dictionnaire ainsi constitué. Chaque fois que BLAST identifie une coïncidence dans la banque, il tente d'étendre l'homologie en amont et en aval du <i>k</i>-uplet initialement trouvé ;</li> <li>après extension de l'homologie, il évalue à partir du score obtenu la probabilité que celle-ci soit due au hasard (ou plus exactement, son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%A9rance_math%C3%A9matique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espérance mathématique">espérance mathématique</a>).</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Création_du_dictionnaire_de_k-uplets"><span id="Cr.C3.A9ation_du_dictionnaire_de_k-uplets"></span>Création du dictionnaire de <i>k</i>-uplets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Création du dictionnaire de k-uplets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La séquence analysée est d'abord découpée en <i>k</i>-uplets chevauchants. Pour une séquence de protéine, on utilise typiquement des quadruplets d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acide_amin%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acide aminé">acides aminés</a>. Un segment de séquence comme FATCATY est par exemple découpé en :</p> <pre>FATC, ATCA, TCAT, CATY </pre> <p>Chacun de ces <i>k</i>-uplets est ensuite analysé pour identifier tous les k-uplets possibles qui donneraient un score d'alignement supérieur à une valeur seuil, fixée par l'utilisateur. Pour calculer ce score d'alignement, on utilise une matrice de similarité, <i>M</i>(<i>a</i>,<i>b</i>), souvent BLOSUM62 (avec <i>a</i> et <i>b</i> les deux acides aminés comparés). Par exemple, si on reprend le quadruplet FATC évoqué ci-dessus, le score qu'on obtient en l'alignant avec lui-même est de 24 si on utilise la matrice BLOSUM62 :</p> <p><i>score</i>(FATC,FATC) = <i>M</i>(F,F) + <i>M</i>(A,A) + <i>M</i>(T,T) + <i>M</i>(C,C) = 6 + 4 + 5 + 9 = 24</p> <p>Quelques autres quadruplets donnent de bons scores d'alignement avec FATC, par exemple YATC, FASC ou FSTC, qui donnent des scores d'alignement supérieurs à 20 :</p> <p><i>score</i>(FATC,YATC) = 21 ; <i>score</i>(FATC,FASC) = 20 ; <i>score</i>(FATC,FSTC) = 21</p> <p>En revanche, la grande majorité des autres quadruplets donne des scores d'alignements très mauvais, le plus souvent négatifs. Si on fixe un seuil élevé, comme 18 ou 20 dans notre exemple, on n'aura donc que quelques quadruplets possibles qui vont donner un score d'alignement supérieur à ce seuil.</p> <p>BLAST va donc, pour chaque <i>k</i>-uplet de la séquence analysée, constituer un dictionnaire de tous les <i>k</i>-uplets possibles donnant un score supérieur au seuil. Le dictionnaire va également indiquer la position dans la séquence de référence où se trouve le <i>k</i>-uplet d'origine. Une fois constitué, ce dictionnaire contient la liste de tous les <i>k</i>-uplets possibles qui permettent d'obtenir un score initial d'alignement supérieur au seuil.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Recherche_et_extension_de_l'homologie"><span id="Recherche_et_extension_de_l.27homologie"></span>Recherche et extension de l'homologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Recherche et extension de l'homologie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:BLASTextend.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BLASTextend.svg/330px-BLASTextend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="89" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="95"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 89px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BLASTextend.svg/330px-BLASTextend.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="89" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BLASTextend.svg/495px-BLASTextend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BLASTextend.svg/660px-BLASTextend.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> À partir d'un <i>k</i>-uplet homologue à la séquence d'intérêt, BLAST essaie d'étendre l'homologie dans les deux directions. Si cette extension est possible et que le score augmente, un alignement local est identifié </figcaption> </figure> <p>Une fois construit le dictionnaire de tous les <i>k</i>-uplets présentant un score seuil d'homologie avec la séquence de référence, BLAST va balayer la banque de séquences à analyser, en regardant successivement tous les <i>k</i>-uplets qui composent chaque séquence. À chaque fois, il vérifie si le <i>k</i>-uplet de la banque est présent dans le dictionnaire. S'il n'en fait pas partie, il passe au suivant. S'il est présent dans le dictionnaire, cela signifie qu'il existe un embryon de région homologue entre la séquence de référence et la séquence de la banque en cours d'analyse. Cette homologie présente un score minimum égal au seuil fixé dans la première étape.</p> <p>BLAST va alors essayer de voir si cette région homologue s'étend au-delà du <i>k</i>-uplet de départ. Il va alors essayer d'étendre en amont et en aval la région pour voir si le score d'homologie augmente avec cette tentative d'extension. Si les deux séquences présentent effectivement une homologie locale autour du <i>k</i>-uplet de départ, l'extension va conduire à une augmentation effective du score, car de nouveaux acides aminés vont se trouver alignés. Si au contraire la tentative d'extension ne permet pas d'augmenter le score, parce que l'homologie ne continue pas, BLAST s'arrête. Si le score final après extension est supérieur à un seuil donné, l'alignement est conservé pour l'analyse finale.</p> <p>Ce processus est effectué pour tous les <i>k</i>-uplets des séquences présentes dans la banque analysée, qui est balayée séquentiellement.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Analyse_du_score_et_évaluation_de_la_pertinence"><span id="Analyse_du_score_et_.C3.A9valuation_de_la_pertinence"></span>Analyse du score et évaluation de la pertinence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Analyse du score et évaluation de la pertinence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>BLAST et ses versions dérivées (voir ci-dessous) est utilisé pour rechercher des séquences homologues à une séquence d'intérêt, introduite par l'utilisateur, à l'intérieur d'une banque de données de séquence. Ces banques de données, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GenBank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GenBank">GenBank</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UniProt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>, sont très grandes, contenant typiquement plusieurs centaines de millions de séquences. La recherche exhaustive avec BLAST retourne en général plusieurs dizaines d'alignements avec la séquence d'intérêt. La question qui est alors posée est celle de la pertinence biologique de ces alignements : l'alignement est il simplement le résultat du hasard, parce qu'on a analysé un très grand nombre de séquences, ou bien est-il le reflet d'une véritable conservation biologique ?</p> <p>Pour cela, au cours de la recherche, BLAST effectue une analyse de la distribution des scores d'alignement entre la séquence d'intérêt et la banque. Il ajuste cette distribution à une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonction_de_d%C3%A9nsit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fonction de dénsité">fonction de densité</a> théorique, ce qui lui permet de calculer la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probabilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Probabilité">probabilité</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%A9rance_math%C3%A9matique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espérance mathématique">espérance mathématique</a> de trouver un alignement donnant un score donné dans la banque, uniquement du fait du hasard. Les paramètres de cette fonction de densité varient en fonction des compositions en nucléotides ou acides aminés de la séquence et de la banque analysée.</p> <p>Typiquement, BLAST va indiquer, pour chaque alignement, la valeur de cette espérance appelée <i>E-value</i>. Pour des alignements biologiquement pertinents, la E-value prend des valeurs infinitésimales (de 10<sup>−10</sup> à 10<sup>−200</sup>), ce qui signifie qu'il est hautement improbable que le score d'alignement obtenu soit le fait du hasard.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:BLAST_sample_output.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BLAST_sample_output.svg/506px-BLAST_sample_output.svg.png" decoding="async" width="506" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="245"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 506px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BLAST_sample_output.svg/506px-BLAST_sample_output.svg.png" data-width="506" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BLAST_sample_output.svg/759px-BLAST_sample_output.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BLAST_sample_output.svg/1012px-BLAST_sample_output.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Exemple d'alignement produit par BLAST avec indication des paramètres d'alignement. L'alignement montré correspond à une région homologue entre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_nucl%C3%A9aire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Récepteur nucléaire">récepteur nucléaire</a> humain aux œstrogènes et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_de_la_vitamine_D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Récepteur de la vitamine D">récepteur nucléaire humain à la vitamine D</a>. La <i>E-value</i> de cet alignement est de 4,0 × 10<sup>−21</sup>, ce qui correspond à un alignement biologiquement significatif </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Variations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Des_données_utilisées"><span id="Des_donn.C3.A9es_utilis.C3.A9es"></span>Des données utilisées</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Des données utilisées" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le terme blast peut être modifié en fonction de la nature de la séquence d'entrée, et de la base de données utilisée :</p> <ul> <li>blastn, de nucléotides, séquence nucléotidique contre une base de données de séquences nucléotidiques ;</li> <li>blastp, de protéines, séquence de protéine contre une base de données de séquences de protéines ;</li> <li>blastx, séquence nucléotidique traduite en séquence de protéine contre une base de données de séquences de protéines ;</li> <li>tblastn, séquence de protéine contre une base de données de séquences nucléotidiques traduites en séquences de protéines ;</li> <li>tblastx, séquence nucléotidique traduite en séquence de protéine contre une base de données de séquences nucléotidiques traduites en séquences de protéines.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="De_l'algorithme"><span id="De_l.27algorithme"></span>De l'algorithme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : De l'algorithme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Depuis sa création, différentes versions de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Algorithme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Algorithme">algorithme</a> ont été développées :</p> <ul> <li>BlastN, blast de séquences nucléotidiques, lent mais permet de retrouver des similarités localisées uniquement sur une partie des séquences ;</li> <li>BlastP, blast de séquences de protéines ;</li> <li>Megablast, rapide, permet de retrouver des séquences hautement similaires ;</li> <li>PSI-Blast (<i>position-specific iterated BLAST</i>), Blast relancé plusieurs fois par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/It%C3%A9ration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itération">itération</a>. À chaque itération une séquence consensus est déterminée à partir des résultats, et utilisée comme séquence source pour l'itération suivante ;</li> <li>PHI-BLAST (<i>pattern hit initiated Blast</i>), programme utilisant comme source une séquence protéique et un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Motif">motif</a>, celui-ci étant utilisé comme point de départ des recherches de similarité avec les séquences présentes dans les bases de données.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="2004">Greg Gibson, Spencer V. Muse, Lionel Domenjoud, Raymond Cunin (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr> Lionel Domenjoud), <cite class="italique">Précis de génomique</cite>, Bruxelles/Paris, De Boeck Université, <time>2004</time>, 347 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-8041-4334-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-8041-4334-1"><span class="nowrap">2-8041-4334-1</span></a>)</small>, « 2 »<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9cis+de+g%C3%A9nomique&rft.atitle=2&rft.place=Bruxelles%2FParis&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Universit%C3%A9&rft.date=2004&rft.tpages=347&rft.isbn=2-8041-4334-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+Local+Alignment+Search+Tool"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="AltschulGishMillerMyers1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="SF_AltschulW_GishW_MillerEW_Myers1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> SF <span class="nom_auteur">Altschul</span>, W <span class="nom_auteur">Gish</span>, W <span class="nom_auteur">Miller</span>, EW <span class="nom_auteur">Myers</span> et DJ <span class="nom_auteur">Lipman</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Basic local alignment search tool</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of molecular biology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 215, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-10-05" data-sort-value="1990-10-05">5 octobre 1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">403-10</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2231712">2231712</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2231712">résumé</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Basic+local+alignment+search+tool&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+molecular+biology&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Altschul&rft.aufirst=SF&rft.au=Gish%2C+W&rft.au=Miller%2C+W&rft.au=Myers%2C+EW&rft.au=Lipman%2C+DJ&rft.date=1990-10-05&rft.volume=215&rft.pages=403-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2231712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+Local+Alignment+Search+Tool"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pubmedcentral-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pubmedcentral_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/tocrender.fcgi?action%3Dcited%26tool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D2231712%26itool%3DEntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus%26ordinalpos%3D1">20 000</a> fois</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BLAST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="DardelKépès2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Frédéric_DardelFrançois_Képès2002"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Dardel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frédéric Dardel">Frédéric Dardel</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_K%C3%A9p%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Képès">François Képès</a>, <cite class="italique">Bioinformatique. Génomique et post-génomique</cite>, Palaiseau, Éditions de l’École Polytechnique, <time>2002</time>, 246 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-7302-0927-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-7302-0927-1"><span class="nowrap">2-7302-0927-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DMVUxRMFodd4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioinformatique.+G%C3%A9nomique+et+post-g%C3%A9nomique&rft.place=Palaiseau&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+l%E2%80%99%C3%89cole+Polytechnique&rft.aulast=Dardel&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+K%C3%A9p%C3%A8s&rft.date=2002&rft.tpages=246&rft.isbn=2-7302-0927-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+Local+Alignment+Search+Tool"></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Algorithme_de_Needleman-Wunsch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Algorithme de Needleman-Wunsch">Algorithme de Needleman-Wunsch</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Algorithme_de_Smith-Waterman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Algorithme de Smith-Waterman">Algorithme de Smith-Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alignement_de_s%C3%A9quences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alignement de séquences">Alignement de séquences</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bioinformatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioinformatique">Bioinformatique</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Basic_Local_Alignment_Search_Tool&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><cite class="ouvrage" id="site_officiel" style="font-style: normal;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/">Site officiel</a></cite></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.uniclust.it/index.php/en/component/content/article/47-bioclust/98-parallel-blast-bioinformatic.html"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">mpiBLAST Demo</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.uniclust.it/index.php/en/component/content/article/47-bioclust/98-parallel-blast-bioinformatic.html">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://www.uniclust.it/index.php/en/component/content/article/47-bioclust/98-parallel-blast-bioinformatic.html">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://www.uniclust.it/index.php/en/component/content/article/47-bioclust/98-parallel-blast-bioinformatic.html">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://www.uniclust.it/index.php/en/component/content/article/47-bioclust/98-parallel-blast-bioinformatic.html">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span></span> - mpiBLAST Parallel Version</li> </ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Biologie_cellulaire_et_mol%C3%A9culaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la biologie cellulaire et moléculaire"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" 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20:41</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA_(%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9)" title="بلاست (برمجية) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاست (برمجية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST-Algorithmus" title="BLAST-Algorithmus – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="BLAST-Algorithmus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST_(biotechnology)" title="BLAST (biotechnology) – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="BLAST (biotechnology)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA" title="بلاست – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلاست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_local_alignment_search_tool" title="Basic local alignment search tool – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Basic local alignment search tool" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST_(%25EC%2583%259D%25EB%25AA%2585%25EA%25B3%25B5%25ED%2595%2599%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EC%2588%25A0)" title="BLAST (생명공학기술) – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="BLAST (생명공학기술)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast" title="Blast – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blast" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST" title="BLAST – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="BLAST" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST_(%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%2589%25A9%25E8%25B3%2587%25E8%25A8%258A%25E5%25AD%25B8)" title="BLAST (生物資訊學) – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="BLAST (生物資訊學)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 19 juin 2024 à 20:41.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" 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