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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_and_idioms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vocabulary and idioms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary_and_idioms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary and idioms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_and_idioms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terms_for_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Terms for buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Terms for clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Terms for communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_education_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_education_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Terms for education and training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_education_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_family_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_family_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Terms for family members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_family_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_food_and_farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_food_and_farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Terms for food and farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_food_and_farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Terms for language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Terms for money</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Terms for quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Terms for religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_for_social_events_and_greetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_for_social_events_and_greetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Words for social events and greetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_for_social_events_and_greetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_transport_and_giving_directions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_transport_and_giving_directions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Terms for transport and giving directions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_transport_and_giving_directions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_witchcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_witchcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Terms for witchcraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_witchcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Other terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borrowed_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowed_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Borrowed terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowed_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar differences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar_differences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar differences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Prepositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">As a second language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Advanced topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin" title="Lists of English words by country or language of origin">Loanwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Phonology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">Phonology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">History</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguillian Creole">Anguillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_English" title="Antiguan and Barbudan English">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_English" title="Bajan English">Bajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_English" title="Belizean English">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji#English" title="Languages of Fiji">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavia_English" title="Gustavia English">Gustavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="San Andrés–Providencia Creole">San Andrés–Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwean</a></li> <li><i>see also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">List of dialects of English</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Teaching</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Teaching English as a second or foreign language">Teaching English as a second language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ugandan_English" title="Special:EditPage/Ugandan English">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ugandan+English%22">"Ugandan English"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ugandan+English%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ugandan+English%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ugandan+English%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ugandan+English%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ugandan+English%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Ugandan English</b>, also colloquially referred to as <b>Uglish</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">YOO</span>-glish</i></a>), is the variety of English spoken in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from <i>Uglish</i> (first recorded in 2012), other colloquial <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau word">portmanteau words</a> are <i>Uganglish</i> (recorded from 2006) and <i>Ugandlish</i> (2010).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_indigenous_languages">Influence of indigenous languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Influence of indigenous languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The speech patterns of Ugandan languages strongly influence spoken English. Uganda has a large variety of indigenous languages, and someone familiar with Uganda can readily identify the native language of a person speaking English. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Bantu languages</a> spoken in southern Uganda tend not to have consonants sounded alone without a vowel in the syllable. Indeed, the <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a> word for consonant is "silent letter". Thus the letters <i>l</i> and <i>d</i> in <i>Alfred</i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> will be given sound by the addition of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/u/: 'u' in 'influence'">u</span></span>/</a></span></span>, making the pronunciation of the word <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈalufuredi/</span>. Similarly, <i>muscular</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmusicular/</span>. </p><p>Luganda never has an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> starting a word; it only appears following the letters <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> within a word. The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> sound, conversely, cannot follow these sounds. Thus the word <i>railway</i> gets its <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and its <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> substituted, giving <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/leyirwe/</span>. </p><p>Luganda does not permit the sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kju/</span>; any occurrence of this sound becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃu/</span>. Thus <i>cute</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃut/</span>. </p><p>The initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is dysphonic to the Luganda speaker but is perfectly natural to the speaker of <a href="/wiki/Runyankole" class="mw-redirect" title="Runyankole">Runyankole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rukiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukiga">Rukiga</a>, which have few instances of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> sound. Additionally, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> in Runyankole and Rukiga is more often heard as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>. The combination of the above three rules will transform <i>calcium</i> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/karuʃim/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_and_idioms">Vocabulary and idioms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vocabulary and idioms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Ugandan English words have a peculiar meaning widely understood within Uganda but mystifying to foreigners. The origin of these usages may be obscure. The best known example is probably <i>to extend</i>, which in Uganda means <i>move over on a seat to make room for someone else</i>. Another example, "pop", is used to replace words like <i>bring</i> and <i>come</i> for example: <i>Danny, pop that bottle here</i> or <i>Heno, pop to my house</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_buildings">Terms for buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terms for buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes the usage has a traceable origin. A basement is called a <i>godown</i>, but the usual meaning of <i>warehouse</i> is also known in Uganda as proper English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A building labelled <i>hotel</i>, in a small town, is likely to be a restaurant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_clothing">Terms for clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terms for clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verb <i>to put on</i> is often substituted for <i>to dress</i>, <i>to be dressed</i>, or <i>to wear</i>. One may hear remarks such as "That lady is rich, don't you see how she is putting on" and "The police are looking for a man putting on a red shirt." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_communication">Terms for communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terms for communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a> services are prepaid. A person finding themselves with inadequate prepaid time to make a call will ring up the intended recipient of the call and hang up immediately. The receiver of the call, hearing the phone ring once and seeing the number, understands themselves to have been <i>beeped</i>. Alternatively, it is called being <i>flashed</i> on account of the brief flashing of the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The understood message is <i>I wish to talk to you at your expense</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_education_and_training">Terms for education and training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Terms for education and training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the worlds of business and development, the word "facilitation" or the expression "to facilitate someone" have fundamentally different meanings in Uganda from those in Europe or the US. In Uganda, it most often means paying them for something. It is often a payment in part to cover some expenses, but is expected to go beyond just the "out-of-pocket" costs the recipient has incurred. Sometimes it can amount to the equivalent of a week or two's wages just for attending a meeting for a day or two. In business in Europe or the US, it usually means to help organise progress amongst a group of people in some way and almost never involves paying them anything. This is rather about helping them by doing preparation and analysis; by chairing and minute-taking at meetings and by mobilising, coaching and advising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_family_members">Terms for family members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Terms for family members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children whose fathers are brothers are considered siblings in most Ugandan tribes. The English word <i>cousin</i> conflates them with the children of a maternal uncle or those of aunts, who in a patrilineal society belong to a different clan. Thus, the terms <i>cousin brother</i> or <i>cousin sister</i> are used to identify the "close" cousins. </p><p>A dependant is a child who is not the biological offspring of the family with whom the child lives. Sometimes, dependants are referred to as sons, daughters, nephews, or nieces. The high number of children orphaned by <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> and poverty combined with the communal culture of Uganda leads to an extremely high number of dependents and a great deal of confusion for an outsider trying to determine biological family structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_food_and_farming">Terms for food and farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Terms for food and farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drinking a beverage is often described as taking a beverage. A pop is a soda. All tea is also called chai. </p><p>French fries in Uganda are called chips, as in British English. </p><p>Macrons means <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti" title="Spaghetti">spaghetti</a>, which is generally fried in oil. </p><p>Irish potatoes are potatoes, while "potatoes" means sweet potatoes. </p><p>Sukuma wiki means <a href="/wiki/Collard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard greens">collard greens</a>. Ovacado or vacado means <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>. Posho refers to a dense mixture of cooked cornmeal and water also known as <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">ugali</a>. </p><p>Farming is often referred to as <i>digging</i> and fields under cultivation, even large ones, may be referred to as <i>gardens</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_language">Terms for language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Terms for language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>vernacular</i>, rarely used in ordinary conversation in most of the English speaking world, is common in Uganda to mean <i>local language</i>. It comes from the fact that in most primary schools, pupils are punished for speaking "vernacular", languages other than English. Since there are many local languages, they are usually classified as "vernacular". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_money">Terms for money</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Terms for money"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When money is spent extravagantly on outings, shopping, recreations and the like, Ugandans are said to be "eating money." It is also a common phrase in reference to embezzlement, corruption, or misappropriation of funds: "The Minister ate the money," or "He was fired from his job because he ate money." This phrase also applies to <i>living a lavish or abundant lifestyle</i>, hence "You are eating money", which commonly means one is successful and doing well. </p><p>In Uganda the verb "demand" is often used instead of "owe", with inversion of subject and object. For example, <i>I demand John ten thousand shillings</i> meaning <i>John owes me ten thousand shillings</i>. </p><p>When out with friends to drink or shopping and someone takes the bill, the term <i>house</i> is used. For example, <i>We went out with Kenneth last night and he housed us</i>, meaning <i>We went out with Kenneth last night and he paid for the drinks</i>. </p><p>Foreign currency is <i>forex</i>, and currency exchange bureaus are <i>forex bureaux</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In American and British English, a dishonoured check is said to <i>bounce</i>; Ugandans have adopted this phrase to refer to the inability to the failure to meet with someone – with or without an appointment: "I came to your place and bounced." </p><p>Due to the high exchange rate to other currencies , in Uganda 1000 shillings is referred to as 1k, 2000 shillings is referred to as 2k, and so on. ”Lend me some 10k Marvin.” Meaning “Lend me 10000 shillings Marvin.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_quality">Terms for quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Terms for quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Somehow</i> is interspersed frequently, and means slightly, occasionally, or can imply doubt. When asked if you liked the food, and you enjoyed it slightly, you could simply reply 'somehow'. </p><p>The word <i>fake</i> can be used to chastise a person about something. For example, if one's friend went on an exciting evening out without inviting the other friend, one might hear the latter complain, saying "Eeh, you man, you are fake!" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_religion">Terms for religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Terms for religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>save-dee</i> is someone who has found God, often referred to in other English-speaking countries as being saved. Individuals who would be referred to elsewhere as atheists and agnostics are referred to as pagans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_for_social_events_and_greetings">Words for social events and greetings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Words for social events and greetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Congs</i> is frequently used as shortening of congratulations. <i>Wel be back</i> is a bastardised way of saying welcome back, but it used much more commonly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The word <i>lost</i> is used to mean that one has not seen the person in a long time. One would say "Eeeh, but you are lost." </p><p>The phrase "ok please" is used to convey agreement or acknowledgement. It can also be used to signal a transition. For instance, if a person is preparing to leave, he might break a moment of silence with "ok please" and then announce that he is leaving. "Thank you please" has a similar meaning but can also mean thank you. "Please" never means please. If Ugandans want something, they say "You give me..." Please is not required; the tone of the voice is normally enough to convey politeness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_transport_and_giving_directions">Terms for transport and giving directions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Terms for transport and giving directions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forms of transport are referred to as <i>means</i>. For instance: 'I could not reach the party last night; I had no means'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (March 2011)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A "taxi" is a van used like a bus, carrying many persons along a fixed route. A taxi taking one passenger at a time on a negotiable route is referred to as a <i>special hire</i>. A tow truck is a <i>breakdown</i>. </p><p>A motorbike or bicycle used for the same purpose is a <i>bodaboda</i>. The term originated at the Uganda–Kenya border crossing at <a href="/wiki/Busia,_Uganda" title="Busia, Uganda">Busia</a>, where a kilometre separates the downtown area from the border post on the Ugandan side. Travellers dropped off at the bus/taxi station by buses or taxis, or those coming to Uganda from the Kenya side, were ferried over this distance by enterprising cyclists, who would attract business by calling "border, border". </p><p>The title <i>Captain</i> is applied to all pilots, not just those in command of a plane. <i>Pilot</i> is often used to refer to the driver of a bus, (minivan) taxi or "special hire". </p><p>When people walk they say they "foot". </p><p>When giving directions, the following expressions are common: <i>to slope</i> means going in a particular direction which is not necessarily downhill; <i>to branch</i> means to turn. </p><p>"To give someone a push" means to accompany a person home for some distance. When a car "sleeps" outside, it means it stays outside, not in the compound or in the garage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_witchcraft">Terms for witchcraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Terms for witchcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A practitioner of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a>. The origin is unclear and is not a direct translation from a Ugandan language. A practitioner of witchcraft in Uganda is referred to as a Witch doctor, though this term is often also used to refer to practitioners of local medicines (e.g. herbal medicines). Nightdancer, however, refers to a person who has been possessed by a spirit, causing them to dance naked in the wee hours of the night, and very often causing them to defecate and smear human excrement on people's door posts. This usage can be found throughout Uganda, regardless of tribal origin. It eventually became synonymous with witch doctors, as they were usually possessed by these spirits. Nightdancer, is also commonly used to refer to cannibals, not that this is a common practice. For example, a parent may say, <i>You will become a</i> nightdancer<i>.</i> to a child who is biting their fingernails. This implies that the child may eventually start eating human flesh instead of just fingernails. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_terms">Other terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>downer</i> is used instead of <i>lower</i>, used in opposition to <i>upper</i>. For example: "I broke my upper leg, but my downer leg was paining, too." The word paining is often used in place of the word hurting to mean the same thing. </p><p>"Sorry" tends to be used in different ways in Uganda and England. Ugandans are perfectly correct to use the word to express sympathy and sadness for something undesirable that has happened to someone by saying "Oh, sorry" or "I'm sorry". However, in England direct use like this is now usually an expression of regret with some responsibility attached – a form of apology. If they were not involved and just mean to express sympathy, they are likely to be less direct – "I'm sorry to hear that" or "that's really sad", or "that's terrible". </p><p><i>Ever</i> is used to mean <i>often</i>, in the same way <i>always</i> is used in American English. It is the opposite of the exaggeration <i>never</i>. For example, if someone is often late, a Ugandan might say "She is ever late." </p><p>The Broadway play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vagina_Monologues" title="The Vagina Monologues">The Vagina Monologues</a></i> had a brief, but notorious, appearance on the Ugandan stage before being banned by government censors. The brouhaha led to the entry of the word <i>monologue</i> into Ugandan English as a euphemism for <i><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a></i>. The newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Pepper_(newspaper)" title="Red Pepper (newspaper)">Red Pepper</a></i> popularised the use of the word <i>kandahar</i> and after the 2010 World Cup, <i>vuvuzela</i> for vagina, and <i>whopper</i> for penis. </p><p>The adjective <i>whole</i> is used to emphasise disapproval of conduct unbecoming a person's rank or station. Examples: "How can a whole Minister go to that cheap nightclub?" or "How can a whole headmaster dress so badly?" The usage is a direct translation from several Ugandan languages. </p><p>Among younger people, <i>proggie</i> (shortened version of programme) is common when referring to one's social plans, e.g. <i>Susan, what's your proggie for the weekend, let's hook up.</i> </p><p>The word <i>Zibbs</i> is an often-used word to mean problems. Example: <i> I failed the exam, now those are other zibbs</i> This term originates from the Luganda word for problems <i>ebizibu</i> </p><p>The adverb <i>Just</i> is often used at the end of the statement to express obviousness. Example: During a phone call, one would tell a friend, <i>I am at home eating food, just.</i> </p><p>The noun <i>Gas</i> is in some scenarios used to denote physical strength as opposed to an air like fluid or gasoline. Example: <i>I have no gas to read for the exam.</i> </p><p>Among students <i>Paper</i> means exam. One can normally hear Ugandan students exclaiming, <i>The paper was hard!</i> to mean that the exam was difficult. </p><p>The noun <i>Mob</i> does not necessarily denote a large unruly crowd of people but can also be used to mean objects. In some contexts, to Ugandans, <i>mob</i> can mean "a lot" or "a significant amount". For example, <i>There are mob people in that building</i> means that there are a lot of people in the building. The people represented in the example do not have to be unruly to be referred to as <i>a</i> <i>mob</i>. Another example, <i>We have mob food here</i> means we have a lot of food. </p><p>In the dialect of English used in Karamoja, to <i>enjoy</i> can be used as "to be married to", as in the sentence, "I used to enjoy Narot but now, since the divorce, I am enjoying Nakoto." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borrowed_terms">Borrowed terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Borrowed terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ugandan words are often inserted into English because the English equivalent does not convey the sense the Ugandan speaker intends. </p><p>The standard English term <i>brother-in-law</i> applies to both a spouse's brother and a spouse's sister's husband. A man's relationship with these two entails two quite different sets of obligations and norms in Ugandan society. Thus, Luganda speakers will often use <i>muko</i> (wife's brother) and <i>musangi</i> (literally "one you met", meaning you met at the girl's home while wooing her) to make the distinction. </p><p>Sometimes only a prefix is borrowed. In Luganda the prefix <i>ka-</i> before a noun denotes smallness. A Member of Parliament, referring to a 5-foot-tall (1.5 m) Finance Minister, said in a debate "the <i>ka-</i>man is innocent."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Ka-child</i> and <i>ka-thing</i> are also common. Thus, in most cases it is used to refer to the size of an object. For example, many cell phones in Uganda have <a href="/wiki/Flashlight" title="Flashlight">torches</a>, as an accessory of the phones. Ugandans refer to this light as the "katorchi" since the light emitted from the phone comes from a small bulb at the top. But it can also be diminutive, such as in the case when a woman is telling her friends how she was bothered by an overly flirtatious young man on the taxi, "Eh! this ka-boy really disturbed me on the taxi. He would not stop asking for my number." Here the ka is used not so much to refer to whether or not the boy was short or tall, but rather as a way to reflect how he bothered her.<i> Ka-timba</i>, however, in the context of building construction refers to a thin piece of steel (such as re-bar), rather than the wood which one might expect. On the other hand, akatimba (obutimba, plural) is the name for a mosquito net. Thus, as is common in Uganda, one word will have multiple, if not numerous, meanings depending on the context in which it is used, as will the prefixes. </p><p>The Luganda conjunction <i>nti</i> is often slipped into English sentences instead of <i>that</i>. Thus, one will hear a quotation like "The Minister said <i>nti</i> corruption will not be tolerated." If the speaker is skeptical, he will use <i>mbu</i> instead of <i>nti</i>: "The Minister said <i>mbu</i> corruption will not be tolerated" implies that it is just talk; business will go on as usual. </p><p>In some Ugandan languages, the same verb can be used to express <i>thanks</i>, <i>congratulations</i>, and <i>appreciation of a job well done</i>. It is normal for an African working in his own garden to be thanked for his work by a passing stranger. If one buys a new car in Uganda, or wins a race, one should not be surprised to find themselves being thanked. </p><p>People are also thanked early in the morning as a form of greeting. Therefore, a Luganda speaker may translate "gyebale" by saying "well done". They are just greeting others by way of thanking them for their usual work, not necessarily for a particular task. </p><p>The expression <i>well done</i> is extrapolated to specific actions. Examples include <i>well fought</i>, to soldiers on the winning side after a war; <i>well bought</i>, to someone with a new car or house; and even <i>well put on</i>, to a well-dressed person.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ugandans often create <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteaus</a> from Luganda English words. For example, "I am going to change into a dress" becomes "I'm going to <i>ku-changi-nga</i>." In other cases, they add <i>-ing</i> at the end of a Luganda word; thus, a young girl can say "That gentleman was <i>kwaana-ring</i> me" to mean <i>the gentleman was chatting me up</i>. Or still letter "-d" or "-ed" can be added at the end of a Luganda word. For example, "Brenda kwanjula-d Brian at her parents' home" to mean "Brenda introduced Brian at her parents' home". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar_differences">Grammar differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Grammar differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ugandans will frequently combine two sentences into one using the word <i>and</i>. For example, a barber will say "Sit down and I cut your hair," or a messenger might say "They told me to come and you give me the package." The usage makes sense in most Ugandan languages, but in these languages the word <i>and</i> is implied, not stated. </p><p>The personal pronoun is usually added to imperative sentences. Thus, one hears the phrase "Go to Entebbe;" or "Please go to Entebbe" will become "You go to Entebbe." "Please come here" becomes "You come." "Let's go" becomes "we go". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a tendency to create <a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">strong verbs</a> from weak English verbs. For example, the past participle of the verb "to flop" is "flap" instead of "flopped". "I flap the test" means "I didn’t do well in the test". Other examples include rendering the past participle of "to game" as <i>gam</i>, "to fetch" as <i>fatch</i> and "to chop" as <i>chap</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prepositions">Prepositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prepositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many speakers of foreign languages, Ugandans change, add and omit prepositions that are normally used by native speakers. For example, Ugandans: </p> <ul><li>decrease on things, not decrease things</li> <li>demand for things, not demand things</li> <li>yield into things, not yield (produce) things or yield to (give way to) things</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ugandan pronunciation of English varies widely depending on the level of education of teachers and the exposure to English. Since native speakers, English recordings, and dictionaries with pronunciation guides are not readily available to most Ugandans, they rely on spelling to guess how to pronounce words. As a result, visitors will hear "spelling pronunciation". For example, in Kampala, "acacia" as in Acacia Avenue is pronounced /a ˈka sia/, not /əˈkeɪʃə/ or /əˈkeɪ sɪə/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling">Spelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard English spelling rules are often flouted, even in official publications. For example, the word <i>dining</i> is frequently spelt "dinning," which to a native English speaker would be pronounced with a "short" <i>i</i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, as if it refers to making a loud noise (<i>din</i>) rather than referring to the room in which eating takes place (<i>dine</i>). Businesses that are labelled <i>saloons</i> are, in reality, western salons. </p><p>Another frequent change is the confusion of <i>u</i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span></span>/</a></span></span> and <i>a</i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></span>/</a></span></span>. An example would be the use of "batter" for "butter" (spread on bread). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note previous discussion on the interchangeability of <i>to dress</i>, <i>to wear</i> and <i>to put on</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://markmeynell.wordpress.com/2011/04/18/the-joys-of-ugandan-english/">"The joys of Ugandan English"</a>. 18 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+joys+of+Ugandan+English&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarkmeynell.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2Fthe-joys-of-ugandan-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgandan+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530144031/http://www.travelpod.com/travel-blog-entries/nic./1/1255342288/tpod.html">"Ugandan English at its best – kawa, oba what? – Kampala, Uganda Travel Blog"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelpod.com/travel-blog-entries/nic./1/1255342288/tpod.html">the original</a> on 30 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ugandan+English+at+its+best+%E2%80%93+kawa%2C+oba+what%3F+%E2%80%93+Kampala%2C+Uganda+Travel+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelpod.com%2Ftravel-blog-entries%2Fnic.%2F1%2F1255342288%2Ftpod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgandan+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. <i>English World-wide</i>, 39(1): 31. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/22/-sp-how-english-language-evolved-uganda-uglish">"Do you speak Uglish? How English has evolved in Uganda"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 22 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Do+you+speak+Uglish%3F+How+English+has+evolved+in+Uganda&rft.date=2014-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fdec%2F22%2F-sp-how-english-language-evolved-uganda-uglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgandan+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabiiti2014" class="citation book cs1">Sabiiti, Bernard (2014). <i>Uglish: A Dictionary of Ugandan English</i>. Kampala: Optimist Media. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789970934508" title="Special:BookSources/9789970934508"><bdi>9789970934508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uglish%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Ugandan+English&rft.place=Kampala&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Optimist+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789970934508&rft.aulast=Sabiiti&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgandan+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Levental. Peace Corps Uganda 2011-2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugandaforex.com/">"Uganda Association of Forex Bureaux"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uganda+Association+of+Forex+Bureaux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ugandaforex.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgandan+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Sabiiti2015" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Sabiiti (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ugandanenglish.wordpress.com/"><i>Uglish: A Dictionary of Ugandan English</i></a>. J.C Mugunga. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781312826397" title="Special:BookSources/9781312826397"><bdi>9781312826397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uglish%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Ugandan+English&rft.pub=J.C+Mugunga&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781312826397&rft.au=Bernard+Sabiiti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fugandanenglish.wordpress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUgandan+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugandan_English&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugandawiki.ug/Ugandan_English">Features of Ugandan English</a> and a listing of the more common expressions of Ugandan English.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Uganda66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Uganda" title="Template:Languages of Uganda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Uganda" title="Template talk:Languages of Uganda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Uganda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Uganda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Uganda66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uganda" title="Languages of Uganda">Languages of Uganda</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Bantu)" title="Amba language (Bantu)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gungu_language" title="Gungu language">Gungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwere_language" title="Gwere language">Gwere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayo_language" title="Khayo language">Khayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiga_language" title="Kiga language">Kiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Luhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marachi_language" title="Marachi language">Marachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaba_language" title="Masaba language">Masaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkore_language" title="Nkore language">Nkore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkore-Kiga_language" title="Nkore-Kiga language">Nkore-Kiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyole_language_(Uganda)" title="Nyole language (Uganda)">Nyole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyoro_language" title="Nyoro language">Nyoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyoro-Tooro_language" title="Nyoro-Tooro language">Nyoro-Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruuli_language" title="Ruuli language">Ruuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samia_language" title="Samia language">Samia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singa_language" title="Singa language">Singa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soga_language" title="Soga language">Soga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinga_language" title="Talinga language">Talinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooro_language" title="Tooro language">Tooro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Acholi language">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhola_dialect" title="Adhola dialect">Adhola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alur_language" title="Alur language">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aringa_language" title="Aringa language">Aringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_language" title="Bari language">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgon_languages" title="Elgon languages">Elgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_language" title="Ik language">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamojong_language" title="Karamojong language">Karamojong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuku_dialect" title="Kuku dialect">Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lango_language_(Uganda)" title="Lango language (Uganda)">Lango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_language" title="Lugbara language">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyang%27i_language" title="Nyang'i language">Nyang'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6koot_language" title="Pökoot language">Pökoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soo_language" title="Soo language">Soo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Luo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luo language">Southern Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teso_language" title="Teso language">Teso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runyakitara_language" title="Runyakitara language">Runyakitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropom_language" title="Oropom language">Oropom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_English" title="Maltese English">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America2312" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_American_Speech" title="Good American Speech">Good American Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_elite_accent" title="Northeastern elite accent">Northeastern elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_English" title="Antiguan and Barbudan English">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia481" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uganda_articles563" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uganda_topics" title="Template:Uganda topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uganda_topics" title="Template talk:Uganda topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uganda_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uganda topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uganda_articles563" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Uganda-related_articles" title="Index of Uganda-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda" title="History of Uganda">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Uganda" title="Early history of Uganda">Early (pre-1894)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Uganda_under_Egyptian_rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Uganda under Egyptian rule (page does not exist)">Egyptian rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">British rule (1894–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda_(1962%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Uganda (1962–71)">Early independence (1962–1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Uganda" title="Second Republic of Uganda">Idi Amin (1971–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda_(1979%E2%80%931986)" title="History of Uganda (1979–1986)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda since 1986</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda" title="Coat of arms of Uganda"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uganda" title="Geography of Uganda">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Uganda" title="List of cities and towns in Uganda">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Uganda" title="Conservation in Uganda">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Uganda" title="List of lakes of Uganda">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Uganda" title="Category:Mountains of Uganda">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protected_Areas_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Protected Areas in Uganda">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Uganda" title="List of rivers of Uganda">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Uganda" title="Wildlife of Uganda">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uganda" title="Politics of Uganda">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uganda" title="Administrative divisions of Uganda">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uganda" title="Constitution of Uganda">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uganda" title="Corruption in Uganda">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uganda" title="Elections in Uganda">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Uganda" title="Foreign relations of Uganda">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Uganda" title="Category:Government of Uganda">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Uganda" title="President of Uganda">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uganda" title="Prime Minister of Uganda">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Uganda" title="Cabinet of Uganda">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uganda" title="Human rights in Uganda">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Uganda" title="Intersex rights in Uganda">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uganda">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Police_Force" title="Uganda Police Force">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Uganda" title="List of political parties in Uganda">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebel_groups_in_Uganda" title="Category:Rebel groups in Uganda">Rebel groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Uganda" title="Agriculture in Uganda">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Uganda" title="Banking in Uganda">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Uganda" title="Bank of Uganda">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Uganda" title="Conservation in Uganda">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Uganda" title="Energy in Uganda">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Uganda">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Uganda" title="Forestry in Uganda">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Uganda" title="Poverty in Uganda">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_shilling" title="Ugandan shilling">Shilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Securities_Exchange" title="Uganda Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Uganda">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uganda" title="Tourism in Uganda">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Uganda" title="Trade unions in Uganda">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uganda" title="Transport in Uganda">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Uganda" title="Category:Society of Uganda">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uganda" title="Abortion in Uganda">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Uganda" title="Climate change in Uganda">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uganda" title="Demographics of Uganda">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Uganda" title="Domestic violence in Uganda">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uganda" title="Education in Uganda">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Uganda" title="Health in Uganda">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Uganda" title="Human trafficking in Uganda">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uganda" title="Languages of Uganda">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Uganda" title="Polygamy in Uganda">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Uganda" title="Prostitution in Uganda">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Uganda" title="Squatting in Uganda">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uganda" title="Terrorism in Uganda">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Uganda" title="Water supply and sanitation in Uganda">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Uganda" title="Youth in Uganda">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uganda" title="Culture of Uganda">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomesi" title="Gomesi"><i>Gomesi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dress)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzu" title="Kanzu"><i>Kanzu</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(robe)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Uganda">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Uganda" title="Public holidays in Uganda">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Uganda">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uganda" title="Outline of Uganda">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Uganda-related_articles" title="Index of Uganda-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uganda" title="Category:Uganda">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uganda" title="Portal:Uganda">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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