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La crise des dettes souveraines dans la zone euro </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CRISES ÉCONOMIQUES AU TOURNANT DU XXIe SIÈCLE, Les innovations au centre des crises" href="/encyclopedie/crises-economiques-au-tournant-du-xxie-siecle/4-les-innovations-au-centre-des-crises/"> 4. Les innovations au centre des crises </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CRISES ÉCONOMIQUES AU TOURNANT DU XXIe SIÈCLE, Le rôle stratégique des politiques économiques" href="/encyclopedie/crises-economiques-au-tournant-du-xxie-siecle/5-le-role-strategique-des-politiques-economiques/"> 5. Le rôle stratégique des politiques économiques </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CRISES ÉCONOMIQUES AU TOURNANT DU XXIe SIÈCLE, Le recours à des politiques interventionnistes à rebours de l’orthodoxie néolibérale" href="/encyclopedie/crises-economiques-au-tournant-du-xxie-siecle/6-le-recours-a-des-politiques-interventionnistes-a-rebours-de-l-orthodoxie-neoliberale/"> 6. Le recours à des politiques interventionnistes à rebours de l’orthodoxie néolibérale </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CRISES ÉCONOMIQUES AU TOURNANT DU XXIe SIÈCLE, Le retour du piège de la dette publique" href="/encyclopedie/crises-economiques-au-tournant-du-xxie-siecle/7-le-retour-du-piege-de-la-dette-publique/"> 7. Le retour du piège de la dette publique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CRISES ÉCONOMIQUES AU TOURNANT DU XXIe SIÈCLE, La mondialisation du xxie siècle, source d’instabilité économique" href="/encyclopedie/crises-economiques-au-tournant-du-xxie-siecle/8-la-mondialisation-du-xxie-siecle-source-d-instabilite-economique/"> 8. La mondialisation du xxie siècle, source d’instabilité économique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CRISES ÉCONOMIQUES AU TOURNANT DU XXIe SIÈCLE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/crises-economiques-au-tournant-du-xxie-siecle/9-bibliographie/"> 9. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>CRISES ÉCONOMIQUES AU TOURNANT DU XXIe SIÈCLE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC240039_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC240039_0"></i><p>Depuis ses origines, l'histoire du capitalisme est ponctuée par des crises financières : envolée puis effondrement du cours des bulbes de tulipes en Hollande, en 1634-1637 ; en 1720, crises sur les cours des titres de la Compagnie des Indes en France, et de la South Sea Company en Angleterre… Le <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle a connu de graves crises liées aux investissements dans les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="À la lettre, ce n'est qu'un chemin, un chemin en acier, imaginé à l'origine pour deux raisons essentielles : permettre le guidage et, surtout, réduire la résistance au roulement, donc l'effort de traction nécessaire. Ces deux caractéristiques fondamentales sont encore celles du chemin de fer d'aujourd'hui. En outre, le guidage est un facteur de sécurité.. Mais l'expression « chemin ..." title="Article : CHEMINS DE FER" href="/encyclopedie/chemins-de-fer/">chemins de fer</a>. Quant aux quatorze crises boursières qui ont marqué les États-Unis au <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle (neuf en France), certaines d'entre elles ont laissé des traces profondes dans les mémoires : le krach d'octobre 1929 qui a vu le Dow Jones perdre 23 % en deux jours ; celui d'octobre 1987 où l'indice a perdu 22,6 % en une journée ; et enfin, celui qui fut provoqué par l'éclatement de la « bulle Internet » en 2000 (en France, baisse de 52,3 % de l'indice SBF 250 en deux ans), et qui toucha les grandes entreprises de télécommunications et des nouvelles technologies de l'information.</p><p>Mais la particularité de la période débutant dans les années 1980, qui correspond à l'avènement de la mondialisation contemporaine, est d'avoir été marquée par une accélération des crises financières et par leur généralisation à la plupart des régions de la planète. Ainsi, plus d’une dizaine de crises financières ont été recensées dans l'économie mondiale entre le début des années 1980 et la fin du premier quart du <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. Ces crises financières ont frappé alternativement les pays les plus avancés, à commencer par les États-Unis, l’Europe et le Japon, mais également les pays en développement, et plus particulièrement les pays dits émergents, nouvellement ouverts à la finance internationale.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC240039_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC240039_1"></i><h2>À l'origine des crises, un petit nombre de mécanismes</h2><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH130179" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Distribution de pommes de terre au Pérou dans les années 1980" href="/media/distribution-de-pommes-de-terre-au-perou-dans-les-annees-1980-ph130179/"><img id="PH130179" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/3/csm_ph130179_1e662ed610.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Distribution de pommes de terre au Pérou dans les années 1980 - crédits : Greg Smith/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Au milieu des années 1980, confronté à un important déficit fiscal, le gouvernement péruvien décide la nationalisation du système bancaire, ce qui renforce son isolement face aux marchés financiers internationaux. Les taux d'inflation deviennent astronomiques (1 772 p. 100 en 1988 ; 7 649 p. 100 en…" data-copyright="Greg Smith/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="690" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Distribution de pommes de terre au Pérou dans les années 1980 </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Greg Smith/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Les crises financières récentes ont pris des formes variées : crises boursières, immobilières, bancaires, crises de change, crises des dettes souveraines… L'analyse économique a cependant montré que, au-delà de leur diversité, ces crises n'ont obéi qu’à un petit nombre de mécanismes fondamentaux.</p><p>Tout d'abord, la plupart des crises financières contemporaines ont une cause commune : la mise en œuvre des politiques néolibérales depuis les années 1970. L'existence d'une relation directe entre les politiques de libéralisation financière et l'accélération des crises est reconnue par la plupart des économistes. Ainsi, Graciela Kaminsky et Carmen Reinhart, deux économistes du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Fonds monétaire international (FMI) est une institution financière internationale. Comme la Banque mondiale , il a été créé à l’occasion des accords de Bretton Woods, conclus en juillet 1944, par quarante-quatre États en guerre contre les puissances de l'Axe (Allemagne, Italie, Japon).. Sentant s'approcher la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ces États voulurent mettre en place u..." title="Article : FMI (Fonds monétaire international)" href="/encyclopedie/fmi-fonds-monetaire-international/">Fonds monétaire international</a> (FMI), ont montré dans un article de 1999 que la plupart des crises bancaires des pays dits « émergents » ont été précédées par des politiques de libéralisation financière. <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de JOSEPH STIGLITZ (1943- ). L’économiste américain Joseph Stiglitz est un représentant majeur du courant néokeynésien. Il a reçu le prix Nobel d'économie en 2001 – partagé avec George Akerlof et Michael Spence – pour ses apports à l'économie de l'information. Dès l’annonce de ce prix, Stiglitz n'a pas failli à sa réputation et s'est empressé de dénoncer l..." title="Article : JOSEPH STIGLITZ (1943- )" href="/encyclopedie/joseph-stiglitz/">Joseph Stiglitz</a>, ancien vice-président et économiste en chef de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Groupe de la Banque mondiale (GBM) est la plus connue et la plus grande institution multilatérale de financement des pays en développement. Cette banque joue un rôle de catalyseur de financements publics ou privés dédiés aux projets d’utilité collective. Créée pour apporter une aide financière à long terme aux pays pauvres et à ceux qui ont subi de lourds dommages p..." title="Article : BANQUE MONDIALE" href="/encyclopedie/banque-mondiale/">Banque mondiale</a> et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le prix d'un bien en tant que nombre associé à l'unité de ce bien n'a pas de véritable signification en soi : seuls les rapports de prix – les prix relatifs – des différents biens en ont une. Néanmoins, raisonner sur des prix relatifs n'est possible que dans une économie de troc comportant peu de biens. Sinon, on choisit un bien de référence, appelé numéraire, auquel on attribu..." title="Article : PRIX" href="/encyclopedie/prix/">Prix</a> Nobel d’économie en 2001, a montré dans <em>La Grande Désillusion</em> (2002) que les politiques de libéralisation radicale imposées par le FMI sont une des grandes causes des crises financières des pays asiatiques et de la Russie en 1997-1998.</p><p>Les politiques de libéralisation financière se caractérisent par quatre dispositions principales :</p><p>– libéralisation des opérations bancaires (par exemple, fin du contrôle du crédit) ;</p><p>– ouverture du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Par « marché » on entend habituellement plusieurs choses, qui correspondent à des degrés d'abstraction différents. Au départ, il y a l'idée d'un lieu où se retrouvent des acheteurs et des vendeurs, qui effectuent des échanges sur la base de prix , fixés par l'une des parties ou après marchandage. À un niveau d'abstraction plus élevé, le mot marché désigne l'ensemble des trans..." title="Article : MARCHÉ, économie" href="/encyclopedie/marche-economie/">marché</a> boursier (liberté totale donnée aux investisseurs étrangers) ;</p><p>– ouverture du compte de capital (absence de contrôle des mouvements de capitaux avec l'étranger) ;</p><p>– libéralisation du marché des changes (absence de contrôle des achats et des ventes des devises étrangères).</p><p>Plusieurs mécanismes sont à l'origine de ces effets déstabilisants de la finance libéralisée. En premier lieu, les politiques de libéralisation autorisent les prises de risque excessives des acteurs bancaires et financiers, tendance d'autant plus marquée que la conjoncture est bonne. À l'inverse, lorsque les perspectives<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? 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Les taux d'inflation deviennent astronomiques (1 772 p. 100 en 1988 ; 7 649 p. 100 en…" data-copyright="Greg Smith/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="690" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Distribution de pommes de terre au Pérou dans les années 1980 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Greg Smith/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH130183" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Crise économique en Argentine en 2001" href="/media/crise-economique-en-argentine-en-2001-ph130183/"> <img id="PH130183" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/e/csm_ph130183_ac4c195b09.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Crise économique en Argentine en 2001 - crédits : Paulo Fridman/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="L’Argentine subit de plein fouet la succession de crises financières et monétaires des années 1997-1999 (asiatique, russe, brésilienne). En décembre 2001, le gouvernement gèle les avoirs bancaires et l’État fait défaut sur sa dette publique. L’année suivante l’Argentine connaît une inflation de 70…" data-copyright="Paulo Fridman/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="676" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Crise économique en Argentine en 2001 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Paulo Fridman/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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