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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unreformed_House_of_Commons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Counties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Counties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boroughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boroughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Boroughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boroughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_franchise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_franchise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The franchise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_franchise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Women's suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pocket_boroughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pocket_boroughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pocket boroughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pocket_boroughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bribery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bribery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Bribery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bribery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_for_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_for_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Movement for reform</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Movement_for_reform-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Movement for reform subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Movement_for_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_attempts_at_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_attempts_at_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early attempts at reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_attempts_at_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>After the French Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_during_the_1820s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_during_the_1820s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reform during the 1820s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_during_the_1820s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passage_of_the_Reform_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passage_of_the_Reform_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Passage of the Reform Act</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Passage_of_the_Reform_Act-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Passage of the Reform Act subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Passage_of_the_Reform_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Reform_Bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Reform_Bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First Reform Bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Reform_Bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Reform_Bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Reform_Bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second Reform Bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Reform_Bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Reform_Bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Reform_Bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Third Reform Bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Reform_Bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_seats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_seats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Abolition of seats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_seats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_new_seats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_new_seats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Creation of new seats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_new_seats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extension_of_the_franchise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extension_of_the_franchise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Extension of the franchise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extension_of_the_franchise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tenant_voters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenant_voters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Tenant voters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenant_voters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Further reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assessment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opponents_fear_for_the_future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opponents_fear_for_the_future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Opponents fear for the future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opponents_fear_for_the_future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluations_by_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluations_by_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Evaluations by historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluations_by_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_bibliography_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_bibliography_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes, bibliography and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_bibliography_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes, bibliography and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_bibliography_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_1832" title="قانون الإصلاح 1832 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون الإصلاح 1832" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_(1832)" title="Закон за реформата (1832) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Закон за реформата (1832)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformn%C3%AD_z%C3%A1kon_(1832)" title="Reformní zákon (1832) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reformní zákon (1832)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reform Act 1832" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_reforma_de_1832" title="Ley de reforma de 1832 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley de reforma de 1832" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reform Act 1832" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1832" title="Representation of the People Act 1832 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Representation of the People Act 1832" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832%EB%85%84_%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0%EB%B2%95_%EA%B0%9C%EC%A0%95" title="1832년 선거법 개정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1832년 선거법 개정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(1832)" title="Ընտրական բարեփոխում (1832) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընտրական բարեփոխում (1832)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Reformasi_1832" title="Undang-Undang Reformasi 1832 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Undang-Undang Reformasi 1832" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reform Act 1832" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_1832" title="חוק הרפורמה של 1832 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק הרפורמה של 1832" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832%E5%B9%B4%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%B3%95" title="1832年改革法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1832年改革法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformakten_(1832)" title="Reformakten (1832) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reformakten (1832)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reform Act 1832" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(1832)" title="Избирательная реформа (1832) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Избирательная реформа (1832)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Акт о великим реформама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Акт о великим реформама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_(1832)" title="Reform Act (1832) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reform Act (1832)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reform Act 1832" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Representation_of_the_People_Act_1832&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of the People Act 1832">Representation of the People Act 1832</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">UK law reforming the electoral system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Representation of the People Act 1832<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2_%26_3_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="2 & 3 Will. 4">2 & 3 Will. 4</a>. c. 45</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced by</th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a>, Prime Minister</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Territorial extent </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>In Scotland and Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reform_Act_1832" title="Scottish Reform Act 1832">Scottish Reform Act 1832</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Reform_Act_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Reform Act 1832">Irish Reform Act 1832</a> applied, respectively.</i></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 June 1832</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1874" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1874">Statute Law Revision Act 1874</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1948" title="Representation of the People Act 1948">Representation of the People Act 1948</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relates to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uq0uAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Corporate Property (Elections) Act 1832</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to prevent the Application of Corporate Property to the Purposes of Election of Members to serve in Parliament.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 69</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1882" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1882">Municipal Corporations Act 1882</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1949" title="Representation of the People Act 1949">Representation of the People Act 1949</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg/250px-Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg/375px-Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Reform_Act_1832_First_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Start of parchment roll of the Reform Act 1832, with <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> of King <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> marked above <a href="/wiki/Le_Roy_le_veult" title="Le Roy le veult">Le Roy le veult</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG/400px-Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG/600px-Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Commons,_1833" title="The House of Commons, 1833">A painting</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Hayter" title="George Hayter">Sir George Hayter</a> that commemorates the passing of the Act. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833 held in <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Chapel</a>. In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey</a> (1764–1845), <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne</a> (1779–1848), and the <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political faction)">Whigs</a> on the left; and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a> (1769–1852), and the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tories (political faction)">Tories</a> on the right. Currently in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Representation of the People Act 1832</b> (also known as the <b>Reform Act 1832</b>, <b>Great Reform Act</b> or <b>First Reform Act</b>) was an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> (indexed as <a href="/wiki/2_%26_3_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="2 & 3 Will. 4">2 & 3 Will. 4</a>. c. 45) that introduced major changes to the <a href="/wiki/Voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting system">electoral system</a> of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. It reapportioned constituencies to address the unequal distribution of seats and expanded franchise by broadening and standardising the property qualifications to vote. </p><p>Before the reform, most members of Parliament nominally represented <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">boroughs</a>. The number of electors in a borough varied widely however, from a dozen or so up to 12,000. Frequently the selection of <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) was effectively controlled by one powerful patron: for example <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_11th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk">Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk</a>, controlled eleven boroughs. Criteria for qualification for the franchise varied greatly among boroughs, from the requirement to own land, to merely living in a house with a <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a> sufficient to boil a pot.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There had been calls for reform long before 1832, but without success. The Act that finally succeeded was proposed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whigs</a>, led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey</a>. It met with significant opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Tory_(British_political_party)#Pitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory (British political party)">Pittite</a> factions in Parliament, who had long governed the country; opposition was especially pronounced in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. Nevertheless, the bill was eventually passed, mainly as a result of public pressure. The Act granted seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and removed seats from the "<a href="/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">rotten boroughs</a>": those with very small electorates and usually dominated by a wealthy patron. The Act also increased the electorate from about 400,000 to 650,000, making about one in five adult males eligible to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By defining a voter as a male person, it also introduced the first explicit statutory bar to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women voting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full title is <i>An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales</i>. Its formal <a href="/wiki/Short_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Short title">short title</a> and citation is Representation of the People Act 1832 (<a href="/wiki/2_%26_3_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="2 & 3 Will. 4">2 & 3 Will. 4</a>. c. 45). The Act applied only in England and Wales; the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Reform_Act_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Reform Act 1832">Irish Reform Act 1832</a> brought similar changes to Ireland. The separate <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reform_Act_1832" title="Scottish Reform Act 1832">Scottish Reform Act 1832</a> was revolutionary, enlarging the electorate by a factor of 13 from 5,000 to 65,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Houston_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unreformed_House_of_Commons">Unreformed House of Commons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Unreformed House of Commons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unreformed_House_of_Commons" title="Unreformed House of Commons">Unreformed House of Commons</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_(alt).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg/220px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg/330px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg/440px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_021_-_House_of_Commons_%28alt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>The House of Commons is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of Parliament.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> became law on 1 January 1801, the unreformed House of Commons comprised 658 members, of whom 513 represented England and Wales. There were two types of constituency: counties and boroughs. County members were supposed to represent landholders, while borough members were supposed to represent mercantile and trading interests.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counties">Counties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Counties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Counties"></span> <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties</a> were historical national subdivisions established between the 8th and 16th centuries. They were not merely parliamentary constituencies: many components of government (as well as <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>) were organised along county lines.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of Parliament chosen by the counties were known as <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_shire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of the shire">knights of the shire</a>. In Wales, each county elected one member, while in England, each county elected two members until 1826 when Yorkshire's representation was increased to four, following the disenfranchisement of the Cornish borough of <a href="/wiki/Grampound_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Grampound (UK Parliament constituency)">Grampound</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boroughs">Boroughs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Boroughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Boroughs"></span><span class="anchor" id="Parliamentary_boroughs"></span> Parliamentary boroughs in England ranged in size from small hamlets to large cities, partly because they had evolved haphazardly. The earliest boroughs were chosen in the Middle Ages by county sheriffs, and even a village might be deemed a borough.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these early boroughs (such as <a href="/wiki/Winchelsea_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Winchelsea (UK Parliament constituency)">Winchelsea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunwich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dunwich (UK Parliament constituency)">Dunwich</a>) were substantial settlements at the time of their original enfranchisement, but later went into decline, and by the early 19th century some only had a few electors, but still elected two <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a>; they were often known as <a href="/wiki/Rotten_boroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten boroughs">rotten boroughs</a>. Of the 70 English boroughs that Tudor monarchs enfranchised, 31 were later <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">disenfranchised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the parliamentarians of the 17th century compounded the inconsistencies by re-enfranchising 15 boroughs whose representation had lapsed for centuries, seven of which were later disenfranchised by the Reform Act 1832. After <a href="/wiki/Newark_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newark (UK Parliament constituency)">Newark</a> was enfranchised in 1661, no additional boroughs were enfranchised, and, with the sole exception of Grampound's 1821 disenfranchisement, the system remained unchanged until the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reform Act 1832</a>. Most English boroughs elected two MPs; but five boroughs elected only one MP: <a href="/wiki/Abingdon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Abingdon (UK Parliament constituency)">Abingdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Banbury (UK Parliament constituency)">Banbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bewdley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bewdley (UK Parliament constituency)">Bewdley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higham_Ferrers_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Higham Ferrers (UK Parliament constituency)">Higham Ferrers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monmouth" title="Monmouth">Monmouth</a>. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and the joint borough of <a href="/wiki/Weymouth_and_Melcombe_Regis_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Weymouth and Melcombe Regis (UK Parliament constituency)">Weymouth and Melcombe Regis</a> each elected four members. The Welsh boroughs each returned a single member.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_franchise">The franchise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The franchise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statutes passed in 1430 and 1432, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, standardised property qualifications for county voters. Under these Acts, all owners of <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">freehold property</a> or land with an annual value of at least forty shillings in a particular county were entitled to vote in that county. This requirement, known as the <a href="/wiki/Forty_Shilling_Freeholders" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty Shilling Freeholders">forty shilling freehold</a>, was never adjusted for inflation of land value; thus the amount of land one had to own in order to vote gradually diminished over time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The franchise was restricted to men by custom rather than statute;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on rare occasions women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections as a result of property ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the vast majority of people were not entitled to vote; the size of the English county electorate in 1831 has been estimated at only 200,000 and 400,000 enfranchised Englishmen overall.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the sizes of the individual county constituencies varied significantly. The smallest counties, <a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, had fewer than 1,000 voters each, while the largest county, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, had more than 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who owned property in multiple constituencies could <a href="/wiki/Plural_voting" title="Plural voting">vote multiple times</a>. Not only was this typically legal (since there was usually no need for a property owner to live in a constituency in order to vote there) it was also feasible, even with the technology of the time, since polling was usually held over several days. </p><p>In boroughs the franchise was far more varied. There were broadly six types of parliamentary boroughs, as defined by their franchise: </p> <ol><li>Boroughs in which freemen were electors;</li> <li>Boroughs in which the franchise was restricted to those paying <a href="/wiki/Scot_and_lot" title="Scot and lot">scot and lot</a>, a form of municipal taxation;</li> <li>Boroughs in which only the ownership of a <a href="/wiki/Burgage" title="Burgage">burgage</a> property qualified a person to vote;</li> <li>Boroughs in which only members of the corporation were electors (such boroughs were perhaps in every case "<a href="/wiki/Pocket_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket borough">pocket boroughs</a>", because council members were usually "in the pocket" of a wealthy patron);</li> <li>Boroughs in which male householders were electors (these were usually known as "<a href="/wiki/Potwalloper" title="Potwalloper">potwalloper</a> boroughs", as the usual definition of a householder was a person able to boil a pot on his/her own hearth);</li> <li>Boroughs in which freeholders of land had the right to vote.</li></ol> <p>Some boroughs had a combination of these varying types of franchise, and most had special rules and exceptions,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so many boroughs had a form of franchise that was unique to themselves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The largest borough, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a>, had about 12,000 voters, while many of the smallest, usually known as "rotten boroughs", had fewer than 100 each.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous rotten borough was <a href="/wiki/Old_Sarum_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Old Sarum (UK Parliament constituency)">Old Sarum</a>, which had 13 <a href="/wiki/Burgage" title="Burgage">burgage plots</a> that could be used to "manufacture" electors if necessary—usually around half a dozen was thought sufficient. Other examples were <a href="/wiki/Dunwich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dunwich (UK Parliament constituency)">Dunwich</a> (32 voters), <a href="/wiki/Camelford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Camelford (UK Parliament constituency)">Camelford</a> (25), and <a href="/wiki/Gatton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Gatton (UK Parliament constituency)">Gatton</a> (7).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_suffrage"><span id="Women.27s_suffrage"></span>Women's suffrage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Women's suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The claim for the women's vote appears to have been first made by <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> in 1817 when he published his <i>Plan of Parliamentary Reform in the form of a Catechism</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was taken up by <a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a> in 1825, when he published, with <a href="/wiki/Anna_Wheeler_(author)" title="Anna Wheeler (author)">Anna Wheeler</a>, <i>An Appeal of One Half the Human Race, Women, Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to Retain Them in Political, and Thence in Civil and Domestic Slavery: In Reply to Mr. Mill's Celebrated Article on Government</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the "celebrated article on Government", <a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a> had stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... all those individuals whose interests are indisputably included in those of other individuals may be struck off without any inconvenience ... In this light also women may be regarded, the interests of almost all of whom are involved in that of their fathers or in that of their husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The passing of the Act seven years later enfranchising "male persons" was, however, a more significant event; it has been argued that it was the inclusion of the word "male", thus providing the first explicit statutory bar to women voting, which provided a focus of attack and a source of resentment from which, in time, the women's suffrage movement grew.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pocket_boroughs">Pocket boroughs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pocket boroughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_032.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/William_Hogarth_032.jpg/220px-William_Hogarth_032.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/William_Hogarth_032.jpg/330px-William_Hogarth_032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/William_Hogarth_032.jpg/440px-William_Hogarth_032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption><i>Canvassing for Votes</i>, part of <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Humours_of_an_Election" title="Humours of an Election">Humours of an Election</a></i> series, depicts the political corruption endemic in election campaigns prior to the Great Reform Act.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many constituencies, especially those with small electorates, were under the control of rich landowners, and were known as nomination boroughs or <a href="/wiki/Pocket_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket borough">pocket boroughs</a>, because they were said to be in the pockets of their patrons. Most patrons were noblemen or landed gentry who could use their local influence, prestige, and wealth to sway the voters. This was particularly true in rural counties, and in small boroughs situated near a large landed estate. Some noblemen even controlled multiple constituencies: for example, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_11th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a> controlled eleven, while the <a href="/wiki/James_Lowther,_1st_Earl_of_Lonsdale" title="James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale">Earl of Lonsdale</a> controlled nine.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1821, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Smith" title="Sydney Smith">Sydney Smith</a> proclaimed that "The country belongs to the Duke of Rutland, Lord Lonsdale, the Duke of Newcastle, and about twenty other holders of boroughs. They are our masters!"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/T._H._B._Oldfield" class="mw-redirect" title="T. H. B. Oldfield">T. H. B. Oldfield</a> claimed in his <i>Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland</i> that, out of the 514 members representing England and Wales, about 370 were selected by nearly 180 patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member who represented a pocket borough was expected to vote as his patron ordered, or else lose his seat at the next election.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Voters in some constituencies resisted outright domination by powerful landlords, but were often open to corruption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bribery">Bribery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bribery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electors were bribed individually in some boroughs, and collectively in others. In 1771, for example, it was revealed that 81 voters in <a href="/wiki/New_Shoreham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="New Shoreham (UK Parliament constituency)">New Shoreham</a> (who constituted a majority of the electorate) formed a corrupt organisation that called itself the "Christian Club", and regularly sold the borough to the highest bidder.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially notorious for their corruption were the "<a href="/wiki/Nabob" title="Nabob">nabobs</a>", or individuals who had amassed fortunes in the British colonies in Asia and the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. The nabobs, in some cases, even managed to wrest control of boroughs from the nobility and the gentry.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Lord Chatham</a>, Prime Minister of Great Britain during the 1760s, casting an eye on the fortunes made in India commented that "the importers of foreign gold have forced their way into Parliament, by such a torrent of corruption as no private hereditary fortune could resist".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement_for_reform">Movement for reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Movement for reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_attempts_at_reform">Early attempts at reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early attempts at reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitt_the_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pitt_the_Younger.jpg/170px-Pitt_the_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pitt_the_Younger.jpg/255px-Pitt_the_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pitt_the_Younger.jpg/340px-Pitt_the_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> was a prominent advocate of parliamentary reform.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1640s, England endured a <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">civil war</a> that pitted <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalists</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a>. In 1647, different factions of the victorious parliamentary army held a series of discussions, the <a href="/wiki/Putney_Debates" title="Putney Debates">Putney Debates</a>, on reforming the structure of English government. The most radical elements proposed <a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">universal manhood suffrage</a> and the reorganisation of parliamentary constituencies. Their leader <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rainsborough" title="Thomas Rainsborough">Thomas Rainsborough</a> declared, "I think it's clear, that every man that is to live under a government ought first by his own consent to put himself under that government."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More conservative members disagreed, arguing instead that only individuals who owned land in the country should be allowed to vote. For example, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ireton" title="Henry Ireton">Henry Ireton</a> stated, "no man hath a right to an interest or share in the disposing of the affairs of the kingdom ... that hath not a permanent fixed interest in this kingdom." The views of the conservative "Grandees" eventually won out. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, who became the leader of England after the abolition of the monarchy in 1649, refused to adopt universal suffrage; individuals were required to own property (real or personal) worth at least £200<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to vote. He did nonetheless agree to some electoral reform; he disfranchised several small boroughs, granted representation to large towns such as <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, and increased the number of members elected by populous counties. These reforms were all reversed, however, after Cromwell's death and the last parliament to be elected in the Commonwealth period in 1659 reverted to the electoral system as it had existed under Charles I.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the issue of parliamentary reform lay dormant; <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>'s attempt to remodel municipal corporations to gain control of their borough seats created an antipathy to any change after the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>. It was revived in the 1760s by the Whig Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a> ("Pitt the Elder"), who called borough representation "the rotten part of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">our Constitution</a>" (hence the term "rotten borough"). Nevertheless, he did not advocate an immediate disfranchisement of rotten boroughs. He instead proposed that a third member be added to each county, to countervail the borough influence. The Whigs failed to unite behind the expansion of county representation; some objected to the idea because they felt that it would give too much power to the aristocracy and gentry in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, despite Chatham's exertions, Parliament took no action on his proposals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The cause of parliamentary reform was next taken up by Lord Chatham's son, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> (variously described as a Tory and as an "independent Whig"). Like his father, he shrank from proposing the wholesale abolition of the rotten boroughs, advocating instead an increase in county representation. The House of Commons rejected Pitt's resolution by over 140 votes, despite receiving petitions for reform bearing over twenty thousand signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1783, Pitt became Prime Minister but was still unable to achieve reform. <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> was averse to the idea, as were many members of Pitt's own cabinet. In 1786, the Prime Minister proposed a reform bill, but the House of Commons rejected it on a 174–248 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt did not raise the issue again for the remainder of his term.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_French_Revolution">After the French Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: After the French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Support for parliamentary reform plummeted after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789. Many English politicians became steadfastly opposed to any major political change. Despite this reaction, several <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radical Movement</a> groups were established to agitate for reform. A group of Whigs led by <a href="/wiki/James_Maitland,_8th_Earl_of_Lauderdale" title="James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale">James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey</a> founded an organisation advocating parliamentary reform in 1792. This group, known as the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_the_People" title="Society of the Friends of the People">Society of the Friends of the People</a>, included 28 MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1793, Grey presented to the House of Commons a petition from the Friends of the People, outlining <a href="/wiki/Abuses_of_the_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuses of the system">abuses of the system</a> and demanding change. He did not propose any specific scheme of reform, but merely a motion that the House inquire into possible improvements. Parliament's reaction to the French Revolution was so negative, that even this request for an inquiry was rejected by a margin of almost 200 votes. Grey tried to raise the subject again in 1797, but the House again rebuffed him by a majority of over 150.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable pro-reform organisations included the <a href="/wiki/Hampden_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampden Club">Hampden Clubs</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/John_Hampden" title="John Hampden">John Hampden</a>, an English politician who opposed the Crown during the English Civil War) and the <a href="/wiki/London_Corresponding_Society" title="London Corresponding Society">London Corresponding Society</a> (which consisted of workers and artisans). But the "Radical" reforms supported by these organisations (for example, universal suffrage) found even less support in Parliament. For example, when <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Burdett,_5th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet">Sir Francis Burdett</a>, chairman of the London Hampden Club, proposed a resolution in favour of universal suffrage, equally sized electoral districts, and voting by secret ballot to the House of Commons, his motion found only one other supporter (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Lord Cochrane</a>) in the entire House.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite such setbacks, popular pressure for reform remained strong. In 1819, a large pro-reform rally was held in Birmingham. Although the city was not entitled to any seats in the Commons, those gathered decided to elect <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Wolseley,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Wolseley, 7th Baronet">Sir Charles Wolseley</a> as Birmingham's "legislatorial representative". Following their example, reformers in Manchester held a similar meeting to elect a "legislatorial attorney". Between 20,000 and 60,000 (by different estimates) attended the event, many of them bearing signs such as "Equal Representation or Death". The protesters were ordered to disband; when they did not, the Manchester Yeomanry suppressed the meeting by force. Eighteen people were killed and several hundred injured in what later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a>. In response, the government passed the <a href="/wiki/Six_Acts" title="Six Acts">Six Acts</a>, measures designed to quell further political agitation. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Seditious_Meetings_Act_1817" title="Seditious Meetings Act 1817">Seditious Meetings Act</a> prohibited groups of more than 50 people from assembling to discuss any political subject without prior permission from the sheriff or magistrate.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_during_the_1820s">Reform during the 1820s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reform during the 1820s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the House of Commons regularly rejected direct challenges to the system of representation by large majorities, supporters of reform had to content themselves with more modest measures. The Whig <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a> brought forward one such measure in 1820, proposing the disfranchisement of the notoriously corrupt borough of <a href="/wiki/Grampound_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Grampound (UK Parliament constituency)">Grampound</a> in Cornwall. He suggested that the borough's two seats be transferred to the city of Leeds. Tories in the House of Lords agreed to the disfranchisement of the borough, but refused to accept the precedent of directly transferring its seats to an industrial city. Instead, they modified the proposal so that two further seats were given to <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, the county in which Leeds is situated. In this form, the bill passed both houses and became law. In 1828, Lord John Russell suggested that Parliament repeat the idea by abolishing the corrupt boroughs of <a href="/wiki/Penryn,_Cornwall" title="Penryn, Cornwall">Penryn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retford" title="Retford">East Retford</a>, and by transferring their seats to Manchester and Birmingham. This time, however, the House of Lords rejected his proposals. In 1830, Russell proposed another, similar scheme: the enfranchisement of Leeds, Manchester, and Birmingham, and the disfranchisement of the next three boroughs found guilty of corruption; again, the proposal was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for reform came from an unexpected source—a reactionary faction of the Tory Party—in 1829. The Tory government under <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, responding to the danger of civil strife in largely Roman Catholic Ireland, drew up the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a>. This legislation repealed various laws that imposed political disabilities on Roman Catholics, in particular laws that prevented them from becoming members of Parliament. In response, disenchanted <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">ultra-Tories</a> who perceived a danger to the established religion came to favour parliamentary reform, in particular the enfranchisement of Manchester, Leeds, and other heavily Nonconformist cities in northern England.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passage_of_the_Reform_Act">Passage of the Reform Act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Passage of the Reform Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Reform_Bill">First Reform Bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First Reform Bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_-_Project_Gutenberg_13103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_-_Project_Gutenberg_13103.jpg/220px-Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_-_Project_Gutenberg_13103.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington_-_Project_Gutenberg_13103.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duke of Wellington">The Duke of Wellington</a>, Tory Prime Minister (1828–30), strongly opposed reform measures.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The death of <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">King George IV</a> on 26 June 1830 dissolved Parliament by law, and a <a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> was held. Electoral reform, which had been frequently discussed during the preceding parliamentary session, became a major campaign issue. Across the country, several pro-reform "political unions" were formed, made up of both middle and working class individuals. The most influential of these was the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Political_Union" title="Birmingham Political Union">Birmingham Political Union</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Attwood_(economist)" title="Thomas Attwood (economist)">Thomas Attwood</a>. These groups confined themselves to lawful means of supporting reform, such as petitioning and public oratory, and achieved a high level of public support.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tories won a majority in the election, but the party remained divided, and support for the Prime Minister (<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">the Duke of Wellington</a>) was weak. When the Opposition raised the issue of reform in one of the first debates of the year, the Duke made a controversial defence of the existing system of government, recorded in the formal "third-party" language of the time:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>He was fully convinced that the country possessed, at the present moment, a legislature which answered all the good purposes of legislation,—and this to a greater degree than any legislature ever had answered, in any country whatever. He would go further, and say that the legislature and system of representation possessed the full and entire confidence of the country. [...] He would go still further, and say, that if at the present moment he had imposed upon him the duty of forming a legislature for any country [...] he did not mean to assert that he could form such a legislature as they possessed now, for the nature of man was incapable of reaching such excellence at once. [...] [A]s long as he held any station in the government of the country, he should always feel it his duty to resist [reform] measures, when proposed by others.</p></blockquote> <p>The Prime Minister's absolutist views proved extremely unpopular, even within his own party. Less than two weeks after Wellington made these remarks, on 15 November 1830 he was forced to resign after he was defeated in a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>. Sydney Smith wrote, "Never was any administration so completely and so suddenly destroyed; and, I believe, entirely by the Duke's declaration, made, I suspect, in perfect ignorance of the state of public feeling and opinion."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington was replaced by the Whig reformer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey</a>, who had by this time inherited the title of Earl Grey. </p><p>Lord Grey's first announcement as Prime Minister was a pledge to carry out parliamentary reform. On 1 March 1831, Lord John Russell brought forward the Reform Bill in the House of Commons on the government's behalf. The bill disfranchised 60 of the smallest boroughs, and reduced the representation of 47 others. Some seats were completely abolished, while others were redistributed to the London suburbs, to large cities, to the counties, and to Scotland and Ireland. Furthermore, the bill standardised and expanded the borough franchise, increasing the size of the electorate (according to one estimate) by half a million voters.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 March, the vote on the <a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)" title="Reading (legislature)">second reading</a> attracted a record 608 members, including the non-voting Speaker (the previous record was 530 members). Despite the high attendance, the second reading was approved by only one vote, and further progress on the Reform Bill was difficult. During the committee stage, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Gascoyne" title="Isaac Gascoyne">Isaac Gascoyne</a> put forward a motion objecting to provisions of the bill that reduced the total number of seats in the House of Commons. This motion was carried, against the government's wishes, by 8 votes. Thereafter, the ministry lost a vote on a procedural motion by 22 votes. As these divisions indicated that Parliament was against the Reform Bill, the ministry decided to request a dissolution and take its appeal to the people.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Reform_Bill">Second Reform Bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second Reform Bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political and popular pressure for reform had grown so great that pro-reform Whigs won an overwhelming House of Commons majority in the <a href="/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1831 United Kingdom general election">general election of 1831</a>. The Whig party won almost all constituencies with genuine electorates, leaving the Tories with little more than the rotten boroughs. The Reform Bill was again brought before the House of Commons, which agreed to the second reading by a large majority in July. During the committee stage, opponents of the bill slowed its progress through tedious discussions of its details, but it was finally passed in September 1831, by a margin of more than 100 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bill was then sent up to the House of Lords, a majority in which was known to be hostile to it. After the Whigs' decisive victory in the 1831 election, some speculated that opponents would abstain, rather than openly defy the public will. Indeed, when the Lords voted on the second reading of the bill after a memorable series of debates, many Tory peers did refrain from voting. However, the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a> mustered in unusually large numbers, and of 22 present, 21 voted against the Bill. It failed by 41 votes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When the Lords rejected the Reform Bill, public violence ensued. That very evening, <a href="/wiki/1831_reform_riots" title="1831 reform riots">riots broke out</a> in <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, where a mob attacked the city jail and freed several prisoners. In <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, rioters set fire to <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Castle" title="Nottingham Castle">Nottingham Castle</a> (the home of the Duke of Newcastle) and attacked <a href="/wiki/Wollaton_Hall" title="Wollaton Hall">Wollaton Hall</a> (the estate of Lord Middleton). The most significant disturbances occurred at <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, where <a href="/wiki/1831_Bristol_riots" title="1831 Bristol riots">rioters controlled the city for three days</a>. The mob broke into prisons and destroyed several buildings, including the palace of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Bristol" title="Bishop of Bristol">Bishop of Bristol</a>, the mansion of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Bristol" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of Bristol">Lord Mayor of Bristol</a>, and several private homes. Other places that saw violence included <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, Leicestershire, and <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the political unions, which had hitherto been separate groups united only by a common goal, decided to form the <a href="/wiki/National_Political_Union_(England)" title="National Political Union (England)">National Political Union</a>. Perceiving this group as a threat, the government issued a proclamation pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Societies_Act_1799" title="Unlawful Societies Act 1799">Corresponding Societies Act 1799</a> declaring such an association "unconstitutional and illegal", and commanding all loyal subjects to shun it. The leaders of the National Political Union ignored this proclamation, but leaders of the influential Birmingham branch decided to co-operate with the government by discouraging activities on a national level.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Reform_Bill">Third Reform Bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Third Reform Bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlesgrey2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Charlesgrey2.jpg/220px-Charlesgrey2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Charlesgrey2.jpg/330px-Charlesgrey2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Charlesgrey2.jpg/440px-Charlesgrey2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a> (painted by <a href="/wiki/George_Hayter" title="George Hayter">George Hayter</a>) headed the Whig ministry that ushered the Reform Bill through Parliament.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Reform Bill was rejected in the Lords, the House of Commons immediately passed a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of confidence">motion of confidence</a> affirming their support for Lord Grey's administration. Because parliamentary rules prohibited the introduction of the same bill twice during the same session, the ministry advised the new king, <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prorogation in the United Kingdom">prorogue</a> Parliament. As soon as the new session began in December 1831, the Third Reform Bill was brought forward. The bill was in a few respects different from its predecessors; it no longer proposed a reduction in the total membership of the House of Commons, and it reflected data collected during the census that had just been completed. The new version passed in the House of Commons by even larger majorities in March 1832; it was once again sent up to the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Realizing that another rejection would not be politically feasible, opponents of reform decided to use amendments to change the bill's essential character; for example, they voted to delay consideration of clauses in the bill that disfranchised the rotten boroughs. The ministers believed that they were left with only one alternative: to create a large number of new peerages, swamping the House of Lords with pro-reform votes. But the prerogative of creating peerages rested with the king, who recoiled from so drastic a step and rejected the unanimous advice of his cabinet. Lord Grey then resigned, and the king invited the Duke of Wellington to form a new government.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ensuing period became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Days_of_May" title="Days of May">Days of May</a>", with so great a level of political agitation that some feared revolution. Some protesters advocated non-payment of taxes, and urged a <a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">run on the banks</a>; one day signs appeared across London reading "Stop the Duke; go for gold!" £1.8 million<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was withdrawn from the Bank of England in the first days of the run (out of about £7 million<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> total gold in the bank's possession).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Political Union and other organisations sent petitions to the House of Commons, demanding that they <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_supply" title="Loss of supply">withhold supply</a> (cut off funding to the government) until the House of Lords should acquiesce. Some demonstrations called for the abolition of the nobility, and some even of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these circumstances, the Duke of Wellington had great difficulty in building support for his premiership, despite promising moderate reform. He was unable to form a government, leaving King William with no choice but to recall Lord Grey. Eventually the king consented to fill the House of Lords with Whigs; however, without the knowledge of his cabinet, Wellington circulated a letter among Tory peers, encouraging them to desist from further opposition, and warning them of the consequences of continuing. At this, enough opposing peers relented.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By abstaining from further votes, they allowed the legislation to pass in the House of Lords, and the Crown was thus not forced to create new peers. The bill finally received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on 7 June 1832, thereby becoming law.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisions">Provisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abolition_of_seats">Abolition of seats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Abolition of seats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Typographical_Society_-_Reform_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sheffield_Typographical_Society_-_Reform_Act.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Typographical_Society_-_Reform_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sheffield_Typographical_Society_-_Reform_Act.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Typographical_Society_-_Reform_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sheffield_Typographical_Society_-_Reform_Act.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Typographical_Society_-_Reform_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption>Poster issued by the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> Typographical Society celebrating the passing of the Act.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Reform Act's chief objective was the reduction of the number of nomination boroughs. There were 203 boroughs in England before the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 56 smallest of these, as measured by their housing stock and tax assessments, were completely abolished. The next 30 smallest boroughs each lost one of their two MPs. In addition <a href="/wiki/Weymouth_and_Melcombe_Regis_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Weymouth and Melcombe Regis (UK Parliament constituency)">Weymouth and Melcombe Regis</a>'s four members were reduced to two. Thus in total the Act abolished 143 borough seats in England (one of the boroughs to be completely abolished, <a href="/wiki/Higham_Ferrers_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Higham Ferrers (UK Parliament constituency)">Higham Ferrers</a>, returned only a single MP).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation_of_new_seats">Creation of new seats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Creation of new seats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their place the Act created 130 new seats in England and Wales: </p> <ul><li>26 English counties were divided into two divisions with each division being represented by two members.</li> <li>8 English counties and 3 Welsh counties each received an additional representative.</li> <li>Yorkshire, which was represented by four MPs before the Act, was given an extra two MPs (so that each of its three <a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">ridings</a> was represented by two MPs).</li> <li>22 large towns were given two MPs.</li> <li>Another 21 towns (of which two were in Wales) were given one MP.</li></ul> <p>Thus 65 new county seats and 65 new borough seats were created in England and Wales. The total number of English members fell by 17 and the number in Wales increased by four.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boundaries of the new divisions and parliamentary boroughs were defined in a separate Act, the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Boundaries_Act_1832" title="Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832">Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extension_of_the_franchise">Extension of the franchise</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Extension of the franchise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In county constituencies, franchise rights were extended to <a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">copyholders</a> and long-term (at least sixty years) leaseholders of land with at least £10<sup id="cite_ref-ten1832_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ten1832-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> annual value, medium-term (between twenty and sixty years) leaseholders of land with at least £10 annual value, and to <a href="/wiki/Tenants-at-will" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenants-at-will">tenants-at-will</a> paying an annual rent of at least £50<sup id="cite_ref-fifty1832_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifty1832-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Annual value refers to the rent at which the land might reasonably be expected to be let from year to year. (The franchise rights of 40 shilling freeholders were retained.)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The property qualifications of borough franchise were standardised to male occupants of property who paid a yearly rental of £10<sup id="cite_ref-ten1832_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ten1832-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or more. The property could be a house, warehouse, counting-house, shop, or other building as long as it was occupied, and occupied for at least 12 months.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existing borough electors retained a lifetime right to vote, however they had qualified, provided they were resident in the boroughs in which they were electors. In those boroughs which had freemen electors, voting rights were to be enjoyed by future freemen as well, provided their freemanship was acquired through birth or apprenticeship and they too were resident.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Act also introduced a system of <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">voter registration</a>, to be administered by the <a href="/wiki/Overseer_of_the_poor" title="Overseer of the poor">overseers of the poor</a> in every parish and township. It instituted a system of special courts to review disputes relating to voter qualifications. It also authorised the use of multiple polling places within the same constituency, and limited the duration of polling to two days. (Formerly, polls could remain open for up to fifteen days.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The Reform Act itself did not affect constituencies in Scotland or Ireland. However, there were also reforms there, under the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reform_Act_1832" title="Scottish Reform Act 1832">Scottish Reform Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Reform_Act_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Reform Act 1832">Irish Reform Act</a>. Scotland received eight additional seats, and Ireland received five; thus keeping the total number of seats in the House of Commons the same as it had been before the Act. While no constituencies were disfranchised in either of those countries, voter qualifications were standardised and the size of the electorate was increased in both.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1835 and 1841, local Conservative Associations began to educate citizens about the party's platform and encouraged them to register to vote annually, as required by the Act. Coverage of national politics in the local press was joined by in-depth reports on provincial politics in the national press. Grassroots Conservatives therefore saw themselves as part of a national political movement during the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The size of the pre-Reform electorate is difficult to estimate. Voter registration was lacking, and many boroughs were rarely contested in elections. It is estimated that immediately before the 1832 Reform Act, 400,000 English subjects (people who lived in the country) were entitled to vote, and that after passage, the number rose to 650,000, an increase of more than 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodney Mace estimates that before, 1 per cent of the population could vote and that the Reform Act only extended the franchise to 7 per cent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tradesmen, such as shoemakers, believed that the Reform Act had given them the vote. One example is the shoemakers of <a href="/wiki/Duns,_Scottish_Borders" title="Duns, Scottish Borders">Duns, Scottish Borders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berwickshire" title="Berwickshire">Berwickshire</a>. They created a banner celebrating the Reform Act which declared, "The battle's won. Britannia's sons are free." This banner is on display at <a href="/wiki/People%27s_History_Museum" title="People's History Museum">People's History Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many major commercial and industrial cities became separate parliamentary boroughs under the Act. The new constituencies saw party conflicts within the middle class, and between the middle class and working class. A study of elections in the medium-sized borough of Halifax, 1832–1852, concluded that the party organisations, and the voters themselves, depended heavily on local social relationships and local institutions. Having the vote encouraged many men to become much more active in the political, economic and social sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Scottish Act revolutionised politics in Scotland, with its population of 2 million. Its electorate had been only 0.2% of the population compared to 4% in England. The Scottish electorate overnight soared from 5,000 to 65,000, or 13% of the adult men, and was no longer a private preserve of a few very rich families.<sup id="cite_ref-Houston_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tenant_voters">Tenant voters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tenant voters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Pocket_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket borough">pocket boroughs</a> abolished by the Reform Act belonged to the Tory party. These losses were somewhat offset by the extension of the vote to tenants-at-will paying an annual rent of £50.<sup id="cite_ref-fifty1832_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifty1832-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This clause, proposed by the Tory <a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham_and_Chandos" title="Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos">Marquess of Chandos</a>, was adopted in the House of Commons despite opposition from the Government. The tenants-at-will thereby enfranchised typically voted as instructed by their landlords, who in turn normally supported the Tory party.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concession, together with the Whig party's internal divisions and the difficulties faced by the nation's economy, allowed the Tories under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> to make gains in the elections of <a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">1835</a> and <a href="/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1837 United Kingdom general election">1837</a>, and to retake the House of Commons in <a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A modern historian's examination of votes in the House concluded that the traditional landed interest "suffered very little" by the 1832 Act. They continued to dominate the Commons, while losing some of their power to enact laws that focused on their more parochial interests. By contrast, the same study concluded that the <a href="/wiki/1867_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1867 Reform Act">1867 Reform Act</a> caused serious erosion of their legislative power and the 1874 elections saw great landowners losing their county seats to the votes of tenant farmers in England and especially in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The property qualifications of the Reform Act were substantial at the time and barred most of the working class from the vote. This created division between the working class and the middle class and led to the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it did disenfranchise most <a href="/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">rotten boroughs</a>, a few remained, such as <a href="/wiki/Totnes_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Totnes (UK Parliament constituency)">Totnes</a> in Devon and <a href="/wiki/Midhurst_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Midhurst (UK Parliament constituency)">Midhurst</a> in Sussex. Also, bribery of voters remained a problem. As Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Erskine_May" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Erskine May">Thomas Erskine May</a> observed, "it was too soon evident, that as more votes had been created, more votes were to be sold".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Reform Act strengthened the House of Commons by reducing the number of nomination boroughs controlled by peers. Some aristocrats complained that, in the future, the government could compel them to pass any bill, simply by threatening to swamp the House of Lords with new peerages. The Duke of Wellington lamented: "If such projects can be carried into execution by a minister of the Crown with impunity, there is no doubt that the constitution of this House, and of this country, is at an end.... [T]here is absolutely an end put to the power and objects of deliberation in this House, and an end to all just and proper means of decision."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent history of Parliament, however, shows that the influence of the Lords was largely undiminished. They compelled the Commons to accept significant amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Reform Bill</a> in 1835, forced compromises on <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_Jews_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipation of the Jews in England">Jewish emancipation</a>, and successfully resisted several other bills supported by the public.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would not be until decades later, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a>, that Wellington's fears would come to pass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reform">Further reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the ensuing years, Parliament adopted several more minor reforms. Acts of Parliament passed in 1835 and 1836 increased the number of polling places in each constituencies and thus reduced polling to a single day.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament also passed several laws aimed at combatting corruption, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupt_Practices_Act_1854&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrupt Practices Act 1854 (page does not exist)">Corrupt Practices Act 1854</a>, though these measures proved largely ineffectual. Neither party strove for further major reform; leading statesmen on both sides regarded the Reform Act as a final settlement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There was considerable public agitation for further expansion of the electorate, however. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist movement</a>, which demanded <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> for men, equally sized electoral districts, and voting by <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a>, gained a widespread following. However, the Tories were united against further reform, and the Liberal Party (successor to the Whigs) did not seek a general revision of the electoral system until 1852. The 1850s saw Lord John Russell introduce a number of reform bills to correct defects the first act had left unaddressed. However, no proposal was successful until 1867, when Parliament adopted the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Second Reform Act</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An area the Reform Act did not address was the issue of municipal and regional government. As a result of archaic traditions, many English counties had enclaves and exclaves, which were mostly abolished in the <a href="/wiki/Counties_(Detached_Parts)_Act_1844" title="Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844">Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844</a>. Furthermore, many new conurbations and economic areas bridged traditional county boundaries by having been formed in previously obscure areas: the West Midlands conurbation bridged Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire, Manchester and Liverpool both had hinterlands in Cheshire but city centres in Lancashire, while in the south Oxford's developing southern suburbs were in Berkshire and London was expanding into Essex, Surrey and Middlesex. This led to further acts to reorganise county boundaries in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opponents_fear_for_the_future">Opponents fear for the future</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Opponents fear for the future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to Norman Lowe, opponents at the time warned that even small reform efforts were very dangerous in the long run.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They predicted that the proposed changes to the good current system would unleash an unstoppable chain reaction. They feared that granting modest reforms today would only whet the public's appetite, fueling ever-growing demands until full democracy was achieved. This, they warned, would upend the historic constitutional balance of power, rendering the House of Commons supreme over the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this slippery slope that Sir Robert Peel dreaded, famously declaring in July 1831:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>I have been uniformly opposed to Reform upon principle, because I was unwilling to open a door which I saw no prospect of being able to close. In short, the advantages of such a measure were not sufficient to counterbalance the evil of altering the constitution of Parliament, and agitating the public mind on the question of Reformation.</p></blockquote><p> Some Tories expressed even graver misgivings. <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Croker" title="John Wilson Croker">John Wilson Croker</a>, a close friend of Peel's, ominously predicted that the Reform Bill's passage would herald nothing less than the utter dismantling of the monarchy, aristocracy, and social hierarchy itself:</p><blockquote><p> No King, no Lords, no inequalities in the social system; all will be levelled to the plane of the petty shopkeepers and small farmers; this, perhaps, not without bloodshed, but certainly by confiscations and persecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluations_by_historians">Evaluations by historians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Evaluations by historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many historians credit the Reform Act 1832 with launching modern democracy in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a> hails 1832 as the watershed moment at which <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'the sovereignty of the people' had been established in fact, if not in law".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erskine_May,_1st_Baron_Farnborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Erskine May, 1st Baron Farnborough">Sir Erskine May</a> notes that the "reformed Parliament was, unquestionably, more liberal and progressive in its policy than the Parliaments of old; more vigorous and active; more susceptible to the influence of public opinion; and more secure in the confidence of the people", but admitted that "grave defects still remained to be considered".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians have argued that genuine democracy began to arise only with the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Second Reform Act</a> in 1867, or perhaps even later. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Gash" title="Norman Gash">Norman Gash</a> states that "it would be wrong to assume that the political scene in the succeeding generation differed essentially from that of the preceding one".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the support for passage in Parliament came from conservatives hoping to head off even more radical changes. Earl Grey argued that the aristocracy would best be served by a cautiously constructive reform program. Most Tories were strongly opposed, and made dire predictions about what they saw as dangerous, radical proposals. However, one faction of <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a> supported reform measures in order to weaken Wellington's ministry, which had outraged them by granting <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians in recent decades have been polarized over emphasizing or downplaying the importance of the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, John A. Phillips, and Charles Wetherell argue for its drastic modernizing impact on the political system: </p> <dl><dd>England's frenzy over the Reform Bill in 1831, coupled with the effect of the bill itself upon its enactment in 1832, unleashed a wave of political modernisation that the Whig Party eagerly harnessed, and the Tory Party grudgingly, but no less effectively, embraced. Reform quickly destroyed the political system that had prevailed during the long reign of George III, and replaced it with an essentially modern electoral system based on rigid partisanship and clearly articulated political principle. Hardly "modest" in its consequences, the Reform Act could scarcely have caused a more drastic alteration in England's political fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Likewise, Eric Evans concludes that the Reform Act "opened a door on a new political world". Although Grey's intentions were conservative, Evans says, and the 1832 Act gave the aristocracy an additional half-century's control of Parliament, the Act nevertheless did open constitutional questions for further development. Evans argues it was the 1832 Act, not the later reforms of 1867, 1884, or 1918, that were decisive in bringing representative democracy to Britain. Evans concludes the Reform Act marked the true beginning of the development of a recognisably modern political system.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>, a noted American critic of democracy and expert on the English language, credited the Act with imparting a congealed moralistic cast to the mind of England, calling it "the great intellectual levelling, the emancipation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chandala" title="Chandala">chandala</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832 United Kingdom general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections in the United Kingdom § History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_enfranchised_and_disfranchised_by_the_Reform_Act_1832" title="List of constituencies enfranchised and disfranchised by the Reform Act 1832">List of constituencies enfranchised and disfranchised by the Reform Act 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Acts" title="Reform Acts">Reform Acts</a>, other legislation concerning electoral matters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reform_Act_1832" title="Scottish Reform Act 1832">Scottish Reform Act 1832</a>, enlarged the electorate by a factor of 13 from 5,000 to 65,000</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_bibliography_and_sources"><span id="Notes.2C_bibliography_and_sources"></span>Notes, bibliography and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes, bibliography and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">40 shillings, or £2, was equivalent to £1,800 in 2023 terms in 1430, but had dropped to £230 in 2023 terms by 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rejection of the claims of certain women to be placed on the electoral roll was subsequently confirmed, in spite of the <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_Act_1850" title="Interpretation Act 1850">Interpretation Act 1850</a> (13 & 14 Vict. c. 21) which specified that the masculine gender should include the feminine unless otherwise provided, in <i>Chorlton v. Lings</i> [1868] 4CP 374. In the case of <i>Regina v. Harrald</i> [1872] 7QB 361 it was ruled that married women, otherwise qualified, could not vote in municipal elections. This decision made it clear that married women would be excluded from the operation of any Act enfranchising women for the parliamentary vote, unless special provision to the contrary was made.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">£200 was equivalent to £34,000 in 2023 terms in 1649.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">£1.8 million was equivalent to £200 million in 2023 terms in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">£7 million was equivalent to £800 million in 2023 terms in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including Monmouth, considered part of Wales under sections 1, 20 and 269 of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a> (cap. 70). The <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_Act_1978" title="Interpretation Act 1978">Interpretation Act 1978</a> (cap. 30) provides that before 1 April 1974, "a reference to England includes <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wales did not lose any of its existing borough representatives because with the exception of Beaumaris and Montgomery these members represented groups of towns rather than an individual town. To enable Wales to retain all of its existing borough seats the Act therefore simply increased, where necessary, the number of towns in these groupings and created entirely new groupings for Beaumaris and Montgomery.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ten1832-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ten1832_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ten1832_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">£10 was equivalent to £1,200 in 2023 terms in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifty1832-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fifty1832_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifty1832_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">£50 was equivalent to £5,900 in 2023 terms in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Immediately after 1832, more than a third of borough electors—over 100,000—were "ancient right" electors, the greater proportion being freemen. Their numbers dwindled by death, and by 1898 apparently only one ancient right "potwalloper" remained a registered elector.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The citation of this Act by this <a href="/wiki/Short_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Short title">short title</a> was authorised by the <a href="/wiki/Short_Titles_Act_1896" title="Short Titles Act 1896">Short Titles Act 1896</a>. After its repeal it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_Act_1978" title="Interpretation Act 1978">Interpretation Act 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVanden_Bossche2014" class="citation book cs1">Vanden Bossche, Chris (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867050216"><i>Reform acts : Chartism, social agency, and the Victorian novel, 1832-1867</i></a>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1209-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1209-2"><bdi>978-1-4214-1209-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867050216">867050216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+acts+%3A+Chartism%2C+social+agency%2C+and+the+Victorian+novel%2C+1832-1867&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867050216&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1209-2&rft.aulast=Vanden+Bossche&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F867050216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillipsWetherell1995">Phillips & Wetherell (1995)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/houseofcommons/reformacts/overview/reformact1832/">"The Reform Act 1832"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Another change brought by the 1832 Reform Act was the formal exclusion of women from voting in Parliamentary elections, as a voter was defined in the Act as a male person. Before 1832 there were occasional, although rare, instances of women voting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=The+Reform+Act+1832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Fhouseofcommons%2Freformacts%2Foverview%2Freformact1832%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houston-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houston_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houston_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2008" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Robert Allan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqAUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>Scotland: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199230792" title="Special:BookSources/9780199230792"><bdi>9780199230792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780199230792&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Robert+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqAUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackstone (1765), pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackstone (1765), p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Parliamentary Representation of English Boroughs in the Middle Ages</i> by May McKisack, 1932.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Elizabethan House of Commons – J. E. Neale 1949 pages 133–134. Grampound was one of the 31 boroughs disenfranchised but was disenfranchised in 1821 prior to the Reform Act 1832.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackstone1765">Blackstone (1765)</a>, pp. 166–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2013" class="citation cs2">Johnston, Neil (1 March 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP13-14">"Ancient voting rights"</a>, <i>The History of the Parliamentary Franchise</i>, House of Commons Library, p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+voting+rights&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Parliamentary+Franchise&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.parliament.uk%2FResearchBriefing%2FSummary%2FRP13-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeater2006" class="citation book cs1">Heater, Derek (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=js-qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107"><i>Citizenship in Britain: A History</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748626724" title="Special:BookSources/9780748626724"><bdi>9780748626724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+Britain%3A+A+History&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780748626724&rft.aulast=Heater&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djs-qBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillipsWetherell1995">Phillips & Wetherell (1995)</a>, p. 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorne (1986), vol. II, pp. 331, 435, 480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, pp. 321–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorne (1986), vol. II, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorne (1986), vol. II, pp. 50, 369, 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London: R. Hunter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Mazlish1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Mazlish" title="Bruce Mazlish">Bruce Mazlish</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3gIdLgiEiIC&pg=PA86"><i>James and John Stuart Mill: Father and Son in the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412826792" title="Special:BookSources/9781412826792"><bdi>9781412826792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+and+John+Stuart+Mill%3A+Father+and+Son+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9781412826792&rft.au=Bruce+Mazlish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3gIdLgiEiIC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rover (1967), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland and Austin (1855), vol. II, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, pp. 361–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_Cavaliero2002" class="citation book cs1">Roderick Cavaliero (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xE4BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65"><i>Strangers in the Land: The Rise and Decline of the British Indian Empire</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857717078" title="Special:BookSources/9780857717078"><bdi>9780857717078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+in+the+Land%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+British+Indian+Empire&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780857717078&rft.au=Roderick+Cavaliero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxE4BAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyBucholzBucholz2009" class="citation cs2">Key, Newton; Bucholz, Robert; Bucholz, R. O. (2 February 2009), <i>Sources and Debates in English History, 1485 – 1714</i>, John Wiley & Sons, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yZ2JV9fKucC&pg=PA189">189</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6276-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6276-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-6276-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+and+Debates+in+English+History%2C+1485+%E2%80%93+1714&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6276-0&rft.aulast=Key&rft.aufirst=Newton&rft.au=Bucholz%2C+Robert&rft.au=Bucholz%2C+R.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cannon (1973), cap. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, pp. 400–401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, pp. 404–406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. 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Manchester UP. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719029745" title="Special:BookSources/9780719029745"><bdi>9780719029745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+Studies+in+the+Military+and+Political+Career+of+the+First+Duke+of+Wellington&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Manchester+UP&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780719029745&rft.au=Norman+Gash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCC8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. 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Ginn. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingsinengli01cheygoog/page/n724">680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+English+History+Drawn+from+the+Original+Sources%3A+Intended+to+Illustrate+A+Short+History+of+England&rft.pages=680&rft.pub=Ginn&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadingsinengli01cheygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland and Austin (1855), vol. II, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. 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I, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Krein "The Great Landowners in the House of Commons, 1833–85," <i>Parliamentary History</i> (2013) 32#3 pp 460–476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/chartistmovement/">"The Chartist Movement"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=The+Chartist+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Ftransformingsociety%2Felectionsvoting%2Fchartists%2Foverview%2Fchartistmovement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1895" class="citation book cs1">May (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxYYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253"><i>The Constitutional History of England</i></a>. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+History+of+England&rft.pages=253&rft.date=1895&rft.au=May&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxYYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1895" class="citation book cs1">May (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxYYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253"><i>The Constitutional History of England</i></a>. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+History+of+England&rft.pages=253&rft.date=1895&rft.au=May&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxYYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, pp. 316–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, p. 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Lowe, <i>Mastering British History</i> (1998) p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also "Tory arguments against reform" <i>The Peel Web</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/refact/antiref.htm">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Antonia Fraser, <i>Perilous Question: The Drama of the Great Reform Bill 1832</i> (2013) p.124 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Quoted in Theodore S. Hamerow, <i>The Birth of a New Europe - State and Society in the Nineteenth Century</i> (U of North Carolina Press, 1983) p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Ricardo_LópezBarbara_Weinstein2012" class="citation book cs1">A. Ricardo López; Barbara Weinstein (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-wPB0I-5yEC&pg=PA58"><i>The Making of the Middle Class: Toward a Transnational History</i></a>. Duke UP. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822351290" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822351290"><bdi>978-0822351290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Middle+Class%3A+Toward+a+Transnational+History&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Duke+UP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0822351290&rft.au=A.+Ricardo+L%C3%B3pez&rft.au=Barbara+Weinstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-wPB0I-5yEC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevelyan (1922), p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (1896), vol. I, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gash (1952), p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. C. Moore, "The Other Face of Reform", <i>Victorian Studies</i>, (1961) 5#1 pp 7–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example W. A. Speck, <i>A Concise History of Britain, 1707–1975</i> (1993) pp 72–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Phillips, and Charles Wetherell. "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England." <i>American Historical Review</i> 100.2 (1995): 411–436 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2169005">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric J. Evans, <i>The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870</i> (2nd ed. 1996) p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._L._Mencken1917" class="citation book cs1">H. L. Mencken (1917). <i>A Book of Prefaces</i>. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Prefaces&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1917&rft.au=H.+L.+Mencken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone1765" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone, William</a> (1765). <i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Laws+of+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1765&rft.aulast=Blackstone&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGash1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Gash" title="Norman Gash">Gash, Norman</a> (1952). <i>Politics in the Age of Peel: A Study in the Technique of Parliamentary Representation, 1830–1850</i>. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+the+Age+of+Peel%3A+A+Study+in+the+Technique+of+Parliamentary+Representation%2C+1830%E2%80%931850&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Gash&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLady_HollandAustin1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Saba_Holland" title="Lady Saba Holland">Lady Holland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Austin_(translator)" title="Sarah Austin (translator)">Austin, Sarah</a> (1855). <i>A Memoir of the Reverend Sydney Smith by his daughter, Lady Holland, with a Selection from his Letters edited by Mrs Sarah Austin (2 vols)</i>. London: Brown, Green, and Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Memoir+of+the+Reverend+Sydney+Smith+by+his+daughter%2C+Lady+Holland%2C+with+a+Selection+from+his+Letters+edited+by+Mrs+Sarah+Austin+%282+vols%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1855&rft.au=Lady+Holland&rft.au=Austin%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2001" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Jane, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKu2grJXr-8C"><i>Suffrage and the Pankhursts</i></a>. Women's Source Library. Vol. VIII. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415256933" title="Special:BookSources/9780415256933"><bdi>9780415256933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suffrage+and+the+Pankhursts&rft.place=London&rft.series=Women%27s+Source+Library&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780415256933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKu2grJXr-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erskine_May,_1st_Baron_Farnborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Erskine May, 1st Baron Farnborough">May, Thomas Erskine</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxYYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253"><i>The Constitutional History of England Since the Accession of George the Third, 1760–1860</i></a>. Vol. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">263–</span>364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+History+of+England+Since+the+Accession+of+George+the+Third%2C+1760%E2%80%931860&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E364&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Erskine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxYYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsWetherell1995" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, John A.; Wetherell, Charles (1995). "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>100</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">411–</span>436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2169005">10.2307/2169005</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2169005">2169005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Great+Reform+Act+of+1832+and+the+Political+Modernization+of+England&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2169005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2169005%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Wetherell%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRover1967" class="citation book cs1">Rover, Constance (1967). <i>Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain, 1866–1914</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Suffrage+and+Party+Politics+in+Britain%2C+1866%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Rover&rft.aufirst=Constance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudé1967" class="citation journal cs1">Rudé, George (1967). "English Rural and Urban Disturbances on the Eve of the First Reform Bill, 1830–1831". <i>Past and Present</i> (37): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F37.1.87">10.1093/past/37.1.87</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650024">650024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=English+Rural+and+Urban+Disturbances+on+the+Eve+of+the+First+Reform+Bill%2C+1830%E2%80%931831&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F37.1.87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rud%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Smith_(historian)" title="E. A. Smith (historian)">Smith, E. A.</a> (1992). <i>Reform or Revolution? A Diary of Reform in England, 1830-2</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+or+Revolution%3F+A+Diary+of+Reform+in+England%2C+1830-2&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne1986" class="citation book cs1">Thorne, R. G. (1986). <i>The House of Commons: 1790–1820</i>. London: Secker and Warburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Commons%3A+1790%E2%80%931820&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+and+Warburg&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan, G. M.</a> (1922). <i>British History in the Nineteenth Century and After (1782–1901</i>. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+History+in+the+Nineteenth+Century+and+After+%281782%E2%80%931901&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Aidt, Toke S., and Raphaël Franck. "How to get the snowball rolling and extend the franchise: voting on the Great Reform Act of 1832." <i>Public Choice</i> 155.3–4 (2013): 229–250. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11127-011-9911-y">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock,_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Brock, Michael">Brock, Michael</a>. (1973). <i>The Great Reform Act.</i> London: Hutchinson Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatreformact0000broc">online</a></li> <li>Butler, J. R. M. (1914). <i>The Passing of the Great Reform Bill.</i> London: Longmans, Green, and Co.</li></ul> <ul><li>Cahill, Gilbert A. ed. <i>The great reform bill of 1832</i> (1969), excerpts from primary and secondary sources; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatreformbillo0000gilb">online</a></li> <li>Cannon, John. (1973). <i>Parliamentary Reform 1640–1832.</i> New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Christie, Ian R. (1962). <i>Wilkes, Wyvill and Reform: The Parliamentary Reform Movement in British Politics, 1760–1785.</i> New York: St. Martin's Press.</li></ul> <ul><li>Collier, Martin and Philip Pedley. (2001) <i>Britain 1815-51: Protest and Reform</i> Oxford: Heinemann, 2001.</li> <li>Conacher, J.B. (1971)<i>The emergence of British parliamentary democracy in the nineteenth century: the passing of the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884–1885</i> (1971).</li></ul> <ul><li>Ertman, Thomas. "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and British Democratization." <i>Comparative Political Studies</i> 43.8–9 (2010): 1000–1022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cps.sagepub.com/content/43/8-9/1000.short">online</a></li> <li>Evans, Eric J. (1983). <i>The Great Reform Act of 1832.</i> London: Methuen and Co.</li> <li>Foot, Paul (2005). <i>The Vote: How It Was Won and How It Was Undermined.</i> London: Viking.</li> <li>Fraser, Antonia (2013). <i>Perilous question: the drama of the Great Reform Bill 1832.</i> London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</li> <li>Gash, Norman. (1979) "The Constitutional Revolution" in <i>Aristocracy and people: Britain 1815-1865</i> Cambridge: Harvard UP, pp.129–155. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aristocracypeopl0000gash_c0a5">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Halévy Élie. <i>The Triumph of Reform 1830-1841</i> (1923) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphofreform1000282mbp/page/n4/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Maehl, William H., Jr., ed. <i>The Reform Bill of 1832: Why Not Revolution?</i> (1967) 122pp; brief excerpts from primary and secondary sources</li> <li>Mandler, Peter. (1990). <i>Aristocratic Government in the Age of Reform: Whigs and Liberals, 1830–1852.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li>Morrison, Bruce. (2011) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtw160-198.ippl.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/world_politics/v063/63.4.morrison.pdf">Channeling the "Restless Spirit of Innovation": Elite Concessions and Institutional Change in the British Reform Act of 1832.</a>" <i>World Politics</i> 63.04 (2011): 678–710.</li> <li>Newbould, Ian. (1990). <i>Whiggery and Reform, 1830–1841: The Politics of Government.</i> London: Macmillan.</li> <li>O'Gorman, Frank. (1989). <i>Voters, Patrons, and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England, 1734–1832.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li>Phillips, John A. (1992). <i>The Great Reform Bill in the Boroughs: English Electoral Behaviour, 1818-1841</i> Oxford University Press; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatreformbilli0000john/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Phillips, John A. (1982). <i>Electoral Behaviour in Unreformed England: Plumpers, Splitters, and Straights.</i> Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</li> <li>Pearce, Edward. <i>Reform!: the fight for the 1832 Reform Act</i> (Random House, 2010)</li> <li>Trevelyan, G. M. (1920). <i>Lord Grey of the Reform Bill: Being the Life of Charles, Second Earl Grey.</i> London: Longmans, Green, and Co.</li> <li>Vanden Bossche, Chris R. (2014) <i>Reform Acts: Chartism, Social Agency, and the Victorian Novel, 1832–1867</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Reform-Acts-Chartism-Victorian-1832-1867/dp/product-description/142141208X">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Veitch, George Stead. (1913). <i>The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform.</i> London: Constable and Co.</li> <li>Warham, Dror. (1995). <i>Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780–1840.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Whitfield, Bob. <i>The Extension of the Franchise: 1832–1931</i> (Heinemann Advanced History, 2001), textbook</li> <li>Wicks, Elizabeth (2006). <i>The Evolution of a Constitution: Eight Key Moments in British Constitutional History.</i> Oxford: Hart Pub., pp. 65–82.</li> <li>Woodward, Sir E. Llewellyn. (1962). <i>The Age of Reform, 1815–1870.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/age-of-reform-1815-1870-the-woodward-e.-l.-ernest-llewellyn-1890-1971/page/n5/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_links">External links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Act_1832&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reform_Act_1832" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Full original text of the Act as passed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uq0uAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154">"Cap. XLV: An Act to amend the Representation of the People in England and Wales."</a>. <i>The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. Vol. 2 & 3 William IV. London: His Majesty's statute and law printers. 1832. pp. <span class="nowrap">154–</span>206 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cap.+XLV%3A+An+Act+to+amend+the+Representation+of+the+People+in+England+and+Wales.&rft.btitle=The+statutes+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+statute+and+law+printers&rft.date=1832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUq0uAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Act+1832" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/refact/antiref.htm"><i>A Web of English History</i>. "Tory arguments against reform"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.victorianweb.org/history/reform.html">Bloy, Marjie. "The Reform Act Crisis"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spartacus-educational.com/PR1832.htm">Spartacus. "1832 Reform Act"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20220201201225/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/struggle_democracy/getting_vote.htm">The National Archives. "The Struggle for Democracy"</a></li> <li>BBC Radio 4, <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00flwh9">"The Great Reform Act"</a>, hosted by Melvin Bragg, 27 November 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_HL_PO_PU_1_1832_2and3W4n147">Image of the original act on the Parliamentary Archives website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_reform_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_reform_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electoral_reform_in_the_United_Kingdom224" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Electoral reform in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act" title="Representation of the People Act">Representation of<br />the People Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Reform_Acts15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Acts" title="Reform Acts">Reform Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England and Wales, 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reform_Act_1832" title="Scottish Reform Act 1832">Scotland, 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Ireland)_Act_1832" title="Representation of the People (Ireland) Act 1832">Ireland, 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">England and Wales, 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Scotland)_Act_1868" title="Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868">Scotland, 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Ireland)_Act_1868" title="Representation of the People (Ireland) Act 1868">Ireland, 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">1884</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1948" title="Representation of the People Act 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1949" title="Representation of the People Act 1949">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1969" title="Representation of the People Act 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1981" title="Representation of the People Act 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1983" title="Representation of the People Act 1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1985" title="Representation of the People Act 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1989" title="Representation of the People Act 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1990" title="Representation of the People Act 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representation_of_the_People_Act_1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Representation of the People Act 1991 (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representation_of_the_People_Act_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Representation of the People Act 1993 (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_2000" title="Representation of the People Act 2000">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Municipal Reform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_burgh" title="Police burgh">Scotland, 1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">England and Wales, 1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_(Ireland)_Act_1840" title="Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840">Ireland, 1840</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Parliament constituencies">Constituency reform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Boundaries_Act_1832" title="Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832">Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Boundaries_(Ireland)_Act_1832" title="Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act 1832">Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885" title="Redistribution of Seats Act 1885">Redistribution of Seats Act 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_(Ireland)_Act_1918" title="Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918">Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920_(constituencies)" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920 (constituencies)">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_(Redistribution_of_Seats)_Act_1944" title="House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944">House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_(Redistribution_of_Seats)_Act_1949" title="House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949">House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Constituencies_Act_1986" title="Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986">Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Voting_System_and_Constituencies_Act_2011" title="Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011">Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Constituencies_Act_2020" title="Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020">Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Other related Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Elections_Act_1868" title="Parliamentary Elections Act 1868">Parliamentary Elections Act 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_Act_1872" title="Ballot Act 1872">Ballot Act 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_and_Illegal_Practices_Prevention_Act_1883" title="Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883">Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Assembly_Elections_Act_1978" title="European Assembly Elections Act 1978">European Assembly Elections Act 1978 (repealed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_of_Political_Parties_Act_1998" title="Registration of Political Parties Act 1998">Registration of Political Parties Act 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Elections_Act_1999" title="European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999">European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 (repealed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Parties,_Elections_and_Referendums_Act_2000" title="Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000">Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Administration_Act_2006" title="Electoral Administration Act 2006">Electoral Administration Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011" title="Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011">Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (repealed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Registration_and_Administration_Act_2013" title="Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013">Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_and_Calling_of_Parliament_Act_2022" title="Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022">Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_Act_2022" title="Elections Act 2022">Elections Act 2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreformed_House_of_Commons" title="Unreformed House of Commons">Unreformed House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotten_and_pocket_boroughs" title="Rotten and pocket boroughs">Rotten and pocket boroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_constituency" title="University constituency">University constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum">2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_practices" title="Corrupt practices">Corrupt practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_commissions_(United_Kingdom)" title="Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)">Boundary commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_in_the_Making" title="Parliament in the Making">Parliament in the Making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_franchise_in_the_United_Kingdom_1885%E2%80%931918" title="Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918">Parliamentary franchise (1885–1918)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suffrage143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suffrage" title="Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suffrage" title="Template talk:Suffrage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suffrage143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to run for office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hong Kong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Akron_in_1851" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Akron in 1851">Ohio Women's Convention (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><i>Elizabeth Cady Stanton</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)"><i>Forward</i> statue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett"><i>Millicent Fawcett</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)"><i>Great Petition</i> (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. 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Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All"><i>The Mother of Us All</i> (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)"><i>Votes for Women</i> (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder"><i>Shoulder to Shoulder</i> (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone"><i>Not for Ourselves Alone</i> (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels"><i>Iron Jawed Angels</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women"><i>Up the Women</i> (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)"><i>Suffragette</i> (2015 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a></i> (2018 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a></i> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" title="Lioness (upcoming film)"><i>Lioness</i> (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: People <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1619120#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/VyLd6THy">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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[\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Suffrage\"] = 1,\n [\"UK electoral reform\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-b8nvf","timestamp":"20250214040814","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Reform Act 1832","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reform_Act_1832","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1619120","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1619120","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-24T10:29:41Z","dateModified":"2025-01-22T15:53:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3c\/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg","headline":"UK law reforming the electoral system of England and Wales"}</script> </body> </html>