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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">ScienceDirect</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ScienceDirect_logo_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ScienceDirect_logo_2020.svg/220px-ScienceDirect_logo_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ScienceDirect_logo_2020.svg/330px-ScienceDirect_logo_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ScienceDirect_logo_2020.svg/440px-ScienceDirect_logo_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="165" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Producer</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">March 12, 1997<span class="noprint">; 27 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1997-03-12</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Access</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription</a> and open access</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Coverage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disciplines</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Science</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Record depth</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Index, abstract & full-text</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format coverage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Books, journals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geospatial coverage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencedirect.com">sciencedirect<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2571518#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ScienceDirect</b> is a searcheable web-based <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">bibliographic database</a>, which provides access to full texts of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_literature" title="Medical literature">medical publications</a> of the Dutch publisher <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a> as well of several small <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic publishers</a>. It hosts over 18 million <a href="/wiki/Publons" title="Publons">publons</a> from more than 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a> and 30,000 <a href="/wiki/E-books" class="mw-redirect" title="E-books">e-books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The access to the full-text requires subscription, while the bibliographic <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> are free to read. ScienceDirect was launched by Elsevier in March 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ScienceDirect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The journals are grouped into four main sections: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Sciences">Physical Sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Sciences">Life Sciences</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Sciences">Health Sciences</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social Sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></i>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Article abstracts</a> are freely available, and access to their full texts (in <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> and, for newer publications, also <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>) generally requires a subscription or <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> purchase unless the content is freely available in open access. </p><p>Papers published under several <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access_licenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open access licenses (page does not exist)">open access licenses</a> available on ScienceDirect without cost. On the other hand, access to the full-text pdfs of non-<a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> publons required either a subscription (to the specific journal rather than to the whole database) or per-article/book payment. to the overall offering hosted on ScienceDirect, rather than to specific titles it carries, are usually acquired through a so called <a href="/wiki/Big_deal_(subscription_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big deal (subscription model)">big deal</a>. The other <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(publishers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Five (publishers)">big five</a> have similar offers. </p><p>ScienceDirect also competes for audience with other large <a href="/wiki/Search_aggregator" title="Search aggregator">aggregators</a> and hosts of <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">scholarly communication</a> content such as academic social network <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_access_repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access repository">open access repository</a> <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>, as well as with fully <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> publishing venues and <a href="/wiki/Mega_journal" title="Mega journal">mega journals</a> like <a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a>. </p><p>ScienceDirect also carries <i><a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a></i>. </p><p>The search and bibliographic export options of ScienceDirect are very limited. For better search capabilities Elsevier provides via internet a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paid-access&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paid-access (page does not exist)">paid-access</a> database <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ScienceDirect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">List of academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ScienceDirect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whois.domaintools.com/sciencedirect.com">"ScienceDirect.com WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS">WHOIS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHOIS&rft.atitle=ScienceDirect.com+WHOIS%2C+DNS%2C+%26+Domain+Info+%E2%80%93+DomainTools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhois.domaintools.com%2Fsciencedirect.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScienceDirect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/">"ScienceDirect"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ScienceDirect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScienceDirect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReller" class="citation web cs1">Reller, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319005511/http://www.relxgroup.com:80/investorcentre/reports%202007/Documents/2014/relxgroup_ar_2014.pdf">"2014 RELX Annual Reports and Financial Statements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>RELX Group</i>. <a href="/wiki/RELX_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="RELX Group">RELX Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.relxgroup.com/investorcentre/reports%202007/Documents/2014/relxgroup_ar_2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RELX+Group&rft.atitle=2014+RELX+Annual+Reports+and+Financial+Statements&rft.aulast=Reller&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.relxgroup.com%2Finvestorcentre%2Freports%25202007%2FDocuments%2F2014%2Frelxgroup_ar_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScienceDirect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiussani,_Bruno1997" class="citation web cs1">Giussani, Bruno (4 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/euro/030497euro.html">"Building the World's Largest Scientific Database"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Building+the+World%27s+Largest+Scientific+Database&rft.date=1997-03-04&rft.au=Giussani%2C+Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpartners.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fcyber%2Feuro%2F030497euro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScienceDirect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ScienceDirect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoukacem-ZeghmouriBadorLafougeProst2016" class="citation journal cs1">Boukacem-Zeghmouri, Chérifa; Bador, Pascal; Lafouge, Thierry; Prost, Hélène (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01272124/file/Article-ROI_Boukacem_Scientometrics2015%20corrected%20complet-1.pdf">"Relationships between consumption, publication and impact in French universities in a value perspective: A bibliometric analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scientometrics</i>. <b>106</b>: 263–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11192-015-1779-z">10.1007/s11192-015-1779-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8897085">8897085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientometrics&rft.atitle=Relationships+between+consumption%2C+publication+and+impact+in+French+universities+in+a+value+perspective%3A+A+bibliometric+analysis&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=263-280&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11192-015-1779-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8897085%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boukacem-Zeghmouri&rft.aufirst=Ch%C3%A9rifa&rft.au=Bador%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Lafouge%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Prost%2C+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01272124%2Ffile%2FArticle-ROI_Boukacem_Scientometrics2015%2520corrected%2520complet-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScienceDirect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmraniMoradi-SalariJamali2013" class="citation web cs1">Emrani, Ebrahim; Moradi-Salari, A.; Jamali, Hamid R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.rclis.org/19670/">"Usage data, e-journal selection and negotiations: Iranian consortium experience"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10760%2F19670">10760/19670</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usage+data%2C+e-journal+selection+and+negotiations%3A+Iranian+consortium+experience&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10760%2F19670&rft.aulast=Emrani&rft.aufirst=Ebrahim&rft.au=Moradi-Salari%2C+A.&rft.au=Jamali%2C+Hamid+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.rclis.org%2F19670%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScienceDirect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGies2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gies, Ted (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fleap.1142">"The Science <i>Direct</i> accessibility journey: A case study"</a>. <i>Learned Publishing</i>. <b>31</b>: 69–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fleap.1142">10.1002/leap.1142</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Learned+Publishing&rft.atitle=The+Science+Direct+accessibility+journey%3A+A+case+study&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=69-76&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fleap.1142&rft.aulast=Gies&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fleap.1142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScienceDirect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading 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