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Search results for: electric control system
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26099</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: electric control system</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26099</span> Modelling and Technical Assessment of Multi-Motor for Electric Vehicle Drivetrains by Using Electric Differential</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Abdel-Monem">Mohamed Abdel-Monem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gamal%20Sowilam"> Gamal Sowilam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Hegazy"> Omar Hegazy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a technical assessment of an electric vehicle with two independent rear-wheel motor and an improved traction control system. The electric differential and the control strategy have been implemented to assure that in a straight trajectory, the two rear-wheels run exactly at the same speed, considering the same/different road conditions under the left and right side of the wheels. In case of turning to right/left, the difference between the two rear-wheels speeds assures a vehicle trajectory without sliding, thanks to a harmony between the electric differential and the control strategy. The present article demonstrates a complete model and analysis of a traction control system, considering four different traction scenarios, for two independent rear-wheels motors for electric vehicles. Furthermore, the vehicle model, including wheel dynamics, load forces, electric differential, and control strategy, is designed and verified by using MATLAB/Simulink environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle" title="electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20saving" title=" energy saving"> energy saving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-motor" title=" multi-motor"> multi-motor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20differential" title=" electric differential"> electric differential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation%20and%20control" title=" simulation and control"> simulation and control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90576/modelling-and-technical-assessment-of-multi-motor-for-electric-vehicle-drivetrains-by-using-electric-differential" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90576.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26098</span> Application of Neural Petri Net to Electric Control System Fault Diagnosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadiq%20J.%20Abou-Loukh">Sadiq J. Abou-Loukh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work deals with implementation of Petri nets, which own the perfect ability of modeling, are used to establish a fault diagnosis model. Fault diagnosis of a control system received considerable attention in the last decades. The formalism of representing neural networks based on Petri nets has been presented. Neural Petri Net (NPN) reasoning model is investigated and developed for the fault diagnosis process of electric control system. The proposed NPN has the characteristics of easy establishment and high efficiency, and fault status within the system can be described clearly when compared with traditional testing methods. The proposed system is tested and the simulation results are given. The implementation explains the advantages of using NPN method and can be used as a guide for different online applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petri%20net" title="petri net">petri net</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20petri%20net" title=" neural petri net"> neural petri net</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20control%20system" title=" electric control system"> electric control system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20diagnosis" title=" fault diagnosis"> fault diagnosis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16653/application-of-neural-petri-net-to-electric-control-system-fault-diagnosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16653.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">477</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26097</span> A Strategy of Direct Power Control for PWM Rectifier Reducing Ripple in Instantaneous Power</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Mohammed%20Chikouche">T. Mohammed Chikouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Hartani"> K. Hartani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on the analysis of basic direct torque control, a parallel master slave for four in-wheel permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) fed by two three phase inverters used in electric vehicle is proposed in this paper. A conventional system with multi-inverter and multi-machine comprises a three phase inverter for each machine to be controlled. Another approach consists in using only one three-phase inverter to supply several permanent magnet synchronous machines. A modified direct torque control (DTC) algorithm is used for the control of the bi-machine traction system. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy is well adapted for the synchronism of this system and provide good speed tracking performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle" title="electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-machine%20single-inverter%20system" title=" multi-machine single-inverter system"> multi-machine single-inverter system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-machine%20multi-inverter%20control" title=" multi-machine multi-inverter control"> multi-machine multi-inverter control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-wheel%20motor" title=" in-wheel motor"> in-wheel motor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=master-slave%20control" title=" master-slave control"> master-slave control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87696/a-strategy-of-direct-power-control-for-pwm-rectifier-reducing-ripple-in-instantaneous-power" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87696.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">221</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26096</span> Lateral Control of Electric Vehicle Based on Fuzzy Logic Control</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hartani%20Kada">Hartani Kada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Merah%20Abdelkader"> Merah Abdelkader</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aiming at the high nonlinearities and unmatched uncertainties of the intelligent electric vehicles’ dynamic system, this paper presents a lateral motion control algorithm for intelligent electric vehicles with four in-wheel motors. A fuzzy logic procedure is presented and formulated to realize lateral control in lane change. The vehicle dynamics model and a desired target tracking model were established in this paper. A fuzzy logic controller was designed for integrated active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) in order to improve vehicle handling performance and stability, and a fuzzy controller for the automatic steering problem. The simulation results demonstrate the strong robustness and excellent tracking performance of the control algorithm that is proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic" title="fuzzy logic">fuzzy logic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20control" title=" lateral control"> lateral control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AFS" title=" AFS"> AFS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DYC" title=" DYC"> DYC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20car%20technology" title=" electric car technology"> electric car technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=longitudinal%20control" title=" longitudinal control"> longitudinal control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20motion" title=" lateral motion"> lateral motion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14474/lateral-control-of-electric-vehicle-based-on-fuzzy-logic-control" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14474.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">611</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26095</span> Optimal Energy Management System for Electrical Vehicles to Further Extend the Range</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Rouhi">M. R. Rouhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Shafiei"> S. Shafiei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Taghavipour"> A. Taghavipour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Adibi-Asl"> H. Adibi-Asl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Doosthoseini"> A. Doosthoseini </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research targets at alleviating the problem of range anxiety associated with the battery electric vehicles (BEVs) by considering mechanical and control aspects of the powertrain. In this way, all the energy consuming components and their effect on reducing the range of the BEV and battery life index are identified. On the other hand, an appropriate control strategy is designed to guarantee the performance of the BEV and the extended electric range which is evaluated by an extensive simulation procedure and a real-world driving schedule. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=battery" title="battery">battery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicles" title=" electric vehicles"> electric vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultra-capacitor" title=" ultra-capacitor"> ultra-capacitor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20predictive%20control" title=" model predictive control"> model predictive control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60518/optimal-energy-management-system-for-electrical-vehicles-to-further-extend-the-range" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60518.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26094</span> Realization of a Temperature Based Automatic Controlled Domestic Electric Boiling System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shengqi%20Yu">Shengqi Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinwei%20Zhao"> Jinwei Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a kind of analog circuit based temperature control system, which is mainly composed by threshold control signal circuit, synchronization signal circuit and trigger pulse circuit. Firstly, the temperature feedback signal function is realized by temperature sensor TS503F3950E. Secondly, the main control circuit forms the cycle controlled pulse signal to control the thyristor switching model. Finally two reverse paralleled thyristors regulate the output power by their switching state. In the consequence, this is a modernized and energy-saving domestic electric heating system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20base%20circuit" title="time base circuit">time base circuit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automatic%20control" title=" automatic control"> automatic control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zero-crossing%20trigger" title=" zero-crossing trigger"> zero-crossing trigger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20control" title=" temperature control"> temperature control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65423/realization-of-a-temperature-based-automatic-controlled-domestic-electric-boiling-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65423.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">481</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26093</span> Electric Propulsion System Development for High Floor Trolley Bus </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asep%20Andi%20Suryandi">Asep Andi Suryandi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katri%20Yulianto"> Katri Yulianto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dewi%20Rianti%20Mandasari"> Dewi Rianti Mandasari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of environmentally friendly vehicles increasingly attracted the attention of almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia. There are various types of environmentally friendly vehicles, such as: electric vehicles, hybrid, and fuel gas. The Electric vehicle has been developed in Indonesia, a private or public vehicle. But many electric vehicles had been developed using the battery as a power source, while the battery technology for electric vehicles still constraints in capacity, dimensions of the battery itself and charging system. Trolley bus is one of the electric buses with the main power source of the network catenary / overhead line with trolley pole as the point of contact. This paper will discuss the design and manufacture electrical system in Trolleybus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trolley%20bus" title="trolley bus">trolley bus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20propulsion%20system" title=" electric propulsion system"> electric propulsion system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design" title=" design"> design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manufacture" title=" manufacture"> manufacture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle" title=" electric vehicle"> electric vehicle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71367/electric-propulsion-system-development-for-high-floor-trolley-bus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71367.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26092</span> Design and Development of Real-Time Optimal Energy Management System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masood%20Roohi">Masood Roohi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Taghavipour"> Amir Taghavipour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper describes a strategy to develop an energy management system (EMS) for a charge-sustaining power-split hybrid electric vehicle. This kind of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) benefit from the advantages of both parallel and series architecture. However, it gets relatively more complicated to manage power flow between the battery and the engine optimally. The applied strategy in this paper is based on nonlinear model predictive control approach. First of all, an appropriate control-oriented model which was accurate enough and simple was derived. Towards utilization of this controller in real-time, the problem was solved off-line for a vast area of reference signals and initial conditions and stored the computed manipulated variables inside look-up tables. Look-up tables take a little amount of memory. Also, the computational load dramatically decreased, because to find required manipulated variables the controller just needed a simple interpolation between tables. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20electric%20vehicles" title="hybrid electric vehicles">hybrid electric vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20management%20system" title=" energy management system"> energy management system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20model%20predictive%20control" title=" nonlinear model predictive control"> nonlinear model predictive control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time" title=" real-time"> real-time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60446/design-and-development-of-real-time-optimal-energy-management-system-for-hybrid-electric-vehicles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60446.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26091</span> Control Strategy for Two-Mode Hybrid Electric Vehicle by Using Fuzzy Controller</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jia-Shiun%20Chen">Jia-Shiun Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsiu-Ying%20Hwang"> Hsiu-Ying Hwang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hybrid electric vehicles can reduce pollution and improve fuel economy. Power-split hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) provide two power paths between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and energy storage system (ESS) through the gears of an electrically variable transmission (EVT). EVT allows ICE to operate independently from vehicle speed all the time. Therefore, the ICE can operate in the efficient region of its characteristic brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) map. The two-mode powertrain can operate in input-split or compound-split EVT modes and in four different fixed gear configurations. Power-split architecture is advantageous because it combines conventional series and parallel power paths. This research focuses on input-split and compound-split modes in the two-mode power-split powertrain. Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) for an internal combustion engine (ICE) and PI control for electric machines (EMs) are derived for the urban driving cycle simulation. These control algorithms reduce vehicle fuel consumption and improve ICE efficiency while maintaining the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage system in an efficient range. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20electric%20vehicle" title="hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20economy" title=" fuel economy"> fuel economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-mode%20hybrid" title=" two-mode hybrid"> two-mode hybrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20control" title=" fuzzy control "> fuzzy control </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26689/control-strategy-for-two-mode-hybrid-electric-vehicle-by-using-fuzzy-controller" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26689.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">384</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26090</span> Retrofitted Semi-Active Suspension System for a Eelectric Model Vehicle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiuh-Jer%20Huang">Shiuh-Jer Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun-Han%20Yeh"> Yun-Han Yeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A 40 steps manual adjusting shock absorber was refitted with DC motor driving mechanism to construct as a semi-active suspension system for a four-wheel drive electric vehicle. Accelerometer and potentiometer sensors are installed to measure the sprung mass acceleration and suspension system compression or rebound states for control purpose. A fuzzy logic controller was designed to derive appropriate damping target based on vehicle running condition for semi-active suspension system to follow. The damping ratio control of each wheel axis suspension system is executed with a robust fuzzy sliding mode controller (FSMC). Different road surface conditions are chosen to evaluate the control performance of this semi-active suspension system based on wheel axis acceleration signal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semi-active%20suspension" title="semi-active suspension">semi-active suspension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle" title=" electric vehicle"> electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20sliding%20mode%20control" title=" fuzzy sliding mode control"> fuzzy sliding mode control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accelerometer" title=" accelerometer"> accelerometer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17661/retrofitted-semi-active-suspension-system-for-a-eelectric-model-vehicle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17661.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">481</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26089</span> Experimental Analysis of Control in Electric Vehicle Charging Station Based Grid Tied Photovoltaic-Battery System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Hassoune">A. Hassoune</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Khafallah"> M. Khafallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mesbahi"> A. Mesbahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Bouragba"> T. Bouragba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents an improved strategy of control for charging a lithium-ion battery in an electric vehicle charging station using two charger topologies i.e. single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) and forward converter. In terms of rapidity and accuracy, the power system consists of a topology/control diagram that would overcome the performance constraints, for instance the power instability, the battery overloading and how the energy conversion blocks would react efficiently to any kind of perturbations. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed topologies operated with a power management algorithm based on voltage/peak current mode controls. In order to provide credible findings, a low power prototype is developed to test the control strategy via experimental evaluations of the converter topology and its controls. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=battery%20storage%20buffer" title="battery storage buffer">battery storage buffer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charging%20station" title=" charging station"> charging station</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle" title=" electric vehicle"> electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20analysis" title=" experimental analysis"> experimental analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management%20algorithm" title=" management algorithm"> management algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=switches%20control" title=" switches control"> switches control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100812/experimental-analysis-of-control-in-electric-vehicle-charging-station-based-grid-tied-photovoltaic-battery-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100812.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26088</span> Intelligent Semi-Active Suspension Control of a Electric Model Vehicle System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiuh-Jer%20Huang">Shiuh-Jer Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun-Han%20Yeh"> Yun-Han Yeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A four-wheel drive electric vehicle was built with hub DC motors and FPGA embedded control structure. A 40 steps manual adjusting motorcycle shock absorber was refitted with DC motor driving mechanism to construct as a semi-active suspension system. Accelerometer and potentiometer sensors are installed to measure the sprung mass acceleration and suspension system compression or rebound states for control purpose. An intelligent fuzzy logic controller was proposed to real-time search appropriate damping ratio based on vehicle running condition. Then, a robust fuzzy sliding mode controller (FSMC) is employed to regulate the target damping ratio of each wheel axis semi-active suspension system. Finally, different road surface conditions are chosen to evaluate the control performance of this semi-active suspension and compare with that of passive system based on wheel axis acceleration signal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acceleration" title="acceleration">acceleration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FPGA" title=" FPGA"> FPGA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fuzzy%20sliding%20mode%20control" title=" Fuzzy sliding mode control"> Fuzzy sliding mode control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semi-active%20suspension" title=" semi-active suspension"> semi-active suspension</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24517/intelligent-semi-active-suspension-control-of-a-electric-model-vehicle-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24517.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">420</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26087</span> A Neural Network Control for Voltage Balancing in Three-Phase Electric Power System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dana%20M.%20Ragab">Dana M. Ragab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jasim%20A.%20Ghaeb"> Jasim A. Ghaeb </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The three-phase power system suffers from different challenging problems, e.g. voltage unbalance conditions at the load side. The voltage unbalance usually degrades the power quality of the electric power system. Several techniques can be considered for load balancing including load reconfiguration, static synchronous compensator and static reactive power compensator. In this work an efficient neural network is designed to control the unbalanced condition in the Aqaba-Qatrana-South Amman (AQSA) electric power system. It is designed for highly enhanced response time of the reactive compensator for voltage balancing. The neural network is developed to determine the appropriate set of firing angles required for the thyristor-controlled reactor to balance the three load voltages accurately and quickly. The parameters of AQSA power system are considered in the laboratory model, and several test cases have been conducted to test and validate the proposed technique capabilities. The results have shown a high performance of the proposed Neural Network Control (NNC) technique for correcting the voltage unbalance conditions at three-phase load based on accuracy and response time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=three-phase%20power%20system" title="three-phase power system">three-phase power system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactive%20power%20control" title=" reactive power control"> reactive power control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltage%20unbalance%20factor" title=" voltage unbalance factor"> voltage unbalance factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20network" title=" neural network"> neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20quality" title=" power quality"> power quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104856/a-neural-network-control-for-voltage-balancing-in-three-phase-electric-power-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104856.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26086</span> A Novel Design Methodology for a 1.5 KW DC/DC Converter in EV and Hybrid EV Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farhan%20Beg">Farhan Beg</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a method for the efficient implementation of a unidirectional or bidirectional DC/DC converter. The DC/DC converter is used essentially for energy exchange between the low voltage service battery and a high voltage battery commonly found in Electric Vehicle applications. In these applications, apart from cost, efficiency of design is an important characteristic. A useful way to reduce the size of electronic equipment in the electric vehicles is proposed in this paper. The technique simplifies the mechanical complexity and maximizes the energy usage using the latest converter control techniques. Moreover a bidirectional battery charger for hybrid electric vehicles is also implemented in this paper. Several simulations on the test system have been carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment. The results exemplify the robustness of the proposed design methodology in case of a 1.5 KW DC-DC converter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DC-DC%20converters" title="DC-DC converters">DC-DC converters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicles" title=" electric vehicles"> electric vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20electronics" title=" power electronics"> power electronics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20current%20control" title=" direct current control "> direct current control </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15606/a-novel-design-methodology-for-a-15-kw-dcdc-converter-in-ev-and-hybrid-ev-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15606.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">727</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26085</span> Research on Control Strategy of Differential Drive Assisted Steering of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Liu">J. Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20P.%20Yu"> Z. P. Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Xiong"> L. Xiong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Feng"> Y. Feng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20He"> J. He</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> According to the independence, accuracy and controllability of the driving/braking torque of the distributed drive electric vehicle, a control strategy of differential drive assisted steering was designed. Firstly, the assisted curve under different speed and steering wheel torque was developed and the differential torques were distributed to the right and left front wheels. Then the steering return ability assisted control algorithm was designed. At last, the joint simulation was conducted by CarSim/Simulink. The result indicated: the differential drive assisted steering algorithm could provide enough steering drive-assisted under low speed and improve the steering portability. Along with the increase of the speed, the provided steering drive-assisted decreased. With the control algorithm, the steering stiffness of the steering system increased along with the increase of the speed, which ensures the driver’s road feeling. The control algorithm of differential drive assisted steering could avoid the understeer under low speed effectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20assisted%20steering" title="differential assisted steering">differential assisted steering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control%20strategy" title=" control strategy"> control strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20drive%20electric%20vehicle" title=" distributed drive electric vehicle"> distributed drive electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driving%2Fbraking%20torque" title=" driving/braking torque"> driving/braking torque</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11277/research-on-control-strategy-of-differential-drive-assisted-steering-of-distributed-drive-electric-vehicle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11277.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">478</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26084</span> An Autopilot System for Static Zone Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yanchun%20Zuo">Yanchun Zuo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yingao%20Liu"> Yingao Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20Liu"> Wei Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Le%20Yu"> Le Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Run%20Huang"> Run Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lixin%20Guo"> Lixin Guo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electric field detection is important in many application scenarios. The traditional strategy is measuring the electric field with a man walking around in the area under test. This strategy cannot provide a satisfactory measurement accuracy. To solve the mentioned problem, an autopilot measurement system is divided. A mini-car is produced, which can travel in the area under test according to respect to the program within the CPU. The electric field measurement platform (EFMP) carries a central computer, two horn antennas, and a vector network analyzer. The mini-car stop at the sampling points according to the preset. When the car stops, the EFMP probes the electric field and stores data on the hard disk. After all the sampling points are traversed, an electric field map can be plotted. The proposed system can give an accurate field distribution description of the chamber. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autopilot%20mini-car%20measurement%20system" title="autopilot mini-car measurement system">autopilot mini-car measurement system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20field%20detection" title=" electric field detection"> electric field detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20map" title=" field map"> field map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=static%20zone%20measurement" title=" static zone measurement"> static zone measurement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153711/an-autopilot-system-for-static-zone-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153711.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26083</span> Design, Analysis and Obstacle Avoidance Control of an Electric Wheelchair with Sit-Sleep-Seat Elevation Functions </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waleed%20Ahmed">Waleed Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huang%20Xiaohua"> Huang Xiaohua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wilayat%20Ali"> Wilayat Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The wheelchair users are generally exposed to physical and psychological health problems, e.g., pressure sores and pain in the hip joint, associated with seating posture or being inactive in a wheelchair for a long time. Reclining Wheelchair with back, thigh, and leg adjustment helps in daily life activities and health preservation. The seat elevating function of an electric wheelchair allows the user (lower limb amputation) to reach different heights. An electric wheelchair is expected to ease the lives of the elderly and disable people by giving them mobility support and decreasing the percentage of accidents caused by users’ narrow sight or joystick operation errors. Thus, this paper proposed the design, analysis and obstacle avoidance control of an electric wheelchair with sit-sleep-seat elevation functions. A 3D model of a wheelchair is designed in SolidWorks that was later used for multi-body dynamic (MBD) analysis and to verify driving control system. The control system uses the fuzzy algorithm to avoid the obstacle by getting information in the form of distance from the ultrasonic sensor and user-specified direction from the joystick’s operation. The proposed fuzzy driving control system focuses on the direction and velocity of the wheelchair. The wheelchair model has been examined and proven in MSC Adams (Automated Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems). The designed fuzzy control algorithm is implemented on Gazebo robotic 3D simulator using Robotic Operating System (ROS) middleware. The proposed wheelchair design enhanced mobility and quality of life by improving the user’s functional capabilities. Simulation results verify the non-accidental behavior of the electric wheelchair. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic%20control" title="fuzzy logic control">fuzzy logic control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=joystick" title=" joystick"> joystick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi%20body%20dynamics" title=" multi body dynamics"> multi body dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstacle%20avoidance" title=" obstacle avoidance"> obstacle avoidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scissor%20mechanism" title=" scissor mechanism"> scissor mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensor" title=" sensor"> sensor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134367/design-analysis-and-obstacle-avoidance-control-of-an-electric-wheelchair-with-sit-sleep-seat-elevation-functions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134367.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26082</span> Performance Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using Direct Torque Control Based ANFIS Controller for Electric Vehicle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marulasiddappa%20H.%20B.">Marulasiddappa H. B.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pushparajesh%20Viswanathan"> Pushparajesh Viswanathan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Day by day, the uses of internal combustion engines (ICE) are deteriorating because of pollution and less fuel availability. In the present scenario, the electric vehicle (EV) plays a major role in the place of an ICE vehicle. The performance of EVs can be improved by the proper selection of electric motors. Initially, EV preferred induction motors for traction purposes, but due to complexity in controlling induction motor, permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is replacing induction motor in EV due to its advantages. Direct torque control (DTC) is one of the known techniques for PMSM drive in EV to control the torque and speed. However, the presence of torque ripple is the main drawback of this technique. Many control strategies are followed to reduce the torque ripples in PMSM. In this paper, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller technique is proposed to reduce torque ripples and settling time. Here the performance parameters like torque, speed and settling time are compared between conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller with ANFIS controller. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20torque%20control" title="direct torque control">direct torque control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle" title=" electric vehicle"> electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torque%20ripple" title=" torque ripple"> torque ripple</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PMSM" title=" PMSM"> PMSM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144846/performance-analysis-of-permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor-using-direct-torque-control-based-anfis-controller-for-electric-vehicle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144846.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26081</span> A Smart Electric Power Wheelchair Controlled by Head Motion </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dechrit%20Maneetham">Dechrit Maneetham</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper was to design a smart electric power wheelchair (SEPW) with a novel control system for quadriplegics with head and neck mobility. Head movement has been used as a control interface for people with motor impairments in a range of applications. Acquiring measurements from the module is simplified through a synchronous a motor. Axis measures the two directions namely X ,Y and Z. The model of a DC motor is considered as a speed control by selection of a PID parameters using genetic algorithm. An experimental set-up constructed, which consists of micro controller Arduino ATmega32u4 as controllers, a DC motor driven SEPW and feedback elements. And this paper is tuning methods of parameter for a pulse width modulation (PWM) control system. A speed controller has been designed successfully for closed loop of the DC motor so that the motor runs very closed to the reference speed and angle. SEPW controller can be used to ensure the person’s head is attending the direction of travel asserted by a conventional, direction and speed control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheelchair" title="wheelchair">wheelchair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quadriplegia" title=" quadriplegia"> quadriplegia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rehabilitation" title=" rehabilitation"> rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20devices" title=" medical devices"> medical devices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed%20control" title=" speed control"> speed control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2267/a-smart-electric-power-wheelchair-controlled-by-head-motion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2267.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26080</span> Improvement of Ride Comfort of Turning Electric Vehicle Using Optimal Speed Control </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yingyi%20Zhou">Yingyi Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tohru%20Kawabe"> Tohru Kawabe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the spread of EVs (electric Vehicles), the ride comfort has been gaining a lot of attention. The influence of the lateral acceleration is important for the improvement of ride comfort of EVs as well as the longitudinal acceleration, especially upon turning of the vehicle. Therefore, this paper proposes a practical optimal speed control method to greatly improve the ride comfort in the vehicle turning situation. For consturcting this method, effective criteria that can appropriately evaluate deterioration of ride comfort is derived. The method can reduce the influence of both the longitudinal and the lateral speed changes for providing a confortable ride. From several simulation results, we can see the fact that the method can prevent aggravation of the ride comfort by suppressing the influence of longitudinal speed change in the turning situation. Hence, the effectiveness of the method is recognized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle" title="electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed%20control" title=" speed control"> speed control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ride%20comfort" title=" ride comfort"> ride comfort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20control%20theory" title=" optimal control theory"> optimal control theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driving%20support%20system" title=" driving support system"> driving support system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97046/improvement-of-ride-comfort-of-turning-electric-vehicle-using-optimal-speed-control" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97046.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26079</span> MP-SMC-I Method for Slip Suppression of Electric Vehicles under Braking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tohru%20Kawabe">Tohru Kawabe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a new SMC (Sliding Mode Control) method with MP (Model Predictive Control) integral action for the slip suppression of EV (Electric Vehicle) under braking is proposed. The proposed method introduce the integral term with standard SMC gain , where the integral gain is optimized for each control period by the MPC algorithms. The aim of this method is to improve the safety and the stability of EVs under braking by controlling the wheel slip ratio. There also include numerical simulation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sliding%20mode%20control" title="sliding mode control">sliding mode control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20predictive%20control" title=" model predictive control"> model predictive control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integral%20action" title=" integral action"> integral action</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle" title=" electric vehicle"> electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slip%20suppression" title=" slip suppression"> slip suppression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28617/mp-smc-i-method-for-slip-suppression-of-electric-vehicles-under-braking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28617.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">561</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26078</span> Analysis of Reliability of Mining Shovel Using Weibull Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anurag%20Savarnya">Anurag Savarnya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reliability of the various parts of electric mining shovel has been assessed through the application of Weibull Model. The study was initiated to find reliability of components of electric mining shovel. The paper aims to optimize the reliability of components and increase the life cycle of component. A multilevel decomposition of the electric mining shovel was done and maintenance records were used to evaluate the failure data and appropriate system characterization was done to model the system in terms of reasonable number of components. The approach used develops a mathematical model to assess the reliability of the electric mining shovel components. The model can be used to predict reliability of components of the hydraulic mining shovel and system performance. Reliability is an inherent attribute to a system. When the life-cycle costs of a system are being analyzed, reliability plays an important role as a major driver of these costs and has considerable influence on system performance. It is an iterative process that begins with specification of reliability goals consistent with cost and performance objectives. The data were collected from an Indian open cast coal mine and the reliability of various components of the electric mining shovel has been assessed by following a Weibull Model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title="reliability">reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weibull%20model" title=" Weibull model"> Weibull model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20mining%20shovel" title=" electric mining shovel"> electric mining shovel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8913/analysis-of-reliability-of-mining-shovel-using-weibull-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8913.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">515</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26077</span> Effect of Electric Stimulation on Characteristic Changes in Hot-Boned Beef Brisket of Different Potential Tenderness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Orose%20Rugchati">Orose Rugchati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanita%20Thanacharoenchanaphas"> Kanita Thanacharoenchanaphas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarawut%20Wattanawongpitak"> Sarawut Wattanawongpitak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the effect of electric stimulation on the quality of hot-boned beef brisket muscles was evaluated, including the tenderness, pH, temperature change, and colorant. Muscles were obtained from steers in the local slaughter house. (3 steers for each muscle), removed from the carcasses 4-hour postmortem and variable time to treated with direct current electric 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Six different electric intensities (direct current voltage of 50, 70 and 90 Volt, pulse with 10, 20 and 40 ms) plus a control were applied to each muscle to determine the optimum treatment conditions. Hot-boned beef brisket was found to get tender with increasing treatment direct current voltage and reduction in the shear force with pulsed with electric treatment. But in a long time to treated with electric current get fading in red color and temperature increase whereas pH quite different compared to non-treated control samples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20stimulation" title="electric stimulation">electric stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characteristic%20changes" title=" characteristic changes"> characteristic changes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot-boned%20beef%20brisket" title=" hot-boned beef brisket"> hot-boned beef brisket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potential%20tenderness" title=" potential tenderness"> potential tenderness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63383/effect-of-electric-stimulation-on-characteristic-changes-in-hot-boned-beef-brisket-of-different-potential-tenderness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63383.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26076</span> Modeling and Simulation of Standalone Photovoltaic Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Mkahl">R. Mkahl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Nait-Sidi-Moh"> A. Nait-Sidi-Moh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Wack"> M. Wack</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Batteries of electric vehicles (BEV) are becoming more attractive with the advancement of new battery technologies and promotion of electric vehicles. BEV batteries are recharged on board vehicles using either the grid (G2V for Grid to Vehicle) or renewable energies in a stand-alone application (H2V for Home to Vehicle). This paper deals with the modeling, sizing and control of a photo voltaic stand-alone application that can charge the BEV at home. The modeling approach and developed mathematical models describing the system components are detailed. Simulation and experimental results are presented and commented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicles" title="electric vehicles">electric vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic%20energy" title=" photovoltaic energy"> photovoltaic energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead-acid%20batteries" title=" lead-acid batteries"> lead-acid batteries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charging%20process" title=" charging process"> charging process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling" title=" modeling"> modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20tests" title=" experimental tests"> experimental tests</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19209/modeling-and-simulation-of-standalone-photovoltaic-charging-stations-for-electric-vehicles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19209.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26075</span> Stabilization of Displaced Periodic Orbit Using Feedback Linearization Control Scheme</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Kumar%20Yadav">Arun Kumar Yadav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Badam%20Singh%20Kushvah"> Badam Singh Kushvah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present work, we investigated displaced periodic orbits in the linear order in the circular restricted three-body Sun-Jupiter system, where the third mass-less body utilizes solar electric sail. The electric solar sail is a new space propulsion concept which uses the solar wind momentum for producing thrust, and it is somewhat like to the more well-known solar radiation pressure sail which is often called simply the solar sail. Moreover, we implement the feedback linearization control scheme to perform the stabilization and trajectory tracking for the nonlinear system. Further, we derived periodic orbits analytically in linear order by introducing a first order approximation. These approximate analytic solutions are utilized in a numerical search to determine displaced periodic orbit in the full nonlinear model. We found the displaced periodic orbit for the defined non-linear model and stabilized the model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20electric%20sail" title="solar electric sail">solar electric sail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20restricted%20three-body%20problem%20%28CRTBP%29" title=" circular restricted three-body problem (CRTBP)"> circular restricted three-body problem (CRTBP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=displaced%20orbit" title=" displaced orbit"> displaced orbit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feedback%20linearization%20control" title=" feedback linearization control"> feedback linearization control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83358/stabilization-of-displaced-periodic-orbit-using-feedback-linearization-control-scheme" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83358.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26074</span> Modelling of Relocation and Battery Autonomy Problem on Electric Cars Sharing Dynamic by Using Discrete Event Simulation and Petri Net</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taha%20Benarbia">Taha Benarbia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kay%20W.%20Axhausen"> Kay W. Axhausen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anugrah%20Ilahi"> Anugrah Ilahi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electric car sharing system as ecologic transportation increasing in the world. The complexity of managing electric car sharing systems, especially one-way trips and battery autonomy have direct influence to on supply and demand of system. One must be able to precisely model the demand and supply of these systems to better operate electric car sharing and estimate its effect on mobility management and the accessibility that it provides in urban areas. In this context, our work focus to develop performances optimization model of the system based on discrete event simulation and stochastic Petri net. The objective is to search optimal decisions and management parameters of the system in order to fulfil at best demand while minimizing undesirable situations. In this paper, we present new model of electric cars sharing with relocation based on monitoring system. The proposed approach also help to precise the influence of battery charging level on the behaviour of system as important decision parameter of this complex and dynamical system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20car-sharing%20systems" title="electric car-sharing systems">electric car-sharing systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20mobility" title=" smart mobility"> smart mobility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petri%20nets%20modelling" title=" Petri nets modelling"> Petri nets modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20event%20simulation" title=" discrete event simulation"> discrete event simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86638/modelling-of-relocation-and-battery-autonomy-problem-on-electric-cars-sharing-dynamic-by-using-discrete-event-simulation-and-petri-net" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26073</span> Light Car Assisted by PV Panels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soufiane%20Benoumhani">Soufiane Benoumhani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20Saifi"> Nadia Saifi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boubekeur%20Dokkar"> Boubekeur Dokkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Cherif%20Benzid"> Mohamed Cherif Benzid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents the design and simulation of electric equipment for a hybrid solar vehicle. The new drive train of this vehicle is a parallel hybrid system which means a vehicle driven by a great percentage of an internal combustion engine with 49.35 kW as maximal power and electric motor only as assistance when is needed. This assistance is carried out on the rear axle by a single electric motor of 7.22 kW as nominal power. The motor is driven by 12 batteries connecting in series, which are charged by three PV panels (300 W) installed on the roof and hood of the vehicle. The individual components are modeled and simulated by using the Matlab Simulink environment. The whole system is examined under different load conditions. The reduction of CO₂ emission is obtained by reducing fuel consumption. With the use of this hybrid system, fuel consumption can be reduced from 6.74 kg/h to 5.56 kg/h when the electric motor works at 100 % of its power. The net benefit of the system reaches 1.18 kg/h as fuel reduction at high values of power and torque. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20car" title="light car">light car</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20system" title=" hybrid system"> hybrid system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PV%20panel" title=" PV panel"> PV panel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20motor" title=" electric motor"> electric motor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148704/light-car-assisted-by-pv-panels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26072</span> An Algorithm for Estimating the Stable Operation Conditions of the Synchronous Motor of the Ore Mill Electric Drive</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Baghdasaryan">M. Baghdasaryan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sukiasyan"> A. Sukiasyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An algorithm for estimating the stable operation conditions of the synchronous motor of the ore mill electric drive is proposed. The stable operation conditions of the synchronous motor are revealed, taking into account the estimation of the <em>q</em> angle change and the technological factors. The stability condition obtained allows to ensure the stable operation of the motor in the synchronous mode, taking into account the nonlinear character of the mill loading. The developed algorithm gives an opportunity to present the undesirable phenomena, arising in the electric drive system. The obtained stability condition can be successfully applied for the optimal control of the electromechanical system of the mill. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20drive" title="electric drive">electric drive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synchronous%20motor" title=" synchronous motor"> synchronous motor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ore%20mill" title=" ore mill"> ore mill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title=" stability"> stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technological%20factors" title=" technological factors"> technological factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47401/an-algorithm-for-estimating-the-stable-operation-conditions-of-the-synchronous-motor-of-the-ore-mill-electric-drive" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">425</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26071</span> New Series Input Parallel Output LLC DC/DC Converter with the Input Voltage Balancing Capacitor for the Electric System of Electric Vehicles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kang%20Hyun%20Yi">Kang Hyun Yi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a new parallel output LLC DC/DC converter for electric vehicle. The electric vehicle has two batteries. One is a high voltage battery for the powertrain of the vehicle and the other is a low voltage battery for the vehicle electric system. The low voltage is charged from the high voltage battery and the high voltage input and the high current output DC/DC converter is needed. Therefore, the new LLC converter with the input voltage compensation is proposed for the high voltage input and the low voltage output DC/DC converter. The proposed circuit has two LLC converters with the series input voltage from the battery for the powertrain and the parallel output low battery voltage for the vehicle electric system because the battery voltage for the powertrain and the electric power for the vehicle become high. Also, the input series voltage compensation capacitor is used for balancing the input current in the two LLC converters. The proposed converter has an equal electric stress of the semiconductor parts and the reactive components, high efficiency and good heat dissipation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle" title="electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LLC%20DC%2FDC%20converter" title=" LLC DC/DC converter"> LLC DC/DC converter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=input%20voltage%20balancing" title=" input voltage balancing"> input voltage balancing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20output" title=" parallel output"> parallel output</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31896/new-series-input-parallel-output-llc-dcdc-converter-with-the-input-voltage-balancing-capacitor-for-the-electric-system-of-electric-vehicles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1052</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26070</span> An Approach to Control Electric Automotive Water Pumps Deploying Artificial Neural Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriel%20S.%20Adesina">Gabriel S. Adesina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruixue%20Cheng"> Ruixue Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geetika%20Aggarwal"> Geetika Aggarwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Short"> Michael Short</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the global shift towards sustainability and technological advancements, electric Hybrid vehicles (EHVs) are increasingly being seen as viable alternatives to traditional internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles, which also require efficient cooling systems. The electric Automotive Water Pump (AWP) has been introduced as an alternative to IC engine belt-driven pump systems. However, current control methods for AWPs typically employ fixed gain settings, which are not ideal for the varying conditions of dynamic vehicle environments, potentially leading to overheating issues. To overcome the limitations of fixed gain control, this paper proposes implementing an artificial neural network (ANN) for managing the AWP in EHVs. The proposed ANN provides an intelligent, adaptive control strategy that enhances the AWP's performance, supported through MATLAB simulation work illustrated in this paper. Comparative analysis demonstrates that the ANN-based controller surpasses conventional PID and fuzzy logic-based controllers (FLC), exhibiting no overshoot, 0.1secs rapid response, and 0.0696 IAE performance. Consequently, the findings suggest that ANNs can be effectively utilized in EHVs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automotive%20water%20pump" title="automotive water pump">automotive water pump</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooling%20system" title=" cooling system"> cooling system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20hybrid%20vehicles" title=" electric hybrid vehicles"> electric hybrid vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20neural%20networks" title=" artificial neural networks"> artificial neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PID%20control" title=" PID control"> PID control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic%20control" title=" fuzzy logic control"> fuzzy logic control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IAE" title=" IAE"> IAE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MATLAB" title=" MATLAB"> MATLAB</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190224/an-approach-to-control-electric-automotive-water-pumps-deploying-artificial-neural-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190224.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">40</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">‹</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20control%20system&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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