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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1ndem_(veh%C3%ADculos)" title="Tándem (vehículos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tándem (vehículos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_(hippomobile)" title="Tandem (hippomobile) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tandem (hippomobile)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandemo" title="Tandemo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tandemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9D" title="טנדם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טנדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_(paard_en_wagen)" title="Tandem (paard en wagen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tandem (paard en wagen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%85_%D9%B9%D9%85" title="ٹم ٹم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹم ٹم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem" title="Tandem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tandem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%85_%D9%B9%D9%85" title="ٹم ٹم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹم ٹم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1752317#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arrangement, one in front of the other</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tandem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tandem (disambiguation)">Tandem (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attelage_Tandem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Attelage_Tandem.JPG/220px-Attelage_Tandem.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Attelage_Tandem.JPG/330px-Attelage_Tandem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Attelage_Tandem.JPG/440px-Attelage_Tandem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Horses hitched in tandem pulling a carriage</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tandem</b>, or <b>in tandem</b>, is an arrangement in which two or more animals, machines, or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tandem</i> can also be used more generally to refer to any group of persons or objects working together, not necessarily in line.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English word <i>tandem</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tandem</i></span>, meaning <i>at length</i> or <i>finally</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wordinfo.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wordinfo.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">word play</a>, using the Latin phrase (referring to time, not position) for English "at length, lengthwise".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horse_driving">Horse driving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Horse driving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beverley_Gas_Works,_Old_Hull_Road_1910_(archive_ref_DDX1544-1-11)_(28284430335).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Beverley_Gas_Works%2C_Old_Hull_Road_1910_%28archive_ref_DDX1544-1-11%29_%2828284430335%29.jpg/220px-Beverley_Gas_Works%2C_Old_Hull_Road_1910_%28archive_ref_DDX1544-1-11%29_%2828284430335%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Beverley_Gas_Works%2C_Old_Hull_Road_1910_%28archive_ref_DDX1544-1-11%29_%2828284430335%29.jpg/330px-Beverley_Gas_Works%2C_Old_Hull_Road_1910_%28archive_ref_DDX1544-1-11%29_%2828284430335%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Beverley_Gas_Works%2C_Old_Hull_Road_1910_%28archive_ref_DDX1544-1-11%29_%2828284430335%29.jpg/440px-Beverley_Gas_Works%2C_Old_Hull_Road_1910_%28archive_ref_DDX1544-1-11%29_%2828284430335%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horses</a> chain-hitched in tandem; <i>carter</i> standing in usual position beside rear horse</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">driving horses</a>, <i>tandem</i> refers to one horse harnessed in front of another to pull a load or <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">vehicle</a>. A tandem arrangement provides more pulling power than a single horse, such as for pulling a heavy load up a steep hill, out of heavy mud or snow, or pulling heavy loads on narrow tracks or through narrow gates and doorways (too wide for a pair of horses side-by-side).<sup id="cite_ref-smith_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 52,75">: 52,75 </span></sup> For example, a Brewer's van fully loaded with 25 barrels might weigh 8 tons, requiring 2 or 3 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 45">: 45 </span></sup> </p><p>In <i>carting</i>, when pulling heavy loads with tandem harness, the <i>carter</i> walks to the left of the shaft horse holding its left rein with his right hand, and holding the reins of the lead horse in his left hand.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 62–63">: 62–63 </span></sup> </p><p>The harness for the leader (front horse) is slightly different than for the wheeler (rear horse). For instance, the leader doesn't have shafts, so shaft holders are not needed, but often there are straps to support the traces (pulling straps) from sagging too low. Any straps running across the back of the leader should be sewn or use special buckles which don't leave a loose tab that might catch a rein in it.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 14, 20, 267">: 14, 20, 267 </span></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Carriage_driving" title="Carriage driving">carriage driving</a>, the driver should carry a whip long enough to reach the shoulder of the leader.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 63">: 63 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skeleton-Tandem-Cart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Skeleton-Tandem-Cart.jpg/220px-Skeleton-Tandem-Cart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Skeleton-Tandem-Cart.jpg/330px-Skeleton-Tandem-Cart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Skeleton-Tandem-Cart.jpg/440px-Skeleton-Tandem-Cart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The driver sits high enough to see over the leader and is carrying a whip long enough to reach the lead horse's shoulder</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>tandem cart</i> is constructed in the style of a <a href="/wiki/Dogcart" title="Dogcart">dogcart</a> and used mainly for show, and should be tall enough for the driver to look over the head of the lead horse.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 159">: 159 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 263">: 263 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-walrond95_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond95-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> A <i>drayel</i> is hardware at the tip of the shafts to attach the traces (pulling straps) from the front horse.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 185">: 185 </span></sup> Alternative to using a drayel, the leader's traces are hooked or buckled into the forward end of the wheeler's traces.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 267">: 267 </span></sup> </p><p>Driving a tandem is challenging and led to the creation of tandem <a href="/wiki/Driving_club" title="Driving club">driving clubs</a> and matches in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 264">: 264 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The art of tandem driving requires an alert brain and sensitive fingers. It has been compared with playing a harp. It is, in many ways, more difficult than driving a team [of four horses]. Whereas the leaders of a team balance one another and keep each other straight, there is nothing other than the skill of the Whip (driver) to prevent a tandem leader from turning to face his driver.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sallie Walrond <sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 264">: 264 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Three horses in a row is sometimes called a <i>randem/random</i> or <i>trandem/trandom</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 222">: 222 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bicycles">Bicycles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bicycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flory_och_Elin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flory_och_Elin.jpg/170px-Flory_och_Elin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flory_och_Elin.jpg/255px-Flory_och_Elin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flory_och_Elin.jpg/340px-Flory_och_Elin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>Tandem bicycle</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tandem_bicycle" title="Tandem bicycle">Tandem bicycles</a> are named for their tandem seating, a more common arrangement than side-by-side "<a href="/wiki/Sociable" title="Sociable">sociable</a>" seating. Tandem bikes are also used in <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">road racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">track racing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tandem_(UCI)" title="Tandem (UCI)">para-cycling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motor_vehicles">Motor vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Motor vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_KR200" title="Messerschmitt KR200">Messerschmitt KR200</a> was an example of a very small automobile that used tandem seating; one passenger behind the driver. </p><p><i>Tandem parking</i> means parking one car in front of the other. </p><p>The word tandem is also used to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck" title="Semi-trailer truck">semi-trailer truck</a> pulling more than one trailer. </p><p><i>Tandem axles</i> means one axle mounted closely in front of another. For trailers, the purpose is to bear heavier loads than a single axle provides. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Trucks"></span> In heavy trucks, tandem refers to two closely spaced axles. Legally defined by the distance between the axles (up to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2.5 m (8 ft <span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) in the European Union, 40–96 inches (1.02–2.44 m) in the United States), mechanically there are many configurations. Either or both axles may be powered, and often interact with each other. In the United States, both axles are typically powered and equalized; in the European Union, one axle is typically unpowered, and can often be adjusted to load, and even raised off the ground, turning a tandem into a single-<a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Messerschmitt_Kabinenroller_Microcar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio"><img alt="Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Messerschmitt_Kabinenroller_Microcar.jpg/240px-Messerschmitt_Kabinenroller_Microcar.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Messerschmitt_Kabinenroller_Microcar.jpg/360px-Messerschmitt_Kabinenroller_Microcar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Messerschmitt_Kabinenroller_Microcar.jpg/480px-Messerschmitt_Kabinenroller_Microcar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Messerschmitt KR200 Kabrio</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R%2BL_Carriers_truck_with_tandem_trailer,_Ypsilanti,_Michigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tandem trailer configuration, pulled by a single tractor"><img alt="Tandem trailer configuration, pulled by a single tractor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/R%2BL_Carriers_truck_with_tandem_trailer%2C_Ypsilanti%2C_Michigan.jpg/357px-R%2BL_Carriers_truck_with_tandem_trailer%2C_Ypsilanti%2C_Michigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/R%2BL_Carriers_truck_with_tandem_trailer%2C_Ypsilanti%2C_Michigan.jpg/535px-R%2BL_Carriers_truck_with_tandem_trailer%2C_Ypsilanti%2C_Michigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/R%2BL_Carriers_truck_with_tandem_trailer%2C_Ypsilanti%2C_Michigan.jpg/714px-R%2BL_Carriers_truck_with_tandem_trailer%2C_Ypsilanti%2C_Michigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4749" data-file-height="2397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tandem trailer configuration, pulled by a single tractor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trailer-tandemachse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tandem axle on a small trailer"><img alt="A tandem axle on a small trailer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Trailer-tandemachse.jpg/282px-Trailer-tandemachse.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Trailer-tandemachse.jpg/423px-Trailer-tandemachse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Trailer-tandemachse.jpg/563px-Trailer-tandemachse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tandem axle on a small trailer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 372.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 370.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:18_wheeler.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The front tandem-axles are typically under power by the tractor. The rear tandem-axles, not powered, are supporting the rear of the trailer."><img alt="The front tandem-axles are typically under power by the tractor. The rear tandem-axles, not powered, are supporting the rear of the trailer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/18_wheeler.svg/556px-18_wheeler.svg.png" decoding="async" width="371" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/18_wheeler.svg/833px-18_wheeler.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/18_wheeler.svg/1111px-18_wheeler.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The front tandem-axles are typically under power by the tractor. The rear tandem-axles, not powered, are supporting the rear of the trailer.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aviation">Aviation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_061017-N-7130B-030_An_instructor_pilot_is_joined_by_his_student_in_the_cockpit_of_a_T-45A_Goshawk_on_the_flight_deck_aboard_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_(CVN_76).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_Navy_061017-N-7130B-030_An_instructor_pilot_is_joined_by_his_student_in_the_cockpit_of_a_T-45A_Goshawk_on_the_flight_deck_aboard_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_Navy_061017-N-7130B-030_An_instructor_pilot_is_joined_by_his_student_in_the_cockpit_of_a_T-45A_Goshawk_on_the_flight_deck_aboard_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_Navy_061017-N-7130B-030_An_instructor_pilot_is_joined_by_his_student_in_the_cockpit_of_a_T-45A_Goshawk_on_the_flight_deck_aboard_the_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_%28CVN_76%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Instructor and student pilots in a <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_T-45_Goshawk" title="McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk">McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk</a> aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p>The two seating configurations for trainer, night and all-weather interceptor or attack aircraft are pilot and instructor side by side or in tandem.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, the pilot is in front and the instructor behind. In attack helicopters, sometimes the pilot sits in back with the weapons operator in front for better view to aim weapons, as the <a href="/wiki/Bell_AH-1_Cobra" title="Bell AH-1 Cobra">Bell AH-1 Cobra</a> was a tandem cockpit redesign which produced a much slimmer profile than the <a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">Bell UH-1 Iroquois</a> on which it was based. Attack aircraft and all-weather interceptors often use a second crew member to operate avionics such as radar, or as a second pilot. Bombers such as the <a href="/wiki/Convair_B-58_Hustler" title="Convair B-58 Hustler">Convair B-58 Hustler</a> seated three crew members in tandem. A common engineering adaptation is to lengthen the cockpit or fuselage to create a trainer with tandem seating from a single-seater aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side-by-side_seating">Side-by-side seating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Side-by-side seating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunter_and_meteor_at_kemble_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hunter_and_meteor_at_kemble_arp.jpg/220px-Hunter_and_meteor_at_kemble_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hunter_and_meteor_at_kemble_arp.jpg/330px-Hunter_and_meteor_at_kemble_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hunter_and_meteor_at_kemble_arp.jpg/440px-Hunter_and_meteor_at_kemble_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Tandem seat <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a> (top right) and side-by-side seat <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a> (trainer)</figcaption></figure> <p>An alternative configuration is side-by-side seating, which is common in civil aircraft of all sizes, <a href="/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainer (aircraft)">trainers</a> and large military aircraft, but less so in high performance jets and <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">gliders</a> where drag reduction is paramount. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">Boeing B-47 Stratojet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress#Design_effort" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Boeing XB-52</a> bombers used fighter-style tandem seating, but the final <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a> bomber series used a conventional side-by-side cockpit. The <a href="/wiki/Grumman_A-6_Intruder" title="Grumman A-6 Intruder">Grumman A-6 Intruder</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">Sukhoi Su-24</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-34" title="Sukhoi Su-34">Sukhoi Su-34</a> are examples of combat aircraft that use this configuration. For training aircraft, it has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each other's actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct the student pilot. The tandem configuration has the advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_EA-6B_Prowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler">Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler</a>, a two-place aircraft can be lengthened into a four-place aircraft. Also, a single seat cockpit can be redesigned into a side-by-side arrangement in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider" title="Douglas A-1 Skyraider">Douglas A-1 Skyraider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convair_F-102_Delta_Dagger" title="Convair F-102 Delta Dagger">TF-102</a> trainer or the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a> training versions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insects">Insects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During mating among <a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">odonata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dragonflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonflies">dragonflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damselflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Damselflies">damselflies</a>), a male uses <a href="/wiki/Claspers" class="mw-redirect" title="Claspers">claspers</a> at the end of his <a href="/wiki/Abdomen#Other_animals" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> to grab a female between the <a href="/wiki/Head#Arthropods" title="Head">head</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(arthropod_anatomy)" title="Thorax (arthropod anatomy)">thorax</a>, forming a tandem. The pair may take flight while in tandem.<sup id="cite_ref-DuBois_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuBois-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mead_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mead-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Argia_moesta-tandem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Powdered Dancers in tandem"><img alt="Powdered Dancers in tandem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Argia_moesta-tandem.jpg/240px-Argia_moesta-tandem.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Argia_moesta-tandem.jpg/360px-Argia_moesta-tandem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Argia_moesta-tandem.jpg/480px-Argia_moesta-tandem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Powdered_Dancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Powdered Dancer">Powdered Dancers</a> in tandem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tramea_lacerata-flying_tandem_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black saddlebags tandem flight"><img alt="Black saddlebags tandem flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tramea_lacerata-flying_tandem_flight.jpg/240px-Tramea_lacerata-flying_tandem_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tramea_lacerata-flying_tandem_flight.jpg/360px-Tramea_lacerata-flying_tandem_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tramea_lacerata-flying_tandem_flight.jpg/480px-Tramea_lacerata-flying_tandem_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Black_saddlebags" title="Black saddlebags">Black saddlebags</a> tandem flight</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Tandem" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Tandem">"Tandem"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tandem&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DTandem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wordinfo.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wordinfo.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/2083">"Tandem"</a>. Wordinfo.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tandem&rft.pub=Wordinfo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordinfo.info%2Fwords%2Findex%2Finfo%2Fview_unit%2F2083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2014" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/tandem">"tandem"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=tandem&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Ftandem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation book cs1">Smith, D.J.M. (1988). <i>A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles</i>. J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851314686" title="Special:BookSources/0851314686"><bdi>0851314686</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11597864M">11597864M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Horse+Drawn+Vehicles&rft.pub=J.+A.+Allen+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11597864M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0851314686&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=D.J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walrond79-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalrond1979" class="citation book cs1">Walrond, Sallie (1979). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Driving</i>. Country Life Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0600331822" title="Special:BookSources/0600331822"><bdi>0600331822</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4175648M">4175648M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Driving&rft.pub=Country+Life+Books&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL4175648M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0600331822&rft.aulast=Walrond&rft.aufirst=Sallie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walrond95-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-walrond95_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalrond1995" class="citation book cs1">Walrond, Sallie (1995). <i>Driving Questions Answered</i>. Kenilworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1872082807" title="Special:BookSources/1872082807"><bdi>1872082807</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8652287M">8652287M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Driving+Questions+Answered&rft.pub=Kenilworth+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8652287M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=1872082807&rft.aulast=Walrond&rft.aufirst=Sallie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carriageassociationofamerica.com/tandem-vs-randem/">"Tandem vs Randem"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Carriage_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carriage Journal">The Carriage Journal</a></i>. <b>21</b> (1). 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Carriage+Journal&rft.atitle=Tandem+vs+Randem&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carriageassociationofamerica.com%2Ftandem-vs-randem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123035527/https://www.rsa.ie/Documents/Vehicle%20Std%20Leg/Vehicle%20regs/Weights_Dimensions_Leaflet.pdf">"Guidelines on Maximum Weights...Criteria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Road_Safety_Authority" title="Road Safety Authority">Road Safety Authority</a> (Ireland). December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsa.ie/Documents/Vehicle%20Std%20Leg/Vehicle%20regs/Weights_Dimensions_Leaflet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+on+Maximum+Weights...Criteria&rft.pub=Road+Safety+Authority+%28Ireland%29&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsa.ie%2FDocuments%2FVehicle%2520Std%2520Leg%2FVehicle%2520regs%2FWeights_Dimensions_Leaflet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Highway_Administration2006" class="citation web cs1">Federal Highway Administration (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/publications/brdg_frm_wghts/index.htm">"Freight Management and Operations: Bridge Formula Weights"</a>. U.S. Department of Transportation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freight+Management+and+Operations%3A+Bridge+Formula+Weights&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fops.fhwa.dot.gov%2Ffreight%2Fpublications%2Fbrdg_frm_wghts%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWragg1974" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1974). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (1st American ed.). New York: Frederick Fell, Inc. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-163-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-163-9"><bdi>0-85045-163-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=259&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=Frederick+Fell%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-85045-163-9&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://testrakeaviation.editme.com/tandem-seat">"Why Tandem Seating in the SGT-300?"</a>. <i>testrakeaviation</i>. 15 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=testrakeaviation.&rft.atitle=Why+Tandem+Seating+in+the+SGT-300%3F&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftestrakeaviation.editme.com%2Ftandem-seat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuBois-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DuBois_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubois2005" class="citation book cs1">Dubois, Bob (2005). <i>Damselflies of the North Woods</i>. Kollath-Stensaas Publishing. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9673793-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9673793-7-7"><bdi>0-9673793-7-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damselflies+of+the+North+Woods&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Kollath-Stensaas+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9673793-7-7&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mead-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mead_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2003" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Kurt (2003). <i>Dragonflies of the North Woods</i>. Kollath-Stensaas Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0967379369" title="Special:BookSources/0967379369"><bdi>0967379369</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8556568M">8556568M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragonflies+of+the+North+Woods&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Kollath-Stensaas+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8556568M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0967379369&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tandem" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tandem">tandem</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tandem_arrangement_(driving)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tandem arrangement (driving)">Tandem arrangement (driving)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carriageassociationofamerica.com/carriage-tour/tandem-cart/">"Tandem cart, circa 1890"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Carriage_Association_of_America" title="Carriage Association of America">Carriage Association of America</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carriage+Association+of+America&rft.atitle=Tandem+cart%2C+circa+1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carriageassociationofamerica.com%2Fcarriage-tour%2Ftandem-cart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATandem" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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