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data-file-height=\"1626\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD/%D0%95%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\" title=\"Википедия:Акыллы Татарстан/Ел проекты\"\u003EЕлПроекты\u003C/a\u003E \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80\" title=\"Википедия:Марафоннар/Агымдагылар\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png/12px-Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png/18px-Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png/24px-Olympic_pictogram_Athletics.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80\" title=\"Википедия:Марафоннар/Агымдагылар\"\u003EАгымдагыМарафоннар\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E: \u003Ci\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B\" title=\"Википедия:Проект:Төбәк тематик атналыгы\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/World_Map_%28political%29.svg/20px-World_Map_%28political%29.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"10\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/World_Map_%28political%29.svg/30px-World_Map_%28political%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/World_Map_%28political%29.svg/40px-World_Map_%28political%29.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1920\" data-file-height=\"975\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Cu\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B\" title=\"Проект:Төбәк тематик атналыгы\"\u003EТөбәкАтналыгы\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/i\u003E \u003Ci\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B5_2024\" title=\"Википедия:Проект:Азия ае 2024\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/20px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"22\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/30px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg/40px-Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"512\" data-file-height=\"555\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E \u003Cu\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B5_2024\" title=\"Проект:Азия ае 2024\"\u003EАзия ае 2024\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/i\u003E\u003C/small\u003E\n\u003C/small\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Csmall\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"clear: both;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003C/small\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Эчтәлек" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Эчтәлек</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">переместить в боковую панель</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">яшерү</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башы</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Үзенчәлекләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Үзенчәлекләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Үзенчәлекләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Үзенчәлекләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Пиджин_һәм_креол_телләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Пиджин_һәм_креол_телләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Пиджин һәм креол телләр</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Пиджин_һәм_креол_телләр-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Отобразить/Скрыть подраздел Пиджин һәм креол телләр</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Пиджин_һәм_креол_телләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Пиджин" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Пиджин"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Пиджин</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Пиджин-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Креол_телләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Креол_телләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Креол телләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Креол_телләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Шулай_ук_карагыз" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Шулай_ук_карагыз"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Шулай ук карагыз</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Шулай_ук_карагыз-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Искәрмәләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Искәрмәләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Искәрмәләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Искәрмәләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Әдәбият" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Әдәбият"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Әдәбият</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Әдәбият-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Сылтамалар" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Сылтамалар"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Сылтамалар</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Сылтамалар-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Эчтәлек" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Отобразить/Скрыть содержание" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Отобразить/Скрыть содержание</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Лингва-франка</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перейти к статье на другом языке. Доступно на 100 языках" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 тел</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — швейцарский немецкий" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарский немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83" title="لغة تواصل مشترك — гарәп" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة تواصل مشترك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="гарәп" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="لينجوا فرانكا — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لينجوا فرانكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_franca" title="Llingua franca — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua franca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linqva_franka" title="Linqva franka — әзәрбайҗан" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Linqva franka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="әзәрбайҗан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — бали" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="бали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лінгва франка — белорус" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лінгва франка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорус" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_kongko" title="Basa kongko — Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa kongko" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингва франка — болгар" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лингва франка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="लिंगुआ फ्रैंका — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लिंगुआ फ्रैंका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="লিঙ্গুয়া ফ্রাঙ্কা — бенгали" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিঙ্গুয়া ফ্রাঙ্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh_vehikular" title="Yezh vehikular — бретон" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh vehikular" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_vehicular" title="Llengua vehicular — каталан" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua vehicular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — себуано" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуано" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لینگوا فرانکا — үзәк көрд" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لینگوا فرانکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="үзәк көрд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — чех" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингва-франка — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лингва-франка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — уэльс" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уэльс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — дания" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дания" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrssprache" title="Verkehrssprache — алман" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verkehrssprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="алман" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franka" title="Lingua franka — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lingua franka" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — грек" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — инглиз" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="инглиз" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvafrankao" title="Lingvafrankao — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvafrankao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_franca" title="Lengua franca — испан" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua franca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — эстон" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — баск" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="زبان میانجی — фарсы" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان میانجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсы" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — фин" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_v%C3%A9hiculaire" title="Langue véhiculaire — француз" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue véhiculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француз" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — западнофризский" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francbh%C3%A9arla" title="Francbhéarla — ирланд" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Francbhéarla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — галисия" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисия" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%94" title="לינגואה פרנקה — яһүд" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לינגואה פרנקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="яһүд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सम्पर्क भाषा — һинд" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सम्पर्क भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="һинд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — хорват" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — гаити креол" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаити креол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zvet%C3%ADt%C5%91nyelv" title="Közvetítőnyelv — венгр" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közvetítőnyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгр" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1_%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Լինգվա ֆրանկա — әрмән" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լինգվա ֆրանկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="әрмән" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basantara" title="Basantara — индонезия" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Basantara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — итальян" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальян" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB" title="リングワ・フランカ — япон" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リングワ・フランカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="япон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linggwa_Fi%CC%B1rangka" title="Linggwa Fi̱rangka — тьяп" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Linggwa Fi̱rangka" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="тьяп" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингва франка — казакъ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лингва франка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казакъ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%81%EA%B5%AC%EC%95%84_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%B9%B4" title="링구아 프랑카 — корея" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="링구아 프랑카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корея" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — көрд" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="көрд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — латин" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_franca" title="Linguas franca — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas franca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — лимбургский" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_franca" title="Lengua franca — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua franca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%88%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9A:Link_language" title="ແມ່ແບບ:Link language — лаос" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແມ່ແບບ:Link language" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаос" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — литва" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — латыш" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — малагаси" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагаси" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basantara" title="Basantara — минангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Basantara" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингва франка — македон" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лингва франка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="संपर्क भाषा — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संपर्क भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — малай" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — нижненемецкий" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нижненемецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सम्पर्क भाषा — непали" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सम्पर्क भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — голланд" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="голланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — окситан" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Лингва-франкæ — осетинский" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лингва-франкæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — папьяменто" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="папьяменто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — поляк" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لنگوا فرانکا — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لنگوا فرانکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_franca" title="Língua franca — португал" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua franca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_vehicular%C4%83" title="Limbă vehiculară — румын" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă vehiculară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингва франка — рус" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лингва франка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="рус" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ — сантали" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="сантали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_franca" title="Limba franca — сардинский" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba franca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — шотландский" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A6%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="لنگئا فرانڪا — синдһи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لنگئا فرانڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдһи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F" title="සම්බන්ධීකරණ භාෂා — сингал" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සම්බන්ධීකරණ භාෂා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca_(dorozumievac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Lingua franca (dorozumievací jazyk) — словак" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lingua franca (dorozumievací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словак" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — словен" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Franca" title="Lingua Franca — албан" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lingua Franca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — серб" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — швед" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franka" title="Lingua franka — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lingua franka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இணைப்பு மொழி — тамил" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைப்பு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамил" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษากลาง — тай" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguwa_prangka" title="Lingguwa prangka — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lingguwa prangka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — төрек" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="төрек" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лінгва франка — украин" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лінгва франка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%90_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%82_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81" title="زبانِ رابطۂ عامہ — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زبانِ رابطۂ عامہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca — вьетнам" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lingua franca" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="通用语 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="通用语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="通用語 — кытай" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通用語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кытай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="通用語 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="通用語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80839#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башка телләргә сылтамалар өстәү" class="wbc-editpage">Сылтамалар өстәү</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Исемара"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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class="vector-menu-heading"> Башка проектларда </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" hreflang="en"><span>Викиҗыентык</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80839" title="Үзара бәйләнгән мәгълүматләр репозиториясе элементларына сылтама [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Викимәгълүмат элементы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Инструменты для страниц"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Внешний вид"> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia — ирекле энциклопедия проектыннан ([http://tt.wikipedia.org.ttcysuttlart1999.aylandirow.tmf.org.ru/wiki/Лингва-франка latin yazuında])</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tt" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3791745">.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсаль_калып-above{background:#eaecf0;font-weight:bold;font-size:120%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсаль_калып-original,.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсаль_калып-image{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсаль_калып-label{width:9em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсаль_калып-split{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсаль_калып-below{background:#eaecf0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсаль_калып-error{background:#fee7e6;border-color:#b32424}</style> <table cellspacing="2" class="infobox"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above ts-Универсаль_калып-above">Лингва-франка</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ts-Универсаль_калып-image"><span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P18" data-wikidata-claim-id="q80839$B4EE6059-8821-413B-A177-6884D35AEB8C"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Linguafranca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Сурәт"><img alt="Сурәт" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Linguafranca.jpg/250px-Linguafranca.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Linguafranca.jpg/375px-Linguafranca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Linguafranca.jpg/500px-Linguafranca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсаль_калып-label">Кайда өйрәнелә</th><td class="infobox-text"> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P2579" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q80839$F01DBE1C-D7E0-4C3C-B90E-850B6C1612CD"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Социолингвистика (бит юк)">социолингвистика</a><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160845" class="extiw" title="d:Q160845">[d]</a></sup></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсаль_калып-label">Моның каршысы</th><td class="infobox-text"> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P461" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q80839$b8cb08cd-49d0-7ebd-851c-af15ee9c2165"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Халык теле (бит юк)">халык теле</a><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1036511" class="extiw" title="d:Q1036511">[d]</a></sup></span></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Saharov-Esperanto.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saharov-Esperanto.pdf/page1-220px-Saharov-Esperanto.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saharov-Esperanto.pdf/page1-330px-Saharov-Esperanto.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saharov-Esperanto.pdf/page1-440px-Saharov-Esperanto.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Эсперанто теленең дәреслеге</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Лингва-франка</b> (яки <b>сәүдә теле</b>, <b>күпер теле</b>, <b>инструменталь тел</b>, <b>берләштерүче тел</b>) — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ана теле">ана телендә</a> сөйләшмәгән кешеләр арасында аралашуны мөмкин иткән һәм даими рәвештә кулланылган тел. Аеруча ике шәхеснең дә туган телләреннән аерым булган өченче тел атамасы булып кулланыла.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Кешелек тарихы дәвамында <a href="/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Җир">Җир</a> шарында халыкара аралашу өчен төрле телләр лингва-франка дәрәҗәсендә кулланган — кайвакыт сәүдә максатлары өчен (аларны «сәүдә телләре» дип билгелиләр), ләкин шулай ук дипломатик һәм административ уңайлылык, һәм дә төрле милләтле фәнни тикшеренүчеләр һәм башка галимнәр арасында мәгълүмат уртаклашу сәбәпләре өчен. Күпчелек очракта лингво-франка ике бер-берсенә охшамаган телләр нигезендә барлыкка килә: грамматикасы бер тел нигезендә, ә сүзлек составы икенче телнең нигезендә төзелә. Әмма махсус ясалган телләр дә күп </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Үзенчәлекләр"><span id=".D2.AE.D0.B7.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.87.D3.99.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Үзенчәлекләр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="«Үзенчәлекләр» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Редактировать код раздела «Үзенчәлекләр»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>«Лингва-франка» термины функциональ тарафтан, телнең лингвистик тарихына һәм төзелешенә игътибар ителмичә билгеләнелә:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> пиджин (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pidgin" class="extiw" title="en:pidgin">en:pidgin</a>) һәм креол (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/creole_languages" class="extiw" title="en:creole languages">en:creole languages</a> телләре лингва-франка буларак кулланылса да, шундый категорияләргә кермәгән телләре дә күп. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Милли тел">Милли тел</a></i> аерым җәмгыятьтә кулланылса, <i>лингва-франка</i>ның кулланылышы оригиналь җәмгыяте белән чикләнми, һәм төркемнәр арасында аралашу өчен кулланылган <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Икенчел тел">икенчел тел</a> хезмәтен күрсәтә. Мәсәлән, инглиз теле - <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бөекбритания">Бөекбритания</a> өчен милли тел булса, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Филипин">Филипинда</a> ул инструменталь тел (ягъни "лингва-франка") буларак кулланыла. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Эсперанто">Эсперанто</a> кебек халыкара өстәмә ярдәмчел телләре тарих буенча кулланылышы бик түбән булу сәбәпле, аларны функциональ түгел, ә потенциаль лингва-франка телләре дип кенә бәяләргә була. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Пиджин_һәм_креол_телләр"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B6.D0.B8.D0.BD_.D2.BB.D3.99.D0.BC_.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.BB_.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Пиджин һәм креол телләр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="«Пиджин һәм креол телләр» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="Редактировать код раздела «Пиджин һәм креол телләр»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Кайбер илләрдә лингва-франка шулай ук милли тел буларак кулланыла; мәсәлән <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Урду теле">урду</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Пакьстан">Пакьстан</a> эчендә кулланылган лингва-франка, һәм шул ук илнең милли теле буларак санала. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Пиджин"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B6.D0.B8.D0.BD"></span>Пиджин</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=3" title="«Пиджин» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="Редактировать код раздела «Пиджин»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Пиджин</b> - грамматик яктан гадиләшетерлгән, ике бер-берсенә охшамаган телләр нигезендә ясалган сөйләм теле. Пиджинда сөйләшергә тумыштан өйрәнмиләр, ул тормыш вакытында аерым бер халыклар белән аралашкан вакытта килеп чыккан гадиләштерелгән тел. Пиджиннар күпчелек XVIII - XX гасырларда ясалганнар һәм тиз рәвештә үлгән булганнар, шунлыктан бу телләрдән истәлекләр юк диярлек тә була. Россиядә таралган булган пиджиннар - руссенорск (рус-норвегия пиджины) һәм кяхтин пиджины (рус-кытай). Кяхтин пиджинында грамматика бик гади, ул кытай теленең грамматикасына тиң, ә сүзлек составы рус теленеке. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Креол_телләр"><span id=".D0.9A.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.BB_.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Креол телләр</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=4" title="«Креол телләр» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="Редактировать код раздела «Креол телләр»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Әгәр дә шундый гадиләштерелгән телдә аеручы күп кеше аралашып һәм бу тел инде язма формада да бар икән (әгәр шулай ук бу телдә инде ничәдер буын тумыштан сөйләшә икән), бу тел пиджиннар рәтеннән креол телләр рәтенә керә башлый. Иң киң таралган креол тел - <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ток-писин">Ток-писин</a>. Бу телдә <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Папуа — Яңа Гвинея">Папуа-Яңа Гвинея</a> утравында сөйләшәләр. Ул инглиз һәм башка афронезия телләренең кушылмасы булып тора. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Шулай_ук_карагыз"><span id=".D0.A8.D1.83.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.B9_.D1.83.D0.BA_.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B3.D1.8B.D0.B7"></span>Шулай ук карагыз</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=5" title="«Шулай ук карагыз» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="Редактировать код раздела «Шулай ук карагыз»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;"> <table style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Портал:Тел">Тел  порталы</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Зональ корылма телләр">Зональ корылма телләр </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Халыкара тел">Халыкара тел</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Эш теле">Эш теле</a></li> <li>Халыкара өстәмә ярдәмчел тел (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" class="extiw" title="en:International auxiliary language">en:International auxiliary language</a>)</li> <li>Телләр контакты (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_contact" class="extiw" title="en:Language contact">en:Language contact</a>)</li> <li>Берләшелгән тел (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_language" class="extiw" title="en:Mixed language">en:Mixed language</a>)</li> <li>Бер-берсен аңлау мөмкинлеге (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" class="extiw" title="en:Mutual intelligibility">en:Mutual intelligibility</a>)</li> <li>Уртак сөйләм (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Speech" class="extiw" title="en:Common Speech">en:Common Speech</a>)</li> <li>Универсаль тел (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_language" class="extiw" title="en:Universal language">en:Universal language</a>)</li> <li>Бөтендөнья теле (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_language" class="extiw" title="en:World language">en:World language</a>)</li> <li>Пиджин (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin" class="extiw" title="en:Pidgin">en:Pidgin</a>)</li> <li>Креол тел (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language" class="extiw" title="en:Creole language">en:Creole Language</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Искәрмәләр"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D0.BC.D3.99.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Искәрмәләр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=6" title="«Искәрмәләр» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="Редактировать код раздела «Искәрмәләр»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Viacheslav A. Chirikba, "The problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund" in Pieter Muysken, ed., <i>From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics</i>, 2008, p. 31. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9027231001" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-272-3100-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~patrickp/Courses/PCs/IntroPidginsCreoles.htm">Intro Sociolinguistics</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2018 елның 22 май көнендә <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522043320/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~patrickp/Courses/PCs/IntroPidginsCreoles.htm">архивланган</a>.</span></small> - <i>Pidgin and Creole Languages: Origins and Relationships</i> - Notes for LG102, - University of Essex, Prof. Peter L. Patrick - Week 11, Autumn term.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Әдәбият"><span id=".D3.98.D0.B4.D3.99.D0.B1.D0.B8.D1.8F.D1.82"></span>Әдәбият</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=7" title="«Әдәбият» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="Редактировать код раздела «Әдәбият»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hall, R.A. Jr. (1966). <i>Pidgin and Creole Languages</i>, Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/0801401739" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8014-0173-9</a>.</li> <li>Heine, Bernd (1970). <i>Status and Use of African Lingua Francas</i>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/3803900336" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8039-0033-6</a></li> <li>Kahane, Henry Romanos (1958). <i>The Lingua Franca in the Levant</i>.</li> <li>Melatti, Julio Cezar (1983). <i>Índios do Brasil</i>. São Paulo: Hucitec Press, 48th edition</li> <li>Ostler, Nicholas (2005). <i>Empires of the Word</i>. London: Harper <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780007118717" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-00-711871-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Сылтамалар"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.8B.D0.BB.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Сылтамалар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=8" title="«Сылтамалар» исемле бүлекне үзгәртү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="Редактировать код раздела «Сылтамалар»"><span>вики-текстны үзгәртү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/lingua-franca.html">English - the universal language on the Internet?</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2006 елның 25 сентябрь көнендә <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925132620/http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/lingua-franca.html">архивланган</a>.</span></small> <span class="ref-info" title="инглиз телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; margin-left:0.2em; color:#888;">(ингл.)</span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Чыганак — <a dir="ltr" href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Лингва-франка&oldid=3438673">https://tt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Лингва-франка&oldid=3438673</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%80" title="Махсус:Төркемнәр">Төркемнәр</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Төркем:Телләр">Телләр</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC:%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Төркем:Интерлингвистика">Интерлингвистика</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC:%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Төркем:Итальян теленнән алынмалар (бит юк)">Итальян теленнән алынмалар</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Яшерен төркем: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC:%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8B_ISBN_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Төркем:Тылсымлы ISBN сылтамаларын кулланучы битләр">Тылсымлы ISBN сылтамаларын кулланучы битләр</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Бу бит соңгы тапкыр 9 фев 2022 көнендә 03:14 вакытында үзгәртелде.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текст <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ru">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a> лицензиясе буенча бирелә, аерым очракларда өстәмә шартлар булырга мөмкин. 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