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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Asal-usul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal-usul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Asal-usul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal-usul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsep_pemahaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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</nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jainisme</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 144 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djainisme" title="Djainisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Djainisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainismo" title="Chainismo – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chainismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجاينية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجاينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جاينيه – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="জৈন ধৰ্ম – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জৈন ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xainismu" title="Xainismu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xainismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caynizm" title="Caynizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Caynizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="جاینیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاینیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEain%C4%97zmos" title="Džainėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džainėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainismo" title="Hainismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hainismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Джайнизъм – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джайнизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="စေင်းဘာႏသာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="စေင်းဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="জৈন ধর্ম – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জৈন ধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="གཅེར་བུ་བའི་ཆོས་ལུགས། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཅེར་བུ་བའི་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainegezh" title="Jainegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jainegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizam" title="Džainizam – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Džainizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джайнай шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Джайнай шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="جاینیزم – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جاینیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEinismus" title="Džinismus – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džinismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainiaeth" title="Jainiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jainiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%92%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ޖައިނިޒަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖައިނިޒަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τζαϊνισμός – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζαϊνισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cajnismo" title="Ĝajnismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝajnismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainism" title="Džainism – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Džainism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="جین (دین) – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جین (دین)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainalaisuus" title="Jainalaisuus – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jainalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainism" title="Džainism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Džainism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisma" title="Jainisma – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jainisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C2%B7ayinismo" title="J·ayinismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="J·ayinismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisim" title="Jainisim – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Jainisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayinism" title="Jayinism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jayinism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xainismo" title="Xainismo – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xainismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_Dharma" title="Jain Dharma – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jain Dharma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE" title="જૈન ધર્મ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જૈન ધર્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainanci" title="Jainanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jainanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ג'ייניזם – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ייניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizam" title="Džainizam – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Džainizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsainizmus" title="Dzsainizmus – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsainizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ջայնիզմ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջայնիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainismo" title="Hainismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hainismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%ADnismi" title="Jaínismi – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jaínismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giainismo" title="Giainismo – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giainismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E6%95%99" title="ジャイナ教 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャイナ教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainizim" title="Jainizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jainizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lijdrdjaina" title="lijdrdjaina – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lijdrdjaina" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჯაინიზმი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯაინიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%C9%A9n%C9%A9sm%C9%A9" title="Sayɩnɩsmɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sayɩnɩsmɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98%EA%B5%90" title="자이나교 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자이나교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayn%C3%AEzm" title="Caynîzm – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Caynîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Жайнычылык – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жайнычылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iainismus" title="Iainismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iainismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djainizmo" title="Djainizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Djainizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizmas" title="Džainizmas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džainizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainisms" title="Džainisms – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džainisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Джайнизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Джайнизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisma" title="Jainisma – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jainisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Џаинизам – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џаинизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ജൈനമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈനമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Жайнизм – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жайнизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဇိနဘာသာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဇိနဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဂျိန်းဘာသာ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိန်းဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جین دین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جین دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus" title="Jainismus – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jainismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जैन धर्म – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djainismen" title="Djainismen – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Djainismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jainisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFnisme" title="Jaïnisme – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jaïnisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%88%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ଜୈନ ଧର୍ମ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୈନ ଧର୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਜੈਨ ਧਰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੈਨ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BAinizm" title="Dźinizm – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dźinizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جین مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جین مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="جاينيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جاينيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajinipen" title="Jajinipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jajinipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнизм – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джайнизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83" title="जैनधर्मः – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जैनधर्मः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Дьайнизм – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьайнизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱳᱭᱱᱳ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%DA%8C%D8%B1%D9%85" title="جين ڌرم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جين ڌرم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizam" title="Džainizam – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džainizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သႃႇသၼႃႇၵျဵၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သႃႇသၼႃႇၵျဵၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="ජෛනාගම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෛනාගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEinizmus" title="Džinizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Džinizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEainizem" title="Džainizem – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džainizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujaini" title="Ujaini – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ujaini" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismi" title="Jainismi – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jainismi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhainizmi" title="Xhainizmi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhainizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Џаинизам – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џаинизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jainism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujain" title="Ujain – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujain" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சைனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சைனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="జైన మతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జైన మతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="ศาสนาเชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาเชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainismo" title="Hainismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hainismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caynizm" title="Caynizm – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Caynizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Җәйничелек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җәйничелек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джайнізм – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джайнізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جین مت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جین مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaynizm" title="Jaynizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jaynizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B3_Na_gi%C3%A1o" title="Kỳ Na giáo – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỳ Na giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jainismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耆那教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჯაინიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯაინიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="דזשייניזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשייניזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耆那教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaina-k%C3%A0u" title="Jaina-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jaina-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耆那教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9232#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Dialihkan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jain&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:In-jain.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/In-jain.gif/220px-In-jain.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/In-jain.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>Bendera kaum Jain</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Jainisme</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta">Sanskerta</a>: <span lang="sa">जैनधर्म</span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: sa is deprecated </span> - <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Jainadharma</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil">bahasa Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta"><i>சமணம்</i></span> - Samaṇam) adalah sebuah agama dharma. Jaina bermakna agama penaklukan. Dimaksudkan penaklukan kodrat-kodrat syahwati di dalam tata hidup manusiawi. Agama Jaina itu dibuat oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nataputta_Vardhamana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nataputta Vardhamana (halaman belum tersedia)">Nataputta Vardhamana</a>, hidup pada 559–527 SM yang beroleh panggilan <i><a href="/wiki/Mahawira" title="Mahawira">Mahawira</a></i> yang berarti pahlawan besar. </p><p>Agama Jaina lahir lebih dahulu daripada <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Buddha">Agama Buddha</a> punya pengikut lebih luas di luar India, tetapi agama Jaina terbatas hanya di India saja. Kedua agama tersebut merupakan reaksi terhadap perikeadaan di dalam <a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu" title="Agama Hindu">agama Hindu</a> mengenai perkembangan ajarannya pada masa lampau. </p><p>Dewasa ini ada lebih dari 8 juta pengikut agama ini. Mereka terutama ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Secara sosial, biasanya para penganut Jainisme termasuk golongan menengah ke atas. Agama Jaina itu mewariskan bangunan-bangunan kuil yang amat terkenal keindahan arsitekturnya di India dan senantiasa dikunjungi wisatawan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asal-usul">Asal-usul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainisme&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Asal-usul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainisme&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asal-usul"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istilah Jaina yang paling dekat dengan “kitab suci” adalah <i>agama</i>, “kedatangan” seperangkat doktrin melalui transmisi oleh paraguru otoritatif dan bersilsilah jelas, yaitu orang-orang “tercerahkan” yang telah menemukan kebenaran <i>ahimsa. Agama</i> disimpulkan dalam sebuah pernyataan yang sering dikutip: “Sang Manusia yang Layak menurutkan makna, kemudian para murid menyusun <i>sutta</i> (teks suci), dan kemudian teks suci berlanjut demi kebaikan doktrin”. Inilah yang membuat makna sebuah teks terpisah dari kata-katanya. Terlebih lagi, <i>sutta</i> bermakna “indikasi” – sesuatu yang hanya mengisyaratkan atau menunjukkan kepada makna yang secara utuh hanya diterangkan oleh seorang guru yang mumpuni. </p><p>Melalui hal itulah, dapat disaksikan bahwa proses tiga lapis ini terjadi pula dalam kisah Mahavira. Setelah pencerahanya, diriwayatkan bahwa ia berkhotbah di kuil roh pohon di hadapan raja dan ratu Champa, serta sekerumunan besar asketik, dewa, orang awam, dan binatang. Para murid Mahavira yang menyimak khotbah tersebut kemudian menyampaikan pesannya secara lisan, sehingga menjadi sebuah <i>sutta</i>. Namun, ini hanya merupakan “indikasi” kata-kata Mahavira. Ia menuturkan kebenaran yang abadi dan tetap, yang seperti alam semesta itu sendiri, tak berawal dan telah disampaikan pula oleh para “manusia tercerahkan” pada era-era sebelumnya. <i>Sutta</i> tidak merekam kata-kata Mahavira sendiri, tetapi sebuah komentar semata terhadap pesannya. </p><p>Ini barangkali dapat menjelaskan keyakinan kuat umat Jaina bahwa kitab-kitab suci meraka tidak lengkap dan bahwa kebenaran-kebenaran penting telah hilang–sebuah tema yang kita jumpai pula dalam tradisi-tradisi lain. Ada pernyataan bahwa setiap dari 24 <i>tithankara</i> mengajarkan doktrin <i>ahimsa</i> kepada lingkaran muridnya, dan pada setiap masa para murid merekam ajaran-ajaran sang guru dalam empat belas kitab suci. Namun, tragisnya setelah kematian setiap <i>tithankara,</i> para murid yang bertanggung jawab menyampaikan ajarannya tewas dalam bencana kelaparan, sehingga sehingga ajaran-ajaran yang penting pun hilang. Oleh karenanya, setiap kali seorang <i>tithankara</i> wafat, umat Jaina selalu hanya mendapat kanon kitab suci yang tidak lengkap. Kitab-kitab suci yang tersisa sedikit itu hanya mengabadikan doktrin-doktrin yang kurang penting dan diperentukkan bagi perempuan dan anak-anak, karena hanya lelaki yang mampu memahami ajaran-ajaran yang lebih tinggi. Umat Jaina mencoba memperbaiki kelemahan metode pewarisan kitab suci mereka melalui serangkaian siding (<i>vacana</i>). Sidang pertama digelar pada pertengahan abad ke-3 SM di Pataliputra, dan sidang kedua serta ketiga digelar pada abad ke-4 dan ke-5 M. Terjemahan yang lebih akurat dari <i>vacana</i> adalah “wacana” atau “pembacaan”. Tidak ada debat intelektual dalam sidang-sidang ini; peserta menyimak para biarawan membacakan kitab-kitab suci yang mereka hafalkan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konsep_pemahaman">Konsep pemahaman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainisme&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Konsep pemahaman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainisme&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Konsep pemahaman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menurut Karen Armstrong, Jainisme memang sering dianggap ateistik. Ajaran ini tidak memiliki konsep seperti Tuhan versi Barat modern yang menganut kosmos; bagi Mahavira, <i>deva</i> adalah suatu makhluk yang mencapai keilahian dengan jalan menghormati esensi suci setiap makhluk lebih jauh, Mahavira percaya bahwa siapa pun yang mengikuti tuntunannya secara otomatis akan menyucikan kemanusiaannya dan menjadi “pahlawan agung”. </p><p>Belakangan, pengikut Jaina mengembangkan sebuah kosmologi pelik yang memandang <i>karma</i> sebagai materi halus, semacam debu, yang membebani roh. Mereka kemudian memandang bahwa Mahavira sebagai sekadar seorang tokoh dalam sederetan panjang <i>tirthankara</i> (penyelamat atau guru spiritual) yang telah berhasil menyebeerangi sungai <i>dukkha</i> dan mengajarkan <i>ahimsa</i>. Namun, teks-teks Jain paling awal tidak menunjukkan adanya doktrin-doktrin ini, meskipun memandang ada penyebutan mengenai “orang-orang pandai” yang menyerukan <i>ahimsa</i> pada masa lampau. Tampaknya bagi Mahavira, jalan menuju pencerahan adalah <i>ahimsa tout court</i> (semata). </p><p>Umat Jaina percaya bahwa manusia ditentukan bukan oleh kelas sosial berdasarkan Weda, melainkan oleh perbuatan mereka. Mereka tidak tertarik sedikit pun kepada Weda dan tidak menganggap kitab-kitab itu diilhami wahyu ilahi. Mereka mengecam ritualisme teks-teks Brahmana sebagai “ilmu kekejaman” – teks-teks dan mantra-mantra itu tidak bisa menetralisasi kekejaman pengorbanan ternak tak berdaya. </p><p>Mereka mengembangkan ritual tersendiri, yang jauh lebih penting daripada kitab suci. Hal ini dikarenakan ritual-ritual itu memungkinkan mereka mendapatkan kesadaran bahwa segala sesuatu di sekeliling mereka – bahkan benda-benda yang tampaknya tidak hidup memiliki <i>jiva</i> yang dapat merasakan penderitaan. Oleh karenanya, umat Jaina selalu berjalan dengan sangat hati-hati supaya tidak dengan ceroboh menginjak seekor serangga; mereka melatakkan barang dengan lembut dan tidak pernah bergerak dalam gelap untuk mencegah diri mereka secara tidak sengaja melindas sesama makhluk. </p><p>Seperti halnya semua penolak dunia, umat Jaina melaksanakan empat sumpah yang melarang pembunuhan, dusta, mencuri, dan hubungan kelamin. Namun, menambahkan unsur-unsur yang menumbuhkan kebiasaan empati. Seorang Jaina bukan hanya harus menahan diri dari berdusta, penganut laki-laki atau perempuan (Jaina mengizinkan perempuan menjadi anggota <i>sangha</i> mereka) harus tidak pernah berbicara kasar atau gusar. Tidak cukup hanya menahan diri tidak mencuri, seorang Jain juga dilarang memiliki apa pun karena setiap benda atau makhluk memiliki <i>jiva</i> yang berdaulat dan merdeka. </p><p>Lebih lanjut, umat Jaina lebih memilih mengembangkan bentuk meditasi mereka sendiri daripada menghabiskan waktu berlatih yoga, yaitu berdiri tidak bergerak dalam postur <i>tithankara,</i> tangan tergantung lurus di sisi badan mereka yang secara sistematis menekan semua pikiran dan dorongan jahat. Pada saat yang sama, mereka melakukan upaya sadar untuk mengisi pikiran dengan kasih dan kebaikan kepada semua makhluk. </p><p>Umat Jaina yang telah berpengalaman akan berupaya mencapai kondisi yang mereka sebut sebagai <i>samakiya</i> (ketenangan), yang di dalamnya mereka <i>tahu</i> bahwa semua benda, binatang, dan manusia berstatus setara pada semua level keberadaan mereka. Mereka juga menyadari tanggung jawab mereka kepada sembarang makhluk, serendah atau semenjijikkan apa pun itu. </p><p>Ritual Jaina begitu berat, sehingga hanya ada sedikit waktu untuk mengkaji kitab suci. Umat Jaina tidak mengalami yang ilahi dalam teks-teks suci mereka, tetapi dengan menumbuhkan kesadaran tentang kesucian segala sesuatu. Selama berabad-abad kemudian, mereka mengembangkan sikap ambivalen terhadap kitab suci. Mereka sepakat bahwa kitab suci mungkin dapat membantu orang yang belum tercerahkan, dengan cara membuat mereka menyadari pentingnya <i>ahimsa</i>. Namun, ketika seseorang berkomitmen menempuh jalan Jaina, kitab suci tidak lagi berperan penting. </p><p>Kebanyakan penganut Jaina tidak terlalu berminat membaca kitab suci mereka, bahkan kitab suci bisa berbahaya bagi orang yang belum menjalani inisiasi. Sampai sekarang, sejumlah sekte Jaina tidak memperbolehkan orang awam membaca kitab-kitab suci mereka, bahkan para biarawati Jaina hanya boleh membaca kumpulan kutipan yang diseleksi secara ketat. Ada kekhawatiran mereka bahwa tiap orang akan merasa telah menguasai pesan Jaina hanya dengan memahaminya secara intelektual. </p><p>Pengakuan terus terang umat Jaina tentang terjadinya disintegrasi <i>corpus</i> kitab suci mereka bermakna bahwa mereka tidak punya konsep kanon yang baku. Pada dasarnya, teks apa pun yang cukup kuno bisa memiliki derajat otoritas tertentu dan meski nyaris mustahil melacak masa penyusunan teks itu, sangat sedikit teks yang mengklaim berasal dari masa Mahavira. Para peneliti Barat kerap menganggap teks-teks yang muncul belakangan ini sebagai tidak autentik dan berasumsi bahwa <i>Kalpa Sutra</i> adalah kitab suci penting Jaina karena teks tersebut dilestarikan dalam begitu banyak manuskrip yang disertai ilustrasi yang kaya. Memang teks itu penting bagi umat Jaina, tetapi bukan karena merekam kata-kata Mahavira, atau dihormati karena isi pesannya, sebab sangat sedikit umat Jaina yang mempu memahami dialek kuno Prakrit. Derajatnya tergantung sepenuhnya pada perannya dalam perayaan Paryushan (arti harfiahnya “menetap”), hari terpenting dalam setahun bagi umat awam Jaina. Festival itu merayakan kedatangan muson, momen ketika para asketik berhenti berkelana dan menetap Bersama umat awam, yang merayakan kedatangan mereka. <i>Kalpa Sutra</i> dibacakan sebagai tindak solidaritas untuk menyatukan komunitas. Di Gujarat masa sekarang, selama tujuh hari pertama perayaan yang dihadiri sedikit orang, ringkasan Sutra dibacakan dalam bentuk terjemahan bahasa sehari-hari. Namun, pada hari kedelapan yang dihadiri banyak orang, para biarawan membacakan seluruh Sutra dalam bahasa asli Prakrit dengan kecepatan luar biasa sehingga tak seorang pun–bahkan seorang pakar bahasa Prakrit–bakal mampu memahaminya. Sementara itu, selama pembacaan, manuskrip-manuskrip Sutra yang berilustrasi diarak di jalan-jalan sebagai objek pemujaan. Kitab suci ini penting bagi umat Jaina bukan karena isi ajarannya, melainkan karena perannya dalam ritual. </p><p>Aliran penolak dunia kedua yang kelak menjadi sebuah tradisi keaagamaan besar didirikan oleh Siddatta Gautama, rekan sezaman Mahavira tetapi lebih muda, yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Buddha, atau “Yang Tercerahkan”. Menurut perkiraan para pakar modern, dia wafat pada sekitar 400 SM. Mahavira dan Gautama memiliki banyak kesamaan. Keduanya berasal dari kasta Ksatria (Gautama berasal dari sebuah keluarga aristocrat di republic Sakka); keduanya memercayai doktrin <i>karma</i> dan kelahiran kembali’ dan keduanya mencapai pencerahan tanpa bimbingan guru, hanya mengandalkan upaya pribadi mereka tanpa bantuan siapa pun. Mereka berdua tidak percaya Weda berasal dari wahyu ilahi dan keduanya mengaku mengajarkan kebenaran kuno yang disadari “para orang pandai” masa lalu: telah ada banyak Buddha sebelum Gautama, dan dia maupun Mahavira menekankan bahwa siapa pun bisa mencapai tingkatan tinggi ini jika menjalankan latihan-latihan yang benar. Untuk itu, keduanya membentuk komunitas para murid, yang mereka sebut <i>gana</i> (“pasukan”) atau <i>sangha</i> (“sidang”); ini adalah istilah-istilah kaum Ksatria untuk persaudaraan-prajurit kaum muda dalam kehidupan tradisional Arya, tetapi keduanya menolak kekerasan dan menekankan pentingnya welas asih kepada semua makhluk. </p><p>Kitab-kitab suci Buddhis tidak memberi kita narasi berkesinambungan tentang kehidupan Buddha, dan tidak terlalu banyak pula mengisahkan tentang misi pengajarannya selama 45 Tahun. Namun, umat Buddhis masa awal merenungu dalam-dalam berbagai peristiwa terpilih dalam perjalanan hidup Buddha, yang dikisahkan secara detail dalam kitab-kitab suci Pali–keputusannya meninggalkan kehidupan berkeluarga, perjuangan panjangnya mencapai nirwana, pengalamannya mencapai pencerahan, masa-masa dia mengajar, dan wafatnya–karena episode-episode ini memberitahu mereka apa yang harus diperbuat untuk mencapai pencerahan. Imbauan untuk menjalani laku penuh dedikasi ini mentransformasikan sejarah hidup Buddha menjadi sebuah mitos yang tak bermaksud menawarkan biografi akurat Gautama, tetapi lebih merupakan upaya mengungkapkan sebuah kebenaran abadi. Nirwana bukan tujuan mustahil; hal itu ada dalam fitrah manusia dan bisa dipakai oleh siapa pun yang mengikuti teladan Buddha. Seperti mitos mana pun, maknanya tetap samar jika tidak diterapkan setiap saat, setiap hari. </p><p>Jika umat Jaina hanya menaruh sedikit minat pada teknik-teknik meditative yang rumit, Buddha mencapai nirwana melalui sebuah yoga khusus. Kitab-kitab suci memberi tahu kita bahwa setelah meninggalkan rumah, dia menjalani latihan di bawah bimbingan sejumlah yogi (pelaku yoga) yang paling mumpuni saat itu. Pada masa itu, yoga telah menjadi ilmu yang disusun secara cermat, yang memungkinkan yogi menggembleng dirinya sendiri untuk memasuki kondisi transenden, dengan melakukan hal-hal yang berkebalikan dari perilaku alamiah manusia. Ketika berlatih <i>asana,</i> yogi mencegah dirinya bergerak: sementara tubuh kita secara alamiah selalu bergerak–bahkan dalam tidur pun tubuh kita tidak pernah sepenuhnya diam–sehingga Ketika yogi duduk tanpa gerak dalam posisi yang benar selama berjam-jam, dia tampak lebih mirip tumbuhan atau patung ketimbang manusia. Ketika berlatih <i>pranayama,</i> dia mencegah fungsi-fungsi badan kita yang paling naluriah dengan cara mengatur nafasnya secara radikal. Yogi kemudian menemukan bahwa disiplin jasmani ini mmebangkitkan perasaan kebesaran, keluasan, dan ketenangan yang agung. Dia pun siap melakukan <i>ekagrata,</i> konsentrasi “pada satu titik”. Pikiran kita selalu berubah-ubah, sarat dengan berbagai gagasan serta emosi yang bergejolak tanpa henti memenuhi kesadaran kita. Oleh karena itu, yogi berlatih untuk memusatkan perhatian pada satu objek dengan inteleknya semata, indra-indranya berhenti beraktivitas, dengan gigih dia mencegah timbulnya emosi atau asosiasi apa pun. Sampai pada akhirnya dia memasuki kondisi <i>trance</i> (<i>jhana</i>), yang di dalamnya dia akan menemukan bahwa dirinya tak terpengaruh oleh hasrat, kenikmatan, atau kepedihan. Pada tahap-tahap berikutnya, dia akan mengalami rasa ketakberbatasan dan persepsi kekosongan yang secara pardoks secara penuh. Para yogi yang amat berbakat dapat memasuki serangkaian “keadaan meditatif” (<i>ayatana</i>) yang demikian intens sehingga mereka merasa memasuki tanah dewata, karena keadaan ini tak serupa denga napa pun dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, mereka sesungguhnya mengalami kesadaran murni yang hanya menyadari dirinya sendiri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kitab_suci">Kitab suci</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainisme&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Kitab suci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainisme&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kitab suci"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kitab suci di dalam agama Jaina adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddhanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siddhanta (halaman belum tersedia)">Siddhanta</a>. Kitab ini terdiri atas beberapa himpunan. Himpunan pertama terdiri atas dua belas buah <i>Angas</i> atau bab, tetapi <i>Angas</i> keduabelas telah lenyap, tidak dijumpai sampai sekarang,dipercayai semuanya mengarut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainisme&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jainisme&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hume, Robert, "World's Living Religions", 1930.</li> <li>Gaer, Joseph "How the Great Religions Began", 1960.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mahatma_(Mohandas_Karamchand)_Gandhi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Mahatma Gandhi (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahatma_(Mohandas_Karamchand)_Gandhi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma (Mohandas Karamchand) Gandhi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Keluarga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Samaldas_Gandhi" title="Samaldas Gandhi">Samaldas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Arun</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" title="Tushar Gandhi">Tushar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gopalkrishna</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Pengaruh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagawadgita" title="Bhagawadgita">Bhagawadgita</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Pembangkangan_sipil" title="Pembangkangan sipil">Pembangkangan sipil</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Puasa" title="Puasa">Puasa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu" title="Agama Hindu">Agama Hindu</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jainisme</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Allah_ada_di_dalam_Dirimu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Allah ada di dalam Dirimu (halaman belum tersedia)">Kerajaan Allah ada di dalam Dirimu</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Masque_of_Anarchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Masque of Anarchy (halaman belum tersedia)">The Masque of Anarchy</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Pasifisme" title="Pasifisme">Pasifisme</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Kotbah_di_Bukit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotbah di Bukit">Kotbah di Bukit</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shrimad_Rajchandra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shrimad Rajchandra (halaman belum tersedia)">Shrimad Rajchandra</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unto_This_Last&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unto This Last (halaman belum tersedia)">Unto This Last</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">Vegetarian</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Hidup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gerakan hak-hak sipil di Afrika Selatan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Champaran_dan_Kheda_Satyagraha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Champaran dan Kheda Satyagraha (halaman belum tersedia)">Champaran dan Kheda Satyagraha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_non-kooperasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan non-kooperasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Non-kooperasi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chauri_Chaura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chauri Chaura (halaman belum tersedia)">Chauri Chaura</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purna_Swaraj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purna Swaraj (halaman belum tersedia)">Purna Swaraj</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_Satyagraha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salt Satyagraha (halaman belum tersedia)">Salt Satyagraha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaikom_Satyagraha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaikom Satyagraha (halaman belum tersedia)">Vaikom Satyagraha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poona_Pact&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poona Pact (halaman belum tersedia)">Poona Pact</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_Quit_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan Quit India (halaman belum tersedia)">Quit India</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Pembunuhan_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Pembunuhan Mahatma Gandhi">Pembunuhan</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Filsafat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gandhisme" title="Gandhisme">Gandhisme</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Gandhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Gandhi (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekonomi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvodaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarvodaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Sarvodaya</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth (halaman belum tersedia)">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_Swadeshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan Swadeshi (halaman belum tersedia)">Swadeshi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Asosiasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">C. F. Andrews</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narhari_Parikh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narhari Parikh (halaman belum tersedia)">Narhari Parikh</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravi_Shankar_Vyas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravi Shankar Vyas (halaman belum tersedia)">Ravi Shankar Vyas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohanlal_Pandya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohanlal Pandya (halaman belum tersedia)">Mohanlal Pandya</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahadev_Desai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahadev Desai (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahadev Desai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbas_Tyabji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbas Tyabji (halaman belum tersedia)">Abbas Tyabji</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dada_Dharmadhikari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dada Dharmadhikari (halaman belum tersedia)">Dada Dharmadhikari</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._C._Kumarappa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. C. Kumarappa (halaman belum tersedia)">J. C. Kumarappa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kallenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Kallenbach (halaman belum tersedia)">Hermann Kallenbach</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Warisan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Vidyapith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujarat Vidyapith (halaman belum tersedia)">Gujarat Vidyapith</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapeeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth (halaman belum tersedia)">Kashi Vidyapeeth</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumah_Sakit_Peringatan_Mahatma_Gandhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumah Sakit Peringatan Mahatma Gandhi (halaman belum tersedia)">Rumah Sakit Peringatan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia" title="Jamia Millia Islamia">Jamia Millia Islamia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadiah_Perdamaian_Gandhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadiah Perdamaian Gandhi (halaman belum tersedia)">Hadiah Perdamaian Gandhi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_penggambaran_artistik_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Daftar penggambaran artistik Mahatma Gandhi">Penggambaran artistik</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gandhigiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gandhigiri (halaman belum tersedia)">Gandhigiri</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tujuh_Kesalahan_Besar_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tujuh Kesalahan Besar Dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Tujuh Kesalahan Besar Dunia</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Terpengaruh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. 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Moura</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanza_del_Vasto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanza del Vasto (halaman belum tersedia)">Lanza del Vasto</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Kenangan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Fisik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.,_Situs_Sejarah_Nasional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Luther King, Jr., Situs Sejarah Nasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Martin Luther King, Jr., Situs Sejarah Nasional</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg#Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raj_Ghat_dan_peringatan_terkait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raj Ghat dan peringatan terkait (halaman belum tersedia)">Rajghat</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Nasional_Gandhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Nasional Gandhi (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Nasional Gandhi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gandhi_Smriti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gandhi Smriti (halaman belum tersedia)">Gandhi Smriti</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Peringatan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Hari_Tanpa_Kekerasan_Internasional" title="Hari Tanpa Kekerasan Internasional">Hari Tanpa Kekerasan Internasional</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musim_Non-kekerasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musim Non-kekerasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Musim Non-kekerasan</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_question.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Kategori:Mahatma Gandhi">Kategori</a></b><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mohandas_K._Gandhi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mohandas K. Gandhi"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Wikiquote</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9232#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9232#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9232#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" 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style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953383z">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953383z">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85069282">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574968">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114384&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18342415">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ikon rintisan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/35px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/53px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, 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