CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91348ba1c83bd083',cH: 'VXHChch9L02EhEZXRJvBzhy6TwbpSKGkc0ChDNmxNao-1739782390-1.2.1.1-u.816fDchEHpKlw5jBbxbPs6Z.qz2IaT5fIW3SoNTHcjpG9n89S8U.6YW9GNY2lZ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Islamic%20sharia&__cf_chl_tk=iz2BUf84vU6ocn6flEN0Grk8zSip5uCNhilgX2fhwgI-1739782390-1.0.1.1-DPejHZJZreJXEFzCMvGeg6MBhSPTKsiQ2DRLT0_y8aY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739782390',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Islamic%20sharia&__cf_chl_f_tk=iz2BUf84vU6ocn6flEN0Grk8zSip5uCNhilgX2fhwgI-1739782390-1.0.1.1-DPejHZJZreJXEFzCMvGeg6MBhSPTKsiQ2DRLT0_y8aY",md: "bxrYiGpGMZiCxgIjoSHysfrMgivATw8T4Q7mYHO4sA4-1739782390-1.2.1.1-6Ed0sdqbTYIcGlOp8xJFIOHQlMJs2Pp_GrpfpctCyf1FrqBwZXd5Bqr2z5qHdWMRKQ2dwujfGHSaoiiAX0OlYH89MQ1LbMVEesHXSoPXw7O761oSZQ1zaSfpt4BBMUkIDC7Waj0NoZAkzqMqQte1lV.pcvOTQKTCbRBlRK0Hfpfx1NPfgXTa.uDonF9Yk7fCFt.xjMsQrA8zS3bVjLhtQuXVgn5oet503P3vrC6H_2ngeFhdhcq_7c8plh7iK7bhd6bcV2k5.nYS2l4oWf2L829pMHpsW4JS5QJYAHyD.doQe49IsK4LLMYUZ_2b1DKgN6Ux6pC6V5ioY2UnD8KX5TSaOxsBJ580gA_C7KypiwHyuQ7vmOhKyBeYLvMGkCsAzQb5vx3EreyS3kg3Nl4fYqAgfhVRs2ZEt3bOfNmyvPMW.XN_211Z4JVeOjgyGtr0z8JgbduLBUW2vXhG2a_kPR1_Sdt6YRwUl9.iUT3c3ea4JDNGBzGMQsjCKMFOahTTj4lGosmdLgNznwMH37Ok2ICSRH8HrE8tQOqM7Mkp.sNIggXSFja3izosu7o_AxDw7nvOFMEntis8gq77cO2gn20UdiWooS8eB_L8N6BQScHJJe1JCZKNmKYo2UGyCMwGA6k3XmLEFrXxm0yH0e5JANRBJY4V_dpVvDInE7Nt1dvWvxWHZXdwvP2xA8z6V1LysU8QJsMS7Dn9eDLQVUuB3Njqc727.Hj3F54yBk3qG3snH2VrEthTrpptUN70fZQMyYHZVqBfOZwX9Kv6mE1j0uNqSwxOSdEfkrp2EB6U43MoKBAcXQoSnh6GQlIQyHK6xGwAsuGwzKSaskvjmhXU2BzWs8U9catFrsYBditp5e4yWaYQCCqTz3qcoRXu80rV.zVj4S4PoKQZ_a3bYUVJxBBVujD2OMzvPJGWCZ.cOX_UrATTr.n26zYZQk9evQ06bo6QEdczWQ3G6rJUMvuSEky8.341vKYDlWaD.5tGomEjoDcNUL1bRmcoJoSxc9gY6P6MbAfllnxG3Uz4bb5CWaztCh29JhwJx6zp5EJuvdqlW31GmFUan2hHFRyduX3ejyy9fXQ7FCtlIpFis08pbYwq2cgQtD.k1HEK3Pfx36BvmPZ_aB4oefaEvwd7W8BH0gxJceiBGwd_qW7iyUIyDzQ4rM1EYShyIaQuHQmUJL5x4aahhigcsoqJ_a9a5EJ6MM__JcqMg8rUZL9RDvaVgzQveN3l.hIImPhHqJ0WK5dlz11FK5lzWLMVYUrShNPZFg4SP71wO4Zdt0Q1DNuNy1yb0sxtFkRlgSFs5WyKbUDuuN6gsaUk50p6wbVrKtp0AcqxI1j8.kRQAwJBZcr7Zs0LGRbqbRZSkbMNuH75lvaLBCaKhhftJEeFPN0MSyyBOrV09qJjiNnpWMhQsL_nPvvbwX5WmQi34xcga4eFT6K4MV1x7vdVksti3ZrS2qC_QAK3oqZTw0w2LrEKP2U4scUwmyNTfm2PtgkwSCAjLfGNtkk42MdnQihWt8qjiAj9DScmLn4RuZLgr9C5oR39DeEC0NIKUN.h3NF9bN62X5RIW2bMJschQvM3pRiImNuJHIUSqr6.js.GMpcJ7RZm0twU.Kn_ZpfL813dGDdxsbFkOJGuwnZH7fn9F2XKdpD0i0_Z9otTaws82Ovp_RGezaysDjrc_.1WPMJUy3fNa4McVlKPM0mOwtCOmkeEacrAV_kR2DczdIk7UpDUZPXn3aDWjNxp0KiUbDRmfbPljVsAVsFsJXt4YhbzTYX7rrJSttwTTGfgk7xTp8vOpNlrNeZ1oL6RItdCwlocWw1wcrnFBJr2jt.7F8opAwfomYMWB8U_hoUHw8Qq.KfGRLOzf6DCZMlB596VX46LF2HThuuvfCm6eqvslyTreeLW_R1wIzglxGmGSHOk16S.vY7E54CU7BAiZBkP25BUJv97lyw",mdrd: "B0JT8FJky1anOVg1zwspzTSsHMF6OwQmvbmPJGbNkiI-1739782390-1.2.1.1-CXKCnwsxQUeMaEds9yg.9CwHDIa9MJH44D3wHSC4cqDIFe2gCk3MmnSbPxZXq.HhvaH6lTV_w5Hjlxo5ZjM7N4YrKYlk3VxpabymBtDgMhhSbKFyPEe4BmddZV0VoVUoxe.5mUjeXi_jDEguIhOoRGflZ88pC9t1SsOUSw3h_CeVl1cf5VidexcpFShRGRaHR9nU9qmklGb_4rHlQJO29Vl10TBpMbyY3VFt3xft.zpV4_Bx8STrIxvoQ9lpQT8zXf.sa.QAPfArMcJgfm1wGTmWt1CRRA9Wnq6lQ1PkRjCVlfEKjpjNSuEXDzvgZoG7JIb74zi8S_jynLM.q8YtFl5UsyxfYVewyzvgyh7Ek6d8lw3d.ss4157cCnhxTT9qiyHptj0OweWOCPS7kmTto4259cHQVaIeIvsftLyBX.XzFWL4UjZ.TssCrmnSICVOxR5c9_vU1fqhVFnRw2WVYpc3Ypf_fTGP6prhul1e4qoAbuS1.bVfBGPcb9D6hXANRCCmIff4MNF0LEKo.ZamD5xewzxzU65XzaLJTHflN8XB0SgAAbGQtinprpVONjy01w7y_SlVOQi7UmWtHO8zkvxLohyva6elEFLTROZGhnH5LUKtKGyHYBv9r8byulzCMvFsrFlvZhnT4q7UWRnKUv7pR4B8WUtr0p8jj82vZWBwRu7jP26AEtYxc5Jkm61l.xDB3pc6RgsbED6NPJIShuCUmmKoYpGUWvge9fYnZN.ExIK72HUs2eOeaOzvZG5HCtQTrQsDO3AKfOI9YO9GDG3LEMtHXuWYxXX06xnZUfXEYIGnFfqnWZvT6lqZCoe5s4Vi_QnBkezp7eSCPZiXSKl.tIcQ2n6U_4uTJdimJf3xifEm.UxDaMUTZ1J789__JHLU1gLw75Dp5M0tny1xih2Dngkf4caRbqIkcFoPCSDvxqQIQ1K8feCrEf6Rgz3wgU6MKje5rfv4kPTPLLnJzjRJBF9bVOtVIyh1sGxgcoPC5x5DfWYtvxitJi_GdxEonFE2BKLdHJxwcZA7CE7qveyw_mPsKfqsR.rEQMcE6_kyEuAMI0Nyds5I07CI6RWEOiqjxRM8zS3dlwEFHPR2fcAvwjfj_6HdGZ.XoKAvlIgdJ9lwkBqjWjsSwXz7LNoJmFPdNuP.0XJQUN5CqlIJRCmNEOsy2LRCWuhPyrHLXhOpI3XkFMawqw7sLZuOFCn0n0X_5QEv5U_daPn_a56BoYSicguWPnjfIxM57bckzU9C2ZkG7EZMuLX7zM5TL0w829aIIM45RLKtoN0pYf.30Oxt6w4sOz35jSupV5Pj29jU2SOcpNzl6QoSDGxIXrijxH23frAOPbFJTrOYoM4aLgUpVOsLyu3O21oPn89Irq3gxFwvfCO.vh4t9DhSvwRBFY6dYeHLaWd5MKZ22yduVR91kfSoExhrzqK4DIQ0vg._FgE8odJa6utBl8IRQefIyqcNFv1KO4DQdnc4pxZ13QKOs1y3Kz0Pg3R340_qy54.0WzH7WYuKlYYl670OS3RKOslo55fzyh.2WICwnLLa.jdqTPyYOceXCor7O66HySb.73WjcG0H5NK.Wab64ifbLHJXGOoDaiYZ4bPFFrt1v7ama4w0LXDewpFotEpfERoeu0TMt1.kjmGRI7G6wYE4B.AY3fkSWz618YxOPunA2RF0EUtBXixj2WMIYKBHC0RUGrnmf0nfTahdqKhpLwD36iojVk.8mBEtthfggCZlzBRbW8ukGJaIBLqnTtGEiWITfUQh70J2uUE4Vu0iEzGH5QOhUZAnL1SISBa3Xwptx0G6uIU5icW9CMUyDeLt81DsAsPVO_Vr70Qn4Nx7n16oifMlreioxLjulSzTYNSe.71tD4qlWBj7sd.n_STZ0Q2RUB_O34RR9wkJbK1RN6t4jgk.3Q.eE0wNxXplUNbvf2Yt.ngwQOusxsUJvqliI4aemjDOFC4ppoAJwquOIcS"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91348ba1c83bd083';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Islamic%20sharia&__cf_chl_rt_tk=iz2BUf84vU6ocn6flEN0Grk8zSip5uCNhilgX2fhwgI-1739782390-1.0.1.1-DPejHZJZreJXEFzCMvGeg6MBhSPTKsiQ2DRLT0_y8aY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>