CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91358c69ed3049f6',cH: '.ZQb9dbf1oSEqb7VnBxSI9brvMREIA3sqiz_T3U98P8-1739792907-1.2.1.1-srWYRxNw21byw.ngpAdo747f3Rpq5iol_jIlDNnj79QId2tg1rrAsfoYxl2662R2',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=turbulence%20model&__cf_chl_tk=KGTk.jW87soi9HPBzYPKF98PbLpzClIrlgNJRSWSWzI-1739792907-1.0.1.1-79KmdxG0p_ccIEFZoTIOX4EOST47.iLBlgy1sWAH0BE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792907',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=turbulence%20model&__cf_chl_f_tk=KGTk.jW87soi9HPBzYPKF98PbLpzClIrlgNJRSWSWzI-1739792907-1.0.1.1-79KmdxG0p_ccIEFZoTIOX4EOST47.iLBlgy1sWAH0BE",md: "lhaCuWL3mH5yrbGuPrmKvyjQU09DNipq8xnaNzNuy9w-1739792907-1.2.1.1-fNnO2G.Of4gAmlsmFyeYWDPQUZeqXvtmxNZuDa9v_uC694rwEcNdnM4g_cRXHy0Ds5NBGEWYDzG79894Smmkp9Nf0slT8HEf1XOp7wgRE8ay7tWIw19aKvk.eqMTmISKhTeQ5vsGV44JCBFRKBDANmTksBCSVAMsbwAntB3gWbnSrzEZt3C7186a8untaZQ26a5V9dPuldr0QXfWsKjWdyJmgAgr2c5X6twW0049.x0SsYw7AhrUZkAtjgE71OJHFg3BZdGgTo0cfHcnKOkJ27FvHFyEa29UtKPKf1c1bjkvWynWmfFpqwo_o3.pf_fn_OXCfzrVBXyuXEAiKiyw0jLqrcTft7lus1Qyhbqm12zBDT9WEm5HtvY4YV.F_QxMlcFwqqyEmZm7RKQcVyi4AJlzF.yBhUGKR7OXEk.19uMyoZIe2HI7eNhJnn9RYvfQuc1nhnVS8zlqYNorzw8sj_YPBv7OA.KbLVsOhE3d6l19.tKDNNwp6eKtAROkFGRXNBYCPx04plzLHsjiQ7w0nQcbBvc7QGyk6ZJlTduhIrRua_XuYKxda.OO126MDbANspl79nb4yJr3MvkZO_bGn4OM.sWHIlD2oCt6mAH9ixqkdZ3IwyhLWOGmruZMXw0nqSkF7WoWJCE97_6JUvsv_st7zTfs3u9wwgYBBSf9__Ct8amvK1zfpsZfsTgZZAsp8TxMz84HPbtgBWlX5iIxCR8u2HR5ZFrIGkyGXs7KHjXuKMDjSfstfswnmyjO.0UmnZUU5X3yNgSV5HV.UO6WQqxJEYdeQWAab1y.7JW7NXHVv0mbJxxdRcZNYkyIrewmBaXl7wKEoLLFU0.4JmMqvfZfEqhMweJpyn7A.sm3MgtV5lsZXtueaoxHDi6FnMbcCm7pT7._6.C6lNx2OKQSxz3H3JjXl4U55Ks7MdTiX14ScnXIcJOaYcos2zsT7LBBuXpjBAbqcanOah2Ep5yHjpbW_WYCuV8UOVQB4ciCd3SYIaKefJWAQgikiVK.0rBw5u6x9XdsdEUiNT_okG0ECTU7BakRfUj7QKy8SszOyqt0rw5jPxthTtrFk601Q28OCH1XN3EEm83NCDIFZVJFZUzmsyfmpAhfzEW0.4oJ3mYSyKrbg5EqCX2nQ8G3KUi7JH2TD97t24PUvN778undAJCd4lab9wcsEHr_nz8xdRYXB2ku7uqM7Na8Axs0geJUeYdFX_8C6kTbdeYFq7G9xPE5uED99wZZ1NWf8s294dr.pgERJFqK.WtHGi8LxTl31uFO0O1.N1f.NRiJC7BQO99c1Fn_tv2B33eRbtZDqZBgiOFP8QRVChn0PWG1kSB93o8Hp_6fhNGlCiPg2bkhQ64LznVohxygk31R8sv_zY7p9jueEsfeqCXEJe83Bfg9EI5.Mrvpn7tHVi56oxfqERsr0JWkphWimgG0lrGMeYZQBv81PtsAKTh8W.TqhMzrAuMtXSv1_xtWK.1U1J2DlOKAtp0refdOX9LSDkUht0qNokWNdbdWjYORDmp3uGyuUN.nAGsSmAOGCnG1QXcd2oF3tmIo8OHPiFlh2Q07ppWqL7SGCyJeLq5g41qtd1ECoch9B564McI_i3rkcisQL9QbgKWDehHKGfYuLSphgBkRXlk7ct83bL4eewjjeE1Y0xvygXT60mid1VJhJAnwB1Q_aOUoBp0e9F8giXbRNyE479nLzV5rkhuUCuZzxvl80l1KfJnoJyDv8WoGL.vtvp4uky9pDS0IR_E6X.CanmS_nWj4suV452V3t4MrNMvt_PayfxfiGOFDWoZ74yskvN_4N3UoB.ORS5YmAimiP1C_gx2tsil6tdkI_FpHTl4xH98K0KEy6DJQwAQLMt9vQR793jNYxNm2ir3bG68jteGa9kXeoTk4jLny5v2SJ6MnnoNvsQ7Lc9LxrUYLbP3B4_vk.CkwAtPB4jDLhDk8wL8",mdrd: "OCnI49CH9VyS_Lpm48TpN9puhUVKcIZl2g4xbA36gWI-1739792907-1.2.1.1-kih3muUq67_N2tmn06EBP6RADkRNnWiwLXlq5rXGC4dDV1AA0c0QiWOIdKa8yfWDuR8MWV.JKS5jH5UinBYUmE4l6A9E70XLvJq2R1f0zz7HLOIZsso6YjNvSEPOCGJj1YgSqInIJ3Rzxr6O7C3u4l_FgHVqJhhc4P3jcMArZ.P73wtrreN_E.FdNxLzmB1pg_Khh_XlRgo7cBz7A2tQEiyx.0n5pQZIRAqQ0uh7dJUbnzcvQP3Px3u__KZW9CKfUOiDi5WhHvGCjEynvex5aEbwQ9Wh4LitsMjYODuefqY1Fl064G.WeHPndjQEOvQu49PWfD87nJ1MEu.g3ctl4IrhyRZ3DFlt6ukMDhlu7mSAL1bdMI6rYFrc0DvjjOoRNleB5H8_wu0LdYgatjVOogMCNk3qLDG6_NMre7qXbIRKDZm9vLXgkqtSEUuM3HZrjimv5xDKxxnrVjZt2yRFwLrXcn5raZ1rmmsUSllnzLiDFiMBDg378Q4Iu5lPR1dgeAnXXYnGCEiyTgon.SuoFGFDoAUDOpxSzkVs7Tcswy2ziSd_YToWADFXjC65qHXH7DcX68wzapqRYiNv0S6hhvKwUEOa4lR4UAZrqS27c3XeKZIPQ9JHhlVnmzmNZ8oDEi7x0aSIeIBJvi5iqN1_xx4HHli8iY3NJwu7WmLQRgDqvDERoYe3Lk1n8pyUt9quYNJh.EpSNcU5m8kNeSLZgmB9ZluXiqYZd_oQOjkJBEWjPAtD6I4jX.94Mefl6QG7a4c4Uu0KvvHpET0Q7Jl5OHj53EANm5sgu_Kh2UdBFVO_hhwikLReIOk4sLDn09bHWOsGRXjCBpyjT1uJalHgyLHpMiIoi_ziHynivFNe9nbLH3NDyT3bgMkxVnod1hMXv3KlpnMRGkeb5secTIuFN_kqSYrhWJHdzGVbaDx2CnsxkVHtSCwKWsYD27VkU6jcaNJR9qSB_Kq6B1IY_YJW4hGYNEKVrc_g2QllT7_thxSaf6St_PK1A6rOIyZvK2g9GMrjB.caoy4LIBH0Yk0KN0WIr_rvUWwEDmrJ88TlIf5n.GRzeJxbCf0g5Ax96qlEXtAJSUtO9237YPFIJRhotaufcWv.kMhrq1dcanIHoivkMimzg1NfVfQsE9fp2xHWjv4ALVFiSPfBiGelfe3bzU4zm0i_xJ2b9LubY75ZnJJkWCHrkuoSPlB_ms3ywqlEAuUM6MA5yPT6aZgvbRi7BAE6QPy8G6_1xLKeRnc.goBBFKQPc9fywoXKqG2Ly1ZaE20lLuihxXf3HNOeWpYHTSHyEhmA_av.u9Zf1Al9b9UNESWPw08cX9EKMFCPvUl7c.l36zcbitBYp7U.r2IKJ1QmDzns9IDyELXl50DUnKWnmMq11ovTeJYu_8teoKpwfDBTs4yTVsrCQZzyysXYnHt34TsEnNZFFf4tw8UpzF81B3TjK_BENi87qQGI7zf_L7PctCfXtKIRH00nwHJnRBCJp7Gzcmb02P_v1FC.nOXMtOVJNqnw72A8Hij_EO5mF_Izs6JrhpdTGqEO_xYf39CuU5dgpCSHwUriOqp2bT2qxe7_ECXLc2i39kt.hzqUKM39we31PZtnRH.zm_izl4PbtJ7Q3nuHgEvbV8v5cv6OayPykix_dHAG3WGv2YcykBKKIS1BEEzvGFKSiU_lISNwVpNNfMHiGaTNHVOTgC9rOTAjO_mySeGC2bfH5BDN5ehdVkEUnkINrCbRTEQJvKKNmVu2k95E1yedudB4a8RyHyqaRYK36AokkHCoLnCtUgjigYEbm6wPjtXhFO3InhdWYzygFVe_tLRPPARQLaD37JcGmsvc1U5XDYVI1w2HIN8tcImzDTo.YA9Yj81q4G4MdpTvlVs90y4iAo533V421349fGiKemRlo05irkJR2bjo95kjVJoklvcxpgiIM6knfH3blgCxrPl4K8RhCQ45a7tEu..1SFcJEX3ENgHM"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91358c69ed3049f6';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=turbulence%20model&__cf_chl_rt_tk=KGTk.jW87soi9HPBzYPKF98PbLpzClIrlgNJRSWSWzI-1739792907-1.0.1.1-79KmdxG0p_ccIEFZoTIOX4EOST47.iLBlgy1sWAH0BE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>