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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Psychiatry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Man's_Search_for_Meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Man's_Search_for_Meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Man's Search for Meaning</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Man's_Search_for_Meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Auschwitz_survivor"_testimony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Auschwitz_survivor"_testimony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>"Auschwitz survivor" testimony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Auschwitz_survivor"_testimony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_implications_of_logotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_implications_of_logotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Origins and implications of logotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_implications_of_logotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_relations_and_experiments_on_the_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_relations_and_experiments_on_the_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Jewish relations and experiments on the resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_relations_and_experiments_on_the_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_Timothy_Pytell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_Timothy_Pytell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Response to Timothy Pytell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_Timothy_Pytell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorations_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decorations and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorations_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viktor Frankl</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84" title="فيكتور فرانكل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيكتور فرانكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2" title="ভিক্টর ফ্রাঙ্কল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিক্টর ফ্রাঙ্কল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Віктар Франкл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віктар Франкл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Виктор Франкъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виктор Франкъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%BB" title="Βίκτορ Φρανκλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίκτορ Φρανκλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankl" title="Victor Frankl – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Victor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84" title="ویکتور فرانکل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکتور فرانکل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%85%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%ED%81%B4" title="빅토르 프랑클 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빅토르 프랑클" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AC" title="Վիկտոր Ֆրանկլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիկտոր Ֆրանկլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C" title="ויקטור פראנקל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקטור פראנקל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankl" title="Victor Frankl – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Victor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Виктор Франкл – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виктор Франкл" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="വിക്ടർ ഫ്രാങ്കിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്ടർ ഫ്രാങ്കിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84" title="فيكتور فرانكل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيكتور فرانكل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84" title="ویکتور امیل فرانکل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویکتور امیل فرانکل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB" title="ヴィクトール・フランクル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィクトール・フランクル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Франкл, Виктор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франкл, Виктор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Виктор Франкл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виктор Франкл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Віктор Франкль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віктор Франкль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viktor Frankl" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E9%99%80%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E9%AB%98" title="域陀法蘭高 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="域陀法蘭高" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B" title="维克多·弗兰克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维克多·弗兰克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian Holocaust survivor, neurologist, psychologist, philosopher, and author (1905–1997)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Viktor Frankl</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Viktor_Frankl2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Viktor_Frankl2.jpg/220px-Viktor_Frankl2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Viktor_Frankl2.jpg/330px-Viktor_Frankl2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Viktor_Frankl2.jpg/440px-Viktor_Frankl2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Frankl in 1965</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Viktor Emil Frankl</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1905-03-26</span>)</span>26 March 1905<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 1997<span style="display:none">(1997-09-02)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Vienna, Austria</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Central_Cemetery" title="Vienna Central Cemetery">Vienna Central Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a>, 1930; <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, 1948)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">neurologist, psychiatrist, philosopher, and author</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential analysis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Tilly Grosser, m. 1941 – c. 1944–1945 (her death)<br />Eleonore Katharina Schwindt, m. 1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1 daughter</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Viktor Emil Frankl</b> (26 March 1905 – 2 September 1997)<sup id="cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklRecollections-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Austrian neurologist, psychologist, philosopher, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> survivor,<sup id="cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingberg2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who founded <a href="/wiki/Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">logotherapy</a>, a school of psychotherapy that describes a search for a life's meaning as the central human motivational force.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logotherapy is part of <a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">existential</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">humanistic psychology</a> theories.<sup id="cite_ref-Redsand2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redsand2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Logotherapy was promoted as the third school of Viennese Psychotherapy, after those established by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frankl published 39 books.<sup id="cite_ref-InstituteVienna_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InstituteVienna-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The autobiographical <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Search_for_Meaning" title="Man's Search for Meaning">Man's Search for Meaning</a></i>, a best-selling book, is based on his experiences in various <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frankl was born the middle of three children to Gabriel Frankl, a civil servant in the Ministry of Social Service, and Elsa (née Lion), a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Jewish</a> family, in Vienna, in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklRecollections-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His interest in psychology and the role of meaning developed when he began taking night classes on applied psychology while in junior high school.<sup id="cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklRecollections-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a teenager, he began a correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> when Freud asked for permission to publish one of his papers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduation from high school in 1923, he studied medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>. </p><p>In 1924, Frankl's first scientific paper was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Internationale_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Psychoanalyse" title="Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse">Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he was president of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sozialistische Mittelschüler Österreich</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">Social Democratic Party of Austria's</a> youth movement for high school students. Frankl's father was a socialist who named him after <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Adler">Viktor Adler</a>, the founder of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklRecollections-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tp_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Frankl began questioning the Freudian approach to <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>. He joined <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>'s circle of students and published his second academic paper, "Psychotherapy and Worldview" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Psychotherapie und Weltanschauung"</i></span>), in Adler's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Individual_Psychology#History" title="The Journal of Individual Psychology">International Journal of Individual Psychology</a></i> in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklRecollections-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankl was expelled from Adler's circle<sup id="cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingberg2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he insisted that meaning was the central motivational force in human beings. From 1926, he began refining his theory, which he termed logotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Psychiatry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1928 and 1930, while still a medical student, he organized youth counselling centers<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to address the high number of teen suicides occurring around the time of end-of-the-year report cards. The program was sponsored by the city of Vienna and free of charge to the students. Frankl recruited other psychologists for the center, including <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_B%C3%BChler" title="Charlotte Bühler">Charlotte Bühler</a>, Erwin Wexberg, and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a>. In 1931, not a single Viennese student died by <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2021)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After earning his M.D. in 1930, Frankl gained extensive experience at <a href="/wiki/Steinhof_(Vienna)" title="Steinhof (Vienna)">Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital</a>, where he was responsible for the treatment of suicidal women. In 1937, he began a private practice, but the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Nazi annexation of Austria</a> in 1938 limited his opportunity to treat patients.<sup id="cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklRecollections-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, he joined <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Hospital" title="Rothschild Hospital">Rothschild Hospital</a>, the only hospital in Vienna still admitting Jews, as head of the neurology department. Prior to his deportation to the concentration camps, he helped numerous patients avoid the Nazi euthanasia program that targeted the mentally disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingberg2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, just nine months after his marriage, Frankl and his family were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt concentration camp</a>. His father died there of starvation and pneumonia. In 1944, Frankl and his surviving relatives were transported to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>, where his mother and brother were murdered in the gas chambers. His wife Tilly died later of typhus in <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a>. Frankl spent three years in four concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the war, he became head of the neurology department of the <a href="/wiki/General_Polyclinic_Vienna" title="General Polyclinic Vienna">General Polyclinic Vienna</a> hospital, and established a private practice in his home. He worked with patients until his retirement in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingberg2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, Frankl earned a PhD in philosophy from the University of Vienna. His dissertation, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconscious_God" title="The Unconscious God">The Unconscious God</a></i>, examines the relationship between psychology and religion,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and advocates for the use of the <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a> (self-discovery discourse) for clients to get in touch with their spiritual unconscious.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Viktor_Frankl_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grave_of_Viktor_Frankl_02.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Viktor_Frankl_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grave_of_Viktor_Frankl_02.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Viktor_Frankl_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grave_of_Viktor_Frankl_02.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Viktor_Frankl_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Viktor Frankl in Vienna</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1955, Frankl was awarded a professorship of neurology and psychiatry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, and, as <a href="/wiki/Visiting_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Visiting professor">visiting professor</a>, lectured at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (1961), <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a>, Dallas (1966), and <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a>, Pittsburgh (1972).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his career, Frankl argued that the <a href="/wiki/Reductionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductionist">reductionist</a> tendencies of early psychotherapeutic approaches dehumanised the patient, and advocated for a rehumanisation of psychotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-FranklUltimateMeaning_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklUltimateMeaning-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> awarded Frankl the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Pfister_Award" title="Oskar Pfister Award">Oskar Pfister Award</a> for his contributions to religion and psychiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-FranklUltimateMeaning_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklUltimateMeaning-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Man's_Search_for_Meaning"><span id="Man.27s_Search_for_Meaning"></span><i>Man's Search for Meaning</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Man's Search for Meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While head of the Neurological Department at the general Polyclinic Hospital, Frankl wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Search_for_Meaning" title="Man's Search for Meaning">Man's Search for Meaning</a></i> over a nine-day period.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book, originally titled <i>A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp</i>, was released in German in 1946. The English translation of <i>Man's Search for Meaning</i> was published in 1959, and became an international bestseller.<sup id="cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingberg2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankl saw this success as a symptom of the "mass neurosis of modern times," since the title promised to deal with the question of life's meaningfulness.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of copies were sold in dozens of languages. In a 1991 survey conducted for the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Month_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Month Club">Book of the Month Club</a>, <i>Man's Search for Meaning</i> was named one of the ten most influential books in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logotherapy_and_existential_analysis">Logotherapy and existential analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Logotherapy and existential analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frankl developed logotherapy and <a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">existential analysis</a>, which are based on philosophical and psychological concepts, particularly the desire to find a meaning in life and <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankl identified three main ways of realizing meaning in life: by making a difference in the world, by having particular experiences, or by adopting particular attitudes. </p><p>The primary techniques offered by logotherapy and existential analysis are:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_intention" title="Paradoxical intention">Paradoxical intention</a>: clients learn to overcome obsessions or anxieties by self-distancing and humorous exaggeration.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dereflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereflection">Dereflection</a>: drawing the client's attention away from their symptoms, as hyper-reflection can lead to inaction.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a> and attitude modification: asking questions designed to help a client find and pursue self-defined meaning in life.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>His acknowledgement of meaning as a central motivational force and factor in mental health is his lasting contribution to the field of psychology. It provided the foundational principles for the emerging field of <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive psychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankl's work has also been endorsed in the <a href="/wiki/Chabad_philosophy" title="Chabad philosophy">Chabad philosophy</a> of Hasidic Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statue_of_Responsibility">Statue of Responsibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Statue of Responsibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In <i>Man's Search for Meaning</i>, Frankl states<i>:</i></p><blockquote><p><i>Freedom, however, is not the last word. Freedom is only part of the story and half of the truth. Freedom is but the negative aspect of the whole phenomenon whose positive aspect is responsibleness. In fact, freedom is in danger of degenerating into mere arbitrariness unless it is lived in terms of responsibleness. That is why I recommend that the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast be supplemented by a Statue of Responsibility on the West Coast</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FranklUltimateMeaning_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklUltimateMeaning-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Frankl's concept for the statue grew in popularity, and drew the affection of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Covey" title="Stephen Covey">Stephen Covey</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_7_Habits_of_Highly_Effective_People" title="The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People">The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People</a>.</i> Covey teamed up with Kevin Hall to push the idea of the statue forward in the 1990s, and eventually commissioned the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Gary_Lee_Price" title="Gary Lee Price">Gary Lee Price</a> who came up with the concept of two hands clasped together. The design was approved by Frankl's widow, and they began looking for a location to construct it. Their first choice was <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, to have it in a Pacific Ocean harbour to complement the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>'s position in the Atlantic harbour of New York. However, the state regulations proved difficult to navigate, and the governor of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cox_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer Cox (politician)">Spencer Cox</a>, suggested a location in his state for the project, which was approved in 2023. Construction has not yet started.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Auschwitz_survivor"_testimony"><span id=".22Auschwitz_survivor.22_testimony"></span>"Auschwitz survivor" testimony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "Auschwitz survivor" testimony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>The Missing Pieces of the Puzzle: A Reflection on the Odd Career of Viktor Frankl</i>, Professor of history Timothy Pytell of <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_San_Bernardino" title="California State University, San Bernardino">California State University, San Bernardino</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surveys the numerous discrepancies and omissions in Frankl's "Auschwitz survivor" account and later autobiography, which many of his contemporaries, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Thomas Szasz</a>, similarly have raised.<sup id="cite_ref-szasz.com2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szasz.com2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Frankl's <i>Man's Search for Meaning</i>, the book devotes approximately half of its contents to describing Auschwitz and the psychology of its prisoners, suggesting a long stay at the <a href="/wiki/Death_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Death camp">death camp</a>. However his wording is contradictory and, according to Pytell, "profoundly deceptive", as contrary to the impression Frankl gives of staying at Auschwitz for months, he was held close to the train, in the "depot prisoner" area of Auschwitz, and for no more than a few days. Frankl was neither registered at Auschwitz nor assigned a number there before being sent on to a <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Dachau" title="List of subcamps of Dachau">subsidiary work camp of Dachau</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Kaufering_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaufering concentration camp">Kaufering III</a>, that (together with Terezín) is the true setting of much of what is described in his book.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-portal.ehri-project.eu2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portal.ehri-project.eu2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_implications_of_logotherapy">Origins and implications of logotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origins and implications of logotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frankl's doctrine was that one must instill meaning in the events in one's life, and that work and suffering can lead to finding meaning, with this ultimately what would lead to fulfillment and happiness. In 1982 the scholar and Holocaust analyst <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_L._Langer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence L. Langer">Lawrence L. Langer</a>, critical of what he called Frankl's distortions of the true experience of those at Auschwitz,<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_Szasz_pg_60-622_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Szasz_pg_60-622-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of Frankl's amoral focus on "meaning", that in Langer's assessment could just as equally be applied to Nazis "finding meaning in making the world free from Jews",<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> went on to write that "if this [logotherapy] doctrine had been more succinctly worded, the Nazis might have substituted it for the cruel mockery of <a href="/wiki/Arbeit_Macht_Frei" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeit Macht Frei">Arbeit Macht Frei</a>" ["work sets free", read by those entering Auschwitz].<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pytell's view, Langer also penetrated through Frankl's disturbing subtext that Holocaust "survival [was] <a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Search_for_Meaning#Reception" title="Man's Search for Meaning">a matter of mental health</a>." Langer criticized Frankl's tone as self-congratulatory and promotional throughout, so that "it comes as no surprise to the reader, as he closes the volume, that the real hero of <i>Man's Search for Meaning</i> is not man, but Viktor Frankl" by the continuation of the same fantasy of world-view <a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">meaning-making</a>, which is precisely what had perturbed civilization into the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">holocaust</a>-genocide of this era and others.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pytell later would remark on the particularly sharp insight of Langer's reading of Frankl's Holocaust testimony, stating that with Langer's criticism published in 1982 before Pytell's biography, the former had thus drawn the controversial parallels, or <a href="/wiki/Communication_accommodation_theory" title="Communication accommodation theory">accommodations</a> in ideology without the knowledge that Victor Frankl was an advocate/"embraced"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the key ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Goring" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthias Goring">Nazi psychotherapy</a> movement ("will and responsibility"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as a form of therapy in the late 1930s. When at that time Frankl would submit a paper and contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Matthias_G%C3%B6ring" title="Matthias Göring">Göring institute</a> in Vienna 1937 and again in early 1938 connecting the logotherapy focus on "world-view" to the "work of some of the leading Nazi psychotherapists",<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both at a time before <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-muse.jhu.edu2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muse.jhu.edu2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankl's founding logotherapy paper, was submitted to and published in the <i>Zentrallblatt fuer Psychotherapie</i> [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] the journal of the Goering Institute, a psychotherapy movement, with the "proclaimed agenda of building psychotherapy that affirmed a Nazi-oriented worldview".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of logotherapy, as described by Frankl, were therefore a major issue of continuity that Pytell argues were potentially problematic for Frankl because he had laid out the main elements of logotherapy while working for/contributing to the Nazi-affiliated Göring Institute. Principally Frankl's 1937 paper, that was published by the institute.<sup id="cite_ref-muse.jhu.edu2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muse.jhu.edu2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This association, as a source of controversy, that logotherapy was palatable to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> is the reason Pytell suggests, Frankl took two different stances on how the concentration-camp experience affected the course of his psychotherapy theory. Namely, that within the original English edition of Frankl's most well known book, <i>Man's Search for Meaning</i>, the suggestion is made and still largely held that logotherapy was itself derived from his camp experience, with the claim as it appears in the original edition, that this form of psychotherapy was "not concocted in the philosopher's armchair nor at the analyst's couch; it took shape in the hard school of air-raid shelters and bomb craters; in concentration camps and prisoner of war camps." Frankl's statements however to this effect would be deleted from later editions, though in the 1963 edition, a similar statement again appeared on the back of the book jacket of <i>Man's Search for Meaning</i>. </p><p>Frankl over the years would with these widely read statements and others, switch between the idea that logotherapy took shape in the camps to the claim that the camps merely were a testing ground of his already preconceived theories. An uncovering of the matter would occur in 1977 with Frankl revealing on this controversy, though compounding another, stating "People think I came out of Auschwitz with a brand-new psychotherapy. This is not the case."<sup id="cite_ref-:23_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_relations_and_experiments_on_the_resistance">Jewish relations and experiments on the resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jewish relations and experiments on the resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the post war years, Frankl's attitude towards not pursuing justice nor assigning <a href="/wiki/Collective_guilt" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective guilt">collective guilt</a> to the Austrian people for collaborating with or acquiescing in the face of Nazism, led to "frayed" relationships between Frankl, many Viennese and the larger American Jewish community, such that in 1978 when attempting to give a lecture at the institute of <a href="/wiki/Rohr_Jewish_Learning_Institute" title="Rohr Jewish Learning Institute">Adult Jewish Studies</a> in New York, Frankl was confronted with an outburst of boos from the audience and was called a "nazi pig". Frankl supported forgiveness and held that many in Germany and Austria were powerless to do anything about the atrocities which occurred and could not be collectively blamed.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA3_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freud_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freud-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988 Frankl would further "stir up sentiment against him" by being photographed next to and in accepting the <a href="/wiki/Great_Silver_Medal_with_Star_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria">Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria</a> as a Holocaust survivor, from <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Waldheim" title="Kurt Waldheim">President Waldheim</a>, a controversial president of Austria who concurrent with the medal ceremony, was gripped by revelations that he had lied about his WWII military record and was under investigation for complicity in Nazi War crimes. It was later concluded that he was not involved in war crimes but had knowledge of them. Frankl's acceptance of the medal was viewed by many in the international Jewish community as a betrayal.<sup id="cite_ref-freud_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freud-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his "Gutachten" <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> profile, Frankl is described as "politically perfect" by the Nazi secret police, with Frankl's membership in the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Austro-fascist "Fatherland Front"</a> in 1934, similarly stated in isolation. It has been suggested that as a state employee in a hospital he was likely automatically signed up to the party regardless of whether he wanted to or not. Frankl was interviewed twice by the secret police during the war, yet nothing of the expected contents, the subject of discussion or any further information on these interviews, is contained in Frankl's file, suggesting to biographers that Frankl's file was "cleansed" sometime after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of Frankl's obituaries mention the unqualified and unskilled brain <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">lobotomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trepanation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trepanation">trepanation</a> medical <a href="/wiki/Nazi_medical_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi medical experiments">experiments approved by the Nazis</a> that Frankl performed on Jews who had committed suicide with an overdose of sedatives, in resistance to their impending arrest, imprisonment and enforced labour in the concentration camp system. The goal of these experiments were to try and revive those who had killed themselves, Frankl justified this by saying that he was trying to find ways to save the lives of Jews. Operating without any training as a surgeon, Frankl would voluntarily request of the Nazis to perform the experiments on those who had killed themselves, and once approved – published some of the details on his experiments, the methods of insertion of his chosen amphetamine drugs into the brains of these individuals, resulting in, at times, an alleged partial resuscitation, mainly in 1942 (prior to his own internment at <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt">Theresienstadt ghetto</a> in September, later in that year). Historian <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Bischof" title="Günter Bischof">Günter Bischof</a> of Harvard University, suggests Frankl's approaching and requesting to perform lobotomy experiments could be seen as a way to "<a href="/wiki/Ingratiate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingratiate">ingratiate</a>" himself amongst the Nazis, as the latter were not, at that time, appreciative of the international scrutiny that these suicides were beginning to create, nor "suicide" being listed on arrest records.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_Szasz_pg_60-623_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Szasz_pg_60-623-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tp_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_Timothy_Pytell">Response to Timothy Pytell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Response to Timothy Pytell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Timothy Pytell's critique towards Viktor Frankl was used by Holocaust denier Theodore O'Keefe, according to Alexander Batthyány.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Batthyány was a researcher and member of staff of the Viktor Frankl Archive in Vienna. Throughout the first chapter of his book <i>Viktor Frankl and the Shoah</i>, he reflects on Pytell's work about Frankl, and the flaws in it. Batthyány points out that Pytell never visited the archive to consult primary sources from the person about whom he was writing. Batthyány also critiques Pytell for not interviewing Viktor Frankl while Frankl was still alive. Pytell wrote in his book on Frankl that he had the opportunity to meet him – as a friend offered it – yet he decided that he could not meet Frankl. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorations_and_awards">Decorations and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Decorations and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1956: Promotion Award for Public Education of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Austria)">Ministry of Education</a>, Austria</li> <li>1962: Cardinal Innitzer Prize, Austria</li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Cross_of_Honour_for_Science_and_Art,_1st_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class">Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donauland_Sachbuchpreis_Danubius" class="extiw" title="de:Donauland Sachbuchpreis Danubius">Prize of the Danubia Foundation</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenring_der_Stadt_Wien" class="extiw" title="de:Ehrenring der Stadt Wien">Honorary Ring of Vienna, Austria</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Decoration_for_Science_and_Art" title="Austrian Decoration for Science and Art">Austrian Decoration for Science and Art</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Pfister_Award" title="Oskar Pfister Award">Oskar Pfister Award</a>, US</li> <li>1986: Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, Austria</li> <li>1986: Honorary member of the association <a href="/wiki/Kaufering_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaufering concentration camp">Bürgervereinigung Landsberg im 20. Jahrhundert</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Great_Silver_Medal_with_Star_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria">Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria</a></li> <li>1995: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dgpa.org/prinzhorn.php?m=6">Hans Prinzhorn Medal</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Vienna" title="List of honorary citizens of Vienna">Honorary Citizen of the City of Vienna</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Great_Gold_Medal_with_Star_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria">Great Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1941, Frankl married Tilly Grosser, who was a station nurse at Rothschild Hospital. Soon after they were married she became pregnant, but they were forced to abort the child.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilly died in the <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen Belsen</a> concentration camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingberg2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklRecollections-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frankl's father, Gabriel, originally from Pohořelice, Moravia, died in the <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt Ghetto</a> concentration camp on 13 February 1943, aged 81, from starvation and pneumonia. His mother and brother, Walter, were both killed in <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>. His sister, Stella, escaped to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingberg2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklRecollections-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, Frankl married Eleonore "Elly" Katharina Schwindt. She was a practicing Catholic. The couple respected each other's religious backgrounds, both attending church and synagogue, and celebrating Christmas and Hanukkah. Although it was not known for 50 years, his wife and son-in-law reported after his death that he prayed every day and had memorized the words of daily Jewish prayers and psalms.<sup id="cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingberg2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viktor and Elly Frankl had one daughter, Gabriele, who went on to become a child psychologist.<sup id="cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingberg2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Redsand2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redsand2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scully1995_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully1995-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankl's grandson, Alexander Vesely, is a licensed psychotherapist, producer and documentary film director, who co-founded the Viktor Frankl Institute of America.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander Vesely produced, filmed, and edited the documentary "Viktor & I".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frankl died of heart failure in Vienna on 2 September 1997. He is buried in the Jewish section of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Central_Cemetery" title="Vienna Central Cemetery">Vienna Central Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dies_at_92_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dies_at_92-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His books in English are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Search_for_Meaning" title="Man's Search for Meaning">Man's Search for Meaning</a>. An Introduction to Logotherapy</i>, Beacon Press, Boston, 2006. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807014271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807014271">978-0807014271</a> (English translation 1959. Originally published in 1946 as <i>Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager,</i> "A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp")</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_and_the_Soul" title="The Doctor and the Soul">The Doctor and the Soul</a>,</i> (originally titled <i>Ärztliche Seelsorge</i>), Random House, 1955.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3u6N1zXIgC">On the Theory and Therapy of Mental Disorders</a>. An Introduction to Logotherapy and Existential Analysis</i>. Translated by James M. DuBois. Brunner-Routledge, London & New York, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415950295" title="Special:BookSources/0415950295">0415950295</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgVsAAAAMAAJ">Psychotherapy and Existentialism</a>. Selected Papers on Logotherapy</i>, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1967. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671200569" title="Special:BookSources/0671200569">0671200569</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/willtomeaningfou00fran_0">The Will to Meaning</a>. Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a>, New York, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0452010349" title="Special:BookSources/0452010349">0452010349</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unheardcryformea00fran">The Unheard Cry for Meaning</a>. Psychotherapy and Humanism</i> Simon & Schuster, New York, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451664386" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451664386">978-1451664386</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHHVzdO_SJoC">Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography</a></i>; Basic Books, Cambridge, MA 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738203553" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738203553">978-0738203553</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manssearchforult0000fran">Man's Search for Ultimate Meaning</a></i>. (A revised and extended edition of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unconsciousgod00vikt">The Unconscious God</a></i>; with a foreword by Swanee Hunt). Perseus Book Publishing, New York, 1997; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306456206" title="Special:BookSources/0306456206">0306456206</a>. Paperback edition: Perseus Book Group; New York, 2000; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0738203548" title="Special:BookSources/0738203548">0738203548</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yes_to_Life:_In_Spite_of_Everything&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yes to Life: In Spite of Everything (page does not exist)">Yes to Life: In Spite of Everything</a></i>. Beacon Press, Boston, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807005552" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807005552">978-0807005552</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logotherapy_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of logotherapy institutes">List of logotherapy institutes</a>, many named after Frankl</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">Meaning-making</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FranklRecollections-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FranklRecollections_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankl2000" class="citation book cs1">Frankl, Viktor Emil (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHHVzdO_SJoC"><i>Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738203553" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738203553"><bdi>978-0738203553</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322032716/http://books.google.com/books?id=dHHVzdO_SJoC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viktor+Frankl+Recollections%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0738203553&rft.aulast=Frankl&rft.aufirst=Viktor+Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHHVzdO_SJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klingberg2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klingberg2001_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddon_Klingberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Haddon Klingberg (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrFtAAAAMAAJ"><i>When life calls out to us: the love and lifework of Viktor and Elly Frankl</i></a>. Doubleday. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385500364" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385500364"><bdi>978-0385500364</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323023200/https://books.google.com/books?id=FrFtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+life+calls+out+to+us%3A+the+love+and+lifework+of+Viktor+and+Elly+Frankl&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0385500364&rft.au=Haddon+Klingberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrFtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLängle2015" class="citation book cs1">Längle, Alfried (2015). <i>From Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy to Existential Analytic psychotherapy; in: European Psychotherapy 2014/2015. Austria: Home of the World's Psychotherapy</i>. Serge Sulz, Stefan Hagspiel (Eds.). p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Viktor+Frankl%27s+Logotherapy+to+Existential+Analytic+psychotherapy%3B+in%3A+European+Psychotherapy+2014%2F2015.+Austria%3A+Home+of+the+World%27s+Psychotherapy.&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Serge+Sulz%2C+Stefan+Hagspiel+%28Eds.%29&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=L%C3%A4ngle&rft.aufirst=Alfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redsand2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Redsand2006_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redsand2006_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedsand2006" class="citation book cs1">Redsand, Anna (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AXDwL6HwRAC"><i>Viktor Frankl: A Life Worth Living</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618723430" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618723430"><bdi>978-0618723430</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322142853/https://books.google.com/books?id=3AXDwL6HwRAC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viktor+Frankl%3A+A+Life+Worth+Living&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0618723430&rft.aulast=Redsand&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AXDwL6HwRAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorey2021" class="citation book cs1">Corey, G. (2021). <i>Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy</i> (10th ed.). Cengage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+practice+of+counseling+and+psychotherapy&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Corey&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InstituteVienna-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InstituteVienna_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viktorfrankl.org/e/lifeandwork.html">"Viktor Frankl – Life and Work"</a>. <i>www.viktorfrankl.org</i>. Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514045433/https://www.viktorfrankl.org/e/lifeandwork.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.viktorfrankl.org&rft.atitle=Viktor+Frankl+%E2%80%93+Life+and+Work&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viktorfrankl.org%2Fe%2Flifeandwork.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchatzmann1997" class="citation web cs1">Schatzmann, Morton (5 September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-viktor-frankl-1237506.html">"Obituary: Viktor Frankl"</a>. <i>The Independent (UK)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901180749/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-viktor-frankl-1237506.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Viktor+Frankl&rft.date=1997-09-05&rft.aulast=Schatzmann&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-viktor-frankl-1237506.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Viktor-Frankl">"Viktor Frankl | Biography, Books, Theory, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616065045/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Viktor-Frankl">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Viktor+Frankl+%7C+Biography%2C+Books%2C+Theory%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FViktor-Frankl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatala2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hatala, Andrew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologyandsociety.org/__assets/__original/2010/08/Hatala.pdf">"Frankl and Freud: Friend or Foe? Towards Cultural & Developmental Perspectives of Theoretical Ideologies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychology and Society</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183427/http://www.psychologyandsociety.org/__assets/__original/2010/08/Hatala.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+and+Society&rft.atitle=Frankl+and+Freud%3A+Friend+or+Foe%3F+Towards+Cultural+%26+Developmental+Perspectives+of+Theoretical+Ideologies&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hatala&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologyandsociety.org%2F__assets%2F__original%2F2010%2F08%2FHatala.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718021858/https://www.questia.com/library/psychology/psychologists/viktor-frankl">"List of books and articles about Viktor Frankl"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/psychology/psychologists/viktor-frankl">the original</a> on 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+books+and+articles+about+Viktor+Frankl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2Fpsychology%2Fpsychologists%2Fviktor-frankl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tp-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tp_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pytell, T. (2000). The Missing Pieces of the Puzzle: A Reflection on the Odd Career of Viktor Frankl. Journal of Contemporary History, 35(2), 281–306. doi:10.1177/002200940003500208 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viktorfrankl.org/biography.html">"Viktor Frankl Biography"</a>. <i>Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513201549/https://viktorfrankl.org/biography.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Viktor+Frankl+Institute+Vienna&rft.atitle=Viktor+Frankl+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.viktorfrankl.org%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatthyány2016" class="citation book cs1">Batthyány, Alexander, ed. (2016). <i>Logotherapy and Existential Analysis. Proceedings of the Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna, Volume 1</i>. Springer International. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319805689" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319805689"><bdi>978-3319805689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logotherapy+and+Existential+Analysis.+Proceedings+of+the+Viktor+Frankl+Institute+Vienna%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Springer+International&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3319805689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankl,_Viktor_E._(Viktor_Emil),_1905–19972005" class="citation book cs1">Frankl, Viktor E. (Viktor Emil), 1905–1997 (2005). <i>Frühe Schriften, 1923–1942</i>. Vesely-Frankl, Gabriele. Wien: W. Maudrich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3851758129" title="Special:BookSources/3851758129"><bdi>3851758129</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61029472">61029472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%BChe+Schriften%2C+1923%E2%80%931942&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=W.+Maudrich&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61029472&rft.isbn=3851758129&rft.au=Frankl%2C+Viktor+E.+%28Viktor+Emil%29%2C+1905%E2%80%931997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer2002" class="citation book cs1">Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2002). <i>Von der Zwangssterilisierung zur Ermordung. Zur Geschichte der NS-Euthanasie in Wien Teil II</i>. Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3205993254" title="Special:BookSources/978-3205993254"><bdi>978-3205993254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+der+Zwangssterilisierung+zur+Ermordung.+Zur+Geschichte+der+NS-Euthanasie+in+Wien+Teil+II&rft.place=Wien%2FK%C3%B6ln%2FWeimar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3205993254&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boeree, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/frankl.html">"Personality Theories: Viktor Frankl."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103032504/http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/frankl.html">Archived</a> 3 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Shippensburg University. Accessed 18 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lantz, James E. "Family logotherapy." <i>Contemporary Family Therapy</i> 8, no. 2 (1986): 124–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FranklUltimateMeaning-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FranklUltimateMeaning_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FranklUltimateMeaning_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FranklUltimateMeaning_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankl,_Viktor2000" class="citation book cs1">Frankl, Viktor (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_hcQAQAAMAAJ"><i>Man's search for ultimate meaning</i></a>. Perseus Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738203546" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738203546"><bdi>978-0738203546</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322130255/https://books.google.com/books?id=_hcQAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man%27s+search+for+ultimate+meaning&rft.pub=Perseus+Pub.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0738203546&rft.au=Frankl%2C+Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_hcQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viktorfranklamerica.com/viktor-frankl-bio/">"The Life of Viktor Frankl"</a>. <i>Viktor Frankl Institute of America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806130308/https://viktorfranklamerica.com/viktor-frankl-bio/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Viktor+Frankl+Institute+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Viktor+Frankl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviktorfranklamerica.com%2Fviktor-frankl-bio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankl2010" class="citation book cs1">Frankl, Viktor (2010). <i>The Feeling of Meaninglessness</i>. Marquette University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874627589" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874627589"><bdi>978-0874627589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feeling+of+Meaninglessness&rft.pub=Marquette+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0874627589&rft.aulast=Frankl&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFein1991" class="citation news cs1">Fein, Esther B. (20 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/20/books/book-notes-059091.html">"New York Times, 11-20-1991"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428021311/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/20/books/book-notes-059091.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+York+Times%2C+11-20-1991&rft.date=1991-11-20&rft.aulast=Fein&rft.aufirst=Esther+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F20%2Fbooks%2Fbook-notes-059091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankl2014" class="citation book cs1">Frankl, Viktor (2014). <i>The Will to Meaning: Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy</i>. New York: Penguin/Plume. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0142181263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0142181263"><bdi>978-0142181263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Will+to+Meaning%3A+Foundations+and+Applications+of+Logotherapy.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin%2FPlume&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0142181263&rft.aulast=Frankl&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viktorfrankl.org/logotherapy.html">"What is Logotherapy/Existential Analysis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513201732/https://viktorfrankl.org/logotherapy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Logotherapy%2FExistential+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.viktorfrankl.org%2Flogotherapy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankl2019" class="citation book cs1">Frankl, Viktor (2019). <i>The Doctor and the Soul. From Psychotherapy to Logotherapy</i>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525567042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525567042"><bdi>978-0525567042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctor+and+the+Soul.+From+Psychotherapy+to+Logotherapy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0525567042&rft.aulast=Frankl&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankl1975" class="citation journal cs1">Frankl, Viktor E. (1975). "Paradoxical intention and dereflection". <i>Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice</i>. <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">226–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0086434">10.1037/h0086434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychotherapy%3A+Theory%2C+Research+%26+Practice&rft.atitle=Paradoxical+intention+and+dereflection.&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0086434&rft.aulast=Frankl&rft.aufirst=Viktor+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmeli,_M.,_&_Dattilio,_F._M.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ameli, M., & Dattilio, F. M. (2013). "Enhancing cognitive behavior therapy with logotherapy: Techniques for clinical practice". <i>Psychotherapy</i>. <b>50</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0033394">10.1037/a0033394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24000857">24000857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychotherapy&rft.atitle=Enhancing+cognitive+behavior+therapy+with+logotherapy%3A+Techniques+for+clinical+practice.&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0033394&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24000857&rft.au=Ameli%2C+M.%2C+%26+Dattilio%2C+F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294286062_Viktor_Frankl's_Meaning-Seeking_Model_and_Positive_Psychology">Viktor Frankl’s Meaning-Seeking Model and Positive Psychology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719224356/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294286062_Viktor_Frankl%27s_Meaning-Seeking_Model_and_Positive_Psychology">Archived</a> 19 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chapter from book 'Meaning in Positive and Existential Psychology' (pp. 149–184)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiderman" class="citation web cs1">Biderman, Jacob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1201321/jewish/The-Rebbe-and-Viktor-Frankl.htm">"The Rebbe and Viktor Frankl"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rebbe+and+Viktor+Frankl&rft.aulast=Biderman&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1201321%2Fjewish%2FThe-Rebbe-and-Viktor-Frankl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statueofresponsibility.org/about-us/">"About Us – Statue of Responsibility"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us+%E2%80%93+Statue+of+Responsibility&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatueofresponsibility.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/the-meaningful-life/201908/viktor-frankl-and-the-statue-responsibility">"Viktor Frankl and the Statue of Responsibility | Psychology Today Canada"</a>. <i>www.psychologytoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.psychologytoday.com&rft.atitle=Viktor+Frankl+and+the+Statue+of+Responsibility+%7C+Psychology+Today+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fca%2Fblog%2Fthe-meaningful-life%2F201908%2Fviktor-frankl-and-the-statue-responsibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPytell2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pytell, Timothy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/article/43137#REF104">"Redeedming the Unredeemable: Auschwitz and Man's Search for Meaning"</a>. <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F17.1.89">10.1093/hgs/17.1.89</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Redeedming+the+Unredeemable%3A+Auschwitz+and+Man%27s+Search+for+Meaning&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F17.1.89&rft.aulast=Pytell&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F43137%23REF104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-szasz.com2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-szasz.com2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.szasz.com/exitana.html">Szasz, T.S. (2003). The secular cure of souls: "Analysis" or dialogue? Existential Analysis, 14: 203–212 (July).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Viktor Frankl's Search for Meaning: An Emblematic 20th-Century Life By Timothy Pytell pg 104]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-portal.ehri-project.eu2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-portal.ehri-project.eu2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.ehri-project.eu/units/il-002798-o_41-1248-1#desc-eng">List of inmates who were transferred to Kaufering III camp, 11/07/1944-16/04/1945</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Martin Weinmann, ed., Das nationalsozialistische Lagersystem (Frankfurt: Zweitausendeins, 1990), pp.195, 558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_Szasz_pg_60-622-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Szasz_pg_60-622_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Suicide Prohibition: The Shame of Medicine By Thomas Szasz. pg 60–62]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Suicide Prohibition: The Shame of Medicine By Thomas Szasz pg 62]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Lawrence Langer, Versions of Survival: The Holocaust and the Human Spirit (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), p.24. [End Page 107]]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/article/43137#REF104">Lawrence Langer, Versions of Survival: The Holocaust and the Human Spirit (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982) <i>As "So nonsensically unspecific is this universal principle of being that one can imagine</i> </a><i><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> announcing it to his SS men, or <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> sardonically applying it to the genocide of the Jews!"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austrian Lives By Günter Bischof pg 241–242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viktor Frankl's Search for Meaning: An Emblematic 20th-Century Life By Timothy Pytell pg 70–72, 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austrian Lives By Günter Bischof pg 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austrian Lives By Günter Bischof p.255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muse.jhu.edu2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muse.jhu.edu2_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-muse.jhu.edu2_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/article/43137#REF104">"What is perhaps most impressive about Langer's reading is that he was unaware of Frankl's 1937 article promoting a form of psychotherapy palatable to the Nazis".</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/authoritarian-therapy/201702/is-there-fascist-impulse-in-all-us">"Is There a Fascist Impulse in All of Us? | Psychology Today"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+There+a+Fascist+Impulse+in+All+of+Us%3F+%26%23124%3B+Psychology+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fus%2Fblog%2Fauthoritarian-therapy%2F201702%2Fis-there-fascist-impulse-in-all-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPytell2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pytell, Timothy (3 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/43137">"Redeedming the Unredeemable: Auschwitz and Man's Search for Meaning"</a>. <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F17.1.89">10.1093/hgs/17.1.89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-7937">1476-7937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Redeedming+the+Unredeemable%3A+Auschwitz+and+Man%27s+Search+for+Meaning&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2003-06-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F17.1.89&rft.issn=1476-7937&rft.aulast=Pytell&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F43137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA3-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA3_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austrian Lives By Günter Bischof p.255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.profil.at/home/psychotherapie-wille-sinn-viktor-frankl-26-maerz-100-106644">"Psychotherapie: Wille zum Sinn – Viktor Frankl wäre am 26. März 100 geworden"</a>. 5 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Psychotherapie%3A+Wille+zum+Sinn+%E2%80%93+Viktor+Frankl+w%C3%A4re+am+26.+M%C3%A4rz+100+geworden&rft.date=2005-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.profil.at%2Fhome%2Fpsychotherapie-wille-sinn-viktor-frankl-26-maerz-100-106644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freud-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freud_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freud_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Freud's World: An Encyclopedia of His Life and Times, By Luis A. 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Berghahn Books. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viktor+Frankl%27s+Search+for+Meaning%3A+An+Emblematic+20th-Century+Life&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pytell&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:24_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPytell2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pytell, Timothy (3 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/43137">"Redeedming the Unredeemable: Auschwitz and Man's Search for Meaning"</a>. <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F17.1.89">10.1093/hgs/17.1.89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-7937">1476-7937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Redeedming+the+Unredeemable%3A+Auschwitz+and+Man%27s+Search+for+Meaning&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2003-06-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F17.1.89&rft.issn=1476-7937&rft.aulast=Pytell&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F43137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB2_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austrian Lives By Günter Bischof 241 to 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_Szasz_pg_60-623-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Szasz_pg_60-623_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Suicide Prohibition: The Shame of Medicine By Thomas Szasz. pg 60-62]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatthyány2021" class="citation book cs1">Batthyány, Alexander (15 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-83063-2"><i>Viktor Frankl and the Shoah</i></a>. 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Springer Cham. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-83063-2">10.1007/978-3-030-83063-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-83062-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-83062-5"><bdi>978-3-030-83062-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2192-8363">2192-8363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244573650">244573650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viktor+Frankl+and+the+Shoah&rft.series=SpringerBriefs+in+Psychology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Springer+Cham&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-83063-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244573650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2192-8363&rft.isbn=978-3-030-83062-5&rft.aulast=Batthy%C3%A1ny&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-83063-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushkinvan_NiekerkStroud2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bushkin, Hanan; van Niekerk, Roelf; Stroud, Louise (31 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejop.psychopen.eu/index.php/ejop/article/view/5439">"Searching for meaning in chaos: Viktor Frankl's story"</a>. <i>Europe's Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5964%2Fejop.5439">10.5964/ejop.5439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1841-0413">1841-0413</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8763215">8763215</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35136443">35136443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe%27s+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Searching+for+meaning+in+chaos%3A+Viktor+Frankl%27s+story&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8763215%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1841-0413&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35136443&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5964%2Fejop.5439&rft.aulast=Bushkin&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rft.au=van+Niekerk%2C+Roelf&rft.au=Stroud%2C+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejop.psychopen.eu%2Findex.php%2Fejop%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scully1995-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scully1995_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScully1995" class="citation news cs1">Scully, Mathew (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501134736/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/08/004-viktor-frankl-at-ninety-an-interview-18">"Viktor Frankl at Ninety: An Interview"</a>. <i>First Things</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Viktor+Frankl+Institute+of+Logotherapy&rft.atitle=Alexander+Vesely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.viktorfranklinstitute.org%2Fpersonnel%2Falex-vesley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1739261/">"Viktor & I: An Alexander Vesely Film"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Viktor+%26+I%3A+An+Alexander+Vesely+Film&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1739261%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dies_at_92-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dies_at_92_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble1997" class="citation news cs1">Noble, Holcomb B. (4 September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/04/world/dr-viktor-e-frankl-of-vienna-psychiatrist-of-the-search-for-meaning-dies-at-92.html">"Dr. Viktor E. Frankl of Vienna, Psychiatrist of the Search for Meaning, Dies at 92"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. B-7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012232552/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/04/world/dr-viktor-e-frankl-of-vienna-psychiatrist-of-the-search-for-meaning-dies-at-92.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Viktor+E.+Frankl+of+Vienna%2C+Psychiatrist+of+the+Search+for+Meaning%2C+Dies+at+92&rft.pages=B-7&rft.date=1997-09-04&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Holcomb+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F09%2F04%2Fworld%2Fdr-viktor-e-frankl-of-vienna-psychiatrist-of-the-search-for-meaning-dies-at-92.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViktor+Frankl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Logotherapy" title="Template:Logotherapy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Logotherapy" title="Template talk:Logotherapy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Logotherapy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Logotherapy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Logotherapy67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viktor Frankl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fabry" title="Joseph Fabry">Joseph Fabry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Lukas" title="Elisabeth Lukas">Elisabeth Lukas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas and terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimensional_ontology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimensional ontology (page does not exist)">Dimensional ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existential_frustration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Existential frustration (page does not exist)">Existential frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperintention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyperintention (page does not exist)">Hyperintention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noogenic_neurosis" title="Noogenic neurosis">Noogenic neurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_intention" title="Paradoxical intention">Paradoxical intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_triad" title="Tragic triad">Tragic triad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tragic_optimism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tragic optimism (page does not exist)">Tragic optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_to_meaning_(Frankl)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will to meaning (Frankl) (page does not exist)">Will to meaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Search_for_Meaning" title="Man's Search for Meaning">Man's Search for Meaning</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_and_the_Soul" title="The Doctor and the Soul">The Doctor and the Soul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconscious_God" title="The Unconscious God">The Unconscious God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Will_to_Meaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Will to Meaning (page does not exist)">The Will to Meaning</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Journal_of_the_U.S._Logotherapy_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Journal of the U.S. Logotherapy Society (page does not exist)">The Journal of the U.S. Logotherapy Society</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logotherapy_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of logotherapy institutes">List of logotherapy institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Congress_on_Logotherapy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Congress on Logotherapy (page does not exist)">World Congress on Logotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychotherapy70" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychotherapy" title="Template talk:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychotherapy70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">Psychodynamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlerian">Adlerian therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalization-based_treatment" title="Mentalization-based treatment">Mentalization-based treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference_focused_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transference focused psychotherapy">Transference focused psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral psychotherapy">Cognitive and <br />behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis" title="Clinical behavior analysis">Clinical behavior analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">Focusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Person-centered therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">Dance therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Feminist therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_therapy" title="Play therapy">Play therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_therapy_(psychotherapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic therapy (psychotherapy)">Systemic therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_analysis" title="Transactional analysis">Transactional analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrative_psychotherapy" title="Integrative psychotherapy">Integrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_psychotherapy" title="Eclectic psychotherapy">Eclectic psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_psychotherapy" title="Brief psychotherapy">Brief psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_counseling" title="Online counseling">Online counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">Support groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_formulation" title="Clinical formulation">Clinical formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pluralism" title="Clinical pluralism">Clinical pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_factors_theory" title="Common factors theory">Common factors theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy_discontinuation" title="Psychotherapy discontinuation">Discontinuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychotherapy" title="History of psychotherapy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practitioner%E2%80%93scholar_model" title="Practitioner–scholar model">Practitioner–scholar model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_therapy" title="Behaviour therapy">Behaviour therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">Stimulus control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterconditioning" title="Counterconditioning">Counterconditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individual therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenic_training" title="Autogenic training">Autogenic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_language" title="Clean language">Clean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">Cognitive restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotion regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">Homework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">Modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-therapy" title="Co-therapy">Co-therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couples_therapy" title="Couples therapy">Couples therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_training" title="Sensitivity training">Sensitivity training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Donald Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viktor Frankl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kelly_(psychologist)" title="George Kelly (psychologist)">George Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Axline" title="Virginia Axline">Virginia Axline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Whitaker" title="Carl Whitaker">Carl Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Arieti" title="Silvano Arieti">Silvano Arieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bugental" title="James Bugental">James Bugental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Minuchin" title="Salvador Minuchin">Salvador Minuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_Lindsley" title="Ogden Lindsley">Ogden Lindsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Gendlin" title="Eugene Gendlin">Eugene Gendlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baker_Miller" title="Jean Baker Miller">Jean Baker Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_F._Kernberg" title="Otto F. Kernberg">Otto F. Kernberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Azrin" title="Nathan Azrin">Nathan Azrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Irvin D. Yalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Smith_Benjamin" title="Lorna Smith Benjamin">Lorna Smith Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Marsha M. Linehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Greenberg" title="Les Greenberg">Les Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Miller" title="William Richard Miller">William R. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_C._Hayes" title="Steven C. Hayes">Steven C. Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_White_(psychotherapist)" title="Michael White (psychotherapist)">Michael White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Young_(psychologist)" title="Jeffrey Young (psychologist)">Jeffrey Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonagy" title="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Psychotherapy" title="Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy">Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Applied_Psychophysiology_and_Biofeedback" title="Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback">Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies" title="Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Psychotherapy" title="European Association for Psychotherapy">European Association for Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychotherapy_Research" title="Society for Psychotherapy Research">Society for Psychotherapy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_for_Psychotherapy" title="World Council for Psychotherapy">World Council for Psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154723#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4299" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154723#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154723#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108594462">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000077246544">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95178598">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1717103/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/459095/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8pFpwKWY36VjHKPKrv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118534904">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Frankl, Viktor E. (Viktor Emil), 1905-1997"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79122444">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12034519t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12034519t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440035">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Frankl, Viktor E."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VIAV099417">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35099943">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990009561&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX880147">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/371376">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068548907">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90123249">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000028854&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000045525&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000041495">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=157699">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000025802">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199609214">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs688bjd12c7tnv">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810567462205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/83555">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261488005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518501006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14635423">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00404564?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6603559133">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/158734">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118534904.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118534904">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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