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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Cultural and legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div 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id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Orthographies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthographies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthographies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Roman alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tone_marking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_marking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Tone marking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_marking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gbékoun_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gbékoun_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gbékoun script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gbékoun_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_translation_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_translation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Machine translation efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_translation_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fon language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Фоныбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Фоныбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_(taal)" title="Fon (taal) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fon (taal)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="الفون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_fon" title="Idioma fon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma fon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneg" title="Foneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Foneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_(llengua)" title="Fon (llengua) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fon (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_(Sprache)" title="Fon (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fon (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_fon" title="Idioma fon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma fon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonua_lingvo" title="Fonua lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fonua lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonera" title="Fonera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fonera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="زبان فون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان فون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_bhasa" title="Fon bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fon bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_(langue)" title="Fon (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fon (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhonais" title="An Fhonais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhonais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_fon" title="Lingua fon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua fon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B0%EC%96%B4" title="폰어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폰어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Fon" title="Harshen Fon – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Fon" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फोन भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फोन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_jezici" title="Fon jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fon jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Fon" title="Asụsụ Fon – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Fon" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Fon" title="Bahasa Fon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Fon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon" title="Fon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_fon" title="Lingua fon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua fon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igifoni" title="Igifoni – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igifoni" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifon" title="Kifon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kifon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Фон (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Фон (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Фон тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фон тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C5%B3_kalba" title="Fonų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fonų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_f%C3%B4na" title="Fiteny fôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny fôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Fon" title="Bahasa Fon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Fon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_(taal)" title="Fon (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fon (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फोन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फोन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="フォン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_(spriak)" title="Fon (spriak) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fon (spriak)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Fon (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fon (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5ket_fon" title="Språket fon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Språket fon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_(lenga)" title="Fon (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fon (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫੋਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੋਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Fon" title="Lenga Fon – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Fon" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_fon" title="Język fon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język fon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_fon" title="Língua fon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua fon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Фон (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фон (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fon language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_jezik" title="Fon jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fon jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonin_kieli" title="Fonin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fonin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Fon (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fon (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gbe language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Fon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><i>fɔ̀ngbè</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2.3 million (2019–2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e26_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Congo">Volta-Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Fon</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Agbome</li> <li>Arohun</li> <li>Gun</li> <li>Gbekon</li> <li>Kpase</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gb%C3%A9koun_script" title="Gbékoun script">Gbékoun</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=143">fon</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fon" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:fon">fon</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fonn1241">fonn1241</a></code>  Fon language</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gbe_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gbe_languages.png/320px-Gbe_languages.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gbe_languages.png/480px-Gbe_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Gbe_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="340" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Gbe languages. Fon is purple.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Fon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon-nu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">fɔ̀ngbè</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fon</b> (<span title="Fon-language text"><i lang="fon">fɔ̀ngbè</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ee-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[fɔ̃̀ɡ͡bē]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) also known as <b>Dahomean</b> is the language of the <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon people</a>. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a> group within the larger <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a> family. It is primarily spoken in <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> by approximately 2.28 million speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-e26_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the other Gbe languages, Fon is an <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating language</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a> basic word order. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_and_legal_status">Cultural and legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cultural and legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the official language, and Fon and other indigenous languages, including <a href="/wiki/Yom_language" title="Yom language">Yom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, are classified as national languages.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standardized Fon language is part of the Fon cluster of languages inside the Eastern Gbe languages. <a href="/wiki/Hounkpati_B_Christophe_Capo" title="Hounkpati B Christophe Capo">Hounkpati B Christophe Capo</a> groups <a href="/wiki/Abomey" title="Abomey">Agbome</a>, Kpase, <a href="/wiki/Gun_language" title="Gun language">Gun</a>, Maxi and Weme (Ouémé) in the Fon dialect cluster, although other clusterings are suggested. Standard Fon is the primary target of <a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">language planning</a> efforts in Benin, although separate efforts exists for <a href="/wiki/Gun_language" title="Gun language">Gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Gen</a>, and other languages of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fon_Kwabo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fon_Kwabo.jpg/220px-Fon_Kwabo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fon_Kwabo.jpg/330px-Fon_Kwabo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fon_Kwabo.jpg/440px-Fon_Kwabo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>"Welcome" (Kwabɔ) in Fon at a pharmacy at <a href="/wiki/Cotonou_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotonou Airport">Cotonou Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fon has seven oral vowel <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> and five nasal vowel phonemes. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Vowel phonemes of Fon<sup id="cite_ref-Fon_Grammar_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fon_Grammar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Oral_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral vowel">Oral</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Fon<sup id="cite_ref-Fon_Grammar_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fon_Grammar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial-velar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial-velar consonant">Labial<br />-velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>"<a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a>" </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusive</a> </th> <td style="border-right:0">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left:0"> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">kp</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡb</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɣʷ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> occurs only in <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_mimesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic mimesis">linguistic mimesis</a> and loanwords but is often replaced by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> in the latter, as in <i>cɔ́fù</i> 'shop'. Several of the voiced occlusives occur only before oral vowels, and the <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> nasal stops occur only before nasal vowels, which indicates that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]<span class="wrap"> </span>[m]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɖ]<span class="wrap"> </span>[n]</span> are <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> is in free variation with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̃]</span> and so Fong can be argued to have no phonemic nasal consonants, a pattern rather common in West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is nasalized (to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋʷ]</span>) before nasal vowels, and may assimilate to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥ]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> is sometimes also nasalized.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The only consonant clusters in Fon have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> as the second consonant. After (post)alveolars, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> is optionally realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span>: <i><span title="Fon-language text"><i lang="fon">klɔ́</i></span></i> 'to wash', <span title="Fon-language text"><i lang="fon">wlí</i></span> 'to catch', <span title="Fon-language text"><i lang="fon">jlò</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒlò]<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>[d͡ʒɾò]</span> 'to want'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fon has two phonemic <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>: high and low. High is realized as rising (low–high) after a voiced consonant. Basic disyllabic words have all four possibilities: high–high, high–low, low–high, and low–low. </p><p>In longer <a href="/wiki/Phonological_word" title="Phonological word">phonological words</a>, such as verb and noun phrases, a high tone tends to persist until the final syllable, which, if it has a phonemic low tone, becomes falling (high–low). Low tones disappear between high tones, but their effect remains as a <a href="/wiki/Downstep" title="Downstep">downstep</a>. Rising tones (low–high) simplify to high after high (without triggering downstep) and to low before high. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fon" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hwevísatɔ́,</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">/xʷèví-sà-tɔ́</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">[xʷèvísáꜜtɔ́‖</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fish-sell-agent</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fon" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">é</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">é</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">é</p><p style="margin: 0px;">s/he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fon" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">kò</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">kó</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fon" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hɔ</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">xɔ̀</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">ꜜxɔ̂</p><p style="margin: 0px;">buy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fon" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asón</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">àsɔ̃́</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">àsɔ̃́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">crab</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="fon" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">we.</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">wè/</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">wê‖]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">two</p></div><p style="display: none;">Hwevísatɔ́, é ko hɔ asón we.</p><p style="display: none;">/xʷèví-sà-tɔ́ é kò xɔ̀ àsɔ̃́ wè/</p><p style="display: none;">[xʷèvísáꜜtɔ́‖ é kó ꜜxɔ̂ àsɔ̃́ wê‖]</p><p style="display: none;">fish-sell-agent s/he PERF buy crab two</p><p style="clear: left;">"The fishmonger, she bought two crabs."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a>, a rising or falling tone is realized as a mid tone. For example, <span title="Fon-language text"><i lang="fon">mǐ</i></span> 'we, you', phonemically high-tone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bĩ́/</span> but phonetically rising because of the voiced consonant, is generally mid-tone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mĩ̄]</span> in Ouidah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthographies">Orthographies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_alphabet">Roman alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roman alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fon alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of the letters <a href="/wiki/African_D" title="African D">Ɖ/ɖ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">Ɛ/ɛ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open_O" title="Open O">Ɔ/ɔ</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> gb, hw, kp, ny, and xw.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Fon alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Majuscule </th> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> <td>Ɖ</td> <td>E</td> <td>Ɛ</td> <td>F</td> <td>G</td> <td>GB</td> <td>H</td> <td>HW</td> <td>I</td> <td>J</td> <td>K</td> <td>KP</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>NY</td> <td>O</td> <td>Ɔ</td> <td>P</td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>U</td> <td>V</td> <td>W</td> <td>X</td> <td>XW</td> <td>Y</td> <td>Z </td></tr> <tr> <th>Minuscule </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>ɖ</td> <td>e</td> <td>ɛ</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>gb</td> <td>h</td> <td>hw</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>kp</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>ny</td> <td>o</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>p</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>x</td> <td>xw</td> <td>y</td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sound (IPA) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/T%CD%A1%C9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="T͡ɕ">t͡ɕ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%C6%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɖ">ɖ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%C6%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɛ">ɛ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɡ">ɡ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡb</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%C6%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɣ">ɣ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣʷ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/D%CD%A1%CA%91" class="mw-redirect" title="D͡ʑ">d͡ʑ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Kp_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kp (digraph)">kp</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%C6%9D" title="Ɲ">ɲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/%C6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɔ">ɔ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/X%CA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Xʷ">xʷ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tone_marking">Tone marking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tone marking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tones</a> are marked as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">Acute accent</a> marks the rising tone: xó, dó</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">Grave accent</a> marks the falling tone: ɖò, akpàkpà</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">Caron</a> marks falling and rising tone: bǔ, bǐ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">Circumflex accent</a> marks the rising and falling tone: côfù</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">Macron</a> marks the neutral tone: kān</li></ul> <p>Tones are fully marked in reference books, but not always marked in other writing. The tone marking is phonemic, and the actual pronunciation may be different according to the syllable's environment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gbékoun_script"><span id="Gb.C3.A9koun_script"></span>Gbékoun script</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gbékoun script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gb%C3%A9koun_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gb%C3%A9koun_script.jpg/220px-Gb%C3%A9koun_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gb%C3%A9koun_script.jpg/330px-Gb%C3%A9koun_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gb%C3%A9koun_script.jpg/440px-Gb%C3%A9koun_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Table of Gbékoun script</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gb%C3%A9koun_script" title="Gbékoun script">Gbékoun script</a></div> <p>Speakers in <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> also use a distinct script called <a href="/wiki/Gb%C3%A9koun_script" title="Gbékoun script">Gbékoun</a> that was invented by Togbédji Adigbè.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has 24 consonants and 9 vowels, as it is intended to transcribe all the languages of Benin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> </p> <dl><dd><span title="Fon-language text"><i lang="fon">Acɛ, susu kpo sisi ɖokpo ɔ kpo wɛ gbɛtɔ bi ɖo ɖò gbɛwiwa tɔn hwenu; ye ɖo linkpɔn bɔ ayi yetɔn mɛ kpe lo bɔ ye ɖo na do alɔ yeɖee ɖi nɔvinɔvi ɖɔhun.</i></span></dd> <dd><b>Translation</b></dd> <dd>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio programs in Fon are broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Office_de_Radiodiffusion_et_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_du_B%C3%A9nin" title="Office de Radiodiffusion et Télévision du Bénin">ORTB</a> channels. </p><p>Television programs in Fon are shown on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Beninoise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Beninoise (page does not exist)">La Beninoise</a> satellite TV channel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French used to be the only language of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">education in Benin</a>, but in the second decade of the twenty-first century, the government is experimenting with teaching some subjects in Benin schools in the country's local languages, among them Fon.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine_translation_efforts">Machine translation efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Machine translation efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is an effort to create a machine translator for Fon (to and from French), by Bonaventure Dossou (from Benin) and Chris Emezue (from Nigeria).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their project is called FFR.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses phrases from <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> sermons as well as other biblical phrases as the research corpus to train a <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural Language Processing</a> (NLP) neural net model.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a matter of perspective; it could also be argued that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɖ]</span> are denasalized allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> before oral vowels.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e26-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e26_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e26_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fon">Fon</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Höftmann & Ahohounkpanzon, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translatorswithoutborders.org/language-data-for-benin/">"Language data for Benin"</a>. <i>Translators without Borders</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translators+without+Borders&rft.atitle=Language+data+for+Benin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslatorswithoutborders.org%2Flanguage-data-for-benin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluge2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kluge, Angela (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111170832/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/html/10125/1714/kluge.pdf">"The Gbe Language Continuum of West Africa: A Synchronic Typological Approach to Prioritizing In-depth Sociolinguistic Research on Literature Extensibility"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Documentation & Conservation</i>: <span class="nowrap">182–</span>215. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/html/10125/1714/kluge.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Documentation+%26+Conservation&rft.atitle=The+Gbe+Language+Continuum+of+West+Africa%3A+A+Synchronic+Typological+Approach+to+Prioritizing+In-depth+Sociolinguistic+Research+on+Literature+Extensibility&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kluge&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fhtml%2F10125%2F1714%2Fkluge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fon_Grammar-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fon_Grammar_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fon_Grammar_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaire_LefebvreAnne-Marie_Brousseau2002" class="citation book cs1">Claire Lefebvre; Anne-Marie Brousseau (2002). <i>A Grammar of Fongbe</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.labeninoisetv.net&rft.atitle=BTV+-+La+B%C3%A9ninoise+TV+-+La+B%C3%A9ninoise+des+T%C3%A9l%C3%A9s+%7C+La+proximit%C3%A9+par+les+langues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labeninoisetv.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkpo" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akpo, Georges. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621111054/https://lanouvelletribune.info/archives/benin/societe/12386-systeme-educatif-beninois-les-langues-nationales-seront-enseignees-a-l-ecole-a-la-rentree-prochaine">"Système éducatif béninois : les langues nationales seront enseignées à l'école à la rentrée prochaine"</a>. <i>La Nouvelle Tribune</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanouvelletribune.info/archives/benin/societe/12386-systeme-educatif-beninois-les-langues-nationales-seront-enseignees-a-l-ecole-a-la-rentree-prochaine">the original</a> on 2019-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Nouvelle+Tribune&rft.atitle=Syst%C3%A8me+%C3%A9ducatif+b%C3%A9ninois+%3A+les+langues+nationales+seront+enseign%C3%A9es+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9cole+%C3%A0+la+rentr%C3%A9e+prochaine&rft.aulast=Akpo&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanouvelletribune.info%2Farchives%2Fbenin%2Fsociete%2F12386-systeme-educatif-beninois-les-langues-nationales-seront-enseignees-a-l-ecole-a-la-rentree-prochaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20131226-benin-apprentissage-ecole-langue-maternelle">"Reportage Afrique - Bénin : l'apprentissage à l'école dans la langue maternelle"</a>. <i>RFI</i> (in French). 2013-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RFI&rft.atitle=Reportage+Afrique+-+B%C3%A9nin+%3A+l%27apprentissage+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9cole+dans+la+langue+maternelle&rft.date=2013-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Femission%2F20131226-benin-apprentissage-ecole-langue-maternelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220301/https://matinlibre.com/index.php/societe/item/10477-langues-nationales-dans-le-systeme-scolaire-la-phase-experimentale-continue-une-initiative-a-ameliorer">"Langues nationales dans le système scolaire : La phase expérimentale continue, une initiative à améliorer - Matin Libre"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matinlibre.com/index.php/societe/item/10477-langues-nationales-dans-le-systeme-scolaire-la-phase-experimentale-continue-une-initiative-a-ameliorer">the original</a> on 2018-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Langues+nationales+dans+le+syst%C3%A8me+scolaire+%3A+La+phase+exp%C3%A9rimentale+continue%2C+une+initiative+%C3%A0+am%C3%A9liorer+-+Matin+Libre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatinlibre.com%2Findex.php%2Fsociete%2Fitem%2F10477-langues-nationales-dans-le-systeme-scolaire-la-phase-experimentale-continue-une-initiative-a-ameliorer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52411797">"AI in Africa: Teaching a bot to read my mum's texts"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2020-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=AI+in+Africa%3A+Teaching+a+bot+to+read+my+mum%27s+texts&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-52411797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ffrtranslate.com/">"Project website"</a>. <i>ffrtranslate.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ffrtranslate.com&rft.atitle=Project+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ffrtranslate.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmezueDossou2020" class="citation journal cs1">Emezue, Chris Chinenye; Dossou, Femi Pancrace Bonaventure (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.winlp-1.21">"FFR v1.1: Fon-French Neural Machine Translation"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Fourth Widening Natural Language Processing Workshop</i>. Seattle, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics: <span class="nowrap">83–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.12111">2003.12111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18653%2Fv1%2F2020.winlp-1.21">10.18653/v1/2020.winlp-1.21</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+Widening+Natural+Language+Processing+Workshop&rft.atitle=FFR+v1.1%3A+Fon-French+Neural+Machine+Translation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2003.12111&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18653%2Fv1%2F2020.winlp-1.21&rft.aulast=Emezue&rft.aufirst=Chris+Chinenye&rft.au=Dossou%2C+Femi+Pancrace+Bonaventure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclweb.org%2Fanthology%2F2020.winlp-1.21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöftmannAhohounkpanzon2003" class="citation book cs1">Höftmann, Hildegard; Ahohounkpanzon, Michel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionnairefonf00hftm"><i>Dictionnaire fon-français : avec une esquisse grammaticale</i></a>. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3896454633" title="Special:BookSources/3896454633"><bdi>3896454633</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53005906">53005906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+fon-fran%C3%A7ais+%3A+avec+une+esquisse+grammaticale&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=R%C3%BCdiger+K%C3%B6ppe+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53005906&rft.isbn=3896454633&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6ftmann&rft.aufirst=Hildegard&rft.au=Ahohounkpanzon%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionnairefonf00hftm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFon+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fon_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="fon:"> Fon edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.facebook.com/fon-gbe/">A Facebook application to use and learn the Fon language, developed by Jolome.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fongbe.blogspot.com">The first blog totally in Fongbe. An access to a Fongbe forum is given</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014719/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Fon.aspx">Journal of West African Languages: Articles on Fon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manueldahomengr00delagoog"><i>Manuel dahoméen : grammaire, chrestomathie, dictionnaire français-dahoméen et dahoméen-français</i>, 1894</a> by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Delafosse" title="Maurice Delafosse">Maurice Delafosse</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> (in French)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volta-Niger_languages" title="Template:Volta-Niger languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volta-Niger_languages" title="Template talk:Volta-Niger languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volta-Niger_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volta-Niger languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volta–Niger_languages230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ayere%E2%80%93Ahan_languages" title="Ayere–Ahan languages">Ayere-Ahan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayere_language" title="Ayere language">Ayere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahan_language" title="Ahan language">Ahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adja_language" title="Adja language">Aja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alada_language" title="Alada language">Alada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayizo_language" title="Ayizo language">Ayizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbesi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbesi language">Gbesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_language" title="Gun language">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C9%94li_language" title="Tɔli language">Tɔli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofin_language" title="Tofin language">Tofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pher%C3%A1_language" title="Pherá language">Pherá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phla_language" title="Phla language">Phla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxwe_language" title="Saxwe language">Saxwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_language" title="Ekpeye language">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezaa_language" title="Ezaa language">Ezaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ika language (Nigeria)">Ika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwo_language" title="Ikwo language">Ikwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izi_language" title="Izi language">Izii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mgbo_language" title="Mgbo language">Mgbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_language" title="Ogba language">Ogba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ede_language" title="Ede language">Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edoid_languages" title="Edoid languages">Edoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Delta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degema_language" title="Degema language">Degema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_language" title="Engenni language">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epie_language" title="Epie language">Epie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afenmai_language" title="Afenmai language">Afenmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enwan_language" title="Enwan language">Enwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esan_language" title="Esan language">Esan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghotuo_language" title="Ghotuo language">Ghotuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igwe_language" title="Igwe language">Igwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhin_language" title="Ikhin language">Ikhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikpeshi_language" title="Ikpeshi language">Ikpeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivbiosakon_language" title="Ivbiosakon language">Ivbiosakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpela_language" title="Okpela language">Okpela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ososo_language" title="Ososo language">Ososo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasaru_language" title="Sasaru language">Sasaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneme_language" title="Uneme language">Uneme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akuku_language" title="Akuku language">Akuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehueun_language" title="Ehueun language">Ehueun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyayu_language" title="Iyayu language">Iyayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpamheri_language" title="Okpamheri language">Okpamheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oloma_language" title="Oloma language">Oloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpe_language_(Northwestern_Edo)" title="Okpe language (Northwestern Edo)">NW Okpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhami_language" title="Uhami language">Uhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukue_language" title="Ukue language">Ukue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eruwa_language" title="Eruwa language">Eruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpe_language_(Southwestern_Edo)" title="Okpe language (Southwestern Edo)">SW Okpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvbie_language" title="Uvbie language">Uvbie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nupoid_languages" title="Nupoid languages">Nupoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asu_language_(Nigeria)" title="Asu language (Nigeria)">Asu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Nge_people" title="Bassa Nge people">Bassa Nge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibo_language" title="Dibo language">Dibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_language" title="Ebira language">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gade_language" title="Gade language">Gade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupa-Abawa_language" title="Gupa-Abawa language">Gupa-Abawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwari_language" title="Gwari language">Gwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami_language" title="Kami language">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Zuba_language" title="Koro Zuba language">Koro Zuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupa_language" title="Kupa language">Kupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idomoid_languages" title="Idomoid languages">Idomoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatu_language" title="Agatu language">Agatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alago_language" title="Alago language">Alago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etulo_language" title="Etulo language">Etulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_language" title="Idoma language">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede_language" title="Igede language">Igede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yace_language" title="Yace language">Yace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akpa_language" title="Akpa language">Akpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yala_language" title="Yala language">Yala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpes_language" title="Akpes language">Akpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akoko_language" title="Akoko language">Akoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oko_language" title="Oko language">Oko</a></li> 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