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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%82_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="لاصق حراري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاصق حراري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesiu_termofusible" title="Adhesiu termofusible – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adhesiu termofusible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmelzklebstoff" title="Schmelzklebstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schmelzklebstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liimip%C3%BCstol" title="Liimipüstol – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liimipüstol" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegamento_termofusible" title="Pegamento termofusible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pegamento termofusible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="چسب حرارتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چسب حرارتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colle_thermofusible" title="Colle thermofusible – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colle thermofusible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AB%EB%A9%9C%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A0%91%EC%B0%A9%EC%A0%9C" title="핫멜트 접착제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핫멜트 접착제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lem_tembak" title="Lem tembak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lem tembak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colla_a_caldo" title="Colla a caldo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colla a caldo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A7_%D7%97%D7%9D" title="דבק חם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דבק חם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_perekat_panas" title="Pistol perekat panas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pistol perekat panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltlijm" title="Smeltlijm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smeltlijm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E6%8E%A5%E7%9D%80%E5%89%A4" title="ホットメルト接着剤 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホットメルト接着剤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Термопластичный клей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Термопластичный клей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A4ltlim" 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Glue_guns" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1340237" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Glue applied by heating</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Glue Gun" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Glue_Gun_(band)" title="Glue Gun (band)">Glue Gun (band)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg/300px-Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg/450px-Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg/600px-Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption>A hot glue gun loaded with a glue stick</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hot-melt adhesive</b> (<b>HMA</b>), also known as <b>hot glue</b>, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a> that is commonly sold as solid cylindrical sticks of various diameters designed to be applied using a <b>hot glue gun</b>. The gun uses a continuous-duty <a href="/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating element</a> to melt the plastic glue, which the user pushes through the gun either with a mechanical trigger mechanism on the gun, or with direct finger pressure. The glue squeezed out of the heated nozzle is initially hot enough to burn and even blister skin. The glue is sticky when hot, and solidifies in a few seconds to one minute. Hot-melt adhesives can also be applied by dipping or spraying, and are popular with hobbyists and crafters both for affixing and as an inexpensive alternative to <a href="/wiki/Resin_casting" title="Resin casting">resin casting</a>. </p><p>In industrial use, hot-melt adhesives provide several advantages over solvent-based adhesives. <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compounds</a> are reduced or eliminated, and the drying or curing step is eliminated. Hot-melt adhesives have a long shelf life and usually can be disposed of without special precautions. Some of the disadvantages involve thermal load of the substrate, limiting use to substrates not sensitive to higher temperatures, and loss of bond strength at higher temperatures, up to complete melting of the adhesive. Loss of bond strength can be reduced by using a reactive adhesive that after solidifying undergoes further <a href="/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)" title="Curing (chemistry)">curing</a>, whether by moisture (e.g., reactive urethanes and silicones), or ultraviolet radiation. Some HMAs may not be resistant to chemical attacks and weathering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> HMAs do not lose thickness during solidifying, whereas solvent-based adhesives may lose up to 50–70% of layer thickness during drying.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot-melt_adhesive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Melt <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a></dt> <dd>One of the most noticeable properties. Influences the spread of applied adhesive, and the wetting of the surfaces. Temperature-dependent, higher temperature lowers viscosity.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Melt_flow_index" title="Melt flow index">Melt flow index</a></dt> <dd>A value roughly inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the base polymer. High melt flow index adhesives are easy to apply but have poor mechanical properties due to shorter polymer chains. Low melt flow index adhesives have better properties but are more difficult to apply.</dd> <dt>Pot life stability</dt> <dd>The degree of stability in molten state, the tendency to decompose and char. Important for industrial processing where the adhesive is molten for prolonged periods before deposition.</dd> <dt>Bond-formation temperature</dt> <dd>Minimum temperature below which sufficient wetting of substrates does not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_terms">General terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot-melt_adhesive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Open time</dt> <dd>The working time to make a bond, where the surface still retains sufficient tack, can range from seconds for fast-setting HMAs to infinity for pressure-sensitive adhesives.</dd> <dt>Set time</dt> <dd>Time to form a bond of acceptable strength.</dd> <dt>Tack</dt> <dd>The degree of surface stickiness of the adhesive; influences the strength of the bond between wetted surfaces.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Surface_energy" title="Surface energy">Surface energy</a></dt> <dd>Influences <a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">wetting</a> of different kind of surfaces.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials_used">Materials used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot-melt_adhesive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Materials used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hot-melt glues usually consist of one base material with various additives. The composition is usually formulated to have a <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">glass transition temperature</a> (onset of brittleness) below the lowest service temperature and a suitably high melt temperature as well. The degree of crystallization should be as high as possible but within limits of allowed <a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(casting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (casting)">shrinkage</a>. The melt viscosity and the crystallization rate (and corresponding open time) can be tailored for the application. Faster crystallization rate usually implies higher bond strength. To reach the properties of semicrystalline polymers, amorphous polymers would require molecular weights too high and, therefore, unreasonably high melt viscosity; the use of amorphous polymers in hot-melt adhesives is usually only as modifiers. Some polymers can form <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> between their chains, forming pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">cross-links</a> which strengthen the polymer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The natures of the polymer and the additives used to increase tackiness (called <i>tackifiers</i>) influence the nature of mutual molecular interaction and interaction with the substrate. In one common system, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">EVA</a> is used as the main polymer, with terpene-phenol resin (TPR) as the tackifier. The two components display acid-base interactions between the <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl">carbonyl</a> groups of vinyl acetate and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> groups of TPR, complexes are formed between phenolic rings of TPR and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> groups on the surface of aluminium substrates, and interactions between carbonyl groups and <a href="/wiki/Silanol" title="Silanol">silanol</a> groups on surfaces of glass substrates are formed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polar groups, hydroxyls and amine groups can form acid-base and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> with polar groups on substrates like paper or wood or natural fibers. Nonpolar polyolefin chains interact well with nonpolar substrates. Good <a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">wetting</a> of the substrate is essential for forming a satisfying bond between the adhesive and the substrate. More polar compositions tend to have better adhesion due to their higher <a href="/wiki/Surface_energy" title="Surface energy">surface energy</a>. Amorphous adhesives deform easily, tending to dissipate most of mechanical strain within their structure, passing only small loads on the adhesive-substrate interface; even a relatively weak nonpolar-nonpolar surface interaction can form a fairly strong bond prone primarily to a cohesive failure. The distribution of molecular weights and degree of crystallinity influences the width of melting temperature range. Polymers with crystalline nature tend to be more rigid and have higher cohesive strength than the corresponding amorphous ones, but also transfer more strain to the adhesive-substrate interface. Higher molecular weight of the polymer chains provides higher tensile strength and heat resistance. Presence of unsaturated bonds makes the adhesive more susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Autoxidation" title="Autoxidation">autoxidation</a> and <a href="/wiki/UV_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV degradation">UV degradation</a> and necessitates use of antioxidants and stabilizers. </p><p>The adhesives are usually clear or translucent, colorless, straw-colored, tan, or amber. Pigmented versions are also made and even versions with glittery sparkles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Materials containing polar groups, aromatic systems, and double and triple bonds tend to appear darker than non-polar fully saturated substances; when a water-clear appearance is desired, suitable polymers and additives, e.g. hydrogenated tackifying resins, have to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increase of bond strength and service temperature can be achieved by formation of <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">cross-links</a> in the polymer after solidification. This can be achieved by using polymers undergoing curing with residual moisture (e.g., reactive polyurethanes, silicones), exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation, <a href="/wiki/Electron_irradiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron irradiation">electron irradiation</a>, or by other methods. </p><p>Resistance to water and solvents is critical in some applications. For example, in textile industry, resistance to <a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">dry cleaning</a> solvents may be required. Permeability to gases and water vapor may or may not be desirable. Non-toxicity of both the base materials and additives and absence of odors is important for <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>. </p><p>Mass-consumption <a href="/wiki/Disposable_product" title="Disposable product">disposable products</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">diapers</a> necessitate development of <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a> HMAs. Research is being performed on e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> polyesters,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polycaprolactone" title="Polycaprolactone">polycaprolactone</a> with <a href="/wiki/Soy_protein" title="Soy protein">soy protein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-paper_24253_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper_24253-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. </p><p>Some of the possible base materials of hot-melt adhesives include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene-vinyl acetate</a> (EVA) copolymers, low-performance, the low-cost and most common material for the glue sticks (e.g., the light amber colored Thermogrip GS51, GS52, and GS53).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They provide sufficient strength between 30 °C (86 °F) and 50 °C (122 °F) but are limited to use below 60 °C (140 °F) to 80 °C (176 °F) and have low <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a> resistance under load. The vinyl acetate monomer content is about 18–29 percent by weight of the polymer. High amounts of tackifiers and waxes are often used; an example composition is 30–40% of EVA copolymer (provides strength and toughness), 30–40% of tackifier resin (improves wetting and tack), 20–30% of wax (usually paraffin-based; reduces viscosity, alters setting speed, reduces cost), and 0.5–1.0% of stabilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Fillers</a> can be added for special applications. Can be formulated for service temperatures ranging from −40 °C (−40 °F) to 80 °C (176 °F), and for both short and long open times and a wide range of melt viscosities. High stability at elevated temperatures and resistance to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a>, which can be further enhanced with suitable stabilizers. High vinylacetate content can serve for formulating a hot-melt <a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">pressure-sensitive adhesive</a> (HMPSA). EVA formulations are compatible with paraffin. EVA was the base for the original hot melt composition. The composition of the copolymer influences its properties; increased content of ethylene promotes adhesion to nonpolar substrates such as polyethylene, while increased content of vinyl acetate promotes adhesion to polar substrates such as paper. Higher ethylene content also increases mechanical strength, block resistance, and paraffin solubility. Higher vinyl acetate content provides higher flexibility, adhesion, hot tack, and better low-temperature performance. Adhesive grade EVA usually contains 14–35% vinyl acetate. Lower molecular weight chains provide lower melt viscosity, better wetting, and better adhesion to porous surfaces. Higher molecular weights provide better cohesion at elevated temperatures and better low-temperature behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased ratio of vinyl acetate lowers the crystallinity of the material, improves optical clarity, flexibility and toughness, and worsens resistance to solvents. EVA can be crosslinked by, e.g., peroxides, yielding a thermosetting material.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EVAs can be compounded with aromatic hydrocarbon resins.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grafting <a href="/wiki/Butadiene" title="Butadiene">butadiene</a> to EVA improves its adhesion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its dielectric properties are poor due to high content of polar groups, the <a href="/wiki/Loss_tangent" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss tangent">dielectric loss</a> is moderately high. Polypropylene HMAs are a better choice for high-frequency electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EVAs are optically clearer and more gas and vapor permeable than polyolefins. Nearly half of EVA HMAs is used in packaging applications. <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_grinding" title="Cryogenic grinding">Cryogenic grinding</a> of EVAs can provide small, water-dispersible particles for heat-seal applications. EVA can degrade primarily by loss of <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> and formation of a double bond in the chain, and by oxidative degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EVA can be compounded into a wide range of HMAs, from soft pressure-sensitive adhesives to rigid structural adhesives for furniture construction. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Acrylate" title="Acrylate">acrylate</a> copolymers have lower glass transition temperature and higher adhesion even to difficult substrates than EVA. Better thermal resistance, increased adhesion to metals and glass. Suitable for low temperature use. Ethylene-vinylacetate-<a href="/wiki/Maleic_anhydride" title="Maleic anhydride">maleic anhydride</a> and ethylene-acrylate-maleic anhydride <a href="/wiki/Terpolymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Terpolymer">terpolymers</a> offer very high performance.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are ethylene <i>n</i>-butyl acrylate (EnBA), ethylene-acrylic acid (EAA) and ethylene-ethyl acetate (EEA).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyolefin" title="Polyolefin">Polyolefins</a> (PO) (<a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/LDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="LDPE">LDPE</a> but also <a href="/wiki/HDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HDPE">HDPE</a>, which has a higher melting point and better temperature resistance), <a href="/wiki/Atactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atactic">atactic</a> <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> (PP or APP), <a href="/wiki/Polybutene-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybutene-1">polybutene-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidized_polyethylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxidized polyethylene (page does not exist)">oxidized polyethylene</a>, etc.), low-performance, for difficult-to-bond plastics. Very good adhesion to polypropylene, good <a href="/wiki/Moisture_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Moisture barrier">moisture barrier</a>, chemical resistance against <a href="/wiki/Polar_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar solvent">polar solvents</a> and solutions of acids, bases, and alcohols. Longer open time in comparison with EVA and polyamides.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyolefins have low <a href="/wiki/Surface_energy" title="Surface energy">surface energy</a> and provide good wetting of most metals and polymers. <a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">Metallocene</a>-catalyst-synthesised polyolefins have a narrow distribution of molecular weight and correspondingly narrow melting temperature range. Due to the relatively high crystallinity, polyethylene-based glues tend to be opaque and, depending on additives, white or yellowish. Polyethylene hot melts have high pot life stability, are not prone to charring, and are suitable for moderate temperature ranges and on porous non-flexible substrates. Nitrogen or carbon dioxide can be introduced into the melt, forming a <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foam</a> which increases spreading and open time and decreases transfer of heat to the substrate, allowing use of more heat-sensitive substrates; polyethylene-based HMAs are usually used. Foamable HMAs are available on the market since 1981. Amorphous polypropylene HMAs have good dielectric properties, making them suitable for use at high frequencies. PE and APP are usually used on their own or with just a small amount of tackifiers (usually hydrocarbons) and waxes (usually paraffins or microcrystalline waxes, for lower cost, improved anti-blocking, and altered open time and softening temperature). The molecular weight of the polymer is usually lower. Lower molecular weights provide better low-temperature performance and higher flexibility, higher molecular weights increase the seal strength, hot tack, and melt viscosity.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybutene-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybutene-1">Polybutene-1</a> and its copolymers are soft and flexible, tough, partially crystalline, and slowly crystallizing with long open times. The low temperature of recrystallization allows for stress release during formation of the bond. Good bonding to nonpolar surfaces, worse bonding to polar ones. Good for <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> substrates. Can be formulated as pressure-sensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">Amorphous</a> polyolefin (APO/<a href="/wiki/APAO" class="mw-redirect" title="APAO">APAO</a>) polymers are compatible with many solvents, tackifiers, waxes, and polymers; they find wide use in many adhesive applications. APO hot melts have good fuel and acid resistance, moderate heat resistance, are tacky, soft and flexible, have good adhesion and longer open times than crystalline polyolefins. APOs tend to have lower melt viscosity, better adhesion, longer open times and slow set times than comparable EVAs. Some APOs can be used alone, but often they are compounded with tackifiers, waxes, and plasticizers (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a>, poly-butene oil). Examples of APOs include amorphous (atactic) propylene (APP), amorphous propylene/ethylene (APE), amorphous propylene/butene (APB), amorphous propylene/hexene (APH), amorphous propylene/ethylene/butene. APP is harder than APE, which is harder than APB, which is harder than APH, in accordance with decreasing crystallinity. APOs show relatively low <a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(chemistry)" title="Cohesion (chemistry)">cohesion</a>, the entangled polymer chains have fairly high degree of freedom of movement. Under mechanical load, most of the strain is dissipated by elongation and disentanglement of polymer chains, and only a small fraction reaches the adhesive-substrate interface. Cohesive failure is therefore a more common failure mode of APOs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Polyamides and polyesters, high-performance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamides</a> (PA), high-performance, for severe environments; high-temperature glues; typically applied at over 200 °C (392 °F), but can degrade and char during processing. In molten state can somewhat degrade by atmospheric oxygen. High application temperature. High range of service temperatures, generally showing adequate bonding from −40 °C (−40 °F) to 70 °C (158 °F). Some compositions allow operation to 185 °C (365 °F) if they do not have to carry load. Resistant to <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a>, therefore suitable for gluing <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a>; only polyamides derived from secondary diamines however provide a satisfying bond.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistant to oils and gasoline. Good adhesion to many substrates such as metal, wood, vinyl, ABS, and treated polyethylene and polypropylene. Some formulations are <a href="/wiki/Underwriter_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwriter Laboratories">UL</a>-approved for electrical applications requiring reduced flammability. Three groups are employed, with low, intermediate, and high molecular weight; the low MW ones are low-temperature melting and easy to apply, but have lower tensile strength, lower tensile-shear strength, and lower elongation than the high-MW ones. The high-MW ones require sophisticated extruders and are used as high-performance structural adhesives. The presence of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> between the polymer chains gives polyamides a high strength at even low molecular weights, in comparison with other polymers. Hydrogen bonds also provide retention of most of the adhesive strength up almost to the melting point; however they also make the material more susceptible to permeation of moisture in comparison with polyesters. Can be formulated as soft and tacky or as hard and rigid. Niche applications, together with polyesters taking less than 10% of total volume of hot-melt adhesives market. Absorption of moisture may lead to foaming during application as water evaporates during melting, leaving voids in the adhesive layer which degrade mechanical strength. Polyamide HMAs are usually composed of a <a href="/wiki/Dimer_acid" title="Dimer acid">dimer acid</a> with often two or more different diamines. The dimer acid usually presents 60–80% of the total polyamide mass, and provides amorphous nonpolar character. Linear aliphatic amines such as <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_diamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylene diamine">ethylene diamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexamethylene_diamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexamethylene diamine">hexamethylene diamine</a>, provide hardness and strength. Longer chain amines such as dimer amine, reduce the amount of hydrogen bonds per volume of material, resulting in lower stiffness. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyether_diamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyether diamine (page does not exist)">Polyether diamines</a> provide good low-temperature flexibility. <a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazine</a> and similar diamines also reduce the number of hydrogen bonds. Only polyamides based on piperazine and similar secondary amines form satisfactory bond with <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a>; primary amines form stronger hydrogen bonds within the adhesive, secondary amines can act only as proton acceptors, do not form hydrogen bonds within the polyamide, and are therefore free to form weaker bonds with vinyl, probably with the hydrogen atom adjacent to the chlorine.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyesters</a>, similar to the ones used for <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fibers</a>. High application temperature. Synthesized from a <a href="/wiki/Diol" title="Diol">diol</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Dicarboxylic_acid" title="Dicarboxylic acid">dicarboxylic acid</a>. The length of the diol chain has major influence to the material's properties; with increasing diol chain length the melting point increases, the crystallization rate increases, and the degree of crystallization decreases. Both the diol and acid influence the melting point. In comparison with similar polyamides, due to absence of hydrogen bonds, polyesters have lower strength and melting point, but are much more resistant to moisture, though still susceptible. In other parameters, and in applications where these factors do not play a role, polyesters and polyamides are very similar. Polyesters are often used for bonding fabrics. They can be used on their own, or blended with large amounts of additives. They are used where high tensile strength and high temperature resistance are needed. Most polyester hot-melt adhesives have a high degree of crystallinity. Niche applications, together with polyamides taking less than 10% of total volume of hot-melt adhesives market. Water-dispersible amorphous polymers, modified by addition of sodium <a href="/wiki/Sulfonate" title="Sulfonate">sulfonate</a> groups for dispersability, were however developed for repulpable adhesives.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyesters are often highly crystalline, leading to narrow melting temperature range, which is advantageous for high-speed bonding.</li></ul></li> <li>Polyurethanes <ul><li>Thermoplastic <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> (TPU) offer good adhesion to different surfaces due to presence of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polar</a> groups. Their low glass transition temperature provides flexibility at low temperatures. They are highly elastic and soft, with wide possible crystallization and melting point ranges. Polyurethanes consist of long linear chains with flexible, soft segments (<a href="/wiki/Diisocyanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Diisocyanate">diisocyanate</a>-coupled low-melting <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyether" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyether">polyether</a> chains) alternating with rigid segments (diurethane bridges resulting from diisocyanate reacting with a small-molecule <a href="/wiki/Glycol" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycol">glycol</a> chain extender). The rigid segments form hydrogen bonds with rigid segments of other molecules. Higher ratio of soft to hard segments provides better flexibility, elongation, and low-temperature performance, but also lower hardness, modulus, and abrasion resistance. The bonding temperature is lower than with most other HMAs, only about 50 °C (122 °F) to 70 °C (158 °F), when the adhesive behaves as a soft rubber acting as a pressure-sensitive adhesive. The surface wetting in this amorphous state is good, and on cooling the polymer crystallizes, forming a strong flexible bond with high cohesion. Choice of a proper diisocyanate and <a href="/wiki/Polyol" title="Polyol">polyol</a> combination allows tailoring the polyurethane properties; they can be used on their own or blended with a plasticizer. Polyurethanes are compatible with most common plasticizers, and many resins.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Polyurethanes (PUR), or reactive urethanes, for high temperatures and high flexibility. New type of hot-melt <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermosetting">thermosetting</a> adhesives, introduced in early 1990s. Solidification can be rapid or extended in range of several minutes; secondary curing with atmospheric or substrate moisture then continues for several hours, forming <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">cross-links</a> in the polymer. Excellent resistance to solvents and chemicals. Low application temperature, suitable for heat-sensitive substrates. Heat-resistant after curing, with service temperatures generally from −30 °C (−22 °F) to 150 °C (302 °F). Ink-solvent resistant. Often used in <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a>, automotive, aerospace, filter and plastic bag applications. Susceptible to <a href="/wiki/UV_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV degradation">UV degradation</a> causing discoloring and degradation of mechanical properties, requires blending with UV stabilizers and antioxidants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually based on prepolymers made of <a href="/wiki/Polyol" title="Polyol">polyols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methylene_diphenyl_diisocyanate" title="Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate">methylene diphenyl diisocyanate</a> (MDI) or other diisocyanate, with small amount of free isocyanate groups; these groups when subjected to moisture react and cross-link. The uncured solidified <a href="/wiki/Green_strength" title="Green strength">"green" strength</a> tends to be low than non-reactive HMAs, mechanical strength develops with curing. Green strength can be improved by blending the prepolymer with other polymers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Although hot melt adhesives have been around for decades, advancements in PUR development have made it popular for applications like bookbinding, woodworking, and packaging starting in the 1950s. Since it is highly flexible and has a broad thermal setting range, PUR is perfect for bonding difficult substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">Styrene</a> <a href="/wiki/Block_copolymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Block copolymer">block copolymers</a> (SBC), also called styrene copolymer adhesives and rubber-based adhesives, have good low-temperature flexibility, high elongation, and high heat resistance. Frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">pressure-sensitive adhesive</a> applications, where the composition retains tack even when solidified; however non-pressure-sensitive formulations are also used. High heat resistance, good low-temperature flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower strength than polyesters. They usually have A-B-A structure, with an elastic rubber segment between two rigid plastic endblocks. High-strength film formers as standalone, increase cohesion and viscosity as an additive. Water-resistant, soluble in some organic solvents; cross-linking improves solvent resistance. Resins associating with endblocks (cumarone-indene, α-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.) improve adhesion and alter viscosity. Resins associating to the midblocks (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliphatic_olefin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliphatic olefin (page does not exist)">aliphatic olefins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">rosin</a> esters, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyterpene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyterpene (page does not exist)">polyterpenes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terpene_phenolics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terpene phenolics (page does not exist)">terpene phenolics</a>) improve adhesion, processing and pressure-sensitive properties. Addition of plasticizers reduces cost, improves pressure-sensitive tack, decrease melt viscosity, decrease hardness, and improve low-temperature flexibility. The A-B-A structure promotes a phase separation of the polymer, binding together the endblocks, with the central elastic parts acting as cross-links; SBCs do not require additional cross-linking.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Styrene-<a href="/wiki/Butadiene" title="Butadiene">butadiene</a>-styrene (SBS), used in high-strength PSA applications.</li> <li>Styrene-<a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a>-styrene (SIS), used in low-viscosity high-tack PSA applications.</li> <li>Styrene-ethylene/<a href="/wiki/Butylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Butylene">butylene</a>-styrene (SEBS), used in low self-adhering non-woven applications.</li> <li>Styrene-ethylene/propylene (SEP)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycaprolactone" title="Polycaprolactone">Polycaprolactone</a> with <a href="/wiki/Soy_protein" title="Soy protein">soy protein</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a> as plasticizer, a <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a> hot-melt adhesive investigated at <a href="/wiki/Korea_University" title="Korea University">Korea University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paper_24253_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paper_24253-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoropolymer" title="Fluoropolymer">Fluoropolymers</a>, with tackifiers and ethylene copolymer with polar groups<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">Silicone rubbers</a>, undergo cross-linking after solidification, form durable flexible UV and weather resistant silicone sealant<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thermoplastic <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypyrrole" title="Polypyrrole">Polypyrrole</a> (PPY), a <a href="/wiki/Conductive_polymer" title="Conductive polymer">conductive polymer</a>, for intrinsically conducting hot-melt adhesives (ICHMAs), used for <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">EMI</a> <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_shielding" title="Electromagnetic shielding">shielding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EVA compounded with 0.1–0.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>wt.% PPY are strongly absorbing in <a href="/wiki/Near_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared">near infrared</a>, allowing use as near-infrared activated adhesives.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>various other <a href="/wiki/Copolymer" title="Copolymer">copolymers</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The usual additives include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tackifier" title="Tackifier">tackifying</a> <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a> (e.g., rosins and their derivates, <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a> and modified terpenes, <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">aliphatic</a>, cycloaliphatic and aromatic resins (C5 aliphatic resins, C9 aromatic resins, and C5/C9 aliphatic/aromatic resins), hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins, and their mixtures, terpene-phenol resins (TPR, used often with EVAs)), up to about 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tackifiers tend to have low molecular weight, and glass transition and softening temperature above room temperature, providing them with suitable <a href="/wiki/Viscoelastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscoelastic">viscoelastic</a> properties. Tackifiers frequently present most of both weight percentage and cost of the hot-melt adhesive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline_wax" title="Microcrystalline wax">microcrystalline waxes</a>, fatty amide waxes or oxidized <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer–Tropsch">Fischer–Tropsch</a> waxes; increase the setting rate. One of the key components of formulations, waxes lower the melt viscosity and can improve bond strength and temperature resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Benzoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoate">benzoates</a> such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=1,4-cyclohexane_dimethanol_dibenzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol dibenzoate (page does not exist)">1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol dibenzoate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyceryl_tribenzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyceryl tribenzoate (page does not exist)">glyceryl tribenzoate</a>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaerythritol_tetrabenzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaerythritol tetrabenzoate (page does not exist)">pentaerythritol tetrabenzoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">phthalates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">paraffin oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyisobutylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyisobutylene">polyisobutylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_paraffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorinated paraffin">chlorinated paraffins</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> and stabilizers (e.g., hindered phenols, <a href="/wiki/Butylated_hydroxytoluene" title="Butylated hydroxytoluene">BHT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphite" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphite">phosphites</a>, phosphates, hindered aromatic amines); added in small amounts (<1%), not influencing physical properties. These compounds protect the material from degradation both during service life, compounding and in molten state during application. Stabilizers based on functionalized silicones have improved resistance to extraction and outgassing.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV_stabilizers_in_plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="UV stabilizers in plastics">UV stabilizers</a> protect the material against degradation by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glitter" title="Glitter">glitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocide" title="Biocide">biocides</a> for hindering bacterial growth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antistatic_agent" title="Antistatic agent">antistatic agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">fillers</a>, for reducing cost, adding bulk, improving cohesive strength (forming an aggregate-matrix <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a>) and altering properties; e.g., <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">carbon black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_glue" title="Fugitive glue">Fugitive glues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">pressure-sensitive adhesives</a> are available in hot-melt form. With a tack-like consistency, PSA are bonded through the application of pressure at room temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-ASM_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additives and polymers containing <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaturated bond">unsaturated bonds</a> are highly prone to <a href="/wiki/Autoxidation" title="Autoxidation">autoxidation</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">rosin</a>-based additives. Antioxidants can be used for suppressing this aging mechanism. </p><p>Addition of ferromagnetic particles, hygroscopic water-retaining materials, or other materials can yield a hot-melt adhesive which can be activated by <a href="/wiki/Microwave_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave heating">microwave heating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addition of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrically conductive</a> particles can yield conductive hot-melt formulations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot-melt_adhesive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hot-melt adhesives are as numerous as they are versatile. In general, hot melts are applied by extruding, rolling or spraying, and the high melt viscosity makes them ideal for porous and permeable substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-Adhesives101_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhesives101-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HMA are capable of bonding an array of different substrates including: rubbers, ceramics, metals, plastics, glass and wood.<sup id="cite_ref-ASM_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASM-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, HMA (hot-melt adhesives) are available in a variety of different types, allowing for use in a wide range of applications across several industries. For use with hobby or craft projects such as the assembly or repair of remote-control foam <a href="/wiki/Model_aircraft" title="Model aircraft">model aircraft</a>, and artificial floral arrangements, hot-melt sticks and hot-melt glue guns are used in the application of the adhesive. For use in industrial processes, adhesive is supplied in larger sticks and glue guns with higher melting rates. Aside from hot-melt sticks, HMA can be delivered in other formats such as granular or power hot-melt blocks for bulk melt processors. Larger applications of HMA traditionally use pneumatic systems to supply adhesive.<sup id="cite_ref-Adhesives101_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adhesives101-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of industries where HMA is used includes: </p> <ul><li>Closing the flaps of corrugated boxes and paperboard cartons in the <a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">packaging</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Biological_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biological-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spine gluing in the <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a> industry<sup id="cite_ref-Biological_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biological-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Profile-wrapping, product assembly and laminating applications in the woodworking industry<sup id="cite_ref-Biological_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biological-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Disposable diapers are constructed through the use of HMA, bonding the non-woven material to both the backsheet and the elastics.</li> <li>Many electronic device manufacturers may also use an HMA to affix parts and wires, or to secure, insulate, and protect the device's components.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format">Format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot-melt_adhesive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hot-melt adhesives are often sold in sticks or cartridges suited to the intended glue gun. Bulk pellets are also used: these are dumped or transported to an adhesive reservoir for subsequent application. Large open-head drums are also used for high volume application. Hot-melt drum pumps have a heated platen which melts the adhesive for pumping through heated hoses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot-melt_adhesive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100504130114/http://pprc.org/pubs/techreviews/hotmelt/hmtech.html">"Hot Melt Adhesives｜Technical Issues"</a>. <i>pprc.org</i>. Pacific Northwest Pollution Prevention Resource Ctr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pprc.org/pubs/techreviews/hotmelt/hmtech.html">the original</a> on 4 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pprc.org&rft.atitle=Hot+Melt+Adhesives%EF%BD%9CTechnical+Issues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpprc.org%2Fpubs%2Ftechreviews%2Fhotmelt%2Fhmtech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot-melt+adhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGierenzKarmann2001" class="citation book cs1">Gierenz, Gerhard; Karmann, Werner (2001). <i>Adhesives and Adhesive Tapes</i>. 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Woodweb.com. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biodegradable/compostable hot melt adhesives comprising polyester of lactic acid <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6365680">U.S. patent 6,365,680</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paper_24253-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paper_24253_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paper_24253_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927132726/http://ift.confex.com/ift/2004/techprogram/paper_24253.htm">95-5 Development of biodegradable hot-melt adhesive based on poly-e-caprolactone and soy protein isolate for food packaging system</a>. Ift.confex.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ift.confex.com/ift/2004/techprogram/paper_24253.htm">the original</a> on 2011-09-27. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070602063836/http://www2.itap.purdue.edu/msds/detail.cfm?MSDSID=9396">"MSDS – Detailed View"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.itap.purdue.edu/msds/detail.cfm?MSDSID=9396">the original</a> on 2007-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSDS+%E2%80%93+Detailed+View&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.itap.purdue.edu%2Fmsds%2Fdetail.cfm%3FMSDSID%3D9396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot-melt+adhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specialchem4adhesives.com/tc/uv-light-stabilizers/index.aspx?id=eva">HMA - EVA based - UV/Light Stabilizers Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004041/http://www.specialchem4adhesives.com/tc/uv-light-stabilizers/index.aspx?id=eva">Archived</a> 2013-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. SpecialChem4Adhesives. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemquest.com/store/ethylene-vinyl-acetate-copolymers-european-adhesives.html">Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymers(>50% Ethylene)Market Study Report - European Adhesives Industry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118135041/http://www.chemquest.com/store/ethylene-vinyl-acetate-copolymers-european-adhesives.html">Archived</a> 2008-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Chemquest.com. 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Retrieved on 2010-02-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young-Jun Park and Hyun-Joong Kim, "Hot-melt adhesive properties of EVA/aromatic hydrocarbon resin blend", International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Volume 23, Issue 5, 2003, Page 383 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0143-7496%2803%2900069-1">10.1016/S0143-7496(03)00069-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butadiene grafted ethylene-vinyl acetate hot melt adhesive <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3959410">U.S. patent 3,959,410</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yarchive.net/electr/hot_melt_glues.html">Hot melt glues (Barry L. Ornitz)</a>. Yarchive.net. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Moalli <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd3eueew3fkC&dq=%22hot+melt%22+eva&pg=PA8">Plastics failure: analysis and prevention</a>, William Andrew, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884207-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-884207-92-8">1-884207-92-8</a> p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specialchem4adhesives.com/tc/ethylene-copolymers/index.aspx?id=hotmelt">Hot melt applications - Ethylene Copolymers Center</a>. SpecialChem4Adhesives. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specialchem4adhesives.com/tc/antioxidants/index.aspx?id=polyolefin">Polyolefins - Antioxidants Center</a>. SpecialChem4Adhesives. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f7B7rsF3jOYC&dq=%22hot+melt%22+eva&pg=PA17">Solvent-free adhesives</a> By T.E. Rolando, iSmithers Rapra Publishing, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85957-133-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85957-133-6">1-85957-133-6</a> p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4iivTahBoC&dq=%22hot+melt%22+adhesive+polar&pg=PA22">Adhesives and adhesive tapes</a> by Gerhard Gierenz, Werner Karmann, Wiley-VCH, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-527-30110-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-527-30110-0">3-527-30110-0</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hotmeltnews.com/amorphous-poly-olefin-apoapao-based-hot-melt-adhesives/">Amorphous Poly-Olefin (APO/APAO)-based Hot Melt Adhesives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724162945/http://www.hotmeltnews.com/amorphous-poly-olefin-apoapao-based-hot-melt-adhesives/">Archived</a> 2008-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Hot Melt News (2006-07-18). Retrieved on 2010-02-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_frihart001.pdf">Specific adhesion model for bonding hot-melt polyamides to vinyl</a>. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2010-02-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specialchem4adhesives.com/resources/articles/article.aspx?id=40">Odorless, Water-Dispersible Sulfopolyester for Recyclable Hot Melt Adhesives - Article</a>. Specialchem4adhesives.com (2002-05-22). 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