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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hypostyle_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypostyle_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hypostyle Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypostyle_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_knowledge_of_Karnak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_knowledge_of_Karnak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>European knowledge of Karnak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_knowledge_of_Karnak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Main parts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_parts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main parts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precinct_of_Amun-Re" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precinct_of_Amun-Re"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Precinct of Amun-Re</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precinct_of_Amun-Re-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precinct_of_Mut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precinct_of_Mut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Precinct of Mut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precinct_of_Mut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precinct_of_Montu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precinct_of_Montu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Precinct of Montu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precinct_of_Montu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV_(deliberately_dismantled)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV_(deliberately_dismantled)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Temple of Amenhotep IV (deliberately dismantled)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV_(deliberately_dismantled)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Karnak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%83" title="الكرنك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكرنك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak_(m%C9%99b%C9%99d_kompleksi)" title="Karnak (məbəd kompleksi) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karnak (məbəd kompleksi)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Карнак – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карнак" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Карнакскі храм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карнакскі храм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81)" title="Карнак (храмов комплекс) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карнак (храмов комплекс)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_de_Karnak" title="Temple de Karnak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Temple de Karnak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E2%80%98bad_al_Karnak" title="Ma‘bad al Karnak – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ma‘bad al Karnak" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templet_i_Karnak" title="Templet i Karnak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Templet i Karnak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak-Tempel" title="Karnak-Tempel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karnak-Tempel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA_(%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Καρνάκ (Αίγυπτος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρνάκ (Αίγυπτος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnakeko_Tenpluko_Konplexua" title="Karnakeko Tenpluko Konplexua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karnakeko Tenpluko Konplexua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%A9" title="کرنک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرنک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnac" title="Carnac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carnac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%98%ED%81%AC_%EC%8B%A0%EC%A0%84" title="카르나크 신전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카르나크 신전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Կառնակի տաճար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառնակի տաճար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="कर्नाक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कर्नाक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complesso_templare_di_Karnak" title="Complesso templare di Karnak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Complesso templare di Karnak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%9B" title="כרנכ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרנכ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak-Tempel" title="Karnak-Tempel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Karnak-Tempel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnako_%C5%A1ventykla" title="Karnako šventykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karnako šventykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaki_templom" title="Karnaki templom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karnaki templom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempolin%27_i_Karnaka" title="Tempolin' i Karnaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tempolin' i Karnaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="കർണ്ണാക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കർണ്ണാക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak_(Egypte)" title="Karnak (Egypte) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karnak (Egypte)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%A5%9E%E6%AE%BF" title="カルナック神殿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルナック神殿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_de_Karnak" title="Temple de Karnak – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Temple de Karnak" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95" title="ਕਰਨਾਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਰਨਾਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaque" title="Carnaque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carnaque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Карнакский храм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карнакский храм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaku" title="Karnaku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karnaku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karna%C5%A1ki_hram" title="Karnaški hram – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Karnaški hram" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnakin_temppeli" title="Karnakin temppeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karnakin temppeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelstaden_i_Karnak" title="Tempelstaden i Karnak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tempelstaden i Karnak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="கருனகு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருனகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="คาร์นัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์นัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_Tap%C4%B1na%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Amon Tapınağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amon Tapınağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Карнакський храм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карнакський храм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%A9" title="کرنک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرنک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Karnak" title="Đền Karnak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đền Karnak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_han_Karnak" title="Templo han Karnak – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Templo han Karnak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%8D%E5%85%8B%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="卡納克神廟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡納克神廟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="卡纳克神庙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡纳克神庙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karnak&params=25_43_6_N_32_39_30_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°43′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°39′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.71833°N 32.65833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.71833; 32.65833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Karnak&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Karnak">Temple of Karnak</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Egyptian temple complex</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the temple complex. For the commune, see <a href="/wiki/Carnac" title="Carnac">Carnac</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Karnak_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Karnak (disambiguation)">Karnak (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Karnak</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_de_Louxor_68.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Temple_de_Louxor_68.jpg/250px-Temple_de_Louxor_68.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Temple_de_Louxor_68.jpg/375px-Temple_de_Louxor_68.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Temple_de_Louxor_68.jpg/500px-Temple_de_Louxor_68.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pillars of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall" title="Great Hypostyle Hall">Great Hypostyle Hall</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Precinct of Amun-Re</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karnak is located in Egypt"><img alt="Karnak is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.09%;left:64.567%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Karnak"><img alt="Karnak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Egypt</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">El-Karnak, <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Governorate" title="Luxor Governorate">Luxor Governorate</a>, Egypt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karnak&params=25_43_6_N_32_39_30_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°43′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°39′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.71833°N 32.65833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.71833; 32.65833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Sanctuary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category">Stone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1970 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">I, III, VI</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1979 (3rd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/87">87</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_states" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states">Arab states</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Karnak Temple Complex</b>, commonly known as <b>Karnak</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprises a vast mix of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">pylons</a>, chapels, and other buildings near <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, Egypt. Construction at the complex began during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> (reigned 1971–1926 BC) in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000–1700 BC</span>) and continued into the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> (305–30 BC), although most of the extant buildings date from the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>. The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian <i>Ipet-isut</i> ("The Most Selected of Places") and the main place of worship of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">18th Dynastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a>, with the god <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> as its head. It is part of the monumental city of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, and in 1979 it was added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a> along with the rest of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karnak gets its name from the nearby, and partly surrounded, modern village of El-Karnak, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles) north of Luxor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original name of the temple was <i>Ipet-isut</i>, meaning "The Most Select of Places".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex's modern name "Karnak" comes from the nearby village of el-Karnak,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means "fortified village".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The complex is a vast open site and includes the <a href="/wiki/Karnak_Open_Air_Museum" title="Karnak Open Air Museum">Karnak Open Air Museum</a>. It is believed to be the second<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> most visited historical site in Egypt; only the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramid complex</a> near Cairo receives more visits. It consists of four main parts, of which only the largest is currently open to the public. The term Karnak often is understood as being the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Precinct of Amun-Re</a> only, because this is the only part most visitors see. The three other parts, the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Mut" title="Precinct of Mut">Precinct of Mut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Montu" title="Precinct of Montu">Precinct of Montu</a>, and the dismantled <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV" title="Temple of Amenhotep IV">Temple of Amenhotep IV</a>, are closed to the public. There also are a few smaller temples and sanctuaries connecting the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Amun-Re, and the <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Temple" title="Luxor Temple">Luxor Temple</a>. The Precinct of Mut is very ancient, being dedicated to an Earth and creation deity, but not yet restored. The original temple was destroyed and partially restored by <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>, although another pharaoh built around it in order to change the focus or orientation of the sacred area. Many portions of it may have been carried away for use in other buildings. </p><p>The key difference between Karnak and most of the other temples and sites in Egypt is the length of time over which it was developed and used. Construction of temples started in the Middle Kingdom and continued into Ptolemaic times. Approximately thirty pharaohs contributed to the buildings, enabling it to reach a size, complexity, and diversity not seen elsewhere. Few of the individual features of Karnak are unique, but the size and number of features are vast. The deities represented range from some of the earliest worshipped to those worshipped much later in the history of the Ancient Egyptian culture. Although destroyed, it also contained an early temple built by Amenhotep IV (<a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>), the pharaoh who later would celebrate a nearly monotheistic religion he established that prompted him to move his court and religious center away from Thebes. It also contains evidence of adaptations, where the buildings of the ancient Egyptians were used by later cultures for their own religious purposes, such as Coptic churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypostyle_Hall">Hypostyle Hall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hypostyle Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall" title="Great Hypostyle Hall">Great Hypostyle Hall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_de_Louxor_53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Temple_de_Louxor_53.jpg/220px-Temple_de_Louxor_53.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Temple_de_Louxor_53.jpg/330px-Temple_de_Louxor_53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Temple_de_Louxor_53.jpg/440px-Temple_de_Louxor_53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Open papyrus umbel capitals and architrave on the central columns of the Hypostyle Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The Great Hypostyle Hall in the Precinct of Amun-Re has an area of 50,000 sq ft (5,000 m<sup>2</sup>) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows. One hundred and twenty-two of these columns are 10 metres (33 ft) tall, and the other 12 are 21 metres (69 ft) tall with a diameter of over 3 metres (9.8 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architraves</a>, on top of these columns, are estimated to weigh 70 tons. </p><p>These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">levers</a>. This would be a time-consuming process and also would require great balance to get to such heights. A common alternative theory regarding how they were moved is that large ramps were constructed of sand, mud, brick or stone and that the stones were then towed up the ramps. If stone had been used for the ramps, they would have been able to use much less material. The top of the ramps presumably would have employed either wooden tracks or cobblestones for towing the megaliths. </p><p>There is an unfinished pillar in an out-of-the-way location that indicates how it would have been finished. Final carving was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several experiments moving megaliths with ancient technology were made at other locations – some of which are amongst the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_monoliths" title="List of largest monoliths">largest monoliths</a> in the world. </p><p>The sun god's shrine was built so that it has light focused upon it during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> launched a website dedicated to virtual reality digital reconstructions of the Karnak complex and other resources.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Karnak_Temple_complex" title="History of the Karnak Temple complex">History of the Karnak Temple complex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S03_06_01_018_image_2398.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/S03_06_01_018_image_2398.jpg/170px-S03_06_01_018_image_2398.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/S03_06_01_018_image_2398.jpg/255px-S03_06_01_018_image_2398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/S03_06_01_018_image_2398.jpg/340px-S03_06_01_018_image_2398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Gate at Karnak. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection (before 1923)</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> and its changing role in the culture. Religious centers varied by region, and when a new capital of the unified culture was established, the religious centers in that area gained prominence. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a> and previous temple building there would have been relatively small, with shrines being dedicated to the early deities of Thebes, the Earth goddess <a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a>. Early building was destroyed by invaders. The earliest known artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided column from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Re. Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary deity</a> of Thebes. He was identified with the ram and the goose. The Egyptian meaning of Amun is "hidden" or the "hidden god".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obelisks_at_Karnac_(1906)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Obelisks_at_Karnac_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/260px-Obelisks_at_Karnac_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Obelisks_at_Karnac_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/390px-Obelisks_at_Karnac_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Obelisks_at_Karnac_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/520px-Obelisks_at_Karnac_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Obelisks of Hatshepsut: a tall obelisk stands above a field of rubble and bricks; in the foreground lies the top of another obelisk. (1906)</figcaption></figure> <p>Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>, when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt. Almost every pharaoh of that dynasty added something to the temple site. <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> erected an enclosure wall connecting the Fourth and Fifth pylons, which comprise the earliest part of the temple still standing <i>in situ</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> had monuments constructed and also restored the original <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Mut" title="Precinct of Mut">Precinct of Mut</a>, that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> occupation. She had twin <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a>, at the time the tallest in the world, erected at the entrance to the temple. One still stands, as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">second-tallest ancient obelisk still standing on Earth</a>; the other has toppled and is broken. </p><p>Another of her projects at the site, Karnak's Red Chapel or <a href="/wiki/Chapelle_Rouge" title="Chapelle Rouge">Chapelle Rouge</a>, was intended as a <a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">barque</a> shrine and originally may have stood between her two obelisks. She later ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her sixteenth year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and thus, a third was constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, where it still remains. Known as <a href="/wiki/Unfinished_obelisk" title="Unfinished obelisk">the unfinished obelisk</a>, it provides evidence of how obelisks were quarried.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hall_of_columns,_Karnac,_RP-F-F25403-AG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hall_of_columns%2C_Karnac%2C_RP-F-F25403-AG.jpg/290px-Hall_of_columns%2C_Karnac%2C_RP-F-F25403-AG.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hall_of_columns%2C_Karnac%2C_RP-F-F25403-AG.jpg/435px-Hall_of_columns%2C_Karnac%2C_RP-F-F25403-AG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hall_of_columns%2C_Karnac%2C_RP-F-F25403-AG.jpg/580px-Hall_of_columns%2C_Karnac%2C_RP-F-F25403-AG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3452" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall,_Karnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak">Great Hypostyle Hall</a> (1857, Rijksmuseum, The Netherlands)</figcaption></figure> <p>Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall,_Karnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak">Great Hypostyle Hall</a> also may have begun during the Eighteenth Dynasty (although most new building was undertaken under <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> in the Nineteenth). <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a>, also of the Nineteenth Dynasty, commemorated his victories over the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re#First_Court_(Cachette_Court)" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Cachette Court</a>, the start of the processional route (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_Sphinxes" title="Avenue of Sphinxes">Avenue of Sphinxes</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Temple" title="Luxor Temple">Luxor Temple</a>. The last major change to the Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the First Pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the precinct, both constructed by <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty</a>. </p><p>Ancient Greek and Roman writers wrote about a range of monuments in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, including Karnak, Luxor temple, the <a href="/wiki/Colossi_of_Memnon" title="Colossi of Memnon">Colossi of Memnon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esna" title="Esna">Esna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae</a>, and others. </p><p>In 323 AD, Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine the Great</a> recognized the Christian religion, and in 356 <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> ordered the closing of <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> temples throughout the Roman empire, into which Egypt had been annexed in 30 BC. Karnak was by this time mostly abandoned, and Christian churches were founded among the ruins, the most famous example of this is the reuse of the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Hall_of_Thutmose_III" title="Festival Hall of Thutmose III">Festival Hall of Thutmose III</a>'s central hall, where painted decorations of saints and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> inscriptions can still be seen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_knowledge_of_Karnak">European knowledge of Karnak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European knowledge of Karnak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thebes' exact placement was unknown in medieval Europe, though both <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> give the exact location of Thebes and how long up the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> one must travel to reach it. Maps of Egypt, based on the 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemaeus</a>' mammoth work <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a></i>, had been circulating in Europe since the late 14th century, all of them showing Thebes' (Diospolis) location. Despite this, several European authors of the 15th and 16th centuries who visited only <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> and published their travel accounts, such as <a href="/wiki/Joos_van_Ghistele" title="Joos van Ghistele">Joos van Ghistele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Th%C3%A9vet" class="mw-redirect" title="André Thévet">André Thévet</a>, put Thebes in or close to <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0032.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0032.jpg/290px-Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0032.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0032.jpg/435px-Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0032.jpg/580px-Monumenti_dell%27Egitto_e_della_Nubia-plate-0032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Hieroglyphs from the great obelisk of Karnak, transcribed by <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Rosellini" title="Ippolito Rosellini">Ippolito Rosellini</a> in 1828</figcaption></figure> <p>The first European description of the Karnak temple complex was by unknown Venetian in 1589 and is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nazionale_Centrale_di_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze">Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze</a>, although his account gives no name for the complex. </p><p>Karnak ("Carnac") as a village name, and name of the complex, is first attested in 1668, when two <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">capuchin</a> missionary brothers, Protais and Charles François d'Orléans, travelled though the area. Protais' writing about their travel was published by <a href="/wiki/Melchis%C3%A9dech_Th%C3%A9venot" title="Melchisédech Thévenot">Melchisédech Thévenot</a> (<i>Relations de divers voyages curieux</i>, 1670s–1696 editions) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Vansleb" title="Johann Michael Vansleb">Johann Michael Vansleb</a> (<i>The Present State of Egypt</i>, 1678). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg/290px-Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg/435px-Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg/580px-Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the temple complex taken in 1914, Cornell University Library</figcaption></figure> <p>The first drawing of Karnak is found in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lucas_(traveller)" title="Paul Lucas (traveller)">Paul Lucas</a>' travel account of 1704, (<i>Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant</i>). It is rather inaccurate, and can be quite confusing to modern eyes. Lucas travelled in Egypt during 1699–1703. The drawing shows a mixture of the Precinct of Amun-Re and the Precinct of Montu, based on a complex confined by the three huge Ptolemaic gateways of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a>, and the massive <span class="nowrap">113 m</span> long, <span class="nowrap">43 m</span> high and <span class="nowrap">15 m</span> thick, First Pylon of the Precinct of Amun-Re. </p><p>Karnak was visited and described in succession by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Sicard" title="Claude Sicard">Claude Sicard</a> and his travel companion Pierre Laurent Pincia (1718 and 1720–21), <a href="/wiki/Granger_(Tourtechot)" title="Granger (Tourtechot)">Granger</a> (1731), <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis_Norden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis Norden">Frederick Louis Norden</a> (1737–38), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pococke" title="Richard Pococke">Richard Pococke</a> (1738), <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce" title="James Bruce">James Bruce</a> (1769), <a href="/wiki/Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert_Sonnini_de_Manoncourt" title="Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt">Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt</a> (1777), <a href="/wiki/William_George_Browne" title="William George Browne">William George Browne</a> (1792–93), and finally by a number of scientists of the Napoleon expedition, including <a href="/wiki/Vivant_Denon" title="Vivant Denon">Vivant Denon</a>, during 1798–1799. <a href="/wiki/Claude-%C3%89tienne_Savary" title="Claude-Étienne Savary">Claude-Étienne Savary</a> describes the complex in rather great detail in his work of 1785; especially in light of the fact that it is a fictional account of a pretend journey to Upper Egypt, composed out of information from other travellers. Savary did visit <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> in 1777–78, and published a work about that too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_parts">Main parts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnak_temple_complex_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Karnak_temple_complex_2012.JPG/260px-Karnak_temple_complex_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Karnak_temple_complex_2012.JPG/390px-Karnak_temple_complex_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Karnak_temple_complex_2012.JPG/520px-Karnak_temple_complex_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Precinct of Amun-Re</a> as seen from the Sacred Lake</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precinct_of_Amun-Re">Precinct of Amun-Re</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Precinct of Amun-Re"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Precinct of Amun-Re</a></div> <p>This is the largest of the precincts of the temple complex, and is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Amun-Re" class="mw-redirect" title="Amun-Re">Amun-Re</a>, the chief deity of the <a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a>. There are several colossal statues, including the figure of <a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a> which is 10.5 metres (34 ft) tall. The sandstone for this temple, including all of the columns, was transported from <a href="/wiki/Gebel_el-Silsila" title="Gebel el-Silsila">Gebel Silsila</a> 100 miles (161 km) south on the Nile river.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has one of the largest obelisks, weighing 328 tons and standing 29 metres (95 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precinct_of_Mut">Precinct of Mut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Precinct of Mut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Mut" title="Precinct of Mut">Precinct of Mut</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnak_Temple_Complex-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Karnak_Temple_Complex-en.svg/220px-Karnak_Temple_Complex-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Karnak_Temple_Complex-en.svg/330px-Karnak_Temple_Complex-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Karnak_Temple_Complex-en.svg/440px-Karnak_Temple_Complex-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Mut" title="Precinct of Mut">Precinct of Mut</a> and Amun-Re</figcaption></figure> <p>Located to the south of the newer Amun-Re complex, this precinct was dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a>, who became identified as the wife of Amun-Re in the Eighteenth Dynasty Theban Triad. It has several smaller temples associated with it and has its own <a href="/wiki/Sacred_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred lake">sacred lake</a>, constructed in a crescent shape. This temple has been ravaged, many portions having been used in other structures. Following excavation and restoration works by the Johns Hopkins University team, led by Betsy Bryan (see below) the Precinct of Mut has been opened to the public. Six hundred black granite statues were found in the courtyard to her temple. It may be the oldest portion of the site. </p><p>In 2006, Bryan presented her findings of a festival that included apparent intentional overindulgence in alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participation in the festival included the priestesses and the population. Historical records of tens of thousands attending the festival exist. These findings were made in the temple of Mut because when <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> rose to greater prominence, Mut absorbed the warrior goddesses, <a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bast</a>, as some of her aspects. First, Mut became Mut-<a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a>-Bast, then Mut-Sekhmet-Bast (Wadjet having merged into Bast), then Mut also assimilated <a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a>, another lioness goddess, and her adopted son's wife, becoming Mut-Sekhmet-Bast-Menhit, and finally becoming Mut-<a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a>. </p><p>Temple excavations at Luxor discovered a "porch of drunkenness" built onto the temple by the pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>, during the height of her twenty-year reign. In a later myth developed around the annual drunken Sekhmet festival, Ra, by then the <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun god</a> of Upper Egypt, created her from a fiery eye gained from his mother, to destroy mortals who conspired against him (Lower Egypt). In the myth, Sekhmet's blood-lust was not quelled at the end of the battle and led to her destroying almost all of humanity, so Ra had tricked her by turning the Nile as red as blood (the Nile turns red every year when filled with silt during inundation) so that Sekhmet would drink it. The trick, however, was that the red liquid was not blood, but beer mixed with pomegranate juice so that it resembled blood, making her so drunk that she gave up slaughter and became an aspect of the gentle <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>. The complex interweaving of deities occurred over the thousands of years of the culture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnak_temple_Montou_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Karnak_temple_Montou_03.JPG/220px-Karnak_temple_Montou_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Karnak_temple_Montou_03.JPG/330px-Karnak_temple_Montou_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Karnak_temple_Montou_03.JPG/440px-Karnak_temple_Montou_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Ruins in the Precinct of Montu</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precinct_of_Montu">Precinct of Montu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Precinct of Montu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Montu" title="Precinct of Montu">Precinct of Montu</a></div> <p>This portion of the site is dedicated to the son of Mut and Amun-Re, <a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a>, a war-god. It is located to the north of the Amun-Re complex and is much smaller in size. It is not open to the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV_(deliberately_dismantled)"><span id="Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV_.28deliberately_dismantled.29"></span>Temple of Amenhotep IV (deliberately dismantled)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Temple of Amenhotep IV (deliberately dismantled)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV" title="Temple of Amenhotep IV">Temple of Amenhotep IV</a></div> <p>The temple that <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (Amenhotep IV) constructed on the site was located east of the main complex, outside the walls of the Amun-Re precinct. It was destroyed immediately after the death of its builder, who had attempted to overcome the powerful priesthood who had gained control over Egypt before his reign. It was so thoroughly demolished that its full extent and layout is unknown. The priesthood of that temple regained their powerful position as soon as Akhenaten died, and were instrumental in destroying many records of his existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Luxor,_Luxor,_Egipto,_2022-04-01,_DD_41.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luxor dromos, an avenue of human-headed sphinxes which once connected the temples of Karnak and Luxor."><img alt="Luxor dromos, an avenue of human-headed sphinxes which once connected the temples of Karnak and Luxor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Templo_de_Luxor%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_41.jpg/120px-Templo_de_Luxor%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_41.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Templo_de_Luxor%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_41.jpg/180px-Templo_de_Luxor%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Templo_de_Luxor%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_41.jpg/240px-Templo_de_Luxor%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8324" data-file-height="5661" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Luxor dromos, an avenue of human-headed sphinxes which once connected the temples of Karnak and Luxor.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Karnak,_Luxor,_Egipto,_2022-04-03,_DD_156.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sacred Lake of the Precinct of Amun-Re"><img alt="The Sacred Lake of the Precinct of Amun-Re" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_156.jpg/120px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_156.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_156.jpg/180px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_156.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_156.jpg/240px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_156.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7462" data-file-height="4975" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sacred Lake of the Precinct of Amun-Re</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Karnak,_Luxor,_Egipto,_2022-04-03,_DD_138.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the first pylon of the temple of Amun-Re at Karnak"><img alt="View of the first pylon of the temple of Amun-Re at Karnak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_138.jpg/120px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_138.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_138.jpg/180px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_138.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_138.jpg/240px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_138.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8376" data-file-height="3404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the first <a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">pylon</a> of the temple of Amun-Re at Karnak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Karnak,_Luxor,_Egipto,_2022-04-03,_DD_139.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ram-headed sphinx statues at Karnak"><img alt="Ram-headed sphinx statues at Karnak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_139.jpg/120px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_139.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_139.jpg/180px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_139.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_139.jpg/240px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_139.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8064" data-file-height="5376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ram-headed sphinx statues at Karnak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnacs2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hypostyle hall of the Precinct of Amun-Re, as it appeared in 1838 in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia"><img alt="Hypostyle hall of the Precinct of Amun-Re, as it appeared in 1838 in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Karnacs2.jpg/82px-Karnacs2.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Karnacs2.jpg/123px-Karnacs2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Karnacs2.jpg/164px-Karnacs2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4040" data-file-height="5908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hypostyle hall of the Precinct of Amun-Re, as it appeared in 1838 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Land,_Syria,_Idumea,_Arabia,_Egypt,_and_Nubia" title="The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia">The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Karnak,_Luxor,_Egipto,_2022-04-03,_DD_145.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colossal statue of Ramses II"><img alt="Colossal statue of Ramses II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_145.jpg/60px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_145.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_145.jpg/90px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_145.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_145.jpg/120px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_145.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4171" data-file-height="8292" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colossal statue of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramses II</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Karnak,_Luxor,_Egipto,_2022-04-03,_DD_170-172_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Open papyrus umbel capitals of the Hypostyle Hall"><img alt="Open papyrus umbel capitals of the Hypostyle Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_170-172_HDR.jpg/120px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_170-172_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_170-172_HDR.jpg/180px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_170-172_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_170-172_HDR.jpg/240px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_170-172_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8594" data-file-height="5729" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Open papyrus umbel capitals of the Hypostyle Hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxor_Karnak-Tempel_2016-03-21_Gro%C3%9Fe_S%C3%A4ulenhalle_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closed papyrus umbel capitals of the Hypostyle Hall"><img alt="Closed papyrus umbel capitals of the Hypostyle Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Luxor_Karnak-Tempel_2016-03-21_Gro%C3%9Fe_S%C3%A4ulenhalle_02.jpg/80px-Luxor_Karnak-Tempel_2016-03-21_Gro%C3%9Fe_S%C3%A4ulenhalle_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Luxor_Karnak-Tempel_2016-03-21_Gro%C3%9Fe_S%C3%A4ulenhalle_02.jpg/120px-Luxor_Karnak-Tempel_2016-03-21_Gro%C3%9Fe_S%C3%A4ulenhalle_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Luxor_Karnak-Tempel_2016-03-21_Gro%C3%9Fe_S%C3%A4ulenhalle_02.jpg/160px-Luxor_Karnak-Tempel_2016-03-21_Gro%C3%9Fe_S%C3%A4ulenhalle_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="4980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closed papyrus umbel capitals of the Hypostyle Hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnak_Temple_pillar_up-close.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karnak Temple pillar up-close"><img alt="Karnak Temple pillar up-close" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Karnak_Temple_pillar_up-close.jpg/90px-Karnak_Temple_pillar_up-close.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Karnak_Temple_pillar_up-close.jpg/135px-Karnak_Temple_pillar_up-close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Karnak_Temple_pillar_up-close.jpg/180px-Karnak_Temple_pillar_up-close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karnak Temple pillar up-close</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Karnak,_Luxor,_Egipto,_2022-04-03,_DD_151.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Obelisk of Thutmosis I in Karnak"><img alt="Obelisk of Thutmosis I in Karnak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_151.jpg/49px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_151.jpg" decoding="async" width="49" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_151.jpg/73px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_151.jpg/98px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3355" data-file-height="8189" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Obelisk of Thutmosis I in Karnak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Karnak,_Luxor,_Egipto,_2022-04-03,_DD_157.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Khepri in Karnak"><img alt="Statue of Khepri in Karnak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_157.jpg/120px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_157.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_157.jpg/180px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_157.jpg/240px-Templo_de_Karnak%2C_Luxor%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-03%2C_DD_157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6102" data-file-height="4068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a> in Karnak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S10.08_Karnak,_image_9922.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karnak, Egypt; Gate and Pylon., n.d., Brooklyn Museum Archives"><img alt="Karnak, Egypt; Gate and Pylon., n.d., Brooklyn Museum Archives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/S10.08_Karnak%2C_image_9922.jpg/120px-S10.08_Karnak%2C_image_9922.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/S10.08_Karnak%2C_image_9922.jpg/180px-S10.08_Karnak%2C_image_9922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/S10.08_Karnak%2C_image_9922.jpg/240px-S10.08_Karnak%2C_image_9922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2796" data-file-height="2597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karnak, Egypt; Gate and Pylon., n.d., Brooklyn Museum Archives</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lantern_Slide_Collection,_Karnak.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karnak, Egypt; Great Statues., n.d., Goodyear. Brooklyn Museum Archives"><img alt="Karnak, Egypt; Great Statues., n.d., Goodyear. Brooklyn Museum Archives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lantern_Slide_Collection%2C_Karnak.jpg/120px-Lantern_Slide_Collection%2C_Karnak.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lantern_Slide_Collection%2C_Karnak.jpg/180px-Lantern_Slide_Collection%2C_Karnak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lantern_Slide_Collection%2C_Karnak.jpg/240px-Lantern_Slide_Collection%2C_Karnak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="2713" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karnak, Egypt; Great Statues., n.d., Goodyear. Brooklyn Museum Archives</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_megalithic_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of megalithic sites">List of megalithic sites</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/karnak">"Karnak"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition</i>. Merriam-Webster, 2007. p. 1550</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/87">"Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Ancient+Thebes+with+its+Necropolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarnak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson" title="Richard H. Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Richard H.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso0000wilk_d0s2/page/154/mode/1up"><i>The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05100-9"><bdi>978-0-500-05100-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Temples+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05100-9&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletetempleso0000wilk_d0s2%2Fpage%2F154%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarnak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso0000wilk_d0s2/page/154/mode/1up"><i>The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05100-9"><bdi>978-0-500-05100-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Temples+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05100-9&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletetempleso0000wilk_d0s2%2Fpage%2F154%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarnak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeust2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peust, Carsten (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peust.de/ortsnamen_original.pdf"><i>Die Toponyme Vorarabischen Ursprungs im Modernen Ägypten: Ein Katalog (Göttinger Miszellen Beihefte Nr. 8)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Göttingen: Universität Göttingen. p. 56<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Toponyme+Vorarabischen+Ursprungs+im+Modernen+%C3%84gypten%3A+Ein+Katalog+%28G%C3%B6ttinger+Miszellen+Beihefte+Nr.+8%29&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t+G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Peust&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peust.de%2Fortsnamen_original.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarnak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egypt: Engineering an empire engineering feats</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997) pp.202–225 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05084-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05084-8">0-500-05084-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224013459/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/151221-winter-solstice-explained-pagans">"Everything You Need to Know About the Winter Solstice"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. 21 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/151221-winter-solstice-explained-pagans">the original</a> on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+the+Winter+Solstice&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F151221-winter-solstice-explained-pagans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarnak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ancient Egypt Brought To Life With Virtual Model Of Historic Temple Complex", Science Daily, 30 April 2009, retrieved 12 June 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090429172224.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewert, Desmond and editors of the Newsweek Book Division "The Pyramids and Sphinx" 1971 pp. 60–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990316.html"><i>The Unfinished Obelisk</i></a> by Peter Tyson 16 March 1999 NOVA online adventure</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993) pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, Charles, 1980 "Wonders of the Ancient World" pp24–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World", edited by Chris Scarre (1999) Thames & Hudson, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010040804/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15475319/#.V3MUP0_UnYg">"Sex and booze figured in Egyptian rites"</a> nbcnews.com, 30 October 2006,</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlyth2006" class="citation book cs1">Blyth, Elizabeth (2006). <i>Karnak: Evolution of a Temple</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96837-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96837-6"><bdi>978-0-203-96837-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karnak%3A+Evolution+of+a+Temple&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96837-6&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarnak" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Karnak_temple_complex" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Karnak temple complex">Karnak temple complex</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Karnak" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Karnak">Karnak</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605165359/http://www.cfeetk.cnrs.fr/uk/">CFEETK – Centre Franco-Égyptien d'Étude des Temples de Karnak (en)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellabs.ru/Egypt/Karnak.html">Temple of Amun, numerous photos & schemes (comments in russian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picturechoice.org/egypt/karnak_temple.html">Karnak images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041205220629/http://www.karnak3d.net/">www.karnak3d.net :: "Web-book" The 3D reconstruction of the Great Temple of Amun in Karnak. Marc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Karnak"><i>Digital Karnak UCLA</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090928131107/http://www.remains.se/picturem.php?ObjectID=129&Browse=AREA">Karnak Temple picture gallery</a> at Remains.se</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Karnak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnak_Temple" title="Template:Karnak Temple"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnak_Temple" title="Template talk:Karnak Temple"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnak_Temple" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnak Temple"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Karnak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karnak</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Karnak_Temple_complex" title="History of the Karnak Temple complex">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnak_Open_Air_Museum" title="Karnak Open Air Museum">Open Air Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnak_Temples.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ninth Pylon at Karnak"><img alt="Ninth Pylon at Karnak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Karnak_Temples.jpg/150px-Karnak_Temples.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Karnak_Temples.jpg/225px-Karnak_Temples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Karnak_Temples.jpg/300px-Karnak_Temples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precincts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Amun-Re</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall" title="Great Hypostyle Hall">Great Hypostyle Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Ptah_(Karnak)" title="Temple of Ptah (Karnak)">Temple of Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Khonsu" title="Temple of Khonsu">Temple of Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubastite_Portal" title="Bubastite Portal">Bubastite Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Hall_of_Thutmose_III" title="Festival Hall of Thutmose III">Festival Hall of Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden_of_Thutmosis_III" title="Botanical garden of Thutmosis III">Botanical garden of Thutmose III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Montu" title="Precinct of Montu">Montu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Mut" title="Precinct of Mut">Mut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aten Temple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV" title="Temple of Amenhotep IV">Temple of Amenhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_Rouge" title="Chapelle Rouge">Chapelle Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Karnak_Inscription" title="Great Karnak Inscription">Great Karnak Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnak_king_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnak king list">Karnak king list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Chapel" title="White Chapel">White Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Luxor" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Luxor" title="Template:Landmarks of Luxor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Luxor" title="Template talk:Landmarks of Luxor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_of_Luxor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks of Luxor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Luxor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Bank</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Temple" title="Luxor Temple">Luxor Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_International_Airport" title="Luxor International Airport">Luxor International Airport</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karnak Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Museum" title="Luxor Museum">Luxor Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummification_Museum" title="Mummification Museum">Mummification Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofitel_Winter_Palace_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofitel Winter Palace Hotel">Winter Palace Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG/100px-Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG/150px-Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG/200px-Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3604" data-file-height="2045" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Bank</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Queens" title="Valley of the Queens">Valley of the Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medinet_Habu_(temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinet Habu (temple)">Medinet Habu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesseum" title="Ramesseum">The Ramesseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir al-Madinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Nobles_(Luxor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombs of the Nobles (Luxor)">Tombs of the Nobles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahri" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el-Bahri">Deir el-Bahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkata" title="Malkata">Malkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossi_of_Memnon" title="Colossi of Memnon">Colossi of Memnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Egypt_artifacts" title="Glossary of ancient Egypt artifacts">Glossary of artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ancient_Egypt%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of ancient Egypt–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt/Main_topics" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt/Main topics">Main topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Portraiture in ancient Egypt">Portraiture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population history of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Dance in ancient Egypt">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Geography of ancient Egypt">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_hieroglyphs" title="Cursive hieroglyphs">Cursive hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians" title="List of ancient Egyptians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Titulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery" title="Ancient Egyptian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_scribes" title="List of ancient Egyptian scribes">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites" title="List of ancient Egyptian sites">Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a 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