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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Treatise on dream interpretation by Artemidorus in the 2nd century AD</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 2nd-century book of dream interpretation. For the 1st-century book with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Artemon_of_Miletus" title="Artemon of Miletus">Artemon of Miletus</a>. For the medieval <i>Oneirocriticon</i>, see <a href="/wiki/Achmet_(oneiromancer)" title="Achmet (oneiromancer)">Achmet (oneiromancer)</a>.</div> <p> <i><b>Oneirocritica</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ονειροκριτικά</span>) (<i>The Interpretation of Dreams</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> treatise on <a href="/wiki/Dream_interpretation" title="Dream interpretation">dream interpretation</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Artemidorus" title="Artemidorus">Artemidorus</a> in the 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the earliest extant Greek work on the subject, in five books, though in it Artemidorus mentions numerous other – now lost – works from which his own is at least partially derived, including the 1st-century <i>Oneirocritica</i> by <a href="/wiki/Artemon_of_Miletus" title="Artemon of Miletus">Artemon of Miletus</a>. </p><p>The first three volumes were intended for the general public, providing an <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedic</a> treatment of the subject matter of dreams, and the remaining two volumes were written for the private use of the author's son, a novice dream interpreter. Artemidorus inscribed the book "Artemidorus of Daldis", despite having been born in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, to commemorate the little-known birthplace of his mother in <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> (3.66). </p><p>Artemidorus suggests that dreams are unique to the individual, and that a person's waking life will affect the symbols in his dreams. He shows awareness of the dreaming mind's capacity to use <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> in its messages. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, who discusses the Oneirocritica in <i>The Care of the Self</i>, the third volume of his <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> (1976–1984), describes the text as a practical, experiential guide. According to Foucault, the work reveals culturally salient patterns relating to "the ethical experience of the <i>aphrodisia</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneirocritica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first three books divide dreams into major groups. Book one is dedicated to the anatomy and activity of the human body: 82 sections interpret the appearance in dreams of subjects like head size, eating, and sexual activity. For example, section 52 says, concerning one activity of the body, "All tools that cut and divide things in half signify disagreements, factions, and injuries ... Tools that smooth out surfaces predict an end to enmities." </p><p>The second book treats objects and events in the natural world, such as weather, animals, the gods and flying. The section on animals includes mammals (domestic and wild), sea creatures, reptiles, and those that fly. So in chapter 12 we find: "There is an affinity between all wild animals and our enemies. A <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a> signifies a violent enemy ... A <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a> indicates that the enemy will not attack openly but will plot underhandedly." </p><p>The third book is miscellaneous. It provides further interpretations of dreams, focusing on various situations and objects that may appear. Artemidorus continues his methodical analysis, examining the significance of dreams related to different aspects of everyday life and the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artemidorus moves from dream content to the technique of dream interpretation in book four, which is addressed to his son. He states that the interpreter needs to know the background of the dreamer, such as his occupation, health, status, habits, and age. The plausibility of dream content should be considered, which cannot be done without reference to the dreamer. The interpreter should find out how the subject feels about each component of the dream. In book five, Artemidorus presents a further 95 dreams he collected, for his son to use as practice material. </p><p>Artemidorus stresses the <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">empirical</a> nature of his research. "I did not rely upon any simple theory of probabilities but rather on experience and the testimony of actual dream-fulfillments." His research took him to cities in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and its larger islands, and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. He indicates that he reviewed all available literature on dreams, and that he spent years consulting with oral interpreters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_and_translations">Editions and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneirocritica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Editions and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The definitive edition of the Greek text is by Roger Pack, <i>Artemidori Daldiani Onirocriticon Libri V</i> (<a href="/wiki/Teubner" class="mw-redirect" title="Teubner">Teubner</a> 1963)</li> <li>A medieval Arabic version was made of the first three books (i.e., the "public" books) in 877 AD by <a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a>, and published by Toufic Fahd with a French translation in 1964 under the title <i>Le livre des songes [par] Artémidore d'Éphèse</i></li> <li>The most recent English translation is by Martin Hammond (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020)</li> <li>The most recent Italian translation is by Dario Del Corno, <i>Libro dei sogni</i> (1974)</li> <li>The most recent French translation is by A.J. Festugière, <i>Clef des Songes</i> (1975)</li> <li>The "fragments" of other Greco-Roman oneirocritic authors were compiled by Dario Del Corno in his <i>Graecorum de re Onirocritica Scriptorum Reliquiae</i> (1969), with commentary in Italian. As many of the fragments are preserved by Artemidorus, Del Corno's work is also a partial commentary to the <i>Oneirocritica</i>.</li> <li>There is also a Dutch translation, by Simone Mooij-Valk, called <i>Droomboek</i> (2003)</li> <li>There is an English translation and commentary by Robert J. White, <i>Oneirocritica</i> (Noyes Classical Studies, 1975)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_sources">References and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneirocritica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brit_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Artemidorus Daldianus" in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">The New Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.</a>, 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foucault, M. (1990 [1978]). <i>The History of Sexuality, Vol. 3: The Care of the Self</i>. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vision Books, pg. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFdream-dictionary.com2024" class="citation web cs1">dream-dictionary.com (2024-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dream-dictionary.com/oneirocritica-artemidorus-daldianus/">"Oneirocritica - Artemidorus Daldianus"</a>. <i>Dream Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dream+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Oneirocritica+-+Artemidorus+Daldianus&rft.date=2024-02-25&rft.au=dream-dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dream-dictionary.com%2Foneirocritica-artemidorus-daldianus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOneirocritica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_de_Castle1994" class="citation book cs1">van de Castle, Robert L. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourdreamingmind00vand/page/66"><i>Our Dreaming Mind</i></a></span>. New York: Ballantine Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourdreamingmind00vand/page/66">66–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-39666-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-39666-9"><bdi>0-345-39666-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Dreaming+Mind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=66-69&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-345-39666-9&rft.aulast=van+de+Castle&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourdreamingmind00vand%2Fpage%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOneirocritica" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneirocritica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/artemidorus.html">Excerpts from the Oneirocritica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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