CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Fortepiano - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f2d7776a-b91f-4a65-951d-a99d9bf2d7db","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Fortepiano","wgTitle":"Fortepiano","wgCurRevisionId":1248248316,"wgRevisionId":1248248316,"wgArticleId":611796,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2019","All articles lacking in-text citations","Use dmy dates from September 2020","Pages with Italian IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012","Articles needing additional references from February 2023","All articles needing additional references", "Webarchive template wayback links","Commons category link from Wikidata","Early musical instruments","Italian musical instruments","Piano","Orchestral instruments","String instruments"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Fortepiano","wgRelevantArticleId":611796,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition" :"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1521313","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1802"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1201"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="961"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Fortepiano - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Fortepiano rootpage-Fortepiano skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fortepiano" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fortepiano" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fortepiano" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fortepiano" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cristofori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cristofori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cristofori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cristofori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silbermann_fortepianos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silbermann_fortepianos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Silbermann fortepianos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silbermann_fortepianos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viennese_school_of_builders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viennese_school_of_builders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Viennese school of builders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viennese_school_of_builders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Stein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_builders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_builders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Other builders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_builders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_builders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_builders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>English builders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_builders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zumpe/Shudi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zumpe/Shudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Zumpe/Shudi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zumpe/Shudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backers/Broadwood/Stodart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backers/Broadwood/Stodart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Backers/Broadwood/Stodart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backers/Broadwood/Stodart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadwood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadwood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Broadwood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadwood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsolescence_and_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolescence_and_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Obsolescence and revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsolescence_and_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_fortepiano_specialists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_fortepiano_specialists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern fortepiano specialists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_fortepiano_specialists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Etymology and usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fortepiano</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerklavier" title="Hammerklavier – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hammerklavier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerklaver" title="Hammerklaver – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hammerklaver" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerklavier" title="Hammerklavier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hammerklavier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prapiano" title="Prapiano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prapiano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="فورته‌پیانو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فورته‌پیانو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano-forte" title="Piano-forte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piano-forte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%8C%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8" title="포르테피아노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르테피아노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94-%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95" title="פורטה-פיאנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטה-פיאנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Алхан төгөлдөр хуур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алхан төгөлдөр хуур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano_(instrument)" title="Fortepiano (instrument) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fortepiano (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E" title="フォルテピアノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォルテピアノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerklaver" title="Hammerklaver – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hammerklaver" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Молоточковое фортепиано – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молоточковое фортепиано" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86" title="فۆرتپیانۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆرتپیانۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammarklaver" title="Hammarklaver – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hammarklaver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%8B%BC%E7%90%B4" title="古鋼琴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古鋼琴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1521313#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fortepiano" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fortepiano" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Fortepiano" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&oldid=1248248316" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Fortepiano&id=1248248316&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFortepiano"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFortepiano"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fortepiano&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortepiano" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1521313" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early version of the piano</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the early version of the piano. For the musical dynamic, see <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano_(musical_dynamic)" title="Fortepiano (musical dynamic)">Fortepiano (musical dynamic)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the modern version of the instrument, see <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg/250px-FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg/375px-FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg/500px-FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Fortepiano by Paul McNulty after Walter & Sohn, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1805</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fortepiano</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˌfɔrteˈpjaːno]</a></span> is an early <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>. In principle, the word "fortepiano" can designate any piano dating from the invention of the instrument by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cristofori" title="Bartolomeo Cristofori">Bartolomeo Cristofori</a> in 1700 up to the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-france24.com-20210414_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france24.com-20210414-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most typically, however, it is used to refer to the mid-18th to early-19th century instruments, for which composers of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical era</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Haydn" class="mw-redirect" title="Haydn">Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>, and the younger <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, wrote their piano music. </p><p>Starting in Beethoven's time, the fortepiano began a period of steady evolution, culminating in the late 19th century with the modern <a href="/wiki/Grand_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand piano">grand</a>. The earlier fortepiano became obsolete and was absent from the musical scene for many decades. In the later 20th century, the fortepiano was revived, following the rise of interest in <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a>. Fortepianos are built for that purpose, in specialist workshops. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fortepiano has <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>-covered hammers and thin, <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>-like strings. It has a much lighter case construction than the modern piano and, except for later examples of the early nineteenth century (already evolving towards the modern piano), it has no metal frame or bracing. The action and hammers are lighter, giving rise to a much lighter touch, which in well-constructed fortepianos is also very expressive. </p><p>The range of the fortepiano was about four <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a> at the time of its invention and gradually increased. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> wrote his piano music for instruments of about five octaves. The piano works of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> reflect a gradually expanding range; his last piano compositions are for an instrument of about six and a half octaves. The range of most modern pianos, attained in the 19th century, is 7⅓ octaves. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortepiano_Danilo_Mascetti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fortepiano_Danilo_Mascetti.jpg/220px-Fortepiano_Danilo_Mascetti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fortepiano_Danilo_Mascetti.jpg/330px-Fortepiano_Danilo_Mascetti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fortepiano_Danilo_Mascetti.jpg/440px-Fortepiano_Danilo_Mascetti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Danilo Mascetti, fortepiano specialist</figcaption></figure> <p>Fortepianos from the start often had devices similar to the <a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">pedals</a> of modern pianos, but they were not always pedals; sometimes hand stops or knee levers were used instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound">Sound</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="462" data-mwtitle="Boieldieu_Caliph_de_Bagdad.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Boieldieu_Caliph_de_Bagdad.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Boieldieu_Caliph_de_Bagdad.ogg/Boieldieu_Caliph_de_Bagdad.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Boieldieu_Caliph_de_Bagdad.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Overture from <i><a href="/wiki/Le_calife_de_Bagdad" title="Le calife de Bagdad">Le calife de Bagdad</a></i> (1809) by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Adrien_Boieldieu" title="François-Adrien Boieldieu">François-Adrien Boieldieu</a>, played on a fortepiano</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the modern piano, the fortepiano can vary the sound volume of each note, depending on the player's touch. The tone of the fortepiano is quite different from that of the modern piano, however, being softer, with less <a href="/wiki/Sustain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustain">sustain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)#Sudden_changes_and_accented_notes" title="Dynamics (music)">Sforzando</a> accents tend to stand out more than on the modern piano, because they differ from softer notes in timbre as well as volume, and decay rapidly. </p><p>Fortepianos also tend to have quite different tone quality in their different registers – slightly buzzing in the bass, "tinkling" in the high treble, and more rounded (closest to the modern piano) in the mid range.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, modern pianos are rather more uniform in tone through their range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cristofori">Cristofori</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cristofori"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cristofori" title="Bartolomeo Cristofori">Bartolomeo Cristofori</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pianoforte_Cristofori_1720.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pianoforte_Cristofori_1720.jpg/250px-Pianoforte_Cristofori_1720.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pianoforte_Cristofori_1720.jpg/375px-Pianoforte_Cristofori_1720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pianoforte_Cristofori_1720.jpg/500px-Pianoforte_Cristofori_1720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A 1720 fortepiano by Cristofori in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City. It is the oldest surviving piano.</figcaption></figure> <p>The piano was invented by the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> maker <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cristofori" title="Bartolomeo Cristofori">Bartolomeo Cristofori</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-france24.com-20210414_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france24.com-20210414-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first reliable record of his invention appears in the inventory of the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> family (who were Cristofori's patrons), dated 1700. Cristofori continued to develop the instrument until the 1720s, the time from which the surviving three Cristofori instruments date. </p><p>Cristofori is perhaps best admired today for his ingenious piano action, which in some ways was more subtle and effective than that of many later instruments. However, other innovations were also needed to make the piano possible. Merely attaching the Cristofori action to a harpsichord would have produced a very weak tone. Cristofori's instruments instead used thicker, tenser strings, mounted on a frame considerably more robust than that of contemporary harpsichords. As with virtually all later pianos, in Cristofori's instruments the hammers struck more than one string at a time; Cristofori used pairs of strings throughout the range. </p><p>Cristofori was also the first to incorporate a form of <a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">soft pedal</a> into a piano, the mechanism by which the hammers are made to strike fewer than the maximum number of strings, for which Cristofori used a hand stop. It is not clear whether the modern soft pedal descends directly from Cristofori's work or arose independently. </p><p>Cristofori's invention attracted public attention as the result of a journal article written by <a href="/wiki/Scipione_Maffei" class="mw-redirect" title="Scipione Maffei">Scipione Maffei</a> and published 1711 in <i>Giornale de'letterati d'Italia</i> of Venice. The article included a diagram of the action, the core of Cristofori's invention. That article was republished 1719 in a volume of Maffei's work, and then in a German translation (1725) in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Mattheson" title="Johann Mattheson">Johann Mattheson</a>'s <i>Critica Musica</i>. The latter publication was perhaps the triggering event in the spread of the fortepiano to German-speaking countries (see below). </p><p>Cristofori's instrument spread quite slowly at first, probably because, being more elaborate and harder to build than a harpsichord, it was very expensive. For a time, the piano was the instrument of royalty, with Cristofori-built or -styled instruments played in the courts of Portugal and Spain. Several were owned by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal" title="Barbara of Portugal">Queen Maria Barbara of Spain</a>, who was the pupil of the composer <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a>. One of the first private individuals to own a piano was the <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a> <a href="/wiki/Farinelli" title="Farinelli">Farinelli</a>, who inherited one from Maria Barbara on her death. </p><p>The first music specifically written for piano dates from this period: the <i>Sonate da cimbalo di piano</i> (1732) by <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Giustini" title="Lodovico Giustini">Lodovico Giustini</a>. That publication was an isolated phenomenon, and James Parakilas conjectures that the publication was meant as an honor for the composer on the part of his royal patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-Parakilas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parakilas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certainly there could have been no commercial market for fortepiano music while the instrument continued to be an exotic specimen. </p><p>It appears that the fortepiano did not achieve full popularity until the 1760s, from which time the first records of public performances on the instrument are dated, and when music described as being for the fortepiano was first widely published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silbermann_fortepianos">Silbermann fortepianos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Silbermann fortepianos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Silbermann" title="Gottfried Silbermann">Gottfried Silbermann</a> who brought the construction of fortepianos to the German-speaking nations. Silbermann, who worked in <a href="/wiki/Freiberg,_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiberg, Saxony">Freiberg</a> in Germany, began to make pianos based on Cristofori's design around 1730. (His previous experience had been in building <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichords</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichords</a>.) Like Cristofori, Silbermann had royal support, in his case from <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, who bought many of his instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-blsl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blsl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silbermann's instruments were famously criticized by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> around 1736,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later instruments encountered by Bach in his Berlin visit of 1747 apparently met with the composer's approval.<sup id="cite_ref-blsl_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blsl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been conjectured that the improvement in Silbermann's instruments resulted from his having seen an actual Cristofori piano, rather than merely reading Scipione Maffei's article.<sup id="cite_ref-Parakilas_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parakilas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piano action Maffei described does not match that found in surviving 18th-century instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-pollens_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollens-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silbermann is credited with the invention of the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">sustain pedal</a>, which removes the dampers from all the strings at once, permitting them to vibrate freely. Silbermann's device was only a hand stop, and so could only be changed during a pause in the music. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">Classical era</a>, even when the more flexible knee levers or pedals had been installed, the lifting of all the dampers was used primarily as a coloristic device.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viennese_school_of_builders">Viennese school of builders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Viennese school of builders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fortepiano builders who followed Silbermann introduced actions that were simpler than the Cristofori action, even to the point of lacking an <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a>, the device that permits the hammer to fall to rest position even when the key has been depressed. Such instruments were the subject of criticism, particularly in a widely quoted 1777 letter from <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> to his <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">father</a>, but were simple to make and were widely incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Square_piano" title="Square piano">square pianos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stein">Stein</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortepianoJAStein.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/FortepianoJAStein.JPG/250px-FortepianoJAStein.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/FortepianoJAStein.JPG/375px-FortepianoJAStein.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/FortepianoJAStein.JPG/500px-FortepianoJAStein.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>Fortepiano by Johann Andreas Stein (Augsburg, 1775) – Berlin, Musikinstrumentenmuseum</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most distinguished fortepiano builders in the era following Silbermann was one of his pupils, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Stein" title="Johann Andreas Stein">Johann Andreas Stein</a>, who worked in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stein's fortepianos had (what we, or Cristofori, would call) "backwards" hammers, with the striking end closer to the player than the hinged end. This action came to be called the "Viennese" action, and was widely used in Vienna, even on pianos up to the mid 19th century. The Viennese action was simpler than the Cristofori action, and very sensitive to the player's touch. According to Edwin M. Ripin (see references below), the force needed to depress a key on a Viennese fortepiano was only about a fourth of what it is on a modern piano, and the descent of the key only about half as much. Thus playing the Viennese fortepiano involved nothing like the athleticism exercised by modern piano virtuosos, but did require exquisite sensitivity of touch. </p><p>Stein put the wood used in his instruments through a very severe weathering process, generating cracks in the wood, into which he would insert wedges. That gave his instruments a considerable longevity, on which Mozart commented, and several instruments survive today. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammerfl%C3%BCgel_Conrad_Graf_rem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hammerfl%C3%BCgel_Conrad_Graf_rem.jpg/250px-Hammerfl%C3%BCgel_Conrad_Graf_rem.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hammerfl%C3%BCgel_Conrad_Graf_rem.jpg/375px-Hammerfl%C3%BCgel_Conrad_Graf_rem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hammerfl%C3%BCgel_Conrad_Graf_rem.jpg/500px-Hammerfl%C3%BCgel_Conrad_Graf_rem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Fortepiano by Conrad Graf in the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_builders">Other builders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other builders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stein's fortepiano business was carried on in Vienna with distinction by his daughter <a href="/wiki/Nannette_Streicher" title="Nannette Streicher">Nannette Streicher</a>, along with her husband <a href="/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Streicher" title="Johann Andreas Streicher">Johann Andreas Streicher</a>. The two were friends of Beethoven, and one of the composer's pianos was a Streicher. Later on, in the early 19th century, more robust instruments, with greater range, were built in Vienna, by (for example) the Streicher firm, which continued through two more generations of Streichers. Composer <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> also preferred pianos by Streicher.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important Viennese builder was <a href="/wiki/Anton_Walter" title="Anton Walter">Anton Walter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a friend of Mozart, who built instruments with a somewhat more powerful sound than Stein's. Although Mozart very much admired the Stein fortepianos, as the 1777 letter mentioned above makes clear, his own piano was a Walter. Haydn also owned a Walter piano,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even Beethoven expressed a wish to buy one.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fortepianos of Stein and Walter are widely used today as models for the construction of new instruments, discussed below. Still another important builder in that period was <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Graf" title="Conrad Graf">Conrad Graf</a> (1782–1851), who made Beethoven's last piano.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graf was one of the first Viennese makers to build pianos in quantity, as a large business enterprise. His instruments were played by <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a>. </p><p>Prominent piano makers among the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> during the era of the fortepiano included <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_%C3%89rard" title="Sébastien Érard">Erard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie" title="Pleyel et Cie">Pleyel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a>’s favorite maker)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Constantin_Boisselot" title="Louis-Constantin Boisselot">Boisselot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a>’s favorite).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_builders">English builders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: English builders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zumpe/Shudi"><span id="Zumpe.2FShudi"></span>Zumpe/Shudi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Zumpe/Shudi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zumpe_english_single_square_action.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Zumpe_english_single_square_action.svg/350px-Zumpe_english_single_square_action.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Zumpe_english_single_square_action.svg/525px-Zumpe_english_single_square_action.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Zumpe_english_single_square_action.svg/700px-Zumpe_english_single_square_action.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Zumpe's, or Masons, action drawn from the instrument of 1766. 1) key, 2) jack, a wire with leather stud on top, known by the workmen as the "old man's head", 3) <a href="/wiki/Whalebone" class="mw-redirect" title="Whalebone">whalebone</a> rear guide, projects from the end of the key, works in a groove to keep the key steady, 4) hammer, 5) whalebone jack, called the 'mopstick', 6) damper, 7) whalebone damper spring </figcaption></figure> <p>The English fortepiano had a humble origin in the work of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zumpe" title="Johannes Zumpe">Johannes Zumpe</a>, a maker who had immigrated from Germany and worked for a while in the workshop of the great harpsichord maker <a href="/wiki/Burkat_Shudi" title="Burkat Shudi">Burkat Shudi</a>. Starting in the middle to late 1760s, Zumpe made inexpensive square pianos that had a very simple action, lacking an escapement, (sometimes known as the "old man's head"). Although hardly a technological advancement in the fortepiano, Zumpe's instruments proved very popular, being imitated outside England, and playing a major role in the displacement of the harpsichord by the fortepiano. The square pianos were also the medium of the first public performances on the instrument in the 1760s, notably by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">Johann Christian Bach</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Backers/Broadwood/Stodart"><span id="Backers.2FBroadwood.2FStodart"></span>Backers/Broadwood/Stodart</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Backers/Broadwood/Stodart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Americus_Backers" title="Americus Backers">Americus Backers</a>, with <a href="/wiki/John_Broadwood" title="John Broadwood">John Broadwood</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stodart" class="extiw" title="de:Robert Stodart">Robert Stodart</a>, two of Shudi's workmen, produced a more advanced action than Zumpe's. That <i>English grand action</i>, with an escapement and check, enabled a louder, more robust sound than the Viennese one, though it required deeper touch and was less sensitive. The early English grand pianos by those builders physically resembled Shudi harpsichords, being very imposing, with elegant, restrained veneer work on the exterior. Unlike contemporary Viennese instruments, English grand fortepianos had three strings per note, rather than two. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Broadwood">Broadwood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Broadwood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Finchcocks" title="Finchcocks">Finchcocks</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Broadwood,_London,_1810_-_Musical_Instrument_Museum,_Brussels_-_IMG_3841.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/John_Broadwood%2C_London%2C_1810_-_Musical_Instrument_Museum%2C_Brussels_-_IMG_3841.JPG/250px-John_Broadwood%2C_London%2C_1810_-_Musical_Instrument_Museum%2C_Brussels_-_IMG_3841.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/John_Broadwood%2C_London%2C_1810_-_Musical_Instrument_Museum%2C_Brussels_-_IMG_3841.JPG/375px-John_Broadwood%2C_London%2C_1810_-_Musical_Instrument_Museum%2C_Brussels_-_IMG_3841.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/John_Broadwood%2C_London%2C_1810_-_Musical_Instrument_Museum%2C_Brussels_-_IMG_3841.JPG/500px-John_Broadwood%2C_London%2C_1810_-_Musical_Instrument_Museum%2C_Brussels_-_IMG_3841.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>An 1810 Broadwood grand, kept in the Musical Instrument Museum in Brussels</figcaption></figure> <p>John Broadwood married the master's daughter (Barbara Shudi, 1769) and ultimately took over and renamed the Shudi firm. <a href="/wiki/John_Broadwood_%26_Sons" title="John Broadwood & Sons">The Broadwood company</a> (which survives to this day)<sup id="cite_ref-Broadwood_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadwood-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an important innovator in the evolution of the fortepiano into the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>. Broadwood, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Jan_Ladislav_Dussek" title="Jan Ladislav Dussek">Jan Ladislav Dussek</a>, a noted piano virtuoso active in London in the 1790s, developed pianos that gradually increased the range to six octaves. Dussek was one of the first pianists to receive a 5½ foot piano and, in 1793, he wrote the first work for piano "with extra keys", a piano concert (C 97).<sup id="cite_ref-Craw53_4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craw53_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The firm shipped a piano to <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> in Vienna, which the composer evidently treasured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obsolescence_and_revival">Obsolescence and revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Obsolescence and revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the late 18th century, the fortepiano underwent extensive technological development and evolved into the modern piano (for details, see <a href="/wiki/Piano#History" title="Piano">Piano</a>). The older type of instrument eventually ceased to be made. In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early music</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Dolmetsch" title="Arnold Dolmetsch">Arnold Dolmetsch</a> built three fortepianos. However, that attempted revival of the instrument was evidently several decades ahead of its time, and did not lead to its widespread adoption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the second half of the 20th century, a great upsurge of interest occurred in <a href="/wiki/Authentic_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Authentic performance">period instruments</a>, including a revival of interest in the fortepiano. Old instruments were restored, and many new ones were built along the lines of the old. Fortepiano kits also became available. The ability of builders to recreate the fortepiano drew on the accumulating expertise of the builders who were making harpsichords of historical design; for instance fortepiano pioneer <a href="/wiki/Philip_Belt" title="Philip Belt">Philip Belt</a> spent two years early in his career working as an apprentice for <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hubbard" title="Frank Hubbard">Frank Hubbard</a>, a prominent builder of historical harpsichords. Other builders also took up fortepiano construction, including <a href="/wiki/Margaret_F._Hood" title="Margaret F. Hood">Margaret F. Hood</a>, Rodney Regier, <a href="/wiki/Maene" title="Maene">Chris Maene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_McNulty_(piano_maker)" title="Paul McNulty (piano maker)">Paul McNulty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adlam_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adlam-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reintroduction of the fortepiano has permitted performance of 18th- and early 19th-century music on the instruments for which it was written, yielding new insights into this music (for detailed discussion, see <a href="/wiki/Piano_history_and_musical_performance" title="Piano history and musical performance">Piano history and musical performance</a>). More and more music schools offer courses of study in the fortepiano. There are several fortepiano competitions, including the <a href="/wiki/MAfestival_Brugge" title="MAfestival Brugge">MAfestival Brugge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_1st_International_Chopin_Competition_on_Period_Instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="The 1st International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments">International Chopin Competition on Chopin era instruments</a>, organized by the <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Institute" title="Fryderyk Chopin Institute">Warsaw Chopin Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_fortepiano_specialists">Modern fortepiano specialists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern fortepiano specialists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of modern harpsichordists and pianists have achieved distinction in fortepiano performance, including <a href="/wiki/Susan_Alexander-Max" title="Susan Alexander-Max">Susan Alexander-Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Badura-Skoda" title="Paul Badura-Skoda">Paul Badura-Skoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Bilson" title="Malcolm Bilson">Malcolm Bilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Bouman" title="Hendrik Bouman">Hendrik Bouman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Brautigam" title="Ronald Brautigam">Ronald Brautigam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Breitman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Breitman (page does not exist)">David Breitman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Brunner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Brunner (page does not exist)">Wolfgang Brunner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper_(musician)" title="Gary Cooper (musician)">Gary Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Demus" title="Jörg Demus">Jörg Demus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursula_D%C3%BCtschler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursula Dütschler (page does not exist)">Ursula Dütschler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Egarr" title="Richard Egarr">Richard Egarr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fuller_(pianist)" title="Richard Fuller (pianist)">Richard Fuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuija_Hakkila" title="Tuija Hakkila">Tuija Hakkila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Hammer" title="Christoph Hammer">Christoph Hammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hill_(musician)" title="Robert Hill (musician)">Robert Hill</a>, Knut Jacques, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenny_Soonjin_Kim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenny Soonjin Kim (page does not exist)">Jenny Soonjin Kim</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piet_Kuijken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piet Kuijken (page does not exist)">Piet Kuijken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Lancaster" title="Geoffrey Lancaster">Geoffrey Lancaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leonhardt" title="Gustav Leonhardt">Gustav Leonhardt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trudelies_Leonhardt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trudelies Leonhardt (page does not exist)">Trudelies Leonhardt</a>, Morgane Le Corre, <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert D. Levin">Robert Levin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Lubimov" title="Alexei Lubimov">Alexei Lubimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Lubin" title="Steven Lubin">Steven Lubin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yury_Martynov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yury Martynov (page does not exist)">Yury Martynov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Costantino_Mastroprimiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costantino Mastroprimiano (page does not exist)">Costantino Mastroprimiano</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvi_Meniker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvi Meniker (page does not exist)">Zvi Meniker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bart_van_Oort" title="Bart van Oort">Bart van Oort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Pashchenko" title="Olga Pashchenko">Olga Pashchenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinnock" title="Trevor Pinnock">Trevor Pinnock</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Schrader" title="David Schrader">David Schrader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viviana_Sofronitsky" title="Viviana Sofronitsky">Viviana Sofronitsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Staier" title="Andreas Staier">Andreas Staier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Tan" title="Melvyn Tan">Melvyn Tan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natalia Valentin, <a href="/wiki/Jos_van_Immerseel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jos van Immerseel">Jos van Immerseel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">Andras Schiff</a>, Kristian Bezuidenhout, <a href="/wiki/Katia_and_Marielle_Lab%C3%A8que" title="Katia and Marielle Labèque">Katia and Marielle Labèque</a>, Duo Pégase, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Feltsman" title="Vladimir Feltsman">Vladimir Feltsman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinions">Opinions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People's opinions about the sound of the fortepiano vary widely, both from person to person and from instrument to instrument. Here are three representative opinions about fortepianos: </p> <ul><li>"Although I am a lover of performances on authentic instruments the fortepiano was one of the least successful instruments and the most deserving of improvement. I am not always comfortable with the sound made by many fortepianos and however fine a performance may be I find it difficult at times to get past the often unpleasant sound." (Michael Cookson)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"A frequent initial reaction to the sound of the fortepiano is that it is less beautiful than that of a fine modern concert grand piano. I believe that such a reaction will usually be changed if the player listens to good recordings. The clear sound and relatively short sustain of the fortepiano tends to favor the special elements of style in the music of Haydn and Mozart. The sound is different but not inferior." (Howland Auchincloss)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"This reproduction of a 1730 Cristofori – the greatest of all makers and often the most underrated – by Denzil Wraight based on one made for <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Scarlatti</a>'s patron Queen Maria Barbara of Spain makes a gorgeous sound. Yes it can be metallic and subdued in climaxes but it has a marvellous delicacy and, especially in the expressive sonatas, a profoundly beautiful sound." (Gary Higginson)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Etymology and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fortepiano" title="Special:EditPage/Fortepiano">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fortepiano%22">"Fortepiano"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fortepiano%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fortepiano%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fortepiano%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fortepiano%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fortepiano%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"Fortepiano" is Italian for "loud-soft", just as the formal name for the modern piano, "pianoforte", is "soft-loud". Both are abbreviations of Cristofori's original name for his invention: <i>gravicembalo col piano e forte</i>, "harpsichord with soft and loud".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>fortepiano</i> is somewhat specialist in its connotations, and does not preclude using the more general term <i>piano</i> to designate the same instrument. Thus, usages like "Cristofori invented the piano" or "Mozart's piano concertos" are currently common and would probably be considered acceptable by most musicians. <i>Fortepiano</i> is used in contexts where it is important to make the precise identity of the instrument clear, as in (for instance) "a fortepiano recital by Malcolm Bilson". </p><p>The use of "fortepiano" to refer specifically to early pianos appears to be recent. Even the authoritative <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> does not record this usage, noting only that "fortepiano" is "an early name of the pianoforte". During the age of the fortepiano, "fortepiano" and "pianoforte" were used interchangeably, as the OED's attestations show. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, who lived in the age of the fortepiano and herself played the instrument, used "pianoforte" (also: "piano-forte", "piano forte") for the many occurrences of the instrument in her writings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-france24.com-20210414-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-france24.com-20210414_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-france24.com-20210414_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210414-italian-piano-maker-sees-craft-threatened-with-extinction">"Italian piano maker sees craft threatened with extinction"</a>. <i>france24.com</i>. Agence France-Presse. 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=france24.com&rft.atitle=Italian+piano+maker+sees+craft+threatened+with+extinction&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20210414-italian-piano-maker-sees-craft-threatened-with-extinction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philharmonia.org/learn-and-listen/baroque-instruments/fortepiano/">"Fortepiano"</a>. <i>Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra & Chorale</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philharmonia+Baroque+Orchestra+%26+Chorale&rft.atitle=Fortepiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilharmonia.org%2Flearn-and-listen%2Fbaroque-instruments%2Ffortepiano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall (2003, 20) describes these qualities thus: "the top notes are dry and short sustaining, the middle register more vocal, and basses reedy. Whether or not built-in timbre was intentional, it tickles the ear, infusing the music with color."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parakilas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parakilas_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parakilas_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParakilas1999" class="citation book cs1">Parakilas, James (1999). <i>Piano roles: three hundred years of life with the piano</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piano+roles%3A+three+hundred+years+of+life+with+the+piano&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Parakilas&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blsl-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blsl_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blsl_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baroquemusic.org/silblegacy.html">"The Gottfried Silbermann Legacy"</a>. <i>Baroquemusic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baroquemusic.org&rft.atitle=The+Gottfried+Silbermann+Legacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baroquemusic.org%2Fsilblegacy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, Robert (2003) 18th Century Piano Music, Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613105200/http://www.jc-neupert.de/e/instr_2/silber_ham.htm">"Neupert Fortepiano after Gottfried Silbermann (Freiberg 1747)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jc-neupert.de/e/instr_2/silber_ham.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neupert+Fortepiano+after+Gottfried+Silbermann+%28Freiberg+1747%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jc-neupert.de%2Fe%2Finstr_2%2Fsilber_ham.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollens-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pollens_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollens2017" class="citation book cs1">Pollens, Stewart (2017). <i>Bartolomeo Cristofori and the invention of the piano</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09657-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09657-8"><bdi>978-1-107-09657-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bartolomeo+Cristofori+and+the+invention+of+the+piano&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09657-8&rft.aulast=Pollens&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatcham2001" class="citation web cs1">Latcham, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000026631">"Stein, Johann (Georg) Andreas"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.26631">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26631</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Stein%2C+Johann+%28Georg%29+Andreas&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.26631&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Latcham&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000026631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">August, 1887. Litzmann, Berthold, 1906. Clara Schumann, ein Künstlerleben. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, vol 3, pp.493–94. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatcham2001" class="citation web cs1">Latcham, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000029863">"Walter, (Gabriel) Anton"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.29863">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29863</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Walter%2C+%28Gabriel%29+Anton&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.29863&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Latcham&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000029863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haydnhaus.at/en/exhibitions/permanent-exhibition/">"Permanent Exhibition: Haydnhaus Eisenstadt"</a>. <i>haydnhaus.at</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haydnhaus.at&rft.atitle=Permanent+Exhibition%3A+Haydnhaus+Eisenstadt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaydnhaus.at%2Fen%2Fexhibitions%2Fpermanent-exhibition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beethoven.de/en/media/view/6076153240485888/Ludwig+van+Beethoven%2C+Brief+an+Nikolaus+Zmeskall%2C+Wien%2C+November+1802%2C+Autograph?fromArchive=5649946187399168">Ludwig van Beethoven, Brief an Nikolaus Zmeskall, Wien, November 1802, Autograph</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beethoven.de/en/media/view/5758857464774656/Conrad+Graf%2C+Echtheitsbest%C3%A4tigung+f%C3%BCr+den+Fl%C3%BCgel+Ludwig+van+Beethovens%2C+Wien%2C+26.+Juni+1849%2C+Autograph?fromHansexpSearch=1&person=Graf%252C%2BConrad&parent=6261811254919168">Conrad Graf, Echtheitsbestätigung für den Flügel Ludwig van Beethovens, Wien, 26. Juni 1849, Autograph</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chopinsletters00chop/page/158/mode/2up?q=non+plus+ultra">Chopin's letters</a>. By Chopin, Frédéric, 1810-1849; Voynich, E. L. (Ethel Lillian), 1864-1960; Opienski, Henryk, 1870-1942</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Walker, Franz Liszt: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNhQhSgRlWIC&q=boisselot&pg=PA75">The Weimar years, 1848-1861</a>. Cornell University Press, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broadwood-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broadwood_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadwood.co.uk/">"John Broadwood & Sons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Broadwood_%26_Sons" title="John Broadwood & Sons">John Broadwood & Sons</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Broadwood+%26+Sons&rft.pub=John+Broadwood+%26+Sons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwood.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craw53_4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Craw53_4_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraw1964" class="citation book cs1">Craw, Howard (1964). <i>A Biography and Thematic Catalog of the works of J.L. Dussek</i>. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. pp. 53–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biography+and+Thematic+Catalog+of+the+works+of+J.L.+Dussek&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Craw&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adlam-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adlam_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlam2003" class="citation book cs1">Adlam, Derek (2003). Palmieri, Robert; Palmieri, Margaret W.; Kipnis, Igor (eds.). <i>Early piano: replication</i>. Encyclopedia of keyboard instruments. Vol. 2. Taylor and Francis. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+piano%3A+replication&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+keyboard+instruments&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Adlam&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iccpi.eu/en">"I Międzynarodowy Konkurs Chopinowski na Instrumentach Historycznych"</a>. <i>iccpi.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iccpi.eu&rft.atitle=I+Mi%C4%99dzynarodowy+Konkurs+Chopinowski+na+Instrumentach+Historycznych&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficcpi.eu%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07w5y6q">"Deepwater Horizon, Crisis in Six Scenes, Melvyn Tan, Maria Semple, Front Row - BBC Radio 4"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Deepwater+Horizon%2C+Crisis+in+Six+Scenes%2C+Melvyn+Tan%2C+Maria+Semple%2C+Front+Row+-+BBC+Radio+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb07w5y6q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2005/May05/Haydn_Staier_82876673762.htm">"HAYDN Sonatas Staier DHM 82876 67376 2[MC]: Classical CD Reviews- May 2005"</a>. <i>Musicweb-international.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musicweb-international.com&rft.atitle=HAYDN+Sonatas+Staier+DHM+82876+67376+2%5BMC%5D%3A+Classical+CD+Reviews-+May+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweb-international.com%2Fclassrev%2F2005%2FMay05%2FHaydn_Staier_82876673762.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050731082845/http://www.postpiano.com/products/prod_iteminfo.php?id=16&subCat=Historic+Keyboards">"PMI : Products : Historic Keyboards Kontakt 16-bit CD"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postpiano.com/products/prod_iteminfo.php?id=16&subCat=Historic+Keyboards">the original</a> on 31 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PMI+%3A+Products+%3A+Historic+Keyboards+Kontakt+16-bit+CD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postpiano.com%2Fproducts%2Fprod_iteminfo.php%3Fid%3D16%26subCat%3DHistoric%2BKeyboards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2005/Mar05/Scarlatti_sonatas_67112.htm">"SCARLATTI Sonatas Nicholson CAPRICCIO 67112 [GH]: Classical CD Reviews- March 2005"</a>. <i>Musicweb-international.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musicweb-international.com&rft.atitle=SCARLATTI+Sonatas+Nicholson+CAPRICCIO+67112+%5BGH%5D%3A+Classical+CD+Reviews-+March+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweb-international.com%2Fclassrev%2F2005%2FMar05%2FScarlatti_sonatas_67112.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy 1996, 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scipione Maffei, Articolo IX. “Nuova invenzione d’un Gravecembalo col piano e forte; aggiunte alcune considerazioni sopra gli strumenti musicali”. Gionale De’ Letterati d’Italia, vol. V. pp. 144-159</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Good, Edwin M. (1982) <i>Giraffes, black dragons, and other pianos: a technological history from Cristofori to the modern concert grand</i>, Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1996" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Michael (1996). "Piano". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic00kenn"><i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music</i></a></span> (Fourth ed.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198608844" title="Special:BookSources/9780198608844"><bdi>9780198608844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Piano&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780198608844&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseoxforddic00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortepiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Marshall, Robert (2003) <i>18th Century Piano Music</i>, Routledge.</li> <li>O'Donnell, Peter S. (1996) "Philip Belt - fortepiano maker," Iowa City Early Keyboard Newsletter, October issue. Posted on line at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://list.uiowa.edu/scripts/wa.exe?A3=ind9610&L=HPSCHD-L&E=7bit&P=814475&B=--&T=text%2Fplain;%20charset=us-ascii&header=1">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Pollens, Stewart (1995) <i>The Early Pianoforte</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Ripin, Edwin M. (1986) "Piano", 1986 <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li>Ripin, Edwin M. (2001). "Fortepiano (i)". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Also in <i>Grove Music Online</i>, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 19 June 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grovemusic.com">(subscription access)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Ripin, Edwin M., Stewart Pollens, Philip R. Belt, Maribel Meisel, Alfons Huber, Michael Cole, Gert Hecher, Beryl Kenyon De Pascual, Cynthia Adams Hoover, Cyril Ehrlich, And Edwin M. Good (2001). "Pianoforte I: History of the Instrument". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Also in <i>Grove Music Online</i>, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 19 June 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grovemusic.com">(subscription access)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortepiano" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mattbengtson.com/fortepiano.html">10-minute video crash course introduction to the Viennese 5-octave fortepiano</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpschd.nu/tech/epf/fp.html">Photo and discussion of the action of Viennese fortepianos</a>, from Carey Beebe Harpsichords</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earlypianos.org">Early Pianos Online</a> A searchable, interactive database of over 9000 pianos built before 1860.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dolmetsch.com/Groote.htm">One of Arnold Dolmetsch's late 19th century fortepianos</a>, from Dolmetsch Online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/beethoven">Image and discussion of 1795 Dulcken fortepiano</a>, from the Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usd.edu/smm/galleries.html#Abell">Images of fortepianos in the Abell Gallery, National Music Museum</a>, Vermillion, South Dakota</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cris/hd_cris.htm">The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> <ul><li>Other historic pianos at <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vien/ho_2001.272.htm">Piano by Conrad Graf, Vienna, 1838</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vien/ho_1984.34.htm">Piano by Ferdinand Hofmann, Vienna, c. 1790</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vien/ho_89.4.3182.htm">Piano by Johann Schmidt, Salzburg, c. 1790</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vien/ho_1982.138.htm">Piano by Joseph Böhm, Vienna, c. 1820</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://music.cornell.edu/about-us/facilities-and-instruments/organs-and-keyboards/fortepianos/">[2]</a> Cornell University Fortepianos including Broadwood 1827</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~mim/hklav_e1.html">Fortepianos in the Museum of the University of Leipzig</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cobbecollection.co.uk/">Cobbe Collection, UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hammerfluegel.net">fortepiano – photoarchive</a> Photos of historical pianos and their parts / discussion in the forum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fortepiano.eu/">Modern fortepiano builder Paul McNulty website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524035749/http://www.pianorestorer.co.nz/piano_history.htm">More information on early keyboard instruments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geelvinck.nl">Geelvinck Muziek Musea | Piano's met karakter, muziek met een verhaal</a> the Sweelinck Collection at Museum geelvinck Hinlopen Huis in Amsterdam: over 80 historic pianos</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gerardtuinman.nl">website</a> of builder Gerard Tuinman include sound files of three of his Anton Walter replicas, illustrating the evolution of fortepiano sound during the career of this builder.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortepiano-collection.net/">Radbon Fortepiano Collection c. 1760 to 1860</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44216037/Steins_Favorite_Instrument">John A. Rice, "Stein's 'Favorite Instrument': A Vis-à-vis Piano-Harpsichord in Naples"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_keyboards" title="Template talk:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">Musical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_clavier" title="Bowed clavier">Bowed clavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claviharp" title="Claviharp">Claviharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonichord" title="Harmonichord">Harmonichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keytar" title="Keytar">Keytar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodica" title="Melodica">Melodica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">Reed organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre organ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphica" title="Orphica">Orphica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">Digital piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_keyboard" title="Enharmonic keyboard">Enharmonic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_keyboard" title="Generalized keyboard">Generalized keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard" title="Isomorphic keyboard">Isomorphic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">Short octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">Keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_key_frequencies" title="Piano key frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Pedals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">Soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">Sustain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovations_in_the_piano" title="Innovations in the piano">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">Wiring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stringing" title="Cross-stringing">Cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_maintenance" title="Piano maintenance">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(piano)" title="Action (piano)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Technicians_Guild" title="Piano Technicians Guild">Piano Technicians Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">Tuning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_wrench" title="Tuning wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifiers, speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1521313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1521313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1521313#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4271971-9">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/814b1c15-1f5c-470d-ab8f-5e7615ff8586">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&oldid=1248248316">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&oldid=1248248316</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_musical_instruments" title="Category:Early musical instruments">Early musical instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_musical_instruments" title="Category:Italian musical instruments">Italian musical instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piano" title="Category:Piano">Piano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orchestral_instruments" title="Category:Orchestral instruments">Orchestral instruments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:String_instruments" title="Category:String instruments">String instruments</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_February_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2019">Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2023">Articles needing additional references from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 September 2024, at 13:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortepiano&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6dfcdd5ff5-f987d","wgBackendResponseTime":193,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.844","walltime":"1.050","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2333,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":67793,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2267,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":85356,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 897.705 1 -total"," 24.36% 218.705 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.58% 157.795 13 Template:Cite_web"," 14.84% 133.245 1 Template:IPA"," 10.84% 97.344 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.51% 94.329 1 Template:Musical_keyboards"," 10.25% 92.043 1 Template:Navbox"," 8.11% 72.806 2 Template:Ambox"," 6.88% 61.740 1 Template:More_footnotes"," 6.33% 56.859 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.548","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20902204,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-vcnlg","timestamp":"20241203070253","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Fortepiano","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fortepiano","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1521313","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1521313","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-22T11:02:43Z","dateModified":"2024-09-28T13:30:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4e\/FortepianoByMcNultyAfterWalter1805.jpg","headline":"early piano, around 1700 up to the early 19th century"}</script> </body> </html>