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type="application/atom+xml" title="Ffrwd Atom Wicipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mathemateg rootpage-Mathemateg skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Neidio i'r cynnwys</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prif ddewislen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Panel llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hafan</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned"><span>Porth y Gymuned</span></a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi"><span>Y Caffi</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes"><span>Materion cyfoes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Newidiadau diweddar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Erthygl ar hap</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth"><span>Cymorth</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Chwilio</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gwedd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class=""><span>Rhoi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Mathemateg" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class=""><span>Creu cyfrif</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Mathemateg" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mewngofnodi</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Offer personol</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy"><span>Rhoi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Mathemateg" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creu cyfrif</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Mathemateg" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyContributions" title="Rhestr golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Cyfraniadau</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mathemategwyr_o_Gymru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathemategwyr_o_Gymru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mathemategwyr o Gymru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathemategwyr_o_Gymru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meysydd_o_fewn_mathemateg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meysydd_o_fewn_mathemateg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Meysydd o fewn mathemateg</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Meysydd_o_fewn_mathemateg-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Meysydd o fewn mathemateg</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Meysydd_o_fewn_mathemateg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sylfaeni_ac_athroniaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sylfaeni_ac_athroniaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sylfaeni ac athroniaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sylfaeni_ac_athroniaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathemateg_bur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathemateg_bur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mathemateg bur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathemateg_bur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Maint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strwythur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strwythur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Strwythur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strwythur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gofod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gofod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gofod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gofod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Newid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathemateg_gymhwysol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathemateg_gymhwysol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mathemateg gymhwysol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathemateg_gymhwysol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ystadegau_a_gwyddorau_eraill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ystadegau_a_gwyddorau_eraill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Ystadegau a gwyddorau eraill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ystadegau_a_gwyddorau_eraill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathemateg_gyfrifiadol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathemateg_gyfrifiadol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Mathemateg gyfrifiadol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathemateg_gyfrifiadol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hanes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Hanes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathemateg_fel_gwyddoniaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathemateg_fel_gwyddoniaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mathemateg fel gwyddoniaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathemateg_fel_gwyddoniaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gwobrau_mathemategol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gwobrau_mathemategol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gwobrau mathemategol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gwobrau_mathemategol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gweler_hefyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gweler_hefyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gweler hefyd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gweler_hefyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cyfeiriadau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mathemateg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 254 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-254" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">254 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%82%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A5" title="ትምህርተ ሂሳብ - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትምህርተ ሂሳብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Matematicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABmcr%C3%A6ft" title="Rīmcræft - Hen Saesneg" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rīmcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Hen Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित - Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رياضيات - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رياضيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="لماط - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لماط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رياضيات - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رياضيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tiques" title="Matemátiques - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Matemátiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solokseropa" title="Solokseropa - Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Solokseropa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित - Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakhu" title="Jakhu - Aymareg" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jakhu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaziyyat" title="Riyaziyyat - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riyaziyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ریاضیات - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریاضیات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik - Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat%C4%97ka" title="Matematėka - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Matematėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматыка - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Матэматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматыка - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Матэматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikis" title="Matematikis - Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Matematikis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamatika" title="Matamatika - Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Matamatika" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သင်္ချာ - Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သင်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiki" title="Matematiki - Bambareg" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Matematiki" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="རྩིས་རིག - Tibeteg" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩིས་རིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibeteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত - Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80" title="ᨆᨈᨛᨆᨈᨗᨀ - Bwginaeg" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨈᨛᨆᨈᨗᨀ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bwginaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тоогой ухаан - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тоогой ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tiques" title="Matemàtiques - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matemàtiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica - Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3-h%C5%8Fk" title="Só-hŏk - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Só-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Tsiamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Tsiamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ماتماتیک - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماتماتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica - Corseg" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaziyat" title="Riyaziyat - Tyrceg y Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Riyaziyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg y Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маѳиматїка - Hen Slafoneg" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Маѳиматїка" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Hen Slafoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laasabu_malibu" title="Laasabu malibu - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Laasabu malibu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aku%C3%ABnk%C3%A4%C5%8B" title="Akuënkäŋ - Dinca" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Akuënkäŋ" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Sorbeg Isaf" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Isaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik - Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%9F%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ރިޔާޟިއްޔާތު - Difehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރިޔާޟިއްޔާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Difehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Μαθηματικά - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαθηματικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A2tica" title="Matemâtica - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Matemâtica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiko" title="Matematiko - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Matematiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemaatika" title="Matemaatika - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Matemaatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ریاضیات - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریاضیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiikka" title="Matematiikka - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matematiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%B5maatiga" title="Matõmaatiga - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Matõmaatiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fika" title="Fika - Ffijïeg" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Fika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Ffijïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8ddfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Støddfrøði - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Støddfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Mathématiques - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mathématiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8matiques" title="Matèmatiques - Arpitaneg" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Matèmatiques" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiik" title="Matematiik - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Matematiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiche" title="Matematiche - Ffriwleg" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Matematiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Ffriwleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamaitic" title="Matamaitic - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Matamaitic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學 - Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="數學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matik" title="Matématik - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Matématik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamataig" title="Matamataig - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Matamataig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papapykuaa" title="Papapykuaa - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Papapykuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗಣಿತ್ - Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ಗಣಿತ್" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4" title="ગણિત - Gwjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગણિત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gwjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddaght" title="Maddaght - Manaweg" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Maddaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissafi" title="Lissafi - Hawsa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lissafi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hawsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Su-ho̍k - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Su-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makemakika" title="Makemakika - Hawäieg" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Makemakika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawäieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מתמטיקה - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתמטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մաթեմատիկա - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաթեմատիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica" title="Mathematica - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mathematica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik - Ibaneg" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica - Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cm%C3%BAm%C3%BA-%C3%B3n%C3%BA%E1%BB%8Dg%E1%BB%A5g%E1%BB%A5" title="Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ - Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiko" title="Matematiko - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Matematiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A6r%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stærðfræði - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stærðfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="数学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matimatix" title="Matimatix - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Matimatix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cmaci" title="cmaci - Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cmaci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matika" title="Matématika - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Matématika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მათემატიკა - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მათემატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Cara-Calpaceg" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Cara-Calpaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusnakt" title="Tusnakt - Cabileg" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tusnakt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Cabileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikki" title="Matematikki - Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Matematikki" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="គណិតវិទ្យា - Chmereg" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គណិតវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Chmereg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಗಣಿತ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಣಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%95%99" title="수학 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A0%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="گرٛؠندُت - Cashmireg" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛؠندُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Cashmireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat%C3%AEk" title="Matematîk - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Matematîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awgrym" title="Awgrym - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Awgrym" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедия:Сомо/Математика - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Сомо/Математика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica" title="Mathematica - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mathematica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika - Iddew-Sbaeneg" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik - Lwcsembwrgeg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lwcsembwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekibalangulo" title="Ekibalangulo - Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekibalangulo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematiek" title="Mathematiek - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mathematiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica - Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematega" title="Matematega - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Matematega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ຄະນິດສາດ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄະນິດສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C4%81tika" title="Matemātika - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Matemātika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Madwreg" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madwreg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित - Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Математике - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Математике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഗണിതം - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗണിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Математик - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Математик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯆꯩꯁꯤꯡꯂꯣꯟ - Manipwri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯩꯁꯤꯡꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipwri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သၚ်္ချာ - Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သၚ်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Malteg" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Matemática - Mirandeg" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Matemática" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သင်္ချာ - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85" title="رقم - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رقم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlap%C5%8Dhualmatiliztli" title="Tlapōhualmatiliztli - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlapōhualmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde - Sacsoneg Isel" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsoneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ल्याःज्या - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ल्याःज्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Matematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Matematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematike" title="Matematike - Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Matematike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltchul" title="Caltchul - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Caltchul" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%82hii%CA%BCn%C3%ADn%C3%A1%CA%BCiidz%C3%B3%C3%B3h" title="Ałhiiʼnínáʼiidzóóh - Nafaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ałhiiʼnínáʼiidzóóh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Nafaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Matematicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiekku" title="Matematiekku - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Matematiekku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrega" title="Herrega - Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Herrega" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4" title="ଗଣିତ - Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗଣିତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Математикæ - Oseteg" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Математикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oseteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਣਿਤ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਣਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiks" title="Matematiks - Pangasineg" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Matematiks" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica - Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matikes" title="Matématikes - Picardeg" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Matématikes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82" title="गणितं - Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="गणितं" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maethamatiks" title="Maethamatiks - Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Maethamatiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematyka" title="Matematyka - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matematyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tica" title="Matemàtica - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Matemàtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="شمېرپوهنه - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمېرپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Matemática - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matemática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupay_yachay" title="Yupay yachay - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yupay yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematic%C4%83" title="Matematică - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Matematică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematic%C3%A2" title="Mathematicâ - Aromaneg" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mathematicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математіка - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Математіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="गणितम् - Sansgrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गणितम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sansgrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ - Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tica" title="Matemàtica - Sardeg" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Matemàtica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matim%C3%A0tica" title="Matimàtica - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Matimàtica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="رياضي - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رياضي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusnakt" title="Tusnakt - Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tusnakt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="ගණිතය - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගණිතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی - Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Samöeg" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samöeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masvomhu" title="Masvomhu - Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Masvomhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiromaal" title="Tiromaal - Somaleg" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tiromaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_fu_Teri" title="Sabi fu Teri - Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sabi fu Teri" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekubala" title="Tekubala - Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Tekubala" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik - Ffriseg Saterland" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Saterland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisabati" title="Hisabati - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hisabati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matymatyka" title="Matymatyka - Silesieg" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Matymatyka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கணிதம் - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಗಣಿತ - Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗಣಿತ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%B3" title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥘᥙᥳ - Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥘᥙᥳ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="గణితం - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గణితం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika - Tetumeg" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetumeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82" title="Риёзиёт - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Риёзиёт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="คณิตศาสตร์ - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณิตศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Tyrcmeneg" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tyrcmeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijozijot" title="Rijozijot - Talysheg" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Rijozijot" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipalo" title="Dipalo - Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Dipalo" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_matematik" title="Ol matematik - Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ol matematik" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyondzo-Tinhlayo" title="Dyondzo-Tinhlayo - Tsongaeg" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Dyondzo-Tinhlayo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsongaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Fotiaceg" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Fotiaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tega" title="Matemàtega - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Matemàtega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A1n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Toán học - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toán học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde - Fflemeg Gorllewinol" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Fflemeg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat" title="Matemat - Folapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Matemat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Folapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematike" title="Matematike - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Matematike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayma" title="Xayma - Woloff" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xayma" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Woloff" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="数学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика - Calmyceg" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Calmyceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Mathematics" title="I-Mathematics - Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Mathematics" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მათემატიკა - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მათემატიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מאטעמאטיק - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאטעמאטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathim%C3%A1t%C3%ADk%C3%AC" title="Mathimátíkì - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mathimátíkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqyoz" title="Soqyoz - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Soqyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde - Zêlandeg" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zêlandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ - Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="数学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="數學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2%CD%98-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Sò͘-ha̍k - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sò͘-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="數學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazazibalo" title="Umchazazibalo - Swlw" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazazibalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Swlw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q395#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mathemateg" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs:Mathemateg&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen (dim tudalen ar gael) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mathemateg"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Blwch offer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mathemateg"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Mathemateg" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Mathemateg" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages" title="Rhestr o'r holl dudalennau arbennig [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Tudalennau arbennig</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&oldid=12639790" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Mathemateg&id=12639790&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMathemateg"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMathemateg"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Mathemateg"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mathemateg&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q395" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Mathemateg</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Complex_number.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Complex_number.jpg/220px-Complex_number.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Complex_number.jpg/330px-Complex_number.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Complex_number.jpg/440px-Complex_number.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span><div>Rhif cymhlyg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enghraifft o'r canlynol</th><td>disgyblaeth academaidd, pwnc gradd, mathematical term <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395?uselang=cy#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Math</th><td><a href="/wiki/Gwyddoniaeth_naturiol" title="Gwyddoniaeth naturiol">gwyddoniaeth naturiol</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395?uselang=cy#P279" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhan o</th><td>Gwyddoniaeth, technoleg, peirianneg a mathemateg, gwyddoniaeth ffurfiol, union wyddoniaeth <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395?uselang=cy#P361" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Yn cynnwys</th><td><a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_rhifau" title="Damcaniaeth rhifau">damcaniaeth rhifau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometreg" title="Geometreg">geometreg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theori_categori" title="Theori categori">theori categori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_setiau" title="Damcaniaeth setiau">damcaniaeth setiau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ystadegaeth" title="Ystadegaeth">ystadegaeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_tebygolrwydd" title="Damcaniaeth tebygolrwydd">damcaniaeth tebygolrwydd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topoleg" title="Topoleg">topoleg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadansoddiad_mathemategol" title="Dadansoddiad mathemategol">dadansoddiad mathemategol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyfuniadeg" title="Cyfuniadeg">cyfuniadeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhesymeg_mathemateg" title="Rhesymeg mathemateg">rhesymeg mathemateg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhifyddeg" title="Rhifyddeg">rhifyddeg</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395?uselang=cy#P527" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enw brodorol</th><td>μᾰθημᾰτικά <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395?uselang=cy#P1705" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tudalen Comin"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mathematics">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Astudiaeth o niferoedd a rhifau ydy <b>Mathemateg</b>, ynghyd â strwythur, <a href="/wiki/Gofod_metrig" title="Gofod metrig">gofod a lle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcwlws" title="Calcwlws">newid</a> (Calcwlws), a nifer o israniadau eraill. Nid oes iddo ddiffiniad perffaith, safonol, fodd bynnag.<sup id="cite_ref-Mura_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mura-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Runge_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kneebone_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kneebone-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaTorre_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaTorre-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramana_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramana-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gellir gweld mathemateg fel estyniad o <a href="/wiki/Iaith" title="Iaith">iaith</a>, ar lafar neu'n ysgrifenedig, gyda geirfa a chystrawen trachywir tu hwnt, ar gyfer disgrifio ac archwilio perthnasedd materol a chysyniadol. Mae hefyd yn ymchwil i batrymau ac mae'n cyrraedd canlyniad ac yn dod i gasgliad drwy <a href="/wiki/Prawf_mathemategol" title="Prawf mathemategol">brofion mathemategol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-future_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-devlin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devlin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daw'r gair mathemateg o'r Groeg <b>μάθημα</b> (<i>máthema</i>) sy'n golygu "gwyddoniaeth, gwybodaeth, neu ddysg" a <b>μαθηματικός</b> (<i>mathematicós</i>) sy'n golygu "yn hoff o ddysgu". Yn <a href="/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin">Lladin</a> a <a href="/wiki/Saesneg" title="Saesneg">Saesneg</a> hyd at oddeutu 1700, roedd y term yn cyfeirio at "<a href="/wiki/Seryddiaeth" title="Seryddiaeth">seryddiaeth</a>" a "<a href="/wiki/S%C3%AAr-ddewiniaeth" title="Sêr-ddewiniaeth">sêr-ddewiniaeth</a>", ond newid ystyr y gair rhwng 1500 a 1800. Mae hyn wedi achosi peth camgyfieithu e. e. pan rybuddiodd <a href="/wiki/Awstin_o_Hippo" title="Awstin o Hippo">Awstin o Hippo</a> (sef Sant Awgwstin) y dylai Cristnogion fod yn ddrwgdymus o <i>mathematici</i> (seryddwyr) gan nad oedd yn cyfeirio at ystyr fodern o'r gair o gwbwl. </p><p>Gellir rhannu mathemateg, yn fras, yn ddwy ran: <a href="/wiki/Mathemateg_bur" title="Mathemateg bur">mathemateg bur</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mathemateg_gymhwysol" title="Mathemateg gymhwysol">mathemateg gymhwysol</a> (yn cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Mecaneg" title="Mecaneg">mecaneg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ystadegaeth" title="Ystadegaeth">ystadegaeth</a> a <a href="/wiki/Tebygolrwydd" title="Tebygolrwydd">thebygolrwydd</a>). </p><p>Rhaid cofio fod mathemateg yn rhan hanfodol o sawl astudiaeth arall e. e. <a href="/wiki/Ffiseg" title="Ffiseg">ffiseg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioleg">bioleg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cemeg" title="Cemeg">cemeg</a> a chaiff ei ystyried yn "flociau adeiladu" hanfodol o fewn y pynciau hyn. </p><p>Mae'r rhan fwyaf o weithgaredd mathemategol yn cynnwys darganfod a phrofi priodweddau gwrthrychau haniaethol. Mae'r gwrthrychau hyn naill ai'n <a href="/wiki/Haniaeth" title="Haniaeth">haniaethau</a> o natur (fel <a href="/wiki/Rhif_naturiol" title="Rhif naturiol">rhifau naturiol</a> a llinellau), neu, mewn mathemateg fodern, yn endidau haniaethol sy'n cael eu diffinio gan eu priodweddau sylfaenol, o'r enw <a href="/wiki/Gwireb_(mathemateg)" title="Gwireb (mathemateg)">axiomau</a>. Mae <a href="/wiki/Prawf_mathemategol" title="Prawf mathemategol">prawf</a> yn cynnwys olyniaeth o gymhwysiadau rhai rheolau i ganlyniadau y gwyddys amdanynt eisoes, gan gynnwys axiomau a rhai priodweddau sylfaenol sy'n cael eu hystyried yn wir fannau cychwynnol. Gelwir canlyniad prawf yn <a href="/wiki/Theorem" title="Theorem">theorem</a>. Yn groes i gyfreithiau ffiseg, fodd bynnag, nid yw dilysrwydd theorem yn dibynnu ar unrhyw <a href="/wiki/Arbrawf" title="Arbrawf">arbrofi</a>: dim ond ar gywirdeb yr ymresymu. </p><p>Defnyddir mathemateg yn helaeth mewn <a href="/wiki/Gwyddoniaeth" title="Gwyddoniaeth">gwyddoniaeth</a>, ar gyfer modelu ffenomenau. Mae hyn yn caniatáu tynnu rhagfynegiadau meintiol o ddeddfau'r arbrawf. Er enghraifft, gellir rhagweld symudiad y planedau gyda chywirdeb eitha uchel gan ddefnyddio <a href="/wiki/Deddf_disgyrchedd_cyffredinol_Newton" title="Deddf disgyrchedd cyffredinol Newton">deddf disgyrchiant Newton</a> ynghyd â chyfrifiant mathemategol. Mae annibyniaeth gwirionedd mathemategol o unrhyw arbrawf yn awgrymu bod cywirdeb rhagfynegiadau o'r fath yn dibynnu ar ddigonolrwydd (<i>adequacy</i>) y model ar gyfer disgrifio'r realiti yn unig. Felly, pan fydd rhai rhagfynegiadau anghywir yn codi, mae hyn yn golygu bod yn rhaid gwella neu newid y model, nid bod mathemateg yn anghywir. </p><p>Felly mae mathemateg yn hanfodol mewn sawl maes, gan gynnwys <a href="/wiki/Gwyddoniaeth_naturiol" title="Gwyddoniaeth naturiol">gwyddoniaeth naturiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peirianneg" title="Peirianneg">peirianneg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meddygaeth" title="Meddygaeth">meddygaeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arianneg" title="Arianneg">cyllid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyfrifiadureg" title="Cyfrifiadureg">gwyddoniaeth gyfrifiadurol</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gwyddorau_cymdeithas" title="Gwyddorau cymdeithas">gwyddorau cymdeithasol</a>. Mae rhai meysydd mathemateg, megis <a href="/wiki/Ystadegaeth" title="Ystadegaeth">ystadegau</a> a <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_gemau" title="Damcaniaeth gemau">theori gêm</a>, yn cael eu datblygu mewn perthynas uniongyrchol â'u cymwysiadau, ac yn aml maent wedi'u grwpio o dan yr enw <a href="/wiki/Mathemateg_gymhwysol" title="Mathemateg gymhwysol">"mathemateg gymhwysol</a>". Datblygwyd meysydd mathemategol eraill yn annibynnol ar unrhyw gymhwysiad (ee <a href="/wiki/Mathemateg_bur" title="Mathemateg bur">mathemateg bur</a>), ond yn aml darganfyddir cymwysiadau ymarferol yn nes ymlaen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wigner1960_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wigner1960-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enghraifft ryfeddol yw'r broblem o ffactorio cyfanrif (<i>integer factorization</i>) sy'n mynd yn ôl i <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>, nad oedd ganddo unrhyw gymwysiad ymarferol nes iddo gael ei ddefnyddio trwy'r cryptosystem RSA ar gyfer diogelwch cyfathrebu cyfrifiadurol. </p><p>Mae mathemateg wedi bod yn weithgaredd dynol mor bell yn ôl ag y mae cofnodion ysgrifenedig yn bodoli. Fodd bynnag, ymddangosodd y cysyniad o brawf, a'r trylwyredd mathemategol cysylltiedig gyntaf mewn mathemateg yng <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Groeg" title="Gwlad Groeg">Ngwlad Groeg</a>, yn fwyaf arbennig yn <i><a href="/wiki/Yr_Elfennau" title="Yr Elfennau">Elfennau</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Datblygodd mathemateg ar gyflymder cymharol araf tan y <a href="/wiki/Dadeni_Dysg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadeni Dysg">Dadeni Dysg</a>, pan ychwanegwyd <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a> a <a href="/wiki/Calcwlws" title="Calcwlws">chalcwlws anfeidrol</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rhifyddeg" title="Rhifyddeg">rifyddeg</a> a <a href="/wiki/Geometreg" title="Geometreg">geometreg</a> fel prif feysydd mathemateg. Ers hynny mae'r rhyngweithio rhwng arloesi mathemategol a darganfyddiadau gwyddonol wedi arwain at gynnydd cyflym yn y gyfradd darganfyddiadau mathemategol. Ar ddiwedd y <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a>, arweiniodd argyfwng sylfaenol mathemateg at systemateiddio'r dull axiomatig. Arweiniodd hyn, yn ei dro, at gynnydd dramatig yn nifer y meysydd mathemateg a'r meysydd lle gellir eu cymhwyso; tyst o hyn yw'r Dosbarthiad Pwnc Mathemateg (Mathematics Subject Classification), sy'n rhestru mwy na chwe deg maes mathemateg lefel gyntaf. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathemategwyr_o_Gymru">Mathemategwyr o Gymru</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Mathemategwyr o Gymru" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Mathemategwyr o Gymru"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Rhestr_Cymry#Mathemategwyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr Cymry">Rhestr_Cymry#Mathemategwyr</a></i></span></dd></dl></div> <p>Y ddau fathemategydd enwocaf, mae'n debyg, yw <a href="/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde">Robert Recorde</a> (tua 1510–1558), mathemategydd a ddyfeisiodd y symbol am yr hafaliad (<b>=</b>) a <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(mathemategydd)" title="William Jones (mathemategydd)">William Jones</a> (1675 – 3 Gorffennaf 1749), <a href="/wiki/Mechell_(cymuned)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechell (cymuned)">Machell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ynys_M%C3%B4n" title="Ynys Môn">Ynys Môn</a> – a fathodd y symbol <b>π</b> (y llythyren Groeg <a href="/wiki/Pi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pi">pi</a>) i gynrychioli cymhareb <a href="/wiki/Cylchedd" title="Cylchedd">cylchedd cylch</a> i'w <a href="/wiki/Diamedr" title="Diamedr">ddiametr</a> (3.1415). Recorde oedd mathemategydd amlwg cyntaf Cymru ac ef a sgwennodd y llyfr algebra cyntaf yn Saesneg. Roedd William Jones hefyd yn awdur ar lyfrau mathemateg ac yn gyfaill i Syr <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. Golygodd Jones rai o lyfrau Newton. </p><p>Awdur y llyfr cyntaf ar galcalws oedd <a href="/wiki/John_Harries" title="John Harries">John Harries (mathemategydd</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Llundain" title="Llundain">Lundain</a> a ddefnyddiodd nodiant William Jones (dotyn uwchben llythyren i gynrychioli d/dt). Tri Chymro osododd sylfaeni ystadegol y byd yswiriant yn y <a href="/wiki/18g" class="mw-redirect" title="18g">18g</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a>, gyda <a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a> (1723–1791 o Langeinwyr, <a href="/wiki/Cwm_Garw" title="Cwm Garw">Cwm Garw</a> yn eu harwain. Ef hefyd a sylweddolodd bwysigrwydd waith ei gyfaill y Parch <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bayes" title="Thomas Bayes">Thomas Bayes</a> ac a'u cyhoeddodd wedi marwolaeth Bayes: dyma'r hyn a elwir heddiw yn <a href="/wiki/Theorem_Bayes" class="mw-redirect" title="Theorem Bayes">theorem Bayes</a>, sef sylfaen ystadegaeth fodern. Ystadegydd iechyd mwyaf gwledydd Prydain yw <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_T._Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian T. Williams (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brian T. Williams</a> a aned yn <a href="/wiki/Treorci" title="Treorci">Nhreorci</a>, y <a href="/wiki/Rhondda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhondda">Rhondda</a> yn 1938. </p><p>Rhestr: </p> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles" title="Henry Charles">Henry Charles</a>, (1778 –1840), <a href="/wiki/Sir_Benfro" title="Sir Benfro">Sir Benfro</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Watts_Davies" title="Donald Watts Davies">Donald Watts Davies</a> (1924–2000), cyfrifiadureg "<i>packet switching</i>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a> (1527–1608), alcemydd, mathemategydd, seryddwr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive Granger</a> (1934–2009), <a href="/wiki/Abertawe" title="Abertawe">Abertawe</a> a <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harries" title="John Harries">John Harries (mathemategydd</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Llundain" title="Llundain">Lundain</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(mathemategydd)" title="Thomas Jones (mathemategydd)">Thomas Jones</a> (1756–1807) <a href="/wiki/Coleg_y_Drindod,_Caergrawnt" title="Coleg y Drindod, Caergrawnt">Caergrawnt</a>; athro'r daearegwr Adam Sedgwick.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Viriamu_Jones" title="John Viriamu Jones">John Viriamu Jones</a> (1856–1901), mathemategydd a ffisegydd, a phrifathro cyntaf Coleg y Brifysgol Caerdydd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(mathemategydd)" title="William Jones (mathemategydd)">William Jones</a> (1675–1749) o <a href="/wiki/Ynys_M%C3%B4n" title="Ynys Môn">Ynys Môn</a> a fathodd y symbol <b>π</b>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_o_Gaerleon" title="Lewis o Gaerleon">Lewis o Gaerleon</a> (<a href="/wiki/15g" class="mw-redirect" title="15g">15g</a>), mathemategydd craff a meddyg i Harri Tudur ac Elizabeth Woodville.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwilym_Jenkins" title="Gwilym Jenkins">Gwilym Jenkins</a> (1912–1982), ystadegydd a pheiriannydd systemau</li></ul><table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; color:inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Miller (dim tudalen ar gael)">William H. Miller</a> (1801–1880, Llanymddyfri), crisialegydd. Cymhwysodd fathemateg at yr astudiaeth o risialau a dyfeisio "Mynegeion Miller".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(ystadegydd)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Morgan (ystadegydd)">William Morgan</a> (1750–1833); arloeswr ym maes gwyddor actiwaraidd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a> (1723–1791), <a href="/wiki/Ystadegau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ystadegau">ystadegydd</a> a ffrind i <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bayes" title="Thomas Bayes">Thomas Bayes</a>. Golygodd "Essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances" sy'n cynnwys Theori Bayes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rees_(mathemategydd)" title="David Rees (mathemategydd)">David Rees</a> (1918–2013); aelod o'r tîm ymchwil ar y peiriant Enigma ym Mharc Bletchley.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Rees" title="Elmer Rees">Elmer Rees</a> (ganwyd 1941), mathemategydd, <a href="/wiki/Sir_y_Fflint" title="Sir y Fflint">Sir y Fflint</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Ffowc_Roberts" title="Gareth Ffowc Roberts">Gareth Ffowc Roberts</a> (ganwyd 1945).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1872–1970), g. <a href="/wiki/Tryleg" title="Tryleg">Tryleg</a>; athronydd, mathemategydd a thraethodwr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Thomas" title="John William Thomas">John William Thomas</a> (Arfonwyson) (1805–1840), Pentir, Gwynedd; seryddwr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wynne_Warner" title="Mary Wynne Warner">Mary Wynne Warner</a> (1932–1998), Caerfyrddin; arloewraig topoleg niwlog.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_T._Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian T. Williams (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brian T. Williams</a> (g. 1938) <a href="/wiki/Treorci" title="Treorci">Treorci</a>; ystadegydd iechyd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Williams" title="Gareth Williams">Gareth Williams</a> (1978–2010); GCHQ; lladdwyd ef yn anghyfrithlon.</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meysydd_o_fewn_mathemateg">Meysydd o fewn mathemateg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Meysydd o fewn mathemateg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Meysydd o fewn mathemateg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yn gyffredinol, gellir rhannu mathemateg i sawl maes gan gynnwys: astudiaeth o faint, strwythur, gofod a newid (ee rhifyddeg, algebra, geometreg a dadansoddi). Yn ychwanegol at hyn, ceir is-adrannau hefyd sy'n ymroddedig i archwilio cysylltiadau rhwng mathemateg craidd a meysydd eraill: rhesymeg, theori setiau, mathemateg empirig y gwahanol wyddoniaethau (<a href="/wiki/Mathemateg_gymhwysol" title="Mathemateg gymhwysol">mathemateg gymhwysol</a>), ac yn fwy diweddar i'r astudiaeth o ansicrwydd. Er y gallai rhai ardaloedd ymddangos heb gysylltiad, mae rhaglen Langlands wedi canfod cysylltiadau rhwng ardaloedd a ystyriwyd yn flaenorol, megis grwpiau Galois, arwynebau Riemann a <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_rhif" class="mw-redirect" title="Damcaniaeth rhif">damcaniaeth rhif</a>. </p><p>Cyn y <a href="/wiki/Dadeni_Dysg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadeni Dysg">Dadeni</a>, rhannwyd mathemateg yn ddau brif faes, <a href="/wiki/Rhifyddeg" title="Rhifyddeg">rhifyddeg</a>, wedi'u neilltuo i drin <a href="/wiki/Rhif" title="Rhif">rhifau</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Geometreg" title="Geometreg">geometreg</a>, wedi'u neilltuo i astudio siapiau. Roedd yna hefyd ryw <a href="/wiki/Ffugwyddoniaeth" title="Ffugwyddoniaeth">ffug-wyddoniaeth</a>, fel rhifyddiaeth (<i>numerology</i>) a <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AAr-ddewiniaeth" title="Sêr-ddewiniaeth">sêr-ddewiniaeth</a> nad oedden nhw, ar y pryd, yn amlwg yn wahanol i fathemateg. </p><p>O amgylch cyfnod y Dadeni, ymddangosodd dau brif faes newydd. Arweiniodd y <a href="/wiki/Nodiant_mathemategol" title="Nodiant mathemategol">nodiant mathemategol</a> newydd at <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, sydd, yn fras, yn cynnwys astudio a thrin <a href="/wiki/Fformiwla" title="Fformiwla">fformwlâu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Calcwlws" title="Calcwlws">Calcwlws</a>, llaw-fer o 'galcwlws anfeidrol a chalcwlws annatod', yw'r astudiaeth o swyddogaethau parhaus (continuous functions), sy'n modelu newid, a'r berthynas rhwng meintiau amrywiol (y <a href="/wiki/Newidyn" title="Newidyn">newidynnau</a>). Arhosodd y rhaniad hwn yn bedwar prif faes tan ddiwedd y 19g, er bod rhai meysydd, fel mecaneg nefol a mecaneg solet, yn aml yn cael eu hystyried yn fathemateg,ond erbyn hyn maent yn cael eu hystyried yn perthyn i <a href="/wiki/Ffiseg" title="Ffiseg">ffiseg</a>. Hefyd, mae rhai canlyniadau a gafwyd yn ystod y cyfnod hwn yn rhagddyddio meysydd, fel <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_tebygolrwydd" title="Damcaniaeth tebygolrwydd">theori tebygolrwydd</a> a <a href="/wiki/Cyfuniadeg" title="Cyfuniadeg">chyfuniadeg</a>, a ddaeth yn faesydd cyflawn, yn ddiweddarach. </p><p>Ar ddiwedd y 19g, arweiniodd yr argyfwng sylfaenol mewn mathemateg a'r systemateiddio dull axiomatig o ganlyniad at ffrwydrad yn nifer y meysydd mathemateg. Mae'r Dosbarthiad Pwnc Mathemateg yn cynnwys mwy na 60 o feysydd lefel gyntaf. Mae rhai o'r meysydd hyn yn cyfateb i'r adran hŷn mewn pedwar prif faes. Dyma achos <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_rhifau" title="Damcaniaeth rhifau">theori rhif</a> 11: rhif (yr enw modern ar <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_rhifau" title="Damcaniaeth rhifau">rifyddeg uwch</a> ) a 51: <a href="/wiki/Geometreg" title="Geometreg">Geometreg</a> . Fodd bynnag, mae yna sawl maes lefel gyntaf arall sydd â "geometreg" yn eu henw neu sy'n cael eu hystyried yn gyffredin fel rhai sy'n perthyn i geometreg. <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Nid yw algebra</a> a <a href="/wiki/Calcwlws" title="Calcwlws">chalcwlws</a> yn ymddangos fel ardaloedd lefel gyntaf, ond maent i gyd wedi'u rhannu'n sawl ardal lefel gyntaf. Nid oedd meysydd lefel gyntaf eraill yn bodoli o gwbl cyn yr 20fed ganrif (er enghraifft 18: <a href="/wiki/Theori_categori" title="Theori categori">Theori categori</a>, algebra homolegol, a 68: <a href="/wiki/Cyfrifiadureg" title="Cyfrifiadureg">gwyddoniaeth gyfrifiadurol</a> ) neu ni chawsant eu hystyried o'r blaen fel mathemateg, megis 03: <a href="/wiki/Rhesymeg_mathemateg" title="Rhesymeg mathemateg">Rhesymeg</a> a sylfeini mathemategol (gan gynnwys model theori, theori computability <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_setiau" title="Damcaniaeth setiau">, theori set</a>, theori prawf, a rhesymeg algebraidd). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sylfaeni_ac_athroniaeth">Sylfaeni ac athroniaeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Sylfaeni ac athroniaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sylfaeni ac athroniaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Er mwyn egluro sylfeini mathemateg, datblygwyd meysydd rhesymeg mathemategol a theori set. Mae rhesymeg fathemategol yn cynnwys astudiaeth fathemategol o resymeg a chymhwyso rhesymeg ffurfiol i feysydd mathemateg eraill; set theori yw'r gangen o fathemateg sy'n astudio setiau neu gasgliadau o wrthrychau. Mae theori categori, sy'n delio mewn ffordd haniaethol gyda strwythurau mathemategol a'r berthynas rhyngddynt, yn dal i gael ei ddatblygu. </p> <dl><dd><table style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin:auto" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\Rightarrow q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\Rightarrow q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66a1178759137a460fdf9377cd24ee749dac8de9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.942ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\Rightarrow q}"></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Venn_A_intersect_B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venn_A_intersect_B.svg/128px-Venn_A_intersect_B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venn_A_intersect_B.svg/192px-Venn_A_intersect_B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venn_A_intersect_B.svg/256px-Venn_A_intersect_B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg/96px-Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg/144px-Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg/192px-Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:DFAexample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/96px-DFAexample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/144px-DFAexample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/192px-DFAexample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="299" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhesymeg_mathemateg" title="Rhesymeg mathemateg">Rhesymeg mathemateg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_setiau" title="Damcaniaeth setiau">Damcaniaeth setiau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_categoriau" class="mw-redirect" title="Damcaniaeth categoriau">Damcaniaeth categoriau</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damcaniaeth_cyfrifiant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damcaniaeth cyfrifiant (dim tudalen ar gael)">Damcaniaeth cyfrifiant</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathemateg_bur">Mathemateg bur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Mathemateg bur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Mathemateg bur"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae mathemateg bur yn cynnwys yr isadrannau canlynol: maint (gweler <a href="/wiki/Rhifyddeg" title="Rhifyddeg">rhifyddeg</a>), strwythur (gweler <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>), gofod (gweler <a href="/wiki/Geometreg" title="Geometreg">geometreg</a>) a newid (gweler <a href="/wiki/Calcwlws" title="Calcwlws">calcwlws</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maint">Maint</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Maint" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Maint"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Rhifyddeg" title="Rhifyddeg">Rhifyddeg</a></i></span></dd></dl></div> <p>Mae'r astudiaeth o <a href="/wiki/Rhifyddeg" title="Rhifyddeg">faint</a> yn dechrau gyda rhifau: rhifau naturiol a <a href="/wiki/Cyfanrif" title="Cyfanrif">chyfanrifau</a> a'r gweithrediadau rhifyddol arnyn nhw (<a href="/wiki/Rhifyddeg" title="Rhifyddeg">rhifyddeg</a>. O astudir nodweddion dyfnach cyfanrifau yn y Ddamcaniaeth rifau, deilliodd Theorem Olaf Fermat. </p> <dl><dd><table style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin:auto" cellspacing="20"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (0),1,2,3,\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (0),1,2,3,\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02f2496c61333acf7766dd50cb3b9f9bea6a677a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.318ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (0),1,2,3,\ldots }"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ldots ,-2,-1,0,1,2\,\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ldots ,-2,-1,0,1,2\,\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/502b4768fd7d03857b0b317bd866d9611c816735" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.206ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ldots ,-2,-1,0,1,2\,\ldots }"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -2,{\frac {2}{3}},1.21}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1.21</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -2,{\frac {2}{3}},1.21}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/035adee24a1163e1b8640199785bf74a328b6e8d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.171ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -2,{\frac {2}{3}},1.21}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -e,{\sqrt {2}},3,\pi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>π</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -e,{\sqrt {2}},3,\pi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/30387dfa3d361d088f0966cb31eb89c36f920abc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.586ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -e,{\sqrt {2}},3,\pi }"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2,i,-2+3i,2e^{i{\frac {4\pi }{3}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2,i,-2+3i,2e^{i{\frac {4\pi }{3}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1eb1fa02fd475295f867e1bc1df11bfdbb042c41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.156ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2,i,-2+3i,2e^{i{\frac {4\pi }{3}}}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhifau_naturiol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhifau naturiol">Rhifau naturiol</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyfanrif" title="Cyfanrif">Cyfanrifau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhifau_cymarebol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhifau cymarebol">Rhifau cymarebols</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhifau_real" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhifau real">Rhifau real</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhifau_cymhleth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhifau cymhleth">Rhifau cymhleth</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strwythur">Strwythur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Strwythur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Strwythur"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a></i></span></dd></dl></div> <p>Yr astudiaeth o setiau a ffwythiannau a sut mae mathemateg yn archwilio nodweddion setiau hyn e. e. mae'r ddamcaniaeth rif yn astudiaeth o nodweddion y set o gyfanrifau a mynegir hyn yn nhermau gweithrediadau rhifyddol. Gall setiau strwythurol, gwahanol ddangos nodweddion cyffredin. Yn hyn o beth, astudir y canlynol: grwpiau, maeysydd a systemau haniaethol. </p><p>Mae algebra'n defnyddio llythrennau a symbolau eraill i gynrychioli <a href="/wiki/Rhif" title="Rhif">rhifau</a> mewn fformiwlâu a <a href="/wiki/Hafaliad" title="Hafaliad">hafaliadau</a>. Rhoddir yr enw "algebra" hefyd ar <u>system algebraidd</u> sy'n seiliedig ar wirebau penodol.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelwir mathemategydd sy'n arbenigo yn y maes hwn yn "algebrydd". Mae astudio algebra yn hanfodol nid yn unig i fathemategwyr ac <a href="/wiki/Ystadegaeth" title="Ystadegaeth">ystadegwyr</a> ond hefyd i <a href="/wiki/Gwyddoniaeth" title="Gwyddoniaeth">wyddonwyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peirianneg" title="Peirianneg">peiriantwyr</a>, ac <a href="/wiki/Economeg" title="Economeg">economegwyr</a>, ac mae ganddi ddefnyddiau mewn sawl maes arall gan gynnwys <a href="/wiki/Meddygaeth" title="Meddygaeth">meddygaeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busnes" title="Busnes">busnes</a> a <a href="/wiki/Cyfrifiadureg" title="Cyfrifiadureg">chyfrifiadureg</a>. </p> <dl><dd><table style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin:auto" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}(1,2,3)&(1,3,2)\\(2,1,3)&(2,3,1)\\(3,1,2)&(3,2,1)\end{matrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}(1,2,3)&(1,3,2)\\(2,1,3)&(2,3,1)\\(3,1,2)&(3,2,1)\end{matrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/329c4717bdfa2ba585b14793665ae413ee5107c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:17.803ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}(1,2,3)&(1,3,2)\\(2,1,3)&(2,3,1)\\(3,1,2)&(3,2,1)\end{matrix}}}"></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Elliptic_curve_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Elliptic_curve_simple.svg/96px-Elliptic_curve_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Elliptic_curve_simple.svg/144px-Elliptic_curve_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Elliptic_curve_simple.svg/192px-Elliptic_curve_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Rubik%27s_cube.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rubik%27s_cube.svg/96px-Rubik%27s_cube.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rubik%27s_cube.svg/144px-Rubik%27s_cube.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rubik%27s_cube.svg/192px-Rubik%27s_cube.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Group_diagdram_D6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Group_diagdram_D6.svg/96px-Group_diagdram_D6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Group_diagdram_D6.svg/144px-Group_diagdram_D6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Group_diagdram_D6.svg/192px-Group_diagdram_D6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg/96px-Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg/144px-Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg/192px-Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Braid-modular-group-cover.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braid-modular-group-cover.svg/96px-Braid-modular-group-cover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braid-modular-group-cover.svg/144px-Braid-modular-group-cover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braid-modular-group-cover.svg/192px-Braid-modular-group-cover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="153" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyfuniadeg" title="Cyfuniadeg">Cyfuniadeg</a><br />(<i>Combinatorics</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_rhifau" title="Damcaniaeth rhifau">Damcaniaeth rhifau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_grwpiau" title="Damcaniaeth grwpiau">Damcaniaeth grwpiau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_graffiau" title="Damcaniaeth graffiau">Damcaniaeth graffiau</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damcaniaeth_trefn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damcaniaeth trefn (dim tudalen ar gael)">Damcaniaeth trefn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gofod">Gofod</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Gofod" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Gofod"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Geometreg" title="Geometreg">Geometreg</a></i></span></dd></dl></div> <p>Mae'r astudiaeth o ofod yn deillio o geometreg – yn arbennig, <a href="/wiki/Geometreg_Ewclidaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometreg Ewclidaidd">Geometreg Ewclidaidd</a>, sy'n cyfuno <a href="/wiki/Gofod_metrig" title="Gofod metrig">gofod</a> a <a href="/wiki/Rhif" title="Rhif">rhifau</a>, ac yn cwmpasu'r <a href="/wiki/Theorem_Pythagoras" title="Theorem Pythagoras">Theorem Pythagoras</a> adnabyddus. <a href="/wiki/Trigonometreg" title="Trigonometreg">Trigonometreg</a> yw'r gangen o fathemateg sy'n delio â pherthynas rhwng ochrau ac onglau <a href="/wiki/Triongl" title="Triongl">trionglau</a> a chyda ffwythiannau trigonometrig. Mae'r astudiaeth fodern o ofod yn cynnwys geometreg uwch-ddimensiwn, geometregau nad ydynt yn Ewlidaidd (sy'n chwarae rhan ganolog yn <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_perthnasedd_cyffredinol" class="mw-redirect" title="Damcaniaeth perthnasedd cyffredinol">y ddamcaniaeth perthnasedd cyffredinol</a>) a topoleg ei hun. Mae maint a gofod yn chwarae rhan mewn <a href="/wiki/Geometreg_ddadansoddol" title="Geometreg ddadansoddol">geometreg ddadansoddol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geometreg_gwahaniaethol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometreg gwahaniaethol (dim tudalen ar gael)">geometreg gwahaniaethol</a> a <a href="/wiki/Geometreg_algebraidd" title="Geometreg algebraidd">geometreg algebraidd</a>. Datblygwyd geometreg amgrwm a geometreg arwahanol (<i>discrete geometry</i>) i ddatrys problemau mewn damcaniaethau rhifau a dadansoddi swyddogaethol, ond erbyn hyn maent yn cael eu defnyddio wrth gymhwyso ar gyfer optimeiddio a <a href="/wiki/Cyfrifiadureg" title="Cyfrifiadureg">chyfrifiadureg</a>. </p> <dl><dd><table style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin:auto" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg/96px-Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg/144px-Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg/192px-Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png/96px-Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png/144px-Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png/192px-Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Hyperbolic_triangle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/96px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/144px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/192px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Torus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Torus.png/96px-Torus.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Torus.png/144px-Torus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Torus.png/192px-Torus.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg/96px-Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg/144px-Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg/192px-Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Measure_illustration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Measure_illustration.png/70px-Measure_illustration.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Measure_illustration.png/105px-Measure_illustration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Measure_illustration.png/140px-Measure_illustration.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geometreg" title="Geometreg">Geometreg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trigonometreg" title="Trigonometreg">Trigonometreg</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geometreg_gwahaniaethol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geometreg gwahaniaethol (dim tudalen ar gael)">Geometreg gwahaniaethol</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Topoleg" title="Topoleg">Topoleg</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fractaliaeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fractaliaeth (dim tudalen ar gael)">Geometreg ffractalaidd</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theori_mesuredd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theori mesuredd (dim tudalen ar gael)">Theori mesuredd</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newid">Newid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Newid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Newid"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Calcwlws" title="Calcwlws">Calcwlws</a></i></span></dd></dl></div> <p>Dyma'r astudiaeth o newid o fewn y <a href="/wiki/Gwyddoniaeth_naturiol" title="Gwyddoniaeth naturiol">gwyddoniaethau naturiol</a>; caiff "newid" ei ystyried, bellach, yn ddull pwerus iawn yn yr astudiaeth hon. Unwaith eto, mae <a href="/wiki/Ffwythiant" title="Ffwythiant">ffwythiannau'n</a> greiddiol i'r astudiaeth ac yn disgrifio newid mewn maint. gelwir yr astudiaeth o rifau real a ffwythiannau yn "ddadansoddi real", gyda dadansoddi cymhleth yn faes addas ar gyfer "dadansoddi cymhleth". Un o'r prif gymhwysiadau ar gyfer dadansoddi ffwythiannol yw <a href="/wiki/Mecaneg_cwantwm" title="Mecaneg cwantwm">Mecaneg cwantwm</a>. </p> <table style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin:auto" cellspacing="20"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/96px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/144px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/192px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Vector_field.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/96px-Vector_field.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/144px-Vector_field.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/192px-Vector_field.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg/96px-Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg/144px-Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg/192px-Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Limitcycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/96px-Limitcycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/144px-Limitcycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/192px-Limitcycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Lorenz_attractor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lorenz_attractor.svg/96px-Lorenz_attractor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lorenz_attractor.svg/144px-Lorenz_attractor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lorenz_attractor.svg/192px-Lorenz_attractor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Conformal_grid_after_M%C3%B6bius_transformation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Conformal_grid_after_M%C3%B6bius_transformation.svg/96px-Conformal_grid_after_M%C3%B6bius_transformation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Conformal_grid_after_M%C3%B6bius_transformation.svg/144px-Conformal_grid_after_M%C3%B6bius_transformation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Conformal_grid_after_M%C3%B6bius_transformation.svg/192px-Conformal_grid_after_M%C3%B6bius_transformation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="288" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcwlws" title="Calcwlws">Calcwlws</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcwlws_fector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcwlws fector (dim tudalen ar gael)">Calcwlws fector</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafaliad_differol" title="Hafaliad differol">Hafaliadau differol</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systemau_dynamig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systemau dynamig (dim tudalen ar gael)">Systemau dynamig</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_anhrefn" title="Damcaniaeth anhrefn">Damcaniaeth anhrefn</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadansoddi_cymhleth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadansoddi cymhleth (dim tudalen ar gael)">Dadansoddi cymhleth</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathemateg_gymhwysol">Mathemateg gymhwysol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Mathemateg gymhwysol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Mathemateg gymhwysol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae <a href="/wiki/Mathemateg_gymhwysol" title="Mathemateg gymhwysol">Mathemateg gymhwysol</a> yn ymwneud â'r dulliau mathemategol a ddefnyddir yn nodweddiadol o fewn gwyddoniaeth, <a href="/wiki/Peirianneg" title="Peirianneg">peirianneg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busnes" title="Busnes">busnes</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gweithgynhyrchu" title="Gweithgynhyrchu">diwydiant</a>. Felly, mae "mathemateg gymhwysol" yn wyddoniaeth fathemategol sydd â <a href="/wiki/Gwybodaeth_(epistemoleg)" title="Gwybodaeth (epistemoleg)">gwybodaeth</a> arbenigol. Felly, mae mathemateg gymhwysol yn gyfuniad o wyddoniaeth fathemategol (haniaethol) ar y naill law a gwybodaeth arbenigol o'r byd go iawn ar y llaw arall. </p><p>Mae'r term <i>mathemateg gymhwysol</i> hefyd yn disgrifio'r arbenigedd proffesiynol y mae mathemategwyr yn gweithio arno ar broblemau ymarferol. Fel proffesiwn sy'n canolbwyntio ar broblemau ymarferol, mae <i>mathemateg gymhwysol yn</i> canolbwyntio ar "lunio, astudio, a defnyddio modelau mathemategol" mewn gwyddoniaeth, peirianneg, a meysydd eraill o ymarfer mathemategol. </p><p>Yn y gorffennol, mae cymwysiadau ymarferol wedi ysgogi datblygiadau mewn damcaniaethau mathemategol, a ysgogodd, yn ei dro, astudiaeth pellach o fewn mathemateg bur, gyda mathemateg bur yn cael ei ddatblygu er ei fwyn ei hun yn bennaf. Felly, mae cysylltiad hanfodol rhwng gweithgaredd mathemateg gymhwysol ac ymchwil mewn <a href="/wiki/Mathemateg_bur" title="Mathemateg bur">mathemateg bur</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ystadegau_a_gwyddorau_eraill">Ystadegau a gwyddorau eraill</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Ystadegau a gwyddorau eraill" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Ystadegau a gwyddorau eraill"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae mathemateg gymhwysol yn gorgyffwrdd disgyblaeth ystadegau, disgyblaeth y mae ei theori wedi'i llunio'n fathemategol, yn enwedig <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_tebygolrwydd" title="Damcaniaeth tebygolrwydd">theori tebygolrwydd</a>. Mae ystadegwyr (sy'n gweithio fel rhan o brosiect ymchwil) yn "creu data sy'n gwneud synnwyr" gyda samplu ar hap a chydag arbrofion ar hap; mae dyluniad o sampl ystadegol neu arbrawf yn nodi dadansoddiad o'r data a hynny cyn i'r data ddod ar gael. Wrth ailystyried data o arbrofion a samplau neu wrth ddadansoddi data o astudiaethau arsylwadol, mae ystadegwyr yn "gwneud synnwyr o'r data" gan ddefnyddio'r grefft o <a href="/wiki/Model_ystadegol" title="Model ystadegol">fodelu</a> a theori <a href="/wiki/Ystadegaeth_gasgliadol" title="Ystadegaeth gasgliadol">casglu</a> - gyda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewis_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewis model (dim tudalen ar gael)">dewis</a> ac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damcaniaeth_amcangyfrif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damcaniaeth amcangyfrif (dim tudalen ar gael)">amcangyfrif</a> modelau; dylid <a href="/wiki/Prawf_rhagdybiaeth" title="Prawf rhagdybiaeth">profi'r</a> modelau amcangyfrifedig a'r <a href="/wiki/Dull_gwyddonol" title="Dull gwyddonol">rhagfynegiadau</a> canlyniadol ar <a href="/wiki/Dull_gwyddonol" title="Dull gwyddonol">ddata newydd</a>. </p><p>Mae theori ystadegol yn astudio problemau penderfynu, megis lleihau'r risg gweithred ystadegol, megis defnyddio <a href="/wiki/Ystadegaeth" title="Ystadegaeth">gweithdrefn</a>, er enghraifft, amcangyfrif paramedr, <a href="/wiki/Prawf_rhagdybiaeth" title="Prawf rhagdybiaeth">profi damcaniaeth</a>, a dewis y gorau. Yn y meysydd traddodiadol hyn o ystadegau mathemategol, mae problem ystadegaeth-penderfyniad yn cael ei llunio trwy leihau ffwythiant nod (<i>objective function</i>), fel colled neu <a href="/wiki/Cost" title="Cost">gost</a> ddisgwyliedig, o dan gyfyngiadau penodol: er enghraifft, mae dylunio arolwg yn aml yn golygu lleihau cost amcangyfrif cymedr poblogaeth ag un a roddir.<sup id="cite_ref-RaoOpt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaoOpt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oherwydd ei ddefnydd o optimeiddio, mae theori ystadegau mathemategol yn rhannu pryderon â gwyddorau penderfyniad eraill, megis ymchwil gweithrediadau, theori rheolaeth, ac economeg fathemategol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mathemateg_gyfrifiadol">Mathemateg gyfrifiadol</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Mathemateg gyfrifiadol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Mathemateg gyfrifiadol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg_cyfrifiadurol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathemateg cyfrifiadurol (dim tudalen ar gael)">mathemateg gyfrifiadol</a> yn cynnig ac yn astudiaeth o ddulliau ar gyfer datrys problemau mathemategol sydd fel rheol yn rhy fawr ar gyfer gallu dynol. Mae <a href="/wiki/Dadansoddiad_rhifiadol" title="Dadansoddiad rhifiadol">dadansoddiad rhifiadol</a> yn astudio dulliau ar gyfer problemau wrth <a href="/wiki/Dadansoddiad_mathemategol" title="Dadansoddiad mathemategol">ddadansoddi</a> gan ddefnyddio dadansoddiad swyddogaethol a theori brasamcanu; mae dadansoddiad rhifiadol yn cynnwys astudio <a href="/wiki/Brasamcan" title="Brasamcan">brasamcanu</a> a <i>discretisation</i> yn fras gyda gofal arbennig am wallau talgrynnu. Mae dadansoddiad rhifiadol ac, yn ehangach, cyfrifiaduro gwyddonol hefyd yn astudio pynciau an-ddadansoddol gwyddoniaeth fathemategol, yn enwedig matrics <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithmig</a> a <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_graffiau" title="Damcaniaeth graffiau">theori graff</a>. Mae meysydd eraill mathemateg gyfrifiadol yn cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra cyfrifiadurol</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyfrifiant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyfrifiant (dim tudalen ar gael)">chyfrifiant symbolaidd</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanes">Hanes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Hanes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Hanes"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gellir ystyried hanes mathemateg fel cyfres gynyddol o haniaethau (<i>abstractions</i>). Mae'n debyg mai'r haniaeth cyntaf<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oedd sylweddoli bod gan gasgliad o ddau afal a chasgliad o ddau oren (er enghraifft) rywbeth yn gyffredin, sef nifer eu haelodau. </p><p>Fel y gwelir yn y narciau syml ar esgyrn, yn ogystal â chydnabod sut i gyfrif gwrthrychau real, <a href="/wiki/Cynhanes" title="Cynhanes">efallai bod pobl gynhanesyddol</a> hefyd wedi deall sut i gyfrif niferoedd a meintiau haniaethol, fel amser - dyddiau, tymhorau neu flynyddoedd.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Plimpton_322.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Plimpton_322.jpg/220px-Plimpton_322.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Plimpton_322.jpg/330px-Plimpton_322.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Plimpton_322.jpg/440px-Plimpton_322.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Y dabled fathemategol Babilonaidd Plimpton 322, wedi'i dyddio i 1800 CC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nid yw tystiolaeth ar gyfer mathemateg fwy cymhleth yn ymddangos tan oddeutu 3000 CC, pan ddechreuodd y Babiloniaid a'r Eifftiaid ddefnyddio <a href="/wiki/Rhifyddeg" title="Rhifyddeg">rhifyddeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Geometreg" title="Geometreg">geometreg ar</a> gyfer trethiant a chyfrifiadau ariannol eraill, ar gyfer adeiladu ac ar gyfer <a href="/wiki/Seryddiaeth" title="Seryddiaeth">seryddiaeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline1990Chapter_1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline1990Chapter_1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'r testunau mathemategol hynaf o <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/Yr_Hen_Aifft" title="Yr Hen Aifft">Aifft</a> rhwng 2000 a 1800 CC. Ceir llawer o destunau cynnar yn sôn am <a href="/wiki/Triawdau_Pythagoraidd" title="Triawdau Pythagoraidd">Driawdau Pythagoraidd</a> ac felly, trwy gasgliad, <a href="/wiki/Theorem_Pythagoras" title="Theorem Pythagoras">ymddengys mai</a> <a href="/wiki/Theorem_Pythagoras" title="Theorem Pythagoras">Theorem Pythagoras</a> yw'r datblygiad mathemategol mwyaf hynafol a mwyaf poblogaidd ar ôl rhifyddeg a geometreg sylfaenol. Mewn mathemateg Babilonaidd mae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhifyddeg_elfennol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhifyddeg elfennol (dim tudalen ar gael)">rhifyddeg elfennol</a> (sef <a href="/wiki/Adio" title="Adio">adio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tynnu" title="Tynnu">tynnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lluosi" title="Lluosi">lluosi</a> a <a href="/wiki/Rhannu_(mathemateg)" title="Rhannu (mathemateg)">rhannu</a>) yn ymddangos gyntaf yn y cofnod archaeolegol. Roedd gan y Babiloniaid system gwerth lle hefyd ac fe wnaethant ddefnyddio system rifol yn seiliedig ar <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B4n_(rhifyddeg)" title="Bôn (rhifyddeg)">fôn-60</a> sy'n dal i gael ei defnyddio heddiw i fesur onglau ac amser.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991"Mesopotamia"_pp._24–27_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991"Mesopotamia"_pp._24–27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gan ddechrau yn y <a href="/wiki/6g_CC" class="mw-redirect" title="6g CC">6g CC</a> gyda mathemateg <a href="/wiki/Groeg_yr_Henfyd" title="Groeg yr Henfyd">Groegaidd</a>, Pythagoraidd, dechreuodd yr Hen Roegiaid astudio mathemateg fel pwnc ynddo'i hun a hynny'n systemig.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tua <a href="/wiki/300_CC" title="300 CC">300 CC</a>, cyflwynodd <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dull_Axiomatig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dull Axiomatig (dim tudalen ar gael)">y system axiomatig</a>, sy'n dal i gael ei ddefnyddio heddiw, ac sy'n cynnwys diffiniad, axiom, theorem, a phrawf. Mae ei lyfr, <i><a href="/wiki/Yr_Elfennau" title="Yr Elfennau">Yr Elfennau</a></i>, yn cael ei ystyried yn eang fel y gwerslyfr mwyaf llwyddiannus a dylanwadol erioed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn aml, dywedir mai mathemategydd pennaf yr Henfyd yw <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> (tua 287–212 CC) o <a href="/wiki/Siracusa" title="Siracusa">Syracuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Datblygodd <a href="/wiki/Fformiwla" title="Fformiwla">fformiwlâu</a> ar gyfer cyfrifo <a href="/wiki/Arwynebedd" title="Arwynebedd">arwynebedd</a> a chyfaint solidau tro (<i>solids of revolution</i>) a defnyddiodd y dull diflino (<i>method of exhaustion</i>) i gyfrifo'r arwynebedd o dan arc <a href="/wiki/Parabola" title="Parabola">parabola</a> â <a href="/wiki/Anfeidredd" title="Anfeidredd">chrynhoi cyfres anfeidrol</a>, mewn modd nad yw'n rhy annhebyg i <a href="/wiki/Calcwlws" title="Calcwlws">galcwlws modern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meincnodau nodedig eraill mathemateg Gwlad Groeg yw <a href="/wiki/Trychiad_conig" title="Trychiad conig">trychiad conig</a> (Apollonius o Perga, <a href="/wiki/3g_CC" class="mw-redirect" title="3g CC">3g CC</a>), <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trigonometreg" title="Trigonometreg">trigonometreg</a> (Hipparchus o Nicaea, <a href="/wiki/2g_CC" class="mw-redirect" title="2g CC">2g CC</a>), <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a dechreuadauchamau cyntaf <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a> (Diophantus, 3g OC)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Bakhshali_numerals_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bakhshali_numerals_2.jpg/220px-Bakhshali_numerals_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bakhshali_numerals_2.jpg/330px-Bakhshali_numerals_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bakhshali_numerals_2.jpg/440px-Bakhshali_numerals_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption> Y rhifolion a ddefnyddiwyd yn llawysgrif Bakhshali, dyddiedig rhwng yr 2g CC a'r 2g OC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Esblygodd y <a href="/wiki/System_rhifolion_Hind%C5%B5-Arabaidd" title="System rhifolion Hindŵ-Arabaidd">system rhifolion Hindŵ-Arabaidd</a> a'r rheolau ar gyfer defnyddio ei weithrediadau, sy'n cael eu defnyddio ledled y byd heddiw, yn ystod y mileniwm cyntaf OC yn <a href="./India" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="undefined" data-cx="{&quot;userAdded&quot;:true,&quot;adapted&quot;:true}">India</a> ac fe'u trosglwyddwyd i'r <a href="/wiki/Y_Gorllewin" title="Y Gorllewin">byd Gorllewinol</a> trwy <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">fathemateg Islamaidd</a>. Mae datblygiadau nodedig eraill mathemateg Indiaidd yn cynnwys diffiniad modern a brasamcan sine a <a href="/wiki/Ffwythiannau_trigonometrig" title="Ffwythiannau trigonometrig">cosine</a>, a ffurf gynnar o gyfresi anfeidrol. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Fibonacci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fibonacci.jpg/220px-Fibonacci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fibonacci.jpg/330px-Fibonacci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Fibonacci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci" title="Fibonacci">Dyfeisiodd Leonardo Fibonacci</a>, y mathemategydd Eidalaidd a gyflwynodd y <a href="/wiki/System_rhifolion_Hind%C5%B5-Arabaidd" title="System rhifolion Hindŵ-Arabaidd">system rhifolion Hindŵ-Arabaidd</a> rhwng y 1g a 4g gan fathemategwyr Indiaidd, i'r Byd Gorllewinol.</figcaption></figure> <p>Yn ystod <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oes_Aur_Islamaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oes Aur Islamaidd (dim tudalen ar gael)">Oes Aur Islam</a>, yn enwedig yn ystod y <a href="/wiki/9g" class="mw-redirect" title="9g">9g</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/10g" class="mw-redirect" title="10g">10g</a>, gwelodd mathemateg lawer o ddatblygiadau pwysig gan adeiladu ar fathemateg Gwlad Groeg. Cyflawniad mwyaf nodedig mathemateg Islamaidd oedd datblygu <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>. Ceir cyflawniadau eraill yn y cyfnod Islamaidd, gan gynnwys datblygiadau mewn trigonometreg sfferig ac ychwanegu'r <a href="/wiki/Pwynt_degol" title="Pwynt degol">pwynt degol</a> at system rifolion Arabeg.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persia (Iran heddiw) oedd crud llawer o fathemategwyr nodedig o'r cyfnod hwn, pobl fel <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_al-Khw%C4%81rizm%C4%AB" title="Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī">Al-Khwarismi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> a Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathemateg_fel_gwyddoniaeth">Mathemateg fel gwyddoniaeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Mathemateg fel gwyddoniaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Mathemateg fel gwyddoniaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/220px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/330px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/440px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>, a elwir yn dywysog mathemategwyr</figcaption></figure> <p>Cyfeiriodd y mathemategydd Almaeneg <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> at fathemateg fel "Brenhines y Gwyddorau".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltershausen1965_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltershausen1965-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn fwy diweddar, mae Marcus du Sautoy wedi galw mathemateg yn "Frenhines Gwyddoniaeth ... y prif rym y tu ôl i ddarganfyddiadau gwyddonol ".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylwodd yr athronydd <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> fod "y mwyafrif o ddamcaniaethau mathemategol, fel rhai <a href="/wiki/Ffiseg" title="Ffiseg">ffiseg</a> a <a href="/wiki/Bywydeg" title="Bywydeg">bioleg</a>, yn hypothetico-ddidynnol: mae mathemateg bur felly yn ymddangos ei fod yn llawer agosach at y gwyddorau naturiol nag yr oedd yn ymddangos hyd yn oed yn ddiweddar."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopper1995_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopper1995-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nododd Popper hefyd "Byddaf yn sicr yn cyfaddef system fel system empeiraidd neu wyddonol dim ond os gellir ei phrofi yn ôl profiad."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae sawl awdur o'r farn <u>nad yw</u> mathemateg yn wyddoniaeth oherwydd nad yw'n dibynnu ar dystiolaeth empeiraidd.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop1991_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop1991-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nickles2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickles2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Y tir cyffredin rhwng mathemateg a llawer o feysydd yn y gwyddorau ffisegol yw archwilio canlyniadau rhesymegol rhagdybiaethau. Mae greddf ac arbrofi hefyd yn chwarae rôl wrth lunio dyfaliadau mewn mathemateg a'r gwyddorau (eraill). Dal i dyfu mewn pwysigrwydd y mae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg_arbrofol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathemateg arbrofol (dim tudalen ar gael)">mathemateg arbrofol</a> ac mae cyfrifiant ac efelychu (<i>computation and simulation</i>) yn chwarae rhan gynyddol yn y gwyddorau ac mewn mathemateg. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gwobrau_mathemategol">Gwobrau mathemategol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Gwobrau mathemategol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Gwobrau mathemategol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gellir dadlau mai'r wobr fwyaf mawreddog mewn mathemateg yw <a href="/wiki/Medal_Fields" title="Medal Fields">Medal Fields</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonastyrsky2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonastyrsky2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehm2002_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehm2002-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sefydlwyd ym 1936 a chaiff ei dyfarnu bob pedair blynedd (ac eithrio'r Ail Ryfel Byd) i gynifer â phedwar unigolyn. Mae Medal Fields yn aml yn cael ei hystyried yn gyfwerth â'r Wobr Nobel. </p><p>Mae Gwobr Wolf mewn Mathemateg, a sefydlwyd ym 1978, yn cydnabod cyflawniad oes, a sefydlwyd gwobr ryngwladol fawr arall, Gwobr Abel, yn 2003. Cyflwynwyd Medal Chern yn 2010 i gydnabod cyflawniad oes. Dyfernir yr acolâdau hyn i gydnabod corff penodol o waith, a all fod yn arloesol, neu'n ateb i broblem ragorol mewn maes sefydledig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gweler_hefyd">Gweler hefyd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Golygu'r adran: Gweler hefyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Gweler hefyd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhestr_Cymry#Gwyddonwyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr Cymry">Gwyddonwyr o Gymry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mura-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mura_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mura, Robert (Dec 1993). "Images of Mathematics Held by University Teachers of Mathematical Sciences". <i>Educational Studies in Mathematics</i> <b>25</b> (4): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/3482762">375–385</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runge-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Runge_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTobies,_Renate_and_Helmut_Neunzert2012" class="citation book">Tobies, Renate and Helmut Neunzert (2012). <i>Iris Runge: A Life at the Crossroads of Mathematics, Science, and Industry</i>. Springer. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EDm0eQqFUQ4C&pg=PA9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/3-0348-0229-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/3-0348-0229-3"><bdi>3-0348-0229-3</bdi></a>. <q>It is first necessary to ask what is meant by <i>mathematics</i> in general. Illustrious scholars have debated this matter until they were blue in the face, and yet no consensus has been reached about whether mathematics is a natural science, a branch of the humanities, or an art form.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iris+Runge%3A+A+Life+at+the+Crossroads+of+Mathematics%2C+Science%2C+and+Industry&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=3-0348-0229-3&rft.au=Tobies%2C+Renate+and+Helmut+Neunzert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oed.com/view/Entry/114974">"mathematics, <i>n.</i>"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">16 Mehefin</span> 2012</span>. <q><i>The science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=mathematics%2C+n.&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F114974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kneebone-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kneebone_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKneebone,_G.T.1963" class="citation book">Kneebone, G.T. (1963). <i>Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey</i>. Dover. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=tCXxf4vbXCcC&pg=PA4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-486-41712-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-486-41712-3"><bdi>0-486-41712-3</bdi></a>. <q><i>Mathematics ... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Logic+and+the+Foundations+of+Mathematics%3A+An+Introductory+Survey&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-486-41712-3&rft.au=Kneebone%2C+G.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaTorre-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LaTorre_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaTorre,_Donald_R.,_John_W._Kenelly,_Iris_B._Reed,_Laurel_R._Carpenter,_and_Cynthia_R_Harris2011" class="citation book">LaTorre, Donald R., John W. Kenelly, Iris B. Reed, Laurel R. Carpenter, and Cynthia R Harris (2011). <i>Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change</i>. Cengage Learning. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1Ebu2Tij4QsC&pg=PA2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/1-4390-4957-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/1-4390-4957-2"><bdi>1-4390-4957-2</bdi></a>. <q><i>Calculus is the study of change—how things change, and how quickly they change.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calculus+Concepts%3A+An+Informal+Approach+to+the+Mathematics+of+Change&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=1-4390-4957-2&rft.au=LaTorre%2C+Donald+R.%2C+John+W.+Kenelly%2C+Iris+B.+Reed%2C+Laurel+R.+Carpenter%2C+and+Cynthia+R+Harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Categori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Categori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramana-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramana_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRamana2007" class="citation book">Ramana (2007). <i>Applied Mathematics</i>. Tata McGraw–Hill Education. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=XCRC6BeKhIIC&pg=SA2-PA10">2.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-07-066753-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-07-066753-5"><bdi>0-07-066753-5</bdi></a>. <q><i>The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Mathematics&rft.pages=2.10&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw%E2%80%93Hill+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-07-066753-5&rft.au=Ramana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler,_Günter_M.2011" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_M._Ziegler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter M. Ziegler (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ziegler, Günter M.</a> (2011). "<i>What Is Mathematics?</i>". <i><span></span></i>An Invitation to Mathematics: From Competitions to Research<i><span></span></i>. Springer. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9TATfteVeVYC&pg=PR7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/3-642-19532-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/3-642-19532-6"><bdi>3-642-19532-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Is+Mathematics%3F&rft.btitle=An+Invitation+to+Mathematics%3A+From+Competitions+to+Research&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=3-642-19532-6&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+G%C3%BCnter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-future-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-future_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Steen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynn Steen (dim tudalen ar gael)">Steen, L.A.</a> (April 29, 1988). <i>The Science of Patterns</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science (journal) (dim tudalen ar gael)">Science</a>, 240: 611–616. And summarized at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascd.org/publications/curriculum-handbook/409/chapters/The-Future-of-Mathematics-Education.aspx">Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development</a>, www.ascd.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-devlin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-devlin_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Devlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Devlin (dim tudalen ar gael)">Devlin, Keith</a>, <i>Mathematics: The Science of Patterns: The Search for Order in Life, Mind and the Universe</i> (Scientific American Paperback Library) 1996, <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9780716750475" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7167-5047-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2001_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2001">Peterson 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wigner1960-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wigner1960_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wigner, Eugene (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html">"The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_on_Pure_and_Applied_Mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics (dim tudalen ar gael)">Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics</a></i> <b>13</b> (1): 1–14. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960CPAM...13....1W">1960CPAM...13....1W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fcpa.3160130102">10.1002/cpa.3160130102</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html">http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWise" class="citation web">Wise, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601004355/http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm">"Eudoxus' Influence on Euclid's Elements with a close look at The Method of Exhaustion"</a>. <i>jwilson.coe.uga.edu</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm">gwreiddiol</a> ar June 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">2019-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jwilson.coe.uga.edu&rft.atitle=Eudoxus%27+Influence+on+Euclid%27s+Elements+with+a+close+look+at+The+Method+of+Exhaustion&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwilson.coe.uga.edu%2FEMT668%2FEMAT6680.F99%2FWise%2Fessay7%2Fessay7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?algebra">algebra</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geiriadur_Prifysgol_Cymru" title="Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a></i>. Adalwyd ar 5 Mai 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RaoOpt-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RaoOpt_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRao1981" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C.R._Rao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.R. Rao (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rao, C.R.</a> (1981). "Foreword". In Arthanari, T.S.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yadolah_Dodge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yadolah Dodge (dim tudalen ar gael)">Dodge, Yadolah</a> (gol.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicalprog0000arth"><i>Mathematical programming in statistics</i></a>. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. New York: Wiley. tt. vii–viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-471-08073-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-471-08073-2"><bdi>978-0-471-08073-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=MR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR (identifier) (dim tudalen ar gael)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0607328">0607328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Mathematical+programming+in+statistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Wiley+Series+in+Probability+and+Mathematical+Statistics&rft.pages=vii-viii&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-471-08073-2&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D607328&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmathematicalprog0000arth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Dehaene, Stanislas; Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine; Cohen, Laurent (Aug 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_1998-08_21_8/page/355">"Abstract representations of numbers in the animal and human brain"</a>. <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i> <b>21</b> (8): 355–61. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0166-2236%2898%2901263-6">10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01263-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9720604">9720604</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_1998-08_21_8/page/355">https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_1998-08_21_8/page/355</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Raymond L. Wilder, <i>Evolution of Mathematical Concepts; an Elementary Study</i>, <i>passim</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZaslavsky,_Claudia.1999" class="citation book">Zaslavsky, Claudia. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/843204342"><i>Africa Counts : Number and Pattern in African Culture</i></a>. Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-61374-115-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-61374-115-3"><bdi>978-1-61374-115-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/843204342">843204342</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+Counts+%3A+Number+and+Pattern+in+African+Culture.&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F843204342&rft.isbn=978-1-61374-115-3&rft.au=Zaslavsky%2C+Claudia.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F843204342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline1990Chapter_1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline1990Chapter_1_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKline1990">Kline 1990</a>, Chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991"Mesopotamia"_pp._24–27-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991"Mesopotamia"_pp._24–27_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyer1991">Boyer 1991</a>, "Mesopotamia" pp. 24–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1981" class="citation book">Heath, Thomas Little (1981) [1921]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekma0002heat/page/n14"><i>A History of Greek Mathematics: From Thales to Euclid</i></a>. New York: Dover Publications. t. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-486-24073-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-486-24073-2"><bdi>978-0-486-24073-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Mathematics%3A+From+Thales+to+Euclid&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-486-24073-2&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Little&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgreekma0002heat%2Fpage%2Fn14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-1">21.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-2">21.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-3">21.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-4">21.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer1991_21-5">21.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyer1991">Boyer 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSaliba,_George.1994" class="citation book">Saliba, George. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/28723059"><i>A history of Arabic astronomy : planetary theories during the golden age of Islam</i></a>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8147-7962-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8147-7962-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-7962-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/28723059">28723059</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Arabic+astronomy+%3A+planetary+theories+during+the+golden+age+of+Islam&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28723059&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7962-0&rft.au=Saliba%2C+George.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F28723059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltershausen1965-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltershausen1965_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaltershausen1965">Waltershausen 1965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation episode">du Sautoy (25 Mehefin 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00stcgv">"Nicolas Bourbaki"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00stcgv">http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00stcgv</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopper1995-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopper1995_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopper1995">Popper 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPopper2002" class="citation book">Popper, Karl (2002) [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=KZvXAAAAMAAJ">1959</a>]. <i>The Logic of Scientific Discovery</i>. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. t. [18]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-27843-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-27843-0"><bdi>978-0-415-27843-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Scientific+Discovery&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27843-0&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishop1991-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bishop1991_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBishop1991" class="citation book">Bishop, Alan (1991). "Environmental activities and mathematical culture". <i>Mathematical Enculturation: A Cultural Perspective on Mathematics Education</i>. Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. tt. 20–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-792-31270-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-792-31270-3"><bdi>978-0-792-31270-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Environmental+activities+and+mathematical+culture&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Enculturation%3A+A+Cultural+Perspective+on+Mathematics+Education&rft.place=Norwell%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=20-59&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-792-31270-3&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Cymorth:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Cymorth:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShasha,_Dennis_ElliotLazere,_Cathy_A.1998" class="citation book">Shasha, Dennis Elliot; Lazere, Cathy A. (1998). <i>Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists</i>. Springer. t. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Their+Minds%3A+The+Lives+and+Discoveries+of+15+Great+Computer+Scientists&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Shasha%2C+Dennis+Elliot&rft.au=Lazere%2C+Cathy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nickles2013-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nickles2013_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNickles2013" class="citation book">Nickles, Thomas (2013). "The Problem of Demarcation". <i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. t. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Demarcation&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Pseudoscience%3A+Reconsidering+the+Demarcation+Problem&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Nickles&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AMathemateg" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonastyrsky2001-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonastyrsky2001_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonastyrsky2001">Monastyrsky 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehm2002-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiehm2002_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiehm2002">Riehm 2002</a>, tt. 778–82.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="infobox" style="float:right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Wiktionary-logo-cy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/50px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/75px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/100px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Chwiliwch am <i><b><a href="https://cy.wiktionary.org/wiki/mathemateg" class="extiw" title="wikt:mathemateg">mathemateg</a></b></i><br />yn <a href="/wiki/Wiciadur" title="Wiciadur">Wiciadur</a>.</div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Wedi dod o "<a dir="ltr" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&oldid=12639790">https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathemateg&oldid=12639790</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Categories" title="Arbennig:Categories">Categorïau</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Nodion_depricated_perameters" title="Categori:Nodion depricated perameters">Nodion depricated perameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Mathemateg" title="Categori:Mathemateg">Mathemateg</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categori cudd: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Tudalennau_gyda_meysydd_deublyg_yn_y_Nodion" title="Categori:Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion">Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Categori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Pages_using_citations_with_accessdate_and_no_URL" title="Categori:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL">Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Tudalennau_sy%27n_defnyddio_dolenni_hud_ISBN" title="Categori:Tudalennau sy'n defnyddio dolenni hud ISBN">Tudalennau sy'n defnyddio dolenni hud ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_defnyddio_Nodyn_Gwybodlen_pethau_Wicidata" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen pethau Wicidata">Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen pethau Wicidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Golygwyd y dudalen hon ddiwethaf ar 2 Mehefin 2024, am 17:53.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Mae'r testun ar gael o dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; gall telerau ychwanegol fod yn berthnasol. 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