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6.49996H16.6319L14.6964 8.43547C14.4035 8.72837 14.4035 9.20324 14.6964 9.49613C14.9893 9.78903 15.4641 9.78903 15.757 9.49613L18.3547 6.89846C19.0438 7.34362 19.5 8.11852 19.5 8.99996V19C19.5 20.3807 18.3807 21.5 17 21.5H7C5.61929 21.5 4.5 20.3807 4.5 19V8.99996C4.5 7.61924 5.61929 6.49996 7 6.49996ZM9.25 12C9.25 11.5857 9.58579 11.25 10 11.25H12H14C14.4142 11.25 14.75 11.5857 14.75 12C14.75 12.4142 14.4142 12.75 14 12.75H12H10C9.58579 12.75 9.25 12.4142 9.25 12ZM9.25 17C9.25 16.5857 9.58579 16.25 10 16.25H12H14C14.4142 16.25 14.75 16.5857 14.75 17C14.75 17.4142 14.4142 17.75 14 17.75H12H10C9.58579 17.75 9.25 17.4142 9.25 17Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Аннотация</span></a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Аннотация</span></span></span><a href="/c/fosfaty-3e8ae4/annotation" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl 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6.49996ZM9.25 12C9.25 11.5857 9.58579 11.25 10 11.25H12H14C14.4142 11.25 14.75 11.5857 14.75 12C14.75 12.4142 14.4142 12.75 14 12.75H12H10C9.58579 12.75 9.25 12.4142 9.25 12ZM9.25 17C9.25 16.5857 9.58579 16.25 10 16.25H12H14C14.4142 16.25 14.75 16.5857 14.75 17C14.75 17.4142 14.4142 17.75 14 17.75H12H10C9.58579 17.75 9.25 17.4142 9.25 17Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Аннотация</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><a href="/c/fosfaty-3e8ae4/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Медиа</span></span></span><a href="/c/fosfaty-3e8ae4/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><a href="/c/fosfaty-3e8ae4/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Библиография</span></span></span><a href="/c/fosfaty-3e8ae4/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><a href="/c/fosfaty-3e8ae4/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Версии</span></span></span><a href="/c/fosfaty-3e8ae4/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a></div></div></div></nav><div><meta itemprop="image primaryImageOfPage" content="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3tk3amT7t4XxgasTAVwm1w&filename=vault/2a433302385c57eed0f19f1bb68b6108.webp&width=120"><article itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"><div itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><meta itemprop="address" content="Покровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 1А, Москва, 109028"><meta itemprop="telephone" content="+7 (495) 781-15-95"><meta itemprop="logo" content="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/logo.98u7ubS9.svg"></div><div itemprop="copyrightHolder" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><meta itemprop="address" content="Покровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 1А, Москва, 109028"><meta itemprop="telephone" content="+7 (495) 781-15-95"><meta itemprop="logo" content="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/logo.98u7ubS9.svg"></div><meta itemprop="articleSection" content="Химические соединения"><meta itemprop="headline" content="Фосфаты"><meta itemprop="keywords" content="Соединения фосфора, Научные термины в неорганической химии, Научные термины в органической химии"><div class="bre-article-page max-md:tw-mt-10 md:max-lg:tw-mt-[81px] max-md:tw-mt-[105px]"><nav class="bre-article-loc -hide-on-desktop-s"><div class="bre-article-loc-button"><span class="bre-article-loc-title">Содержание</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="bre-article-loc-short">Неорганические фосфаты</div></div></nav><div class="article-sidebar -hide-on-desktop-s"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s">Фосфаты</div></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><header class="bre-article-header -hide-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><a href="/t/chemical_compounds" class="bre-label _link">Химические соединения</a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Химические соединения</span></span></span></div><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Фосфаты</h1></header><section class="-hide-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"></section><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Структурная формула фосфат-аниона"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Структурная формула фосфат-аниона."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3tk3amT7t4XxgasTAVwm1w&filename=vault/2a433302385c57eed0f19f1bb68b6108.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Структурная формула фосфат-аниона" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3tk3amT7t4XxgasTAVwm1w&filename=vault/2a433302385c57eed0f19f1bb68b6108.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kW0_Xu3Px4qMOJr2xdu7IA&filename=vault/2a433302385c57eed0f19f1bb68b6108.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qqvq7Wv4nzu91YSvnnlQ6A&filename=vault/2a433302385c57eed0f19f1bb68b6108.webp&width=480 480w" title="Структурная формула фосфат-аниона" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span></span></span></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Органические соединения, Неорганические соединения</dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="bre-article-page__container"><div class="bre-article-page__content bre-article-content"><header class="bre-article-header -show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><a href="/t/chemical_compounds" class="bre-label _link">Химические соединения</a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Химические соединения</span></span></span></div><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Фосфаты</h1></header><section class="tw-flex"><div class="-show-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"><div><div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ViewAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ShareAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div></div><span></span></div></div><span></span></section><div class="js-preview-link-root"><div itemprop="articleBody" class="bre-article-body"><section><section><p><b>Фосфа́ты,</b> <a href="/c/soli-v-khimii-6bae46" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">соли</a> и <a href="/c/slozhnye-efiry-3431dc" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">сложные эфиры</a> кислородных <a href="/c/kisloty-fosfora-5457ff" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кислот фосфора(V)</a>.</p><h2 id="h2_neorganicheskie_fosfatы">Неорганические фосфаты</h2><p>Из солей – неорганических фосфатов – различают ортофосфаты и <a href="/c/polimery-df0b9f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">полимерные</a> (конденсированные) фосфаты. Последние подразделяют на полифосфаты с линейным строением фосфат-аниона, метафосфаты с кольцеобразным (циклическим) строением фосфат-аниона и ультрафосфаты с сетчатой разветвлённой структурой фосфат-аниона. Ортофосфаты – соли <a href="/c/ortofosfornaia-kislota-a328e3" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">ортофосфорной кислоты</a> H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>. Однозамещённые или дигидроортофосфаты содержат <a href="/c/aniony-bb086e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">анион</a> H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>, растворимы в <a href="/c/voda-07375d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">воде</a>; из двух- и трёхзамещённых ортофосфатов, содержащих соответственно гидроортофосфат-анион HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> и ортофосфат-анион PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>, растворимы только соли <a href="/c/shchelochnye-metally-e9153c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">щелочных металлов</a> и <a href="/c/ammiak-8708a6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">аммония</a>. Трёхзамещённые ортофосфаты термически устойчивы (кроме фосфатов с катионами NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Hg<sup>2+</sup>); Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> заметно <a href="/c/dissotsiatsiia-v-khimii-1cc8f8" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">диссоциирует</a> при температуре выше 2000 °С. При нагревании гидро- и дигидроортофосфатов происходит их <a href="/c/degidratatsiia-22ed7d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">дегидратация</a> с образованием полимерных (линейных или кольцевых) фосфатов.</p><p>Все <a href="/c/prirodnye-fosfaty-b0d5ea" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">минералы</a> фосфора представляют собой ортофосфаты. В промышленности растворимые в воде ортофосфаты получают взаимодействием H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> с <a href="/c/gidroksidy-0d4747" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">гидроксидами</a>, <a href="/c/khloridy-24037b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">хлоридами</a>, <a href="/c/karbonaty-b2cc94" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">карбонатами</a> металлов или аммиаком; труднорастворимые ортофосфаты – с использованием реакций обмена.</p><p>Полимерные фосфаты различных структурных типов могут быть описаны формулами: M<sub>n+2</sub>P<sub>n</sub>O<sub>3n+1</sub> (линейные полифосфаты) или M<sub>n</sub>P<sub>n</sub>O<sub>3n</sub> (кольцевые, или циклические метафосфаты). Свойства полимерных фосфатов зависят от природы <a href="/c/kationy-485473" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">катиона</a>, строения фосфат-аниона, значения n, структуры и др. Так, <a href="/c/rastvorimost-742b41" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">растворимость</a> линейных полифосфатов, как правило, падает с увеличением степени <a href="/c/polimerizatsiia-44f54b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">полимеризации</a>, но может быть увеличена путём модифицирования полифосфатов, например изменением скорости охлаждения <a href="/c/rasplavy-c36355" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">расплава</a>. </p><p>Полимерные фосфаты (линейные и кольцевые) получают в основном термической дегидратацией гидро- и дигидроортофосфатов или <a href="/c/reaktsii-neitralizatsii-82d714" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">нейтрализацией</a> соответствующих поли- или метафосфорных кислот. В промышленных масштабах эти способы используют для получения дифосфата (пирофосфата) натрия Na<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, триполифосфата натрия Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, а также полимерных метафосфатов (натрий-фосфатные стёкла, метафосфат калия и др.). Среди циклических метафосфатов хорошо изучены тримета-, тетрамета-, гексамета- и октаметафосфаты. Ультрафосфаты – как правило, <a href="/c/amorfnoe-sostoianie-e43175" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">аморфные</a>, стеклообразные вещества, <a href="/c/gigroskopichnost-eda6e8" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">гигроскопичные</a>, легко <a href="/c/gidroliz-80ea99" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">гидролизующиеся</a> на <a href="/c/vozdukh-f92f9e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">воздухе</a> с образованием поли- и метафосфатов. Последние в присутствии большого количества воды могут гидролизоваться за счёт полного расщепления связей Р–О–Р вплоть до образования ортофосфатов. Ультрафосфаты образуются в результате термической дегидратации смеси ортофосфатов с фосфорными кислотами или с оксидом фосфора(V).</p><p>Фосфаты <a href="/c/fosfaty-kal-tsiia-6f780f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кальция</a>, <a href="/c/fosfaty-ammoniia-a65242" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">аммония</a>, <a href="/c/fosfaty-kaliia-7ea7ef" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">калия</a> широко применяют в качестве <a href="/c/fosfornye-udobreniia-6d1dbf" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">фосфорных удобрений</a> и <a href="/c/kormovye-dobavki-408c8f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кормовых добавок</a> в <a href="/c/zhivotnovodstvo-d7df3a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">животноводстве</a>. Фосфаты <a href="/c/fosfaty-natriia-377342" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">натрия</a> и калия – компоненты жидких и порошкообразных <a href="/c/sinteticheskie-moiushchie-sredstva-a95755" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">моющих средств</a> и <a href="/c/poverkhnostno-aktivnye-veshchestva-3e1b92" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">ПАВ</a> при буровых работах, в цементной, текстильной промышленности при подготовке <a href="/c/sherst-02b56c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">шерсти</a>, <a href="/c/khlopok-fc9eb9" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">хлопка</a> к <a href="/c/otbelivanie-4a177a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">белению</a> и <a href="/c/krashenie-2301c1" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">крашению</a>. Фосфаты используют в качестве <a href="/c/pishchevye-dobavki-56b001" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">пищевых добавок</a>, входят в состав <a href="/c/emali-a34211" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">эмалей</a>, <a href="/c/glazur-5c2efd" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">глазурей</a>, <a href="/c/steklo-3f164c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">стёкол</a>, огнестойких материалов (<a href="/c/antipireny-8b6c97" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">антипирены</a>), мягких <a href="/c/abrazivnye-materialy-e3e170" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">абразивов</a>. Кристаллические гидроортофосфаты калия и аммония – <a href="/c/segnetoelektriki-b88eeb" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">сегнето-</a> и <a href="/c/p-ezoelektriki-5a5199" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">пьезоэлектрики</a>. Фосфаты применяют в металлургии при фосфатировании поверхности металлических изделий с целью увеличения их <a href="/c/korrozionnaia-stoikost-0d6237" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">коррозионной стойкости</a>, в фармацевтической промышленности при изготовлении <a href="/c/lekarstvennyi-preparat-21ebfe" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">лекарственных препаратов</a>, зубных паст и порошков.</p><h2 id="h2_organicheskie_fosfatы">Органические фосфаты</h2><p>Из эфиров фосфорных кислот – органических фосфатов – наиболее известны одно-, двух- и трёхзамещённые ортофосфаты, соответственно первичные ROP(O)(OH)<sub>2</sub>, вторичные (RO)<sub>2</sub>P(O)OH и третичные (RO)<sub>3</sub>PO (где R – алкил, арил или гетероциклический <a href="/c/svobodnye-radikaly-a7340d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">радикал</a>). Общий метод получения органических фосфатов – взаимодействие POCl<sub>3</sub> со <a href="/c/spirty-3641f0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">спиртами</a> или <a href="/c/fenoly-c33f48" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">фенолами</a> (<a href="/c/fosforilirovanie-e46c25" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">фосфорилирование</a>). Органические фосфаты применяют в качестве <a href="/c/pestitsidy-337df6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">пестицидов</a>, <a href="/c/flotatsiia-408926" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">флотореагентов</a>, <a href="/c/teplonositel-07c0a3" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">теплоносителей</a>, модифицирующих добавок для <a href="/c/plasticheskie-massy-8a5284" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">пластмасс</a>, как <a href="/c/prisadki-35404a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">присадки</a> к маслам, <a href="/c/ekstragirovanie-80ba64" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">экстрагенты</a> и др. Некоторые органические фосфаты (<a href="/c/adenozinfosfornye-kisloty-73dfec" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">аденозинфосфорные кислоты</a>, <a href="/c/gliukozofosfaty-559af6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">глюкозофосфаты</a>, <a href="/c/nukleinovye-kisloty-bc397b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">нуклеиновые кислоты</a>, <a href="/c/nukleotidy-68e742" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">нуклеотиды</a>, <a href="/c/fosfolipidy-5aee8e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">фосфолипиды</a> и др.) выполняют важные функции в живых организмах.</p><span class="author _note-exclude"><span itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" class="-text-caption-2-italic"><a href="/a/l-alikberova-c5b856" class=""><span itemprop="name">Аликберова Людмила Юрьевна</span></a><span>. </span></span>Первая публикация: Большая российская энциклопедия, 2017.</span></section></section></div><span class="bre-inline-menu _article-meta" style=""><meta itemprop="description" content="Фосфа́ты, соли и сложные эфиры кислородных кислот фосфора(V). Из солей – неорганических фосфатов – различают ортофосфаты и полимерные..."><span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block">Опубликовано <span itemprop="datePublished">15 марта 2023 г. в 10:49 (GMT+3). </span></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block"> Последнее обновление <span itemprop="dateModified">15 марта 2023 г. в 10:49 (GMT+3).</span></span></span><span class="-flex-divider"></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item tw-items-start"><button type="button" class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--link -text-button-text tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer" data-v-cfbedafc><span class="c-button__content" data-v-cfbedafc>Связаться с редакцией</span></button></span></span></div></div><div class="bre-tags-wrap"><span data-v-063d9480><a href="/l/soedineniia-fosfora-5c0ae3" class="bre-article-tag bre-article-tag__link _default _no-border" data-v-063d9480>#Соединения фосфора</a></span><span data-v-063d9480><a href="/l/nauchnye-terminy-v-neorganicheskoi-khimii-af08b8" class="bre-article-tag bre-article-tag__link _default _no-border" data-v-063d9480>#Научные термины в неорганической химии</a></span><span data-v-063d9480><a href="/l/nauchnye-terminy-v-organicheskoi-khimii-4f05b9" class="bre-article-tag bre-article-tag__link _default _no-border" data-v-063d9480>#Научные термины в органической химии</a></span></div></div><aside class="bre-article-page__sidebar -show-on-desktop-s" style=""><nav class="bre-article-loc lg:tw-sticky"><div class="bre-article-loc-button"><span class="bre-article-loc-title">Содержание</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="bre-article-loc-short">Неорганические фосфаты</div></div></nav><div class="bre-article-page__sidebar-wrapper"><div class="article-sidebar"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"></div></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Структурная формула фосфат-аниона"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Структурная формула фосфат-аниона."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3tk3amT7t4XxgasTAVwm1w&filename=vault/2a433302385c57eed0f19f1bb68b6108.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Структурная формула фосфат-аниона" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=3tk3amT7t4XxgasTAVwm1w&filename=vault/2a433302385c57eed0f19f1bb68b6108.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kW0_Xu3Px4qMOJr2xdu7IA&filename=vault/2a433302385c57eed0f19f1bb68b6108.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qqvq7Wv4nzu91YSvnnlQ6A&filename=vault/2a433302385c57eed0f19f1bb68b6108.webp&width=480 480w" title="Структурная формула фосфат-аниона" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span></span></span></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Органические соединения, Неорганические соединения</dd></dl></div></div></div></div></aside></div></article></div></div><div></div></main><footer class="bre-footer" itemscope itemprop="hasPart" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter"><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="&copy;&nbsp;АНО БРЭ, 2022&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;2024. 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