CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134a4bd29f9ce55',cH: '5OdpQXyv_UUVUXdYh6O37kemYVtkeMHNBK0bTjy3Xow-1739783418-1.2.1.1-LLAA11fq3PI.SROSTaAYFZ76PEy.aJKRIfdBhnu1xyT40mwtIR5hBrkXiBSmOQc6',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=surface%20functional&__cf_chl_tk=mkUnGAuwxN0D3rcmJl8RkXNPDPXIuqTOG_YYWVzyNxQ-1739783418-1.0.1.1-.bgKARLnEoIEZ6eMNWpNNGN06dF09J_UCuTNAuKS3W8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739783418',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=surface%20functional&__cf_chl_f_tk=mkUnGAuwxN0D3rcmJl8RkXNPDPXIuqTOG_YYWVzyNxQ-1739783418-1.0.1.1-.bgKARLnEoIEZ6eMNWpNNGN06dF09J_UCuTNAuKS3W8",md: "Bu2JHVbjPYR8wYtqvIVqDd1.vq8xiFMU5pnu9BN81g4-1739783418-1.2.1.1-JMZngJwjZauNzogI2Ag4Vh3ZLsmcyPDy7XluU56rvPY3C5q.YKdpEVnzaaVfqSBaOiFs6oECNb.1Zfc04W56icqm1_G0ecU9swvlcAb6VT2wvTpDgZQJVxSnrMOdG02dR.ccvu66b7Ne6rL0.50g5kM.l5shsPM.yNPJFr3wmwlkw4MBoLN8ygkWpU9m4DJVgi5clpMRGyRw1gcPCaLFBlgoHyogLHnjdfBnaRhPpZwC8m6PdGrlYNn4jikqxYlRWlgEp0NbuDhXOkknCn7cQqSZFXVmTVyri_Zq8j.fS45jvuQEcQUPkUFbSrhHttbQENm3uWYbxcnXl5s8jLdqlU3eGZ.xTKUFoyGsp.jwGxCqpEccFpwNqA8K_aw5VsoIJRDsZ3Q1CKvolCXyNbHXzICqZG0NNIjruqqVKDcSsZqg9NtSaf_uXFu_km4rr_ukGR.BugDF.Ueq2d_6W12PeFMsvHXnDbJyCFdKFPe7ji0ArXsm0P2fpVSaZjYGvsZZAVGcjhNfpvRR9F.FhBI23Puh9ALZ4quGcywzqmZhaueFibu2Ya9aiSqS0bgwGcEwkMUIQnL5MbR8PmKVNC5uSOrplfE5T1q1wntFrExxZ826TWjYIR1GLHzow2_dKvIP8PZ5sd87wwdlav1QHiU5UcfdKpMSWTTw4yuikC_nsPuj2mFZRD6jeA2RY7Rlcokht3a4E3a29lZZLRfFQQC9T25td.4XdpYdAfGz8Ei63G.rJiepllVGWXBLlL.vHedrQZKkoe6mSMrke5HzVFcK096wzoxbp2JznKXZNC.3XyuX1psTsRNaSDObLw92_ZxgK7drXQCfJAz_FE35_NNMF6q9jneUk0XbVRpiXyxmJutq7WEfs65S_7rHoEyl6ZXG9zY6El2UnIFLwOH5dpz_M7l8ZqiqW35s0jhlw_XN51bRwiphbbpe9EscdjtL.weZTTf0QLd8e.9Dc1JklKIVXfp0WuOdHpURus_UiX0.rCa_vGv0ahszKD9alyewmOWDkwahRAisNWCuzCetUoK.BCIj1msZy9dBGzwdQSPa8MVoF6b6sPgJTgpHPH0NKiKckdOnANk9Gl9NGamdYdDlgSCFJ_Su.NSP0c815hGpR8lmeJFMYlAy_izwY.fkVj3dqGCe8vAJkaTkaTgrvI1F3PvQtldSRB49QzKwHDJPmui856eBqReQMiokqZ5oK87_5ljKIKWdJiJgnfHf3PY6fJRaGKGnhZ224KT_iT2SuyJWuEmiYtCvMGihPYHGBreg8l1b6_VchZAWIjVmWQdAyYXd6be2a2X_7p5ZCAwnKwYk.ZBHXT8dItiptGXx1hEyWBw9cpfdQZH_RdHJnzseuJ9x0XfnlDHuBGwB.NZmg5aCtQCx1eMNC_OE2wCR5.NqjZ6AbD.tGBF5O5Oi1bAyBRasOZxypyq03VANR1Pxz8LEsB.XogjBLR0VBRaGk6st5yXiHOeMkSvzgqIZ9os3zGWL7.LQnqVNOsd_HLgBjfWQtd93wjvaY55qOnkwi4.LlNWCcAqzl9Nu_SZmm4nOJikjGAPpCdH8UfmxjTq7gCP_Ct5ensm1Gj2EK0rCee83c8IrZIEBZ0kq8PScAxwcUeHaFnEsMNe_Mxb5byK7EHdA.hkzEEGlhgtzndswAZg48.ZVBW6yVvxu5c3l7IncFJN94Kcliud2uxusvcVq6zimQHYxNztz8Z1kpqOq.6YjvSGOt3MosKuBUcrY0t019hSDWsBukjnRTUAdX.TeWDOOghz6bpPzdCHR49KY0eCZRUjjRAStGHA5.2PTYf4KHlYzBQvKNqIkURQwdL9LV.6Hj5tclFowd8mH98_NXGSd8n_8q3G1dHC.WfuK_TgHwPu9nnBxE.ojtupe21JfIC8tv2erg4jJMgP73JyceOIaBC2nMiRUc6woF.6.NrOAIbk4bugFRB0oi28ODuzl3Ss",mdrd: "Aq_PsPSaFpjw78nEr20gitPZWIz0SyOvLDB_Do5uolc-1739783418-1.2.1.1-ERBqlaASgqCizAtouumg6jpJpePTFOiJB9XrqyOFyN6IzF8ysg7YO4xRWz8SKKdF5_JQjzpleVjjtdtSPDz0zefLePr8xPZJv1P5NVLi8XcSrwWCpomDTj7avOIBAMXCwez0wNwqbzb65TbG54YTSlTf9LadtD8YvoxRxnzREFflll4pguQ_3aB.4butccbgRcHhNOg9t4hyekw3MNpzViDE.MK.Mn5cHPjuPNZoEYap.FzTxdEpWTQxxf.tJDKRP6PON5fZTExZMf8fl3z4mWQPQe0bpEzczdZ_eS8_1k0Z2KBROkiPViNWQcev7zvSH4YrJ5qSj7O1AkSrmBcEJtAoaO3.hmME1V5IB5DPXK9vQwOE8V6jXlHGHAyhI4.LSBxVD1iit4t4ozbX90PAOnNBULvCivD.VSmbvM_TQ7jbSG.c4DRgIv1wySkhiu62kpl4Tb8Xz.iM7OYhD6U_5KQweNBaEOPttAra_MSJA6lDfV9W3Ny.d7TB5D9eya_.yqg9DvzPqFJnUiDFxRbddADJCdNsFy7PuJ2n2vp52G51iDD1y7qWH.rVBlBNr2ud9SpZCXnsBrHbl.GL871QtXJSCCbeeY77ncrv_VLxEuVjvSjap788gv_.Pwik6eOR7s_Mn_DJLHLmLjvjFDsva4mFCrbyUJ.XuuqmCzxY58it9ZQMbjSBcY9vaJBkkSkKkz0rbc12X2vineOmp8t9IxTmd3lIkz3Qy29JQ5CyOZ_QDQU_sHQW0i5m5D4mtUu5TYlp73o.T134y3ctOkJHj1UOQcYYVb7or7GFBs13zIUi4OwS8xnDE19GFSZdhsvNko_wtpGdpetIhuy5pM.rOhtNpaEjpFZpweNneDoqv_ICTz_8bBghZfxseiBk7DrTsB.xFjVBOC2mqhe1abz1Sch1y7RjFxSMMli83wpDwbDcJhBv2ga09l3S1hFgITJ2AIlL7ZcTh.NTwrPVWSOBP2Ok1VxF72aZ1PgFuageqbblo88cP6uwr5GR6y0VSlJ2fQ7qaly.aCG6cnl9E7QtYbvFs0rO6SbMAA.X6gBsPz9uwgO1OOPj3uHOXhMbK87H_0l6Oc5WzaUeKWcsQ24jHNdVuauJZTwi6DAnhSTSWVXiIyEAx.MoTldeBYYsfi7oS4BnX1C2Qz2nicKO7ryL7GYvts2iYafgtsqCxz8kZ7cl1rxuynxlTHeBVkK.tUBBxxvQlQARXYj4S9ttKK8W1e68lQb1JnB2PxkmElFHaZL5mWShjnZgBf8Cp_kWDZPnOC1obiNyKJlv0CevgRRhTXcmItkVYWEiAJq9G_zU.tpvY8rchrcIrjYUk0R2j_xeegIHveLyyNNBw6x1FIc9swTt5_mbsMVfNERBARofjH1vleq1M57bUfP3NO1pXyOoIYbaZlTb41mea9J6qExqk4w_vWAFKEPstPVrBYn2T5qcpWVsT3Nhfj1V.H386_M52KSX43WvsASXUJST8bx.KJOiw1NRbVMazHztzO0HOMZ0JFIZ_AbUXm9s4G9bt6q57UjT8Nw47olZOFmc66E9XAI35bTv93b15TcvKCnPmq1nyycA4oa1ECq4ScZhNGjFgT_1Yw8mTW2I3J8XQhHav4W9Rzk7T8NzZpfZj6K9dcdeiYdIgOX1VAe5fr4GP0PdHRAQt34EkAS1u1BZHndmM.AafwoEySHreGm2UwxeuyTb7w.kr1BSHLaVPT9TyhpNiYU3bE.M3LvS6iKpfdKStYlg7ipfDw9qjG55dH37SQfD3mln_scwh6forNTs9pmkIMttf4jOa5Ek5TyH.CNzHqC_DWj6kGysJ68UigK_W6l4RChVa1nBtJIdmJqfdlzQvX3J9wbkuIwiPHB8MV5ExiNBcxhTJCQ7QJG_6V2TDxNLe2C6_NN._EIjI3mC_e4gy7D.LO8Qg9cr3d23pNSq7KKlz3cQBnKPJ3Ob4b7t_3YjbSEjHBWAjZ4f.G_j56cWN_kNgBsQknNTkofNKdbTMw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134a4bd29f9ce55';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=surface%20functional&__cf_chl_rt_tk=mkUnGAuwxN0D3rcmJl8RkXNPDPXIuqTOG_YYWVzyNxQ-1739783418-1.0.1.1-.bgKARLnEoIEZ6eMNWpNNGN06dF09J_UCuTNAuKS3W8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>