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also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Bradwardine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="توماس برادواردن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس برادواردن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Bradvardin" title="Tomas Bradvardin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Bradvardin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="תומאס ברדוורדין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס ברדוורדין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Томас Брадварди – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томас Брадварди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="توماس برادواردن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس برادواردن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Брадвардин, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брадвардин, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Bradwardine" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தாமசு பார்துவார்தைன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமசு பார்துவார்தைன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="托馬斯·布拉德華 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托馬斯·布拉德華" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q461116#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Thomas_Bradwardine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Thomas Bradwardine</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Geometria_speculativa._Thomas_Bradwardine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Geometria_speculativa._Thomas_Bradwardine.jpg/220px-Geometria_speculativa._Thomas_Bradwardine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Geometria_speculativa._Thomas_Bradwardine.jpg/330px-Geometria_speculativa._Thomas_Bradwardine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Geometria_speculativa._Thomas_Bradwardine.jpg/440px-Geometria_speculativa._Thomas_Bradwardine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codex</a> in Latin with the work <i>Geometria speculativa</i>, illustrated by Cola Rapino's workshop (1495)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed</th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1349</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">26 August 1349</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ufford" title="John de Ufford">John de Ufford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Islip" title="Simon Islip">Simon Islip</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 1349</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1300<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hartfield" title="Hartfield">Hartfield</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 August 1349<br />Canterbury</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data">Canterbury</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><b>Philosophy career</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Calculators" title="Oxford Calculators">Oxford Calculators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Insolubilia" title="Insolubilia">Insolubilia</a></i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Bradwardine</b> (c. 1300 – 26 August 1349) was an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">cleric</a>, scholar, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, courtier and, very briefly, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>. As a celebrated <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic philosopher">scholastic philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of theology">doctor of theology</a>, he is often called <i><b>Doctor Profundus</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_epithet" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval epithet">medieval epithet</a>, meaning "the Profound Doctor" or "the Profound Teacher"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sources vary about Bradwardine's early life before receiving his degree in 1321. His exact date of birth is unknown but sources point to a date between 1290 and 1300.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His place of birth is also unknown but some sources point to it being near <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>, Sussex, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harfield (page does not exist)">Harfield</a>. The first concrete sources of his do not appear until he received his degree in 1321 from <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>. Thomas Bradwardine became a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College</a> in Oxford, and was awarded his B.A. in August 1321. Bradwardine stayed at Merton College until 1333, when he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Canon_regular" title="Canon regular">Canon</a> of Lincoln, and in 1337 he was appointed the chaplain of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>. His involvement with the ecclesiastical began in September 1333, when he was made the Canon of Lincoln. It is less corroborated by sources but it is stated that Bradwardine may have been the Bishop of Durham between 1335 and 1337. It is rumoured that this move to Durham helped put him into contact with <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">King Edward III</a>, which would lead to his eventual appointment of Chaplain of <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He acquired several degrees from Oxford, it is presumed he acquired them on these dates: B.A. by August 1321, an M.A. by 1323, a B.Th. by 1330, and a D.Th. by 1348.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bradwardine was a precocious student, educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was a fellow by 1321; he took the degree of doctor of divinity, and acquired the reputation of a profound scholar, a skilful <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and an able <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a>. He was also a gifted <a href="/wiki/Logician" class="mw-redirect" title="Logician">logician</a> with theories on the <i><a href="/wiki/Insolubilia" title="Insolubilia">insolubles</a></i> and in particular the <a href="/wiki/Liar_paradox" title="Liar paradox">liar paradox</a>. </p><p>Bradwardine subsequently moved to <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a> on a fellowship. He was afterwards raised to the high offices of chancellor of the university and professor of divinity. Bradwardine (like his contemporary <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>) was a culminating figure of the great intellectual movement at Oxford that had begun in the 1240s. </p><p>Bradwardine was an ordinary secular cleric, which gave him intellectual freedom but deprived him of the security and wherewithal that the Preaching Orders would have afforded; instead he turned to royal patronage. From being chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">diocese of London</a> as <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_St_Paul%27s" title="Dean of St Paul's">Dean of St Paul's</a>, he became chaplain and confessor to <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>, whom he attended during his wars in France at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a>, where he preached at the victory Mass, and at the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Calais (1346)">siege of Calais</a>. Edward repeatedly entrusted him with diplomatic missions. On his return to England, he was successively appointed <a href="/wiki/Prebendary" title="Prebendary">prebendary</a> of Lincoln and <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Lincoln" title="Dean of Lincoln">dean</a> (1348). In 1349 the canons of the chapter at Canterbury elected him Archbishop following the death of Archbishop John Stratford, but <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> withheld his consent, preferring his chancellor <a href="/wiki/John_de_Ufford" title="John de Ufford">John de Ufford</a>, perhaps loth to lose his trusted confessor. After Ufford died of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, 2 May, Bradwardine went to receive confirmation from Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a> at Avignon, but on his return he died of the plague at <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 26 August 1349,<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook233_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook233-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forty days after his consecration. He was buried at Canterbury. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Nun%27s_Priest%27s_Tale" title="The Nun's Priest's Tale">The Nun's Priest's Tale</a> (line 476) ranks Bradwardine with <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius">Boethius</a>. His great theological work, to modern eyes, is a treatise against the <a href="/wiki/Pelagians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagians">Pelagians</a>, entitled <i>De causa Dei contra Pelagium et de virtute causarum</i>. Bradwardine's major treatise argued that space was an infinite void in which God could have created other worlds, which he would rule as he ruled this one. The "causes of virtue" include the <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">influences of the planets</a>, not as predestining a human career, but influencing a subject's essential nature. This astrophysical treatise was not published until it was edited by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Savile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Savile">Sir Henry Savile</a> and printed in London, 1618; its circulation in manuscript was very limited. The implications of the infinite void were revolutionary; to have pursued them would have threatened the singular relationship of man and this natural world to God (Cantor 2001); in it he treated theology mathematically. He wrote also <i>De Geometria speculativa</i> (printed at Paris, 1530); <i>De Arithmetica practica</i> (printed at Paris, 1502); <i>De proportionibus velocitatum in motibus (1328)</i> (printed at Paris, 1495; Venice, 1505); <i>De Quadratura Circuli</i> (Paris, 1495); and an <i>Ars Memorative</i>, Sloane manuscripts. No. 3974 in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> – earning from the Pope the title of the ‘Profound Doctor’. Another text, <i>De Continuo</i> is more tenuously credited to him and thought to be written sometime between 1328 and 1325. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bradwardine helped revive <a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian Theology</a> during his time in the fourteenth century. He wrote extensively on various subjects, including speculative arithmetic, geometry, and the workings of the human mind. As a theologian and scholar of natural philosophy, Bradwardine rejected <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>'s belief that God could know future events and <a href="/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy)" title="Contingency (philosophy)">contingencies</a> in a limited sense, insisting instead that God's knowledge is absolute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdePrater201537_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdePrater201537-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bradwardine was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammons202058_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammons202058-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraciaNoone2003660–661_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraciaNoone2003660–661-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdePrater201537_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdePrater201537-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which centered on a divine <a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">monergism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and implied a <a href="/wiki/Double_predestination" class="mw-redirect" title="Double predestination">double predestination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998103_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He accepted the idea of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> and suggested that all evil acts of Human will were due to God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraciaNoone2003660–661_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraciaNoone2003660–661-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">providence</a> is inseparable from <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, and rejected the notion that humans could do good of their own volition. Instead, he claimed they act solely according to God's will. Bradwardine would go on to write that free will and predestination through <a href="/wiki/Predeterminism" title="Predeterminism">predeterminism</a> are compatible, a theory known as <a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">compatibilism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraciaNoone2003660–661_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraciaNoone2003660–661-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradwardine_-_Geometria_speculativa,_1495_-_66918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bradwardine_-_Geometria_speculativa%2C_1495_-_66918.jpg/240px-Bradwardine_-_Geometria_speculativa%2C_1495_-_66918.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bradwardine_-_Geometria_speculativa%2C_1495_-_66918.jpg/360px-Bradwardine_-_Geometria_speculativa%2C_1495_-_66918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bradwardine_-_Geometria_speculativa%2C_1495_-_66918.jpg/480px-Bradwardine_-_Geometria_speculativa%2C_1495_-_66918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption><i>Geometria speculativa</i>, 1495</figcaption></figure> <p>Merton College sheltered a group of dons devoted to natural science, mainly physics, astronomy and mathematics, rivals of the intellectuals at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>. Bradwardine was one of these <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Calculators" title="Oxford Calculators">Oxford Calculators</a>, studying mechanics with <a href="/wiki/William_Heytesbury" class="mw-redirect" title="William Heytesbury">William Heytesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Swineshead" title="Richard Swineshead">Richard Swineshead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Dumbleton" title="John Dumbleton">John Dumbleton</a>. The Oxford Calculators distinguished <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (mechanics)">dynamics</a>, emphasising kinematics, and investigating instantaneous velocity. They first formulated the <a href="/wiki/Mean_speed_theorem" title="Mean speed theorem">mean speed theorem</a>: a body moving with constant velocity travels the same distance as an accelerated body in the same time if its velocity is half the final speed of the accelerated body. They also demonstrated this theorem — the foundation of "The Law of Falling Bodies" — long before <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a>, who is generally credited with it. </p><p>The mathematical physicist and historian of science <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Truesdell" title="Clifford Truesdell">Clifford Truesdell</a>, wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The now published sources prove to us, beyond contention, that the main kinematical properties of uniformly accelerated motions, still attributed to <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> by the physics texts, were discovered and proved by scholars of Merton college.... In principle, the qualities of Greek physics were replaced, at least for motions, by the numerical quantities that have ruled Western science ever since. The work was quickly diffused into <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Almost immediately, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Casali" title="Giovanni di Casali">Giovanni di Casale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a> found how to represent the results by geometrical <a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">graphs</a>, introducing the connection between <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> and the physical world that became a second characteristic habit of Western thought ...</p></blockquote> <p>In <i>Tractatus de proportionibus</i> (1328), Bradwardine extended the theory of proportions of <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus of Cnidus</a> to anticipate the concept of <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponential growth</a>, later developed by the <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Bernoulli" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Bernoulli">Bernoulli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">compound interest</a> as a special case. Arguments for the mean speed theorem (above) require the modern mathematical concept of <a href="/wiki/Limit_(mathematics)" title="Limit (mathematics)">limit</a>, so Bradwardine had to use arguments of his day. Mathematician and mathematical historian <a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin_Boyer" title="Carl Benjamin Boyer">Carl Benjamin Boyer</a> writes, "Bradwardine developed the <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">Boethian theory</a> of double or triple or, more generally, what we would call 'n-tuple' proportion". Bradwardine attempted to reconcile contradictions in physics, where he largely adopted <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotle's description of the physical universe.</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bradwardine rejected four opinions concerning the link between power, resistance, and speed on the basis that were inconsistent with Aristotle's or because they did not align with what could be easily observed regarding motion.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He does this by examining the nature of ratios.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first opinion Bradwardine contemplates before rejecting is one he attributes to Avempace that states " that speeds follow the excesses of motive powers over resistances", following the formula (V ∝ [M−R], where V = speed M = motive power, and R = resistance).<sup id="cite_ref-:05_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he second opinion follows the formula (V ∝ [M−R]/R), which states "that speeds follow the ratio of the excesses of the motive over the resisting powers to the resisting powers".<sup id="cite_ref-:05_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bradwardine claims this as the work of <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third opinion concerns the traditional interpretation of the Aristotelian rules of motion and states "that the speeds follow the inverse of the resistances when the moving powers are the same (V ∝ 1/R when M is constant) and follow the moving powers when the resistances are the same (V ∝ M when R is constant)".<sup id="cite_ref-:05_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last rejection was "that speeds do not follow any ratio because motive and resistive powers are quantities of different species and so cannot form ratios with each other".<sup id="cite_ref-:05_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Bradwardine's own rule is that the ratio of speeds follows the ratios of motive to resistive powers."<sup id="cite_ref-:05_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bradwardine did identify one measurement error in Aristotle's law of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bradwardine's identification of this error was described by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Addison_Moody" title="Ernest Addison Moody">Ernest Moody</a> as a "radical shift from Aristotelian dynamics to modern dynamics, initiated in the early fourteenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle's calculation of average speed was criticized by Bradwardine for not examining "the whole question of how moment-to-moment velocities are related within the whole time of the movement."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bradwardine also believed Aristotle contradicted himself with his explanation of resistance in motion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle believed "that a force has to be greater than its resistance in order to move, and the "proportion" (Bradwardine's word; we would say ratio) of force to resistance equaling the proportion of distance to time."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bradwardine did not accept the explanation and instead proposed "that the rate of velocity is the ratio of an exponential increase in force to resistance."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bradwardine's explanation does not align with the modern rules of the rates of motion, yet his goal to reconcile Aristotle's claim was accomplished and he was the first person to be credited for using exponential functions in an attempt to explain the laws of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boyer also writes that "the works of Bradwardine had contained some fundamentals of <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a> gleaned from <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> sources".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet "Bradwardine and his Oxford colleagues did not quite make the breakthrough to modern science" (Cantor 2001, p. 122). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a> in particular seemed to influence Bradwardine, though it is unclear whether this was directly or indirectly. Nonetheless, Bradwardine's work bears many similarities to the work of Al-Kindi, <i>Quia</i> <i>primos</i> (or <i><a href="/wiki/De_Gradibus" title="De Gradibus">De Gradibus</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona" title="Gerard of Cremona">Gerard of Cremona's</a> Latin translation of Quia primos (or <a href="/wiki/De_Gradibus" title="De Gradibus">De Gradibus</a>) would have been available to Bradwardine, but Roger Bacon seemed to be the only European philosopher to have had a direct connection to the book, but not to the degree of <a href="/wiki/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">Arnald of Villanova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Bradwardine's work bears many similarities to the work of Al-Kindi.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_of_memory">Art of memory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Art of memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bradwardine was also a practitioner and exponent of the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_memory" title="Art of memory">art of memory</a>, a loosely associated group of mnemonic principles and techniques used to organise memory impressions, improve recall, and assist in the combination and 'invention' of ideas. His <i>De Memoria Artificiali</i> (<i>c.</i> 1335) discusses memory training current during his time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bradwardine's <i>On Acquiring a Trained Memory</i>, translated by Mary Carruthers, contains, as Carruthers describes it, was similar to <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero's</a> work on the art of memory.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She states, "Bradwardine's art is notable for its detailed description of several techniques for fixing and recalling specific material through the use of graphically detailed, brilliantly colored, and vigorously animated mental images, grouped together in a succession of <i>pictures</i> or organized scenes, whose internal order recalls not just particular content but the relationship among its parts."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She acknowledges this being similar to active imaging described by Cicero, along with the memory devices for things and words being changed in rhetoric, but are distinct since the imagery Bradwardine uses is decidedly medieval in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bradwardine's theories on the <i><a href="/wiki/Insolubilia" title="Insolubilia">insolubilia</a></i> including the <a href="/wiki/Liar_paradox" title="Liar paradox">liar paradox</a> were a great influence on the work of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bradwardine's work on kinematics was also influential to Buridan.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite never rejecting the papacy, Thomas Bradwardine is cited as holding <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> theology before <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His <i>De Causa Dei</i> influenced the theology of <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> on <a href="/wiki/Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">grace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=1323368"><i>Preclarissimum mathematicarum opus</i></a> (in Latin). Valencia: Jeronimo Amiquet. 1503.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preclarissimum+mathematicarum+opus&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pub=Jeronimo+Amiquet&rft.date=1503&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D1323368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_works_and_English_translations">Latin works and English translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Latin works and English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Insolubilia</i> (Insolubles), Latin text and English translation by Stephen Read, Leuven, Peeters Editions (<a href="/wiki/Dallas_Medieval_Texts_and_Translations" title="Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations">Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations</a>, 10), 2010.</li> <li><i>De insolubilibus</i> (On Insolubles), edited by Marie Louise Roure in 'La problématique des propositions insolubles du XIIIe siècle et du début du XIVe, suivie de l'édition des traités de William Shyreswood, Walter Burleigh et Thomas Bradwardine', Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen Age 37, 1970: 205–326.</li> <li><i>De incipit et desinit</i> (On 'It Begins' and 'It Ceases'), ed. Lauge O. Nielsen, <i>Cahiers de l'Institut du moyen Age grec et Latin</i> 42, 1982: 1–83.</li> <li><i>Geometria speculativa</i> (Speculative Geometry), Latin text and English translation with an introduction and a commentary by George Molland, Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1989.</li> <li><i>Arithmetica speculativa</i> (Speculative Arithmetic) Parisiis: G. Marchant, 1495</li> <li><i>De proportionibus velocitatum in motibus</i> (On the Ratios of Velocities in Motions) Latin text and English translation by H. Lamar Crosby, Jr. in: 'Thomas of Bradwardine: His Tractatus de Proportionibus: Its Significance for the Development of Mathematical Physics', Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955.</li> <li><i>De continuo</i> (On the Continuum), edited by John Emery Murdoch in 'Geometry and the Continuum in the Fourteenth Century: A Philosophical Analysis of Thomas Bradwardine's Tractatus de continuo', PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1957.</li> <li><i>De futuris contingentibus</i> (<i>On Future Contingents</i>): edited by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenest1979" class="citation journal cs1">Genest, Jean-François (1979). "Le <span class="nocase"><i>De futuris contingentibus</i></span> de Thomas Bradwardine". <i>Recherches Augustiniennes et Patristiques</i>. <b>14</b>: 249–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.RA.5.102303">10.1484/J.RA.5.102303</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0484-0887">0484-0887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recherches+Augustiniennes+et+Patristiques&rft.atitle=Le+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nocase%22%3EDe+futuris+contingentibus%3C%2Fspan%3E+de+Thomas+Bradwardine&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=249-336&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.RA.5.102303&rft.issn=0484-0887&rft.aulast=Genest&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>De causa Dei contra Pelagium et de virtute causarum ad suos Mertonenses, libri tres</i> (In Defense of God Against the Pelagians and on the Power of Causes, in three books), edited by Henry Savile, London: 1618; reprinted at Frankfurt: Minerva, 1964.</li> <li>Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard: some questions found in a manuscript at the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris are published in: J.-F. Genest and Katherine Tachau, 'La lecture de Thomas Bradwardine sur les Sentences', Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Age 57, 1990: 301–6.</li> <li><i>De memoria artificiali adquirenda</i> (On Acquiring a Trained Memory), ed. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Carruthers" title="Mary Carruthers">Mary Carruthers</a>, Journal of Medieval Latin, 2, (1992): 25–43; translated in Carruthers M., <i>The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture</i>, New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 1990, pp. 281–8; Carruthers M. and Ziolkowski J., <i>The Medieval Craft of Memory</i>, Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2002, pp. 205–14.</li> <li>Gillmeister H. (ed.), "An intriguing fourteenth-century document: Thomas Bradwardine's De arte memorativa". <i>Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen</i> 220, 1983, pp. 111–4.</li> <li>Green-Pedersen N.-J. (ed.), "Bradwardine (?) on Ockham's doctrine of consequences: an edition". <i>Cahiers de l'Institute de moyen age grec et latin</i>, 42, 1982, pp. 85–150.</li> <li>Lamar Crosby H. (ed.), <i>Thomas of Bradwardine: his Tractatus de Proportionibus: its significance for the development of mathematical physics</i>. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1955.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_scientist-clerics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics">List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousin1910" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Cousin" title="John William Cousin">Cousin, John William</a> (1910). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature" title="A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature">A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature</a></i>. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Biographical+Dictionary+of+English+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26amp%3B+Sons&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Cousin&rft.aufirst=John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Davies, Brian Leftow (eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Anselm</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edith Wilks Dolnikowski, <i>Thomas Bradwardine: A View of Time and a Vision of Eternity in Fourteenth Century Thought</i>, BRILL, 1995, p. 101 n. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradwardine1344" class="citation book cs1">Bradwardine, Thomas (1344). <i>De Causa Dei</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Causa+Dei&rft.date=1344&rft.aulast=Bradwardine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:08-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:08_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch1970" class="citation book cs1">Murdoch, John (1970). <i>Dictionary of Scientific biography</i>. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 390–397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684101149" title="Special:BookSources/9780684101149"><bdi>9780684101149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+biography&rft.pages=390-397&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780684101149&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qaojnr_ii-0C&dq=bradwardine+-wikipedia+rochester&pg=PA107">Norman F. Cantor, <i>In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook233-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook233_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fryde, et al. <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i> p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdePrater201537-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdePrater201537_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdePrater201537_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdePrater2015">dePrater 2015</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammons202058-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammons202058_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSammons2020">Sammons 2020</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraciaNoone2003660–661-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraciaNoone2003660–661_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraciaNoone2003660–661_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraciaNoone2003660–661_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraciaNoone2003">Gracia & Noone 2003</a>, pp. 660–661.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett2013">Barrett 2013</a>, p. xxvii, ‌. "[D]ivine monergism is the view of Augustine and the Augustinians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998103-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998103_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1998">James 1998</a>, p. 103. "If one asks, whether double predestination is a logical implication or development of Augustine's doctrine, the answer must be in the affirmative."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford Truesdell, <i>Essays in The History of Mechanics</i>, (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1968), p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolnikowski1995" class="citation book cs1">Dolnikowski, Edith Wilks (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31969455"><i>Thomas Bradwardine : a view of time and a vision of eternity in fourteenth-century thought</i></a>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10226-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10226-4"><bdi>90-04-10226-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31969455">31969455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Bradwardine+%3A+a+view+of+time+and+a+vision+of+eternity+in+fourteenth-century+thought&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31969455&rft.isbn=90-04-10226-4&rft.aulast=Dolnikowski&rft.aufirst=Edith+Wilks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F31969455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858681678"><i>The Cambridge History of Science. Volume 2, Medieval Science</i></a>. David C. Lindberg, Michael H. Shank. New York, NY. 2013. pp. 415–419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-97400-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-97400-7"><bdi>978-0-511-97400-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858681678">858681678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Science.+Volume+2%2C+Medieval+Science&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=415-419&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858681678&rft.isbn=978-0-511-97400-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F858681678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldie2019" class="citation book cs1">Goldie, Matthew B. 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Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-3404-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-3404-5"><bdi>978-1-5017-3404-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055566888">1055566888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scribes+of+Space%3A+Place+in+Middle+English+Literature+and+Late+Medieval+Science&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055566888&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-3404-5&rft.aulast=Goldie&rft.aufirst=Matthew+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1055566888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1991" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Carl B. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23823042"><i>A History of Mathematics</i></a>. Uta C. Merzbach (2nd ed. [rev.] ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-54397-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-54397-7"><bdi>0-471-54397-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23823042">23823042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=274&rft.edition=2nd+ed.+%5Brev.%5D&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23823042&rft.isbn=0-471-54397-7&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F23823042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVaugh1967" class="citation journal cs1">McVaugh, Michael (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/228386">"Arnald of Villanova and Bradwardine's Law"</a>. <i>Isis</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 56–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F350183">10.1086/350183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/228386">228386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143251330">143251330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Arnald+of+Villanova+and+Bradwardine%27s+Law&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-64&rft.date=1967&rft.issn=0021-1753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143251330%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F228386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F350183&rft.aulast=McVaugh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F228386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Carruthers, <i>The Book of Memory</i>, Cambridge, 1990, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edith Wilks Dolnikowski, "De Memoria Artificiali: Time and Memory in the Thought of Thomas Bradwardine." In: <i>Constructions of Time in the Late Middle Ages</i>. Ed. Carol Poster and Richard Utz. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1997. Pp. 197–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarruthers2002" class="citation book cs1">Carruthers, Mary J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49627682"><i>The Medieval Craft of Memory: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures</i></a>. Jan M. Ziolkowski. Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 205–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3676-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3676-9"><bdi>0-8122-3676-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49627682">49627682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Craft+of+Memory%3A+An+Anthology+of+Texts+and+Pictures&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=205-214&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49627682&rft.isbn=0-8122-3676-9&rft.aulast=Carruthers&rft.aufirst=Mary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F49627682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medieval work on the liar paradox has been most recently studied by Paul Spade and Stephen Read (for which see Spade's entry, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/insolubles/">Insolubles</a>," in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which offers a brief exposition).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall Clagett, <i>The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages</i>. Madison. 1959. p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdePrater2015">dePrater 2015</a>, Ch. <i>Forerunners of the Protestant reformation</i>: "Bradwardine in his study of Augustinian theology came to an understanding of the doctrine of predestination as a positive affirmation of Gd's benevolent grace unto us."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_F._GlickSteven_LiveseyFaith_Wallis2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas F. Glick; Steven Livesey; Faith Wallis (27 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100"><i>Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine</i></a>. Routledge. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135459321" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135459321"><bdi>978-1135459321</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Science%2C+Technology+and+Medicine&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1135459321&rft.au=Thomas+F.+Glick&rft.au=Steven+Livesey&rft.au=Faith+Wallis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77y2AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2013" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Matthew (2013). <i>Salvation by Grace: The Case for Effectual Calling and Regeneration</i>. Phillipsburg: P & R Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salvation+by+Grace%3A+The+Case+for+Effectual+Calling+and+Regeneration&rft.place=Phillipsburg&rft.pub=P+%26+R+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>In the Wake of the Plague</i>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Cantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman F. Cantor">Norman F. Cantor</a>, Simon & Schuster, 2001. "Death comes to the Archbishop": a chapter sets Bradwardine's political and intellectual career in his Oxford milieu, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>.</li> <li><i>A History of Mathematics</i> (pp. 288, 302), Carl O. Boyer, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984.</li> <li><i>The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages</i>, Marshall Claggett, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1960.</li> <li><i>Tractatus de Proportionibus, Its Significance for the Development of Mathematical Physics</i>, H. L. Crosby, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1955.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdePrater2015" class="citation book cs1">dePrater, William A. (2015). <i>God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation</i>. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5"><bdi>978-1-4982-0454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Hovered+Over+the+Waters%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-0454-5&rft.aulast=dePrater&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy1996" class="citation book cs1">Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i> (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56350-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56350-5"><bdi>978-0-521-56350-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Third+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56350-5&rft.aulast=Fryde&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft.au=Greenway%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Porter%2C+S.&rft.au=Roy%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraciaNoone2003" class="citation book cs1">Gracia, Jorge J. E.; Noone, Timothy (2003). <i>A companion to philosophy in the middle ages</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-2309-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-2309-5"><bdi>1-4051-2309-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53333827">53333827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+philosophy+in+the+middle+ages&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53333827&rft.isbn=1-4051-2309-5&rft.aulast=Gracia&rft.aufirst=Jorge+J.+E.&rft.au=Noone%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._F._Hook" class="mw-redirect" title="W. F. Hook">W. F. Hook</a>, <i>Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury</i>, vol. iv.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1998" class="citation book cs1">James, Frank A. (1998). <i>Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer</i>. Oxford: Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Martyr+Vermigli+and+Predestination%3A+The+Augustinian+Inheritance+of+an+Italian+Reformer&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>See <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Qu%C3%A9tif" title="Jacques Quétif">Quétif</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jacques_%C3%89chard" title="Jacques Échard">Échard</a>, <i>Script. Praedic.</i> (1719), i. 744</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammons2020" class="citation book cs1">Sammons, Peter (2020). <i>Reprobation: from Augustine to the Synod of Dort: The Historical Development of the Reformed Doctrine of Reprobation</i>. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reprobation%3A+from+Augustine+to+the+Synod+of+Dort%3A+The+Historical+Development+of+the+Reformed+Doctrine+of+Reprobation&rft.place=Gottingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Sammons&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Bradwardine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Essays in The History of Mechanics</i>, Clifford Truesdell, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1968, QC122.T7.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heiko_Oberman" title="Heiko Oberman">Heiko Oberman</a>, <i>Archbishop Thomas Bradwardine, a Fourteenth Century <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a>: A Study of His Theology in Its Historical Perspective</i>, Utrecht: Kemink & Zoon, 1957.</li> <li>Gordon Leff, <i>Bradwardine and the <a href="/wiki/Pelagians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagians">Pelagians</a>: A Study of His "De Causa Dei" and Its Opponents</i>, Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1957.</li> <li>Read, Stephen, "Paradox, Closure and Indirect Speech Reports", <i><a href="/wiki/Logica_Universalis" title="Logica Universalis">Logica Universalis</a></i>, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11787-014-0115-3">10.1007/s11787-014-0115-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Thomas_Bradwardine" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_Bradwardine" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bradwardine.html">Thomas Bradwardine at The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a></li> <li>Thomas Bradwardine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0050"><i>Geometria speculativa</i></a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43">Somni</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ufford" title="John de Ufford">John de Ufford</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> </b><br />1349–1349 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Islip" title="Simon Islip">Simon Islip</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archbishops_of_Canterbury" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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talk:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archbishops_of_Canterbury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishops of Canterbury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="List of archbishops of Canterbury">List of archbishops of Canterbury</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Conquest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Canterbury" title="Laurence of Canterbury">Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus" title="Justus">Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_of_Canterbury" title="Honorius of Canterbury">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wighard" title="Wighard">Wighard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhtwald" title="Berhtwald">Berhtwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatwine" title="Tatwine">Tatwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_of_Canterbury" title="Cuthbert of Canterbury">Cuthbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregowine" title="Bregowine">Bregowine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A6nberht" title="Jænberht">Jænberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelhard" title="Æthelhard">Æthelhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfred" title="Wulfred">Wulfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feologild" title="Feologild">Feologild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolnoth" title="Ceolnoth">Ceolnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_(archbishop)" title="Æthelred (archbishop)">Æthelred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plegmund" title="Plegmund">Plegmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athelm" title="Athelm">Athelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhelm" title="Wulfhelm">Wulfhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfsige" title="Ælfsige">Ælfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhthelm_(bishop_of_Wells)" title="Byrhthelm (bishop of Wells)">Byrhthelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgar" title="Æthelgar">Æthelgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeric_(bishop)" title="Sigeric (bishop)">Sigeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Abingdon" title="Ælfric of Abingdon">Ælfric of Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">Ælfheah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyfing_(Archbishop_of_Canterbury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyfing (Archbishop of Canterbury)">Lyfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)">Æthelnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadsige" title="Eadsige">Eadsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert of Jumièges">Robert of Jumièges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conquest to <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_d%27Escures" title="Ralph d'Escures">Ralph d'Escures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Corbeil" title="William de Corbeil">William de Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Bec" title="Theobald of Bec">Theobald of Bec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Bailleul" title="Roger de Bailleul">Roger de Bailleul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Dover" title="Richard of Dover">Richard of Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde" title="Baldwin of Forde">Baldwin of Forde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fitz_Jocelin" title="Reginald Fitz Jocelin">Reginald Fitz Jocelin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Walter" title="Hubert Walter">Hubert Walter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reginald_(sub-prior)" title="Reginald (sub-prior)">Reginald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_de_Gray" title="John de Gray">John de Gray</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Langton" title="Stephen Langton">Stephen Langton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_d%27Eynsham" title="Walter d'Eynsham">Walter d'Eynsham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_le_Grant" title="Richard le Grant">Richard le Grant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville" title="Ralph Neville">Ralph Neville</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_of_Sittingbourne" title="John of Sittingbourne">John of Sittingbourne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Blund" title="John Blund">John Blund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Abingdon" title="Edmund of Abingdon">Edmund of Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Savoy_(bishop)" title="Boniface of Savoy (bishop)">Boniface</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Chillenden" title="William Chillenden">William Chillenden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burnell" title="Robert Burnell">Robert Burnell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winchelsey" title="Robert Winchelsey">Robert Winchelsey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cobham" title="Thomas Cobham">Thomas Cobham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reynolds" title="Walter Reynolds">Walter Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mepeham" title="Simon Mepeham">Simon Mepeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Stratford" title="John de Stratford">John de Stratford</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ufford" title="John de Ufford">John de Ufford</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Bradwardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Islip" title="Simon Islip">Simon Islip</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Edington" title="William Edington">William Edington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Langham" title="Simon Langham">Simon Langham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whittlesey" title="William Whittlesey">William Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sudbury" title="Simon Sudbury">Simon Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Walden" title="Roger Walden">Roger Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chichele" title="Henry Chichele">Henry Chichele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stafford_(bishop)" title="John Stafford (bishop)">John Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)">Thomas Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langton" title="Thomas Langton">Thomas Langton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Deane_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Henry Deane (archbishop of Canterbury)">Henry Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)" title="George Abbot (bishop)">George Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Juxon" title="William Juxon">William Juxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sheldon" title="Gilbert Sheldon">Gilbert Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">William Sancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tillotson" title="John Tillotson">John Tillotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tenison" title="Thomas Tenison">Thomas Tenison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Potter_(bishop)" title="John Potter (bishop)">John Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of Canterbury)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Secker" title="Thomas Secker">Thomas Secker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis">Frederick Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="John Moore (archbishop of Canterbury)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners-Sutton" title="Charles Manners-Sutton">Charles Manners-Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howley" title="William Howley">William Howley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bird_Sumner" title="John Bird Sumner">John Bird Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Longley" title="Charles Longley">Charles Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Tait" title="Archibald Campbell Tait">Archibald Campbell Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_White_Benson" title="Edward White Benson">Edward White Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Davidson" title="Randall Davidson">Randall Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">William Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher" title="Geoffrey Fisher">Geoffrey Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Coggan" title="Donald Coggan">Donald Coggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Runcie" title="Robert Runcie">Robert Runcie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deans_of_Lincoln" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #3355AA 5px solid; border-top: #3355AA 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deans_of_Lincoln" title="Template:Deans of Lincoln"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deans_of_Lincoln" title="Template talk:Deans of Lincoln"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deans_of_Lincoln" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deans of Lincoln"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deans_of_Lincoln" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Lincoln" title="Dean of Lincoln">Deans of Lincoln</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranulph_(Dean_of_Lincoln)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranulph (Dean of Lincoln) (page does not exist)">Ranulph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bloet" title="Simon Bloet">Simon Bloet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Harcourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Harcourt">Philip of Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelelm_(Dean_of_Lincoln)" title="Adelelm (Dean of Lincoln)">Adelelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(Dean_of_Lincoln)" title="Geoffrey (Dean of Lincoln)">Geoffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzNeal" title="Richard FitzNeal">Richard FitzNeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamo_(Dean_of_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamo (Dean of York)">Hamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Rolleston" title="Roger de Rolleston">Roger de Rolleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Thornaco" title="William de Thornaco">William de Thornaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Weseham" title="Roger Weseham">Roger Weseham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lexington" title="Henry of Lexington">Henry of Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Gravesend" title="Richard of Gravesend">Richard of Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Mariscis" title="Robert de Mariscis">Robert de Mariscis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_of_Lexington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William of Lexington (page does not exist)">William of Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Mepham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Mepham (page does not exist)">Richard de Mepham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Maidenstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Maidenstan (page does not exist)">John de Maidenstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sutton_(bishop)" title="Oliver Sutton (bishop)">Oliver Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_de_Hegham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas de Hegham (page does not exist)">Nicholas de Hegham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Willoughby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Willoughby (page does not exist)">Philip Willoughby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joceline_Kirmington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joceline Kirmington (page does not exist)">Joceline Kirmington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_de_Got&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond de Got (page does not exist)">Raymond de Got</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Martival" title="Roger Martival">Roger Martival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mansfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Mansfield">Henry Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Bek_(Bishop_of_Norwich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony Bek (Bishop of Norwich)">Antony Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bateman_(bishop)" title="William Bateman (bishop)">William Bateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ufford" title="John de Ufford">John de Ufford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Bradwardine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Briselee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Briselee (page does not exist)">Simon Briselee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stretley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stretley (page does not exist)">John Stretley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Ravenser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Ravenser (page does not exist)">Richard Ravenser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sheppey_(Dean_of_Lincoln)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Sheppey (Dean of Lincoln) (page does not exist)">John Sheppey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Mackworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Mackworth (page does not exist)">John Mackworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Flemming" title="Robert Flemming">Robert Flemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fitzhugh_(priest)" title="George Fitzhugh (priest)">George Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Simeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Simeon">Geoffrey Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable_(priest)" title="John Constable (priest)">John Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Heneage_(priest)" title="George Heneage (priest)">George Heneage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="John Taylor (bishop of Lincoln)">John Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Mallet" title="Francis Mallet">Francis Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wickham_(bishop)" title="William Wickham (bishop)">William Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Griffin" title="Ralph Griffin">Ralph Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rainolds" title="John Rainolds">John Rainolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cole_(Dean_of_Lincoln)" title="William Cole (Dean of Lincoln)">William Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Stanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurence Stanton (page does not exist)">Laurence Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker_(priest)" title="Roger Parker (priest)">Roger Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Topham_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Topham (priest) (page does not exist)">Anthony Topham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Honywood" title="Michael Honywood">Michael Honywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brevint" title="Daniel Brevint">Daniel Brevint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller_(priest)" title="Samuel Fuller (priest)">Samuel Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Campion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Campion (page does not exist)">Abraham Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Willis_(bishop)" title="Richard Willis (bishop)">Richard Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cannon_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Cannon (priest) (page does not exist)">Robert Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gee_(priest,_born_1657)" title="Edward Gee (priest, born 1657)">Edward Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Willes_(bishop)" title="Edward Willes (bishop)">Edward Willes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cheyney_(priest)" title="Thomas Cheyney (priest)">Thomas Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_George_(priest)" title="William George (priest)">William George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Green_(bishop)" title="John Green (bishop)">John Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Yorke_(bishop)" title="James Yorke (bishop)">James Yorke</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Richardson_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Richardson (priest) (page does not exist)">Robert Richardson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cust_(priest)" title="Richard Cust (priest)">Richard Cust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Kaye,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Kaye, 6th Baronet">Sir Richard Kaye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_(priest)" title="George Gordon (priest)">George Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward_(priest)" title="John Ward (priest)">John Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garnier_(Dean_of_Lincoln)" title="Thomas Garnier (Dean of Lincoln)">Thomas Garnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Jeune" title="Francis Jeune">Francis Jeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jeremie" title="James Jeremie">James Jeremie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Blakesley" title="Joseph Blakesley">Joseph Blakesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Butler_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler (priest)">William Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wickham_(priest)" title="Edward Wickham (priest)">Edward Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fry_(priest,_born_1846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Fry (priest, born 1846)">Thomas Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchell_(priest)" title="Robert Mitchell (priest)">Robert Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Dunlop_(bishop)" title="Colin Dunlop (bishop)">Colin Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Fiennes" title="Oliver Fiennes">Oliver Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Jackson_(priest)" title="Brandon Jackson (priest)">Brandon Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Knight" title="Alec Knight">Alec Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Buckler" title="Philip Buckler">Philip Buckler</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Patrick_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Patrick (priest) (page does not exist)">John Patrick</a> (Acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Wilson_(priest)" title="Christine Wilson (priest)">Christine Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Jones_(priest)" title="Simon Jones (priest)">Simon Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461116#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000079780783">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76375851">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/298048/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGTvQWVkxjbPMGPYGWDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119105780">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92006832">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12269047v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12269047v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bradwardine, Thomas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV051270">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an63539700">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153753&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1310703">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/46314">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069281513">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90942571">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr577zbc16fx9ns">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810593367705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/16690">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259087305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521811506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14953772">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11480655?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bradwardine.thomas">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/552592">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1716988">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119105780.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119105780">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/067069630">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tq6smc">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&oldid=1260147696">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bradwardine&oldid=1260147696</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1300_births" title="Category:1300 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