CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91357f5739b3ce55',cH: 'SLBksWPVwbeZRmwHRdTeFbDEMJ2CizDuugmLcCl0JBA-1739792372-1.2.1.1-jTVQ2qTA5jCp0x6BAsxvwlX_tASXWUtrtFhOWf94S7oEp.xZqOkUcRkZCt9Ut4Tr',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=dynamic%20spectrum%20access&__cf_chl_tk=K63fRag9MRrioXQVwh29mwmo0Pijrjnwqtp8MSS6N_w-1739792372-1.0.1.1-3WnmZjKH12p0xt0vgacEtPdkPgwia5RzKyK6OJ2C56E",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792372',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=dynamic%20spectrum%20access&__cf_chl_f_tk=K63fRag9MRrioXQVwh29mwmo0Pijrjnwqtp8MSS6N_w-1739792372-1.0.1.1-3WnmZjKH12p0xt0vgacEtPdkPgwia5RzKyK6OJ2C56E",md: "ZdSnbB5FtAe4UGOqvbVmkU2gXHCk6suEc4FxkEPNUfg-1739792372-1.2.1.1-vwS0jELrGEcFIaXqEkl1MhDYRGpOxh1GOTuZjy7dz6_zKF2ieB1BjS5JX7EADzaNilNiyp8vYvOgmA9zXqHFGTrv_sqwhMlzgLxxalh1UUWC_KMNZPinmV0jLA_HB4nreOiHwKooAob9pCJPnsoYrL7unyC_AUS8015c7TUjCVaGvV7BoIXwEUnQlMuPd60paxRWSmXFjzNfoAQxHMZvhudv58j4.62cHcqQnKeM5XAPVTABEtEA7N1E1AQh7rHID7cmXP2uWchuupbpSxOVvEZsnVAB9l0hpflkjR22OYNxbAvoNavJIYbxk6AGfZqrTmVbTkpjKy9M0uKlZ7HvDOzAok7GxX7kbVzStHYoi_fBy7PpAPi3tsrAGZxKBk7YBhvD7h3p7u5s4QwxuulLjrOSpd1pp.HZB8H.7GXaYPlkweSkE0VX5DGp4CkLEtEB_HSCaFX.EePBh.WqxXpQfue6fbNb3.dAIJV1MOn46vI6lR8NFza_v2tWXnq_oGP0tGz0jJp01OcSV3V5CPY2_3.sYpMWH7CBHfzyU.BIzdKaQYSpPCKQOix_rdwnMQdcoF31DLVbVN3Xr1pkFKNZm0nILbZJU5U213.FjHOeXdNTIRcmEuDqt70LTCrGosjo48jDnR2RbZNHvPtyU7HiE_5UbkagNyop01zmkX_XdovK.fN.Qockrh1vZyiW7L7851Jst1e5fDy5.5R9jedcDXd_S1pHev.sTunGv42.Sq5BiOPmZzQ6nqlr4wE93pceNno3MDGrkvulI_gdsrNYzzptJhk.5FFrrjouYdhHbFr6ERhNSHQTXpMpad4uvbw0qDA1ypg8yOSD2BumltckoqnDzxJR7_9DB6TV_8XNOQSJ9auHsonfO7Uyv2PA2pXdhc1e1n476wROlGaJBvhLgMwpTvPwv68lfFuYE9pfhboPB2X5kAwX9ZXhzFYbxUNL6fVTBhasmnBHuF..j9WnCWF7eIZgEsujDM5XzGbdrU6fVHvw_nPB4xXly03bxzPtLpRU3slTR2k6jj1_YBHt0cbSSK.7eQcuiWtcWu.Ykh9qvXwHYObVbTyFBkvRdMl.m2FUEUEEg6po5WdpDHU3FTsYIdcQQ1bKOiwxP8GMO9K7FEuFH2tXHZNFXJy76OT.kISOPvkHcKJfk2cDV4HDu_gI3hMXQcFPF_DHWATqPRvg5.qdPi1TcImLo2m_ZGEocrP57xwXo2ftsux0p_QlZWSnjsIAY0sw35OrfAyCU79HOdc.4M4Azdtf1iaHzeI9Z45__nX53M6YQ_Q05QqPtI8GTDCvDYjxLJIAIno2SKXXcTxEw_LaUh1QcFlQdmuFcktGsjJ1YyttbNXS498_r1ZdlKd5gR51pmZr9lM3HYhiSyfwR_pt2s8LCCYkeDl22xdxxrEqyKAQaNeW.d4ewHmACHFT69CqAhzwTJdEbOxKsMyFgT4S0hv0SuGSt1ixmPE1SzjvfJAmeILQfPKddTwvkf8u5eGfd1rgmVV02kGKGzytR6mljz7c9XZe04b2lAJwL.QOQfGe0DS3dwc8cjTA527TmwDDtlbWYNypR23trvRmCVoVtDG8_7to3YsHsGi2ef5kSRt61NtcU.R5BcadrJi4dx4MhnxCWBaUKz7vgoWFnETMjFoE5dWR6HlqHagT9mTu9o0t..HZfNO0qxuUiSLGRbN9XVvnfh5ECitUpQRLz17H.01o8wWliZLRu1ejH_MVELIWrl0uFaKkTqwLMJIcyTPRDAi0eQPvnh3V2h.UrsCY8wuFjaNdvfgyRfocni_1zocbcl6B0AIhVHgk3TV0L968_nzl7rm6i3D8_otYEDCFoB4oOCABZp8kSKw.nq1HqaAXWFHhZZP12NvPfGilODSvWn19v0No1zVbDjoQdC4ZzFmrwiMr0g3HQfPlFrKX0RqLX.4z8z.5R3zrvXH.YkLrzmYM2VdXQgCJY_FEan0UMHkMQHjICFso",mdrd: "am3uCe9jHtCEyscXpdapKV1fuVvcFgYUPEJsBE10kR8-1739792372-1.2.1.1-8f.lsWhzN5xNXLPxxpatzUvToZLClVJwSZZMIodPP_D_SpkbAuvucz5yvpTcKhgAtGM7GLAY0QAQ4viZOw30L2pAK5G.OJJdhTaVtkDKJGT6zCUxd7d2if.XIYwGmEI6iypf7C_kt8Oc4rxMxqH3.zrHAxqmytPjBWikpmuwvSzpeUOwqrwcDD2OmY2ZR3XHuaih.5D3oFb_015QLFh0qKZkptWMRY7KEHJJGKds7QEFQLuCsUN0zkhrdCzqEU1rOOK24YhdzSDC6300B3QP00NiSy7OFOOIDRWduiCexiR9gAro5iTWLtUucZHRlV78T07oYS4aa.qHaex5UkxrZkZ8TXdYWA_rUgXMI9ZQPaHC40ub1wzg6H_xzABymFkJjX2P1wQGwbZJ5cWEVWgEDR29C1VBP0Tpcn6xEvwi3wyrzMMepjiTodw4pebdB2tQ.HI4yeX8bIgH2rPO6MhR6J90LSvXtaCF9Ji_7Ir5kjM.Gvwk11McvW1bRVQfCS_g6NNYdWUUhygvajKPI7kBpBi8B1jnebjDwIMyevgsKyS412t_1rJQ1AZoZSHmdnG__ogX5foFuHYPKIUw6iqoi_.asiITkq4C6UAvfx7nV82Q8yJ4wJAuBnmUtqXesZjeCiJ8sUcvYu22oGZBup_TFuhG9gBrW4W2zzoHrZyf7WOd7LAX3LO7JeY15jyx1tm6cvoPTcIIuBu_PLkxJBi3FIUp4B1Wq3T3u9nTTA6Gc84t5KNLQqxufUOtN46reEqgG5p1G7qqZUhCjf.AiOKvhTIsByvUy6mIvDv.yOdFL2_RVSAS6d11snvP4owzFX6RDwKhkMgScsumtnrwMBjK1PGB4CggcfO3nSdw7t2fuH.Yylvn2rHJXLdyzMzi3qsFfSAmvr4vGgLOuclkGOwmblpwIAuKepuBI7pkAwOGxF5ZdS4Uwmz44iHwnf7l.s0HKOkP_8hSu8z_z9.CDu2LJl8BjDMqT.mwP.Vf_vHH607UfdSre6zF0TUAlyrWx9vyzU2URcGWq1BbzqmP5Dfq9ox0B5.tfMKKqmjOJDdAeJCS_AUteW8DEwXH4qIG6I_cPkjF3GtpRlgof_291mxzaRaHSBsZrvPKDWc6rZa6SUED0M2DWxGK_S.oV4yp0YrWACQl68kE8cSyJh3FnPnfZXYQUCq3Xwra32XnyEY5l7sIjST56vpRUkMT4k3n7S5XnvC7..nhDrjW0kSDaftP7yucFwlD8hE8Btx8kGOMPuzhgD4TVATKcJJM4mSGofOWXTpFCKlb20c1M4o3l12DNjx9unAXASIazjQAdlgaI2efjUHHXky4htx5axf_5RyXE71voPowgUA7b4Aa1b5cgdUuFBeFLgmyuWqAiQ_ed0X4Dy5NLWN956V4s29pkh27hDt78qkaMcjOZ_L1j9_NnBzPtFk_lnf7ycAoTpJPwuUDDPjFYD8Jlu8_3VW_lKZGU6yFC2buFZFjuosCvIKOg_jpPOzWaZ4h7uJLvCHA_..gzdUukzOeRpu_eilMdbCK2WtOawJ9ub8Iq_gVF3RsifBLGOkfFHRxCWvQcnC6qogUkFwEXIqys5B.zuauilHIm9y8EyQFKiyULerOCQoF8upWHEjEPIjz4q_iOouAb0tNHT6XLfImqRPxFm_1zwMMfpx99z9meeWBzrX0.4X7wl64OCdRH6A0KSxp5iE9cas_PgGzvddUHyN58ZZJgh3tJohRJQGvnI4CqlyBlSJ0zSr7Y2ReYE70F_HaK_y7oU99.UXkSj6SmS0Q4Kiieh90K4uydZImbU.Mgi.Snz0M_ylFleTGlIBF1x3nnR5Qw.BzbvrXsd0qj.azzKe70AuoeRav2YuMEoD9FHWKfq2k7kjtObrgm8GV8DDyEgTpWii1DqPTEEU4SLsONUtvPYXwseMOCY3UVyVJpv85fLFgE4ZWHyvBjPWJAsGxWVgYgNgKHDu_y1GwMLmKWj3.ESNi"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91357f5739b3ce55';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=dynamic%20spectrum%20access&__cf_chl_rt_tk=K63fRag9MRrioXQVwh29mwmo0Pijrjnwqtp8MSS6N_w-1739792372-1.0.1.1-3WnmZjKH12p0xt0vgacEtPdkPgwia5RzKyK6OJ2C56E" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>