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id="toc-Modern_scholarship_and_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gospels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gospels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gospels subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infancy_gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infancy_gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Infancy gospels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infancy_gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish-Christian_gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish-Christian_gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Jewish-Christian gospels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish-Christian_gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-canonical_gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-canonical_gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Non-canonical gospels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-canonical_gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passion_Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passion_Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Passion Gospels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passion_Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmonized_gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmonized_gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Harmonized gospels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmonized_gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnostic_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnostic_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gnostic texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gnostic_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gnostic texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gnostic_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialogues_with_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialogues_with_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dialogues with Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialogues_with_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_texts_concerning_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_texts_concerning_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>General texts concerning Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_texts_concerning_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sethian_texts_concerning_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sethian_texts_concerning_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sethian texts concerning Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sethian_texts_concerning_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual_diagrams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_diagrams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ritual diagrams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual_diagrams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apocalypses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocalypses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Apocalypses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apocalypses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_of_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_of_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Fate of Mary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate_of_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Miscellany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Fragments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Lost works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Close_candidates_for_canonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close_candidates_for_canonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Close candidates for canonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close_candidates_for_canonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Evaluation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evaluation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_development_towards_today's_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_development_towards_today's_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Historical development towards today's canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_development_towards_today's_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Published collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">New Testament apocrypha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuwe_Testamentiese_apokriewe" title="Nuwe Testamentiese apokriewe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nuwe Testamentiese apokriewe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="إنجيل منحول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجيل منحول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%8B" title="Новазапаветныя апокрыфы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Новазапаветныя апокрыфы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryffa%27r_Testament_Newydd" title="Apocryffa'r Testament Newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Apocryffa'r Testament Newydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytestamentlige_apokryfer" title="Nytestamentlige apokryfer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nytestamentlige apokryfer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uue_testamendi_apokr%C3%BC%C3%BCfid" title="Uue testamendi apokrüüfid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uue testamendi apokrüüfid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokrifoj_de_la_Nova_Testamento" title="Apokrifoj de la Nova Testamento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apokrifoj de la Nova Testamento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%95%BD_%EC%99%B8%EA%B2%BD" title="신약 외경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신약 외경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պարականոն ավետարաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարականոն ավետարաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokrifa_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Apokrifa Perjanjian Baru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apokrifa Perjanjian Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrifi_del_Nuovo_Testamento" title="Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בשורות אפוקריפיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בשורות אפוקריפיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Testamenti_apocrypha" title="Novi Testamenti apocrypha – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Novi Testamenti apocrypha" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%B4krifan%27_ny_Testamenta_Vaovao" title="Apôkrifan' ny Testamenta Vaovao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Apôkrifan' ny Testamenta Vaovao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="انجيل منحول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انجيل منحول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokrifa_Perjanjian_Baharu" title="Apokrifa Perjanjian Baharu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Apokrifa Perjanjian Baharu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocriefen_van_het_Nieuwe_Testament" title="Apocriefen van het Nieuwe Testament – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apocriefen van het Nieuwe Testament" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E6%9B%B8" title="外典福音書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="外典福音書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytestamentlige_apokryfer" title="Nytestamentlige apokryfer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nytestamentlige apokryfer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7_%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اپاکرفا عہد نامہ جدید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اپاکرفا عہد نامہ جدید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%B3crifos_do_Novo_Testamento" title="Apócrifos do Novo Testamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apócrifos do Novo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalipse_apocrife_ale_Noului_Testament" title="Apocalipse apocrife 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апокрифи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Новозавітні апокрифи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7_%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اپاکرفا عہد نامہ جدید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپاکرفا عہد نامہ جدید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrifi_del_novo_testamento" title="Apocrifi del novo testamento – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Apocrifi del novo testamento" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writings by early Christians, not included in the Biblical Canon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_apocrypha" title="Category:New Testament apocrypha">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament apocrypha</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/120px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/180px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/240px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="2026" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">First page of the Gospel of Judas<br />(Page 33 of <a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch#Epistles" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Epistles of Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Polycarp_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians">Polycarp to the Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp" title="Martyrdom of Polycarp">Martyrdom of Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Diognetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels#Apocrypha_and_pseudepigrapha" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">Apocryphal gospels</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Christian_gospels" title="Jewish–Christian gospels">Jewish–Christian gospels</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Ebionites" title="Gospel of the Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Nazarenes" title="Gospel of the Nazarenes">Nazarenes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy gospels</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Infancy_Gospel" title="Syriac Infancy Gospel">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Joseph_the_Carpenter" title="History of Joseph the Carpenter">History of Joseph the Carpenter</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic gospels">Gnostic gospels</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Truth" title="Gospel of Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Saviour" title="Gospel of the Saviour">The Saviour</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other gospels</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Marcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lost gospels</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Bartholomew" title="Gospel of Bartholomew">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias" title="Gospel of Matthias">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Cerinthus" title="Gospel of Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Basilides" title="Gospel of Basilides">Basilides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mani" title="Gospel of Mani">Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypses</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Methodius" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius">Pseudo-Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Thomas" title="Apocalypse of Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Stephen" title="Apocalypse of Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Apocalypse_of_James" title="First Apocalypse of James">1 James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_James" title="Second Apocalypse of James">2 James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_John" title="Second Apocalypse of John">2 John</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_James" title="Apocryphon of James">Apocryphon of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistula_Apostolorum" title="Epistula Apostolorum">Epistula Apostolorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Pseudo-Titus" title="Epistle of Pseudo-Titus">Pseudo-Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Peter_to_Philip" title="Letter of Peter to Philip">Peter to Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_of_Paul_and_Seneca" title="Correspondence of Paul and Seneca">Paul and Seneca</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lost epistles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Alexandrians" title="Epistle to the Alexandrians">Alexandrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Andrew" title="Acts of Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Andrew_and_Bartholomew" title="Acts of Andrew and Bartholomew">Andrew and Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Barnabas" title="Acts of Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Mar_Mari" title="Acts of Mar Mari">Mar Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Martyrs" title="Acts of the Martyrs">The Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter" title="Acts of Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Andrew" title="Acts of Peter and Andrew">Peter and Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Paul" title="Acts of Peter and Paul">Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_the_Twelve" title="Acts of Peter and the Twelve">Peter and the Twelve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Philip" title="Acts of Philip">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thaddeus" title="Acts of Thaddeus">Thaddeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Timothy" title="Acts of Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Xanthippe,_Polyxena,_and_Rebecca" title="Acts of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca">Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Misc.</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Other apocrypha</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Addai" title="Doctrine of Addai">Doctrine of Addai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate_cycle" title="Pilate cycle">Pilate cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_the_Apostle_Paul" title="Prayer of the Apostle Paul">Prayer of the Apostle Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questions_of_Bartholomew" title="Questions of Bartholomew">Questions of Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Resurrection_of_Jesus_Christ,_by_Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, by Bartholomew the Apostle">Resurrection of Jesus Christ</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_Apocrypha" title="Template:New Testament Apocrypha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_Apocrypha" title="Template talk:New Testament Apocrypha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_Apocrypha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament Apocrypha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>New Testament apocrypha</b> (singular <b>apocryphon</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a number of writings by <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> that give accounts of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> and his teachings, the nature of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, or the teachings of his <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> and of their lives. Some of these writings were cited as <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">scripture</a> by early Christians, but since the fifth century a widespread consensus has emerged limiting the New Testament to the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">27 books of the modern canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant churches generally do not view the New Testament apocrypha as part of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocrypha</a></i> means 'things put away' or 'things hidden', originating from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> adjective <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">apocryphus</i></span>, 'secret' or 'non-canonical', which in turn originated from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> adjective <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀπόκρυφος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apokryphos</i></span>), 'obscure', from the verb <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀποκρύπτειν</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apokryptein</i></span>), 'to hide away'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Apokryptein</i></span> in turn comes from the Greek prefix <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apo-</i></span>, meaning 'away', and the Greek verb <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kryptein</i></span>, meaning 'to hide'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The general term is usually applied to the books that were considered by the church as useful, but not divinely inspired. As such, to refer to <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> writings as "apocryphal" is misleading since they would not be classified in the same category by orthodox believers. Often used by the Greek Fathers was the term <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">antilegomena</a>, or 'spoken against', although some canonical books were also spoken against, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocalypse of John">Apocalypse of John</a> in the East. Often used by scholars is the term <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a>, meaning 'falsely inscribed' or 'falsely attributed', in the sense that the writings were written by an anonymous author who appended the name of an apostle to his work, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a> or the <a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">Ethiopic Apocalypse of Enoch</a>: almost all books, in both Old and New Testaments, called "apocrypha" in the Protestant tradition are pseudepigrapha. In the Catholic and Orthodox traditions, what are called the apocrypha by Protestants include the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</a> books: in the Catholic tradition, the term <i>apocrypha</i> is synonymous with what Protestants would call the pseudepigrapha, the latter term of which is almost exclusively used by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon">Development of the New Testament canon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development of the New Testament canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> <p>That some works are categorized as New Testament apocrypha is indicative of the wide range of responses to the ministry of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. During the first centuries following Jesus' ministry, considerable debate was held in regards to safeguarding the authenticity of his teachings. Three key methods developed to address this survive to the present day: <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a>, where groups authorize individuals as reliable teachers of the message; <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a>, where groups define the boundaries of interpretation of the message; and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canons</a>, which list the primary documents certain groups believe contain the message originally taught by Jesus. </p><p>The first centuries of Christianity saw substantial debate in regards to which books should be included in the canons. In general, those books that the majority regarded as the earliest books about Jesus were the ones included. Books that were not accepted into the canons are now termed <i><a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a></i>; some were vigorously suppressed and survive only as fragments, or only in mention in the writings of those condemning them. The earliest lists of canonical works of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> were not quite the same as modern lists; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> was regarded as disputed by some Christians (see <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a>), while the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a> was considered genuine by others, and appears (after the Book of Revelation) in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Peshitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Peshitta">Syriac Peshitta</a>, used by all the various Syrian churches, originally did not include 2 Peter, 2 John, 3 John, Jude and Revelation. This <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canon</a> of 22 books is the one cited by <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> (~347–407) and <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a> (393–466) from the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Antioch" title="School of Antioch">School of Antioch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ntcanon1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntcanon1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Syrians have added the remaining five books to their New Testament canons in modern times<sup id="cite_ref-ntcanon1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntcanon1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as the <i>Lee Peshitta</i> of 1823). Today, the official <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">lectionaries</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Syrian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church">Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Syrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="East Syrian Rite">East Syriac</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, which is in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, still only present lessons from the 22 books of the original Peshitta.<sup id="cite_ref-ntcanon1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntcanon1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Apostolic">Armenian Apostolic</a> church at times has included the <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">Third Epistle to the Corinthians</a> in its biblical canon, but does not always list it with the other 27 canonical New Testament books. The church did not accept Revelation into its Bible until 1200 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_scholarship_and_translation">Modern scholarship and translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern scholarship and translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English translations were made in the early 18th century by <a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Jones_(tutor)" title="Jeremiah Jones (tutor)">Jeremiah Jones</a>, and collected in 1820 by <a href="/wiki/William_Hone" title="William Hone">William Hone</a>'s <i>Apocryphal New Testament</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The series <i><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers_(book)" title="Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a></i>, volume 8, contains translations by Alexander Walker.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New translations by <a href="/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">M. R. James</a> appeared in 1924, and were revised by J.K. Eliott, <i>The Apocryphal New Testament</i>, Oxford University Press, 1991. The "standard" scholarly edition of the New Testament Apocrypha in German is that of <a href="/wiki/Schneemelcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneemelcher">Schneemelcher</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in English its translation by Robert McLachlan Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf" title="Constantin von Tischendorf">Constantin von Tischendorf</a> and other scholars began to study New Testament apocrypha seriously in the 19th century and produce new translations. The texts of the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> are often considered separately but the current edition of Schneemelcher also contains eleven Nag Hammadi texts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Books that are known objectively not to have existed in antiquity are usually not considered part of the New Testament apocrypha. Among these are the <a href="/wiki/Libellus_de_Nativitate_Sanctae_Mariae" title="Libellus de Nativitate Sanctae Mariae">Libellus de Nativitate Sanctae Mariae</a> (also called the "Nativity of Mary") and the Latin Infancy gospel. The latter two did not exist in antiquity, and they seem to be based on the earlier Infancy gospels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gospels">Gospels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_gospels" title="List of gospels">List of gospels</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infancy_gospels">Infancy gospels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infancy gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy gospels</a></div><p> Information about the childhood of Jesus was supplied by a number of 2nd-century and later texts, known as infancy gospels, none of which were accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canon</a>. Despite this, some scholars have noted that the very number of surviving infancy manuscripts attests to their continued popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of these manuscripts were based on the earliest infancy gospels, namely the <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy Gospel of James">Infancy Gospel of James</a> (also called the "Protoevangelium of James") and the <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a>, and on their later combination into the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a> (also called the "Infancy Gospel of Matthew" or "Birth of Mary and Infancy of the Saviour").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The other significant early infancy gospels are the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Infancy_Gospel" title="Syriac Infancy Gospel">Syriac Infancy Gospel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Joseph_the_Carpenter" title="History of Joseph the Carpenter">History of Joseph the Carpenter</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Life of John the Baptist">Life of John the Baptist</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish-Christian_gospels">Jewish-Christian gospels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jewish-Christian gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Christian_gospels" title="Jewish–Christian gospels">Jewish–Christian gospels</a></div> <p>The Jewish–Christian Gospels were <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">gospels</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> character quoted by <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and probably <a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus the Blind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott20053_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott20053-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern scholars have concluded that there existed one gospel in Aramaic/Hebrew and at least two in Greek, although a minority argue that there were only two: one Aramaic/Hebrew and one Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPleše2011199_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPleše2011199-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of these gospels survive today, but attempts have been made to reconstruct them from references in the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>. The reconstructed texts of the gospels are usually categorized under New Testament Apocrypha. The standard edition of <a href="/wiki/Schneemelcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneemelcher">Schneemelcher</a> describes the texts of three Jewish–Christian gospels as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVielhauerStrecker1991134–78_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVielhauerStrecker1991134–78-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>1) The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Ebionites" title="Gospel of the Ebionites">Gospel of the Ebionites</a> ("GE") – 7 quotations by Epiphanius.</dd> <dd>2) The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a> ("GH") – 1 quotation ascribed to Cyril of Jerusalem, plus GH 2–7 quotations by Clement, Origen, and Jerome.</dd> <dd>3) The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Nazarenes" title="Gospel of the Nazarenes">Gospel of the Nazarenes</a> ("GN") – GN 1 to GN 23 are mainly from Jerome; GN 24 to GN 36 are from medieval sources.</dd></dl> <p>Some scholars consider that the two last named are in fact the same source.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-canonical_gospels">Non-canonical gospels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-canonical gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gospel#Non-canonical_gospels" title="Gospel">Gospel § Non-canonical gospels</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a> (mid-2nd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mani" title="Gospel of Mani">Gospel of Mani</a> (3rd century)</li> <li>Gospel of <a href="/wiki/Apelles_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apelles (gnostic)">Apelles</a> (mid–late 2nd century, similar to Marcion<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gospel of <a href="/wiki/Bardesanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardesanes">Bardesanes</a> (late 2nd–early 3rd century)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Basilides" title="Gospel of Basilides">Gospel of Basilides</a> (mid-2nd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> (1st century; sayings gospel)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passion_Gospels">Passion Gospels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Passion Gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passion_Gospels" title="Passion Gospels">Passion Gospels</a></div> <p>A number of gospels are concerned specifically with the "<a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a>" (from the Latin verb <i>patior, passus sum</i>; "to suffer, bear, endure", from which also "patience, patient", etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of Jesus: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a> (also called the "<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Pilate" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Pilate">Acts of Pilate</a>")</li> <li>Pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Life_and_the_Passion_of_Christ" title="On the Life and the Passion of Christ">On the Life and the Passion of Christ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Bartholomew" title="Gospel of Bartholomew">Gospel of Bartholomew</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Questions_of_Bartholomew" title="Questions of Bartholomew">Questions of Bartholomew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Resurrection_of_Jesus_Christ,_by_Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, by Bartholomew the Apostle">Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, by Bartholomew the Apostle</a></i></li></ul> <p>Although three texts take Bartholomew's name, it may be that either the <i>Questions of Bartholomew</i> or the <i>Resurrection of Jesus Christ</i> is in fact the unknown <i>Gospel of Bartholomew</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harmonized_gospels">Harmonized gospels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Harmonized gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of texts aim to provide a single harmonization of the canonical gospels, that eliminates discordances among them by presenting a unified text derived from them to some degree. The most widely read of these was the <i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gnostic_texts">Gnostic texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gnostic texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic gospels">Gnostic gospels</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon" title="Apocryphon">Apocryphon</a></div> <p>In the modern era, many <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> texts have been uncovered, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a>. Some texts take the form of an expounding of the esoteric cosmology and ethics held by the Gnostics. Often this was in the form of dialogue in which Jesus expounds esoteric knowledge while his disciples raise questions concerning it. There is also a text, known as the <a href="/wiki/Epistula_Apostolorum" title="Epistula Apostolorum">Epistula Apostolorum</a>, which is a polemic against Gnostic esoterica, but written in a similar style as the Gnostic texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialogues_with_Jesus">Dialogues with Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dialogues with Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_James" title="Apocryphon of James">Apocryphon of James</a> (also called the "Secret Book of <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Thomas_the_Contender" title="Book of Thomas the Contender">Book of Thomas the Contender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_of_the_Saviour" title="Dialogue of the Saviour">Dialogue of the Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a> (also called the "Gospel of <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Gospel_of_the_Egyptians" title="Greek Gospel of the Egyptians">Greek Gospel of the Egyptians</a> (distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Gospel_of_the_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians">Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sophia_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sophia of Jesus Christ">The Sophia of Jesus Christ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_texts_concerning_Jesus">General texts concerning Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General texts concerning Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Coptic Apocalypse of Paul">Coptic Apocalypse of Paul</a> (distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Apocalypse of Paul</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Truth" title="Gospel of Truth">Gospel of Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter">Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter</a> (distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Lentulus" title="Letter of Lentulus">Letter of Lentulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Treatise_of_the_Great_Seth" title="Second Treatise of the Great Seth">Second Treatise of the Great Seth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sethian_texts_concerning_Jesus">Sethian texts concerning Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sethian texts concerning Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sethian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sethian">Sethians</a> were a gnostic group who originally worshipped the biblical <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Messianic_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic figure">messianic figure</a>, later treating Jesus as a re-incarnation of Seth. They produced numerous texts expounding their esoteric cosmology, usually in the form of visions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a> (also called the "Secret Gospel of John")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Gospel_of_the_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians">Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians</a> (distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Gospel_of_the_Egyptians" title="Greek Gospel of the Egyptians">Greek Gospel of the Egyptians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimorphic_Protennoia" title="Trimorphic Protennoia">Trimorphic Protennoia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual_diagrams">Ritual diagrams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ritual diagrams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the Gnostic texts appear to consist of diagrams and instructions for use in religious rituals: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophite_Diagrams" title="Ophite Diagrams">Ophite Diagrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Jeu" title="Books of Jeu">Books of Jeu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acts">Acts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts of the Apostles (genre)</a></div> <p>Several texts concern themselves with the subsequent lives of the apostles, usually with highly <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> events. Almost half of these, anciently called <i>The Circuits of the Apostles</i> and now known by the name of their purported author, "<a href="/wiki/Leucius_Charinus" title="Leucius Charinus">Leucius Charinus</a>" (supposedly a companion of John the apostle), contained the Acts of Peter, John, Andrew, Thomas, and Paul. These were judged by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Photios_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople">Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople</a> in the ninth century to be full of folly, self-contradiction, falsehood, and impiety. The <i>Acts of Thomas</i> and the <i>Acts of Peter and the Twelve</i> are often considered Gnostic texts. While most of the texts are believed to have been written in the 2nd century, at least two, the <i>Acts of Barnabas</i> and the <i>Acts of Peter and Paul</i> are believed to have been written as late as the 5th century. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Andrew" title="Acts of Andrew">Acts of Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Barnabas" title="Acts of Barnabas">Acts of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">Acts of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Mar_Mari" title="Acts of Mar Mari">Acts of Mar Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Martyrs" title="Acts of the Martyrs">Acts of the Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla" title="Acts of Paul and Thecla">Acts of Paul and Thecla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter" title="Acts of Peter">Acts of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Andrew" title="Acts of Peter and Andrew">Acts of Peter and Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Paul" title="Acts of Peter and Paul">Acts of Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_the_Twelve" title="Acts of Peter and the Twelve">Acts of Peter and the Twelve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Philip" title="Acts of Philip">Acts of Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Pilate" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Pilate">Acts of Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Timothy" title="Acts of Timothy">Acts of Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Xanthippe,_Polyxena,_and_Rebecca" title="Acts of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca">Acts of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Chapter_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="The Lost Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles">The Lost Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epistles">Epistles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles">Epistles</a></div> <p>There are also non-canonical epistles (or "letters") between individuals or to Christians in general. Some of them were regarded very highly by the early church. Those marked with a lozenge (♦) are included in the collection known as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">Second Epistle of Clement</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Smyrnaeans" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans">Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Trallians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians">Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians">Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Magnesians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians">Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans">Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Philadelphians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians">Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_Polycarp" title="Epistle of Ignatius to Polycarp">Epistle of Ignatius to Polycarp</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Polycarp_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians">Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Mathetes_to_Diognetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus">Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp" title="Martyrdom of Polycarp">Martyrdom of Polycarp</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a> (an epistle in the name of Paul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Seneca_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle to Seneca the Younger">Epistle to Seneca the Younger</a> (an epistle in the name of Paul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">Third Epistle to the Corinthians</a> - accepted in the past by some in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Orthodox">Armenian Orthodox</a> church.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apocalypses">Apocalypses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Apocalypses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></div> <p>Several works frame themselves as visions, often discussing the future, afterlife, or both: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Apocalypse of Paul</a> (distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Coptic Apocalypse of Paul">Coptic Apocalypse of Paul</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_the_Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocalypse of the Virgin">Apocalypse of the Virgin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a> (distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter">Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Methodius" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Thomas" title="Apocalypse of Thomas">Apocalypse of Thomas</a> (also called the <i>Revelation of Thomas</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Stephen" title="Apocalypse of Stephen">Apocalypse of Stephen</a> (also called the <i>Revelation of Stephen</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Apocalypse_of_James" title="First Apocalypse of James">First Apocalypse of James</a> (also called the <i>First Revelation of James</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_James" title="Second Apocalypse of James">Second Apocalypse of James</a> (also called the <i>Second Revelation of James</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_John" title="Second Apocalypse of John">Second Apocalypse of John</a> (also called the <i>[First] Apocryphal Apocalypse of John</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a> (also included in the collection known as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fate_of_Mary">Fate of Mary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fate of Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several texts (over 50) consist of descriptions of the events surrounding the varied fate of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (the mother of Jesus): </p> <ul><li>The Home Going of Mary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Narrative" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">The Falling Asleep of the Mother of God</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Descent_of_Mary" title="Descent of Mary">Descent of Mary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellany">Miscellany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Miscellany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These texts, due to their content or form, do not fit into the other categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> (church regulations supposedly asserted by the apostles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nepos" title="Book of Nepos">Book of Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Canons of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a> (also called <i>The Treasure</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> (possibly the first written <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>) (also included in the collection known as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of St James">Liturgy of St James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitence_of_Origen" title="Penitence of Origen">Penitence of Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Paul">Prayer of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentences_of_Sextus" title="Sentences of Sextus">Sentences of Sextus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiologus" title="Physiologus">Physiologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Bee" title="Book of the Bee">Book of the Bee</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fragments">Fragments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fragments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the known apocryphal works, there are also small fragments of texts, parts of unknown (or uncertain) works. Some of the more significant fragments are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Saviour" title="Gospel of the Saviour">Gospel of the Saviour</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Naassene_Fragment" title="Naassene Fragment">Naassene Fragment</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fayyum_Fragment" title="Fayyum Fragment">Fayyum Fragment</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Gospel of Mark</a>, whose authenticity has been challenged</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Gospels" title="Oxyrhynchus Gospels">Oxyrhynchus Gospels</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Egerton_Gospel" title="Egerton Gospel">Egerton Gospel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lost_works">Lost works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lost works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several texts are mentioned in many ancient sources and would probably be considered part of the apocrypha, but no known text has survived: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Eve" title="Gospel of Eve">Gospel of Eve</a> (a quotation from this gospel is given by Epiphanius (<i>Haer.</i> xxvi. 2, 3). It is possible that this is the Gospel of Perfection he alludes to in xxvi. 2. The quotation shows that this gospel was the expression of complete <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Four_Heavenly_Realms" title="Gospel of the Four Heavenly Realms">Gospel of the Four Heavenly Realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias" title="Gospel of Matthias">Gospel of Matthias</a> (probably different from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Perfection" title="Gospel of Perfection">Gospel of Perfection</a> (used by the followers of Basilides and other Gnostics. See Epiphanius, <i>Haer.</i> xxvi. 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Seventy" title="Gospel of the Seventy">Gospel of the Seventy</a></li> <li>Gospel of Thaddaeus (This may be a synonym for the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a>. The name Thaddeus was often used to not to confuse <a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude the Apostle</a> for <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Twelve" title="Gospel of the Twelve">Gospel of the Twelve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoria_Apostolorum" title="Memoria Apostolorum">Memoria Apostolorum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Close_candidates_for_canonization">Close candidates for canonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Close candidates for canonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While many of the books listed here were considered heretical (especially those belonging to the gnostic tradition—as this sect was considered heretical by <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a> of the early centuries), others were not considered particularly heretical in content, but in fact were well accepted as significant spiritual works. Those marked with a lozenge (♦) are also included in the collection known as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>. </p><p>While some of the following works appear in complete Bibles from the fourth century, such as 1 Clement and The Shepherd of Hermas, showing their general popularity, they were not included when the canon was formally decided at the end of that century. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">Second Epistle of Clement</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Smyrnaeans" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans">Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Trallians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians">Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians">Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Magnesians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians">Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans">Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Philadelphians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians">Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_Polycarp" title="Epistle of Ignatius to Polycarp">Epistle of Ignatius to Polycarp</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Polycarp_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians">Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Mathetes_to_Diognetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus">Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp" title="Martyrdom of Polycarp">Martyrdom of Polycarp</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> ♦</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">Third Epistle to the Corinthians</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation">Evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day">Present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among historians of early Christianity, the books are considered invaluable, especially those that almost made it into the final canon, such as <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a>, for example, said: </p> <blockquote><p>The victors in the struggles to establish Christian Orthodoxy not only won their theological battles, they also rewrote the history of the conflict; later readers then naturally assumed that the victorious views had been embraced by the vast majority of Christians from the very beginning ... The practice of Christian forgery has a long and distinguished history ... the debate lasted three hundred years ... even within "orthodox" circles there was considerable debate concerning which books to include.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_development_towards_today's_canon"><span id="Historical_development_towards_today.27s_canon"></span>Historical development towards today's canon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Historical development towards today's canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical debate primarily concerned whether certain works should be read in the church service or only privately. These works were widely used but not necessarily considered <i>Catholic</i> or 'universal.' Such works include the Didache, Shepherd of Hermas, 1 Clement, 2 Clement, the Epistle of Barnabas, and to a lesser extent the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>. </p><p>Considering the generally accepted dates of authorship for all of the canonical New Testament works (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100 CE</span>), as well as the various witnesses to canonicity extant among the writings of Ignatius, Polycarp, Irenaeus, etc., the four gospels and letters of Paul were held by the gentile Christian community as scriptural, and 200 years were needed to finalize the canon; from the beginning of the 2nd Century to the mid-4th Century, no book in the final canon was ever declared spurious or heretical, except for the Revelation of John which the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Laodicea" title="Council of Laodicea">Council of Laodicea</a> in 363–364 CE rejected (although it accepted all of the other 26 books in the New Testament). This was possibly due to fears of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a> which used the book extensively to support their theology. See <a href="/wiki/Revelation_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation of John">Revelation of John</a> for more details. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a> wrote his <a href="/wiki/Easter_letter" title="Easter letter">Easter letter</a> in 367 CE which defined a canon of 27 books, identical to the current canon, but also listed two works that were "not in the canon but to be read:" The Shepherd of Hermas and the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a>. Nevertheless, the early church leaders in the 3rd and 4th Centuries generally distinguished between canonical works and those that were not canonical but 'useful,' or 'good for teaching,' though never relegating any of the final 27 books to the latter category. One aim with establishing the canon was to capture only those works which were held to have been written by the Apostles, or their close associates, and as the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a> canon (ca. 150–175 CE) states concerning the Shepherd of Hermas:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <blockquote><p>...But Hermas wrote The Shepherd very recently, in our times, in the city of Rome, while bishop Pius, his brother, was occupying the chair of the church of the city of Rome. And therefore it ought indeed to be read; but it cannot be read publicly to the people in church either among the Prophets, whose number is complete, or among the Apostles, for it is after their time.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_collections">Published collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Published collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Cumberlege, Geoffrey (1926) [1895]. <i>The Apocrypha: translated out of the Greek and Latin tongues: being the version set forth A.D. 1611 compared with the most ancient authorities and revised A.D. 1894</i> (reprint ed.). Oxford: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocrypha%3A+translated+out+of+the+Greek+and+Latin+tongues%3A+being+the+version+set+forth+A.D.+1611+compared+with+the+most+ancient+authorities+and+revised+A.D.+1894.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Cumberlege&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michel, Charles; Peeters, Paul (1924) [1911]. <i>Évangiles Apocryphes</i> (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris: A. Picard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89vangiles+Apocryphes&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=A.+Picard&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Peeters%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">James, Montague Rhodes (1953) [1924]. <i>The Apocryphal New Testament</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocryphal+New+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Montague+Rhodes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González-Blanco, Edmundo, ed. (1934). <i>Los Evangelio Apócrifos</i> (in Spanish). Vol. 3 vols. Madrid: Bergua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Evangelio+Ap%C3%B3crifos&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Bergua&rft.date=1934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonaccorsi, Giuseppe, ed. (1948). <i>Vangeli apocrifi</i> (in Italian). Florence: Libreria Editrice Fiorentina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vangeli+apocrifi&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Fiorentina&rft.date=1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aurelio de Santos Otero, ed. (1956). <i>Los Evangelios Apócrifos: Colección de textos griegos y latinos, versión crítica, estudios introductorios y comentarios</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Christianos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Evangelios+Ap%C3%B3crifos%3A+Colecci%C3%B3n+de+textos+griegos+y+latinos%2C+versi%C3%B3n+cr%C3%ADtica%2C+estudios+introductorios+y+comentarios&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Biblioteca+de+Autores+Christianos&rft.date=1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kekeliże, Korneli, ed. (1959). <i>Kartuli versiebi aṗoḳripebis mocikulta šesaxeb</i> [<i>Georgian Versions of the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles</i>]. Tbilisi: Sakartvelos SSR mecnierebata akademiis gamomcemloba.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kartuli+versiebi+a%E1%B9%97o%E1%B8%B3ripebis+mocikulta+%C5%A1esaxeb&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Sakartvelos+SSR+mecnierebata+akademiis+gamomcemloba&rft.date=1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moraldi, Luigi, ed. (1994) [1971]. <i>Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento</i> (in Italian). Translated by Moraldi, Luigi (2nd ed.). Turin: Unione tipografico-editrice torinese.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocrifi+del+Nuovo+Testamento&rft.place=Turin&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Unione+tipografico-editrice+torinese&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Robinson, James M. (1977). <i>The Nag Hammadi Library in English</i>. San Francisco: Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nag+Hammadi+Library+in+English&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erbetta, Mario, ed. (1966–1981). <i>Gli Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento</i> (in Italian). Vol. 3 vols. Translated by Erbetta, Mario. Turin: Marietti.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+Apocrifi+del+Nuovo+Testamento&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Marietti&rft.date=1966%2F1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aurelio de Santos Otero (1978–1981). <i>Die handschriftliche Überlieferung der altslavischen Apokryphen</i> (in German). Vol. 2 vols. Berlin: De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+handschriftliche+%C3%9Cberlieferung+der+altslavischen+Apokryphen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1978%2F1981&rft.au=Aurelio+de+Santos+Otero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Máire; McNamara, Martin (1989). <i>Irish Biblical Apocrypha: Selected Texts in Translation</i>. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Biblical+Apocrypha%3A+Selected+Texts+in+Translation&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ire&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Elliott, J. K. (1993). <i>Apocryphal New Testament</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocryphal+New+Testament&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bovon, François; Geoltrain, Pierre; Kaestli, Jean-Daniel, eds. (1997–2005). <i>Écrits apocryphes chrétiens</i> (in French). Paris: Gallimard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89crits+apocryphes+chr%C3%A9tiens&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1997%2F2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D.; Pleše, Zlatko (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199732104"><i>The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations</i></a></span>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973210-4"><bdi>978-0-19-973210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocryphal+Gospels%3A+Texts+and+Translations&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973210-4&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft.au=Ple%C5%A1e%2C+Zlatko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780199732104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Markschies, Christoph; Schröter, Jens, eds. (2012). <i>Antike christliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung</i> (in German). Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antike+christliche+Apokryphen+in+deutscher+%C3%9Cbersetzung&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burke, Tony; Landau, Brent, eds. (2016). <i>New Testament apocrypha: More noncanonical scriptures</i>. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids. MI: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7289-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7289-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-7289-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+apocrypha%3A+More+noncanonical+scriptures&rft.place=Grand+Rapids.+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7289-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burke, Tony, ed. (2020). <i>New Testament apocrypha: More noncanonical scriptures</i>. Vol. 2. Grand Rapids. MI: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7290-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7290-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-7290-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+apocrypha%3A+More+noncanonical+scriptures&rft.place=Grand+Rapids.+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7290-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burke, Tony, ed. (2023). <i>New Testament apocrypha: More noncanonical scriptures</i>. Vol. 3. Grand Rapids. MI: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7793-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7793-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-7793-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+apocrypha%3A+More+noncanonical+scriptures&rft.place=Grand+Rapids.+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7793-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Authorship of the Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Books of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Christian_writers" title="List of early Christian writers">List of early Christian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List of Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Q_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Q document">Q document</a>, a hypothetical document underlying much of the text of the canonical gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2017" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Joseph F. (2017-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2DNpDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT146"><i>The World of the Early Christians</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-8379-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-8379-8"><bdi>978-0-8146-8379-8</bdi></a>. <q>There are both Old and New Testament Apocrypha [singular: Apocryphon],</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Early+Christians&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-8379-8&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2DNpDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Liere2014" class="citation book cs1">Van Liere, Frans (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dwd-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>An Introduction to the Medieval Bible</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521865784" title="Special:BookSources/9780521865784"><bdi>9780521865784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Medieval+Bible&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780521865784&rft.aulast=Van+Liere&rft.aufirst=Frans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwd-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman2003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman2003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHDNe8KmMAIC&pg=PA230"><i>Lost Christianities: Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 230–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199756681" title="Special:BookSources/9780199756681"><bdi>9780199756681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780199756681&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHDNe8KmMAIC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/apocrypha">"Apocrypha – Definition"</a>. <i>merriam-webster.com</i>. 23 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Apocrypha+%E2%80%93+Definition&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fapocrypha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=apocrypha">"apocrypha | Search Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=apocrypha+%7C+Search+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3Dapocrypha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth1985" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H (1985). <i>Old Testament Pseudepigrapha</i>. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. p. 2257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-489-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-489-1"><bdi>978-1-59856-489-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Pseudepigrapha&rft.place=Peabody%2C+MA&rft.pages=2257&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-59856-489-1&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ntcanon1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ntcanon1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ntcanon1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ntcanon1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Peshitta.shtml">Peshitta</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theologicalperspectives.com/RELIABILITY4.html">Reliability</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008124635/http://www.theologicalperspectives.com/RELIABILITY4.html">Archived</a> October 8, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apocryphalnewte00wakegoog"><i>The apocryphal New Testament, being all the gospels, epistles, and other pieces now extant</i></a>. London, W. Hone. 1820.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+apocryphal+New+Testament%2C+being+all+the+gospels%2C+epistles%2C+and+other+pieces+now+extant&rft.pub=London%2C+W.+Hone&rft.date=1820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapocryphalnewte00wakegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08.vii.i.html">ANF08...Apocrypha of the New Testament.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James McConkey Robinson, Christoph Heil, Jozef Verheyden, <i>The Sayings Gospel Q: Collected Essays</i>, Leuven, Peeters 2005, p. 279 "Not only has a third, fourth, fifth, and sixth edition of the standard German work by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Hennecke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar Hennecke (page does not exist)">Edgar Hennecke</a> and Wilhelm Schneemelcher prepared under the editorship of Schneemelcher appeared, but independent editions are being produced ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Testament Apocrypha</i>, Vol. 1: <i>Gospels and Related Writings</i> (1990), Vol. 2: <i>Writings Relating to the Apostles Apocalypses and Related Subjects</i> (1992), Westminster John Knox Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen J. Patterson, James McConkey Robinson, Hans-Gebhard Bethge, <i>The fifth Gospel: the Gospel of Thomas comes of age</i>. 1998. pg. 105. quote: "The current edition of Wilhelm Schneemelcher's standard New Testament Apocrypha contains eleven Nag Hammadi tractates."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2009" class="citation book cs1">Cook, William R. (2009). <i>The Catholic Church: A History</i>. Chantilly, VA: The Teaching Company. pp. Lecture 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598035964" title="Special:BookSources/9781598035964"><bdi>9781598035964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church%3A+A+History&rft.place=Chantilly%2C+VA&rft.pages=Lecture+3&rft.pub=The+Teaching+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781598035964&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott20053-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott20053_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott2005">Elliott 2005</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPleše2011199-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPleše2011199_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrmanPleše2011">Ehrman & Pleše 2011</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVielhauerStrecker1991134–78-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVielhauerStrecker1991134–78_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVielhauerStrecker1991">Vielhauer & Strecker 1991</a>, pp. 134–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig A. Evans</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon,_E_J1893" class="citation journal cs1">Dillon, E J (June 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/0717538cef4eff5b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=729">"The Primitive Gospel"</a>. <i>The Contemporary Review</i>. <b>63</b>. London: 857–870.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=The+Primitive+Gospel&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=857-870&rft.date=1893-06&rft.au=Dillon%2C+E+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F0717538cef4eff5b%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm_SchneemelcherR._Mcl._Wilson1990" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm Schneemelcher; R. Mcl. Wilson, eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDW0PeFSvGEC&dq=%22gospel+of+Apelles%22&pg=PA399"><i>New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1: Gospels and Related Writings</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664227210" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664227210"><bdi>978-0664227210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Apocrypha%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Gospels+and+Related+Writings&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0664227210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDW0PeFSvGEC%26dq%3D%2522gospel%2Bof%2BApelles%2522%26pg%3DPA399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span> Section G4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_McLachlan_WilsonWilhelm_Schneemelcher2003" class="citation book cs1">Robert McLachlan Wilson; Wilhelm Schneemelcher, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDW0PeFSvGEC"><i>New Testament Apocrypha, Volume 1, Revised Edition</i></a>. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. p. 400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664227210" title="Special:BookSources/9780664227210"><bdi>9780664227210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Apocrypha%2C+Volume+1%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780664227210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDW0PeFSvGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p.396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrman, <i>Lost Scriptures</i> pp. 2, 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Muratorian Fragment : 74–76</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23962351">"A Fragment of the Acta Pilati in Christian Palestinian Aramaic"</a>. <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 157–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2FXXII.I.157">10.1093/jts/XXII.I.157</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23962351">23962351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Fragment+of+the+Acta+Pilati+in+Christian+Palestinian+Aramaic&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-159&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2FXXII.I.157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23962351%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23962351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QNZmOVXAN00C">"A Syriac Version of the Letters of Lentulus and Pilate"</a>. <i>Orientalia Christiana Periodica</i>. <b>35</b>: 45–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia+Christiana+Periodica&rft.atitle=A+Syriac+Version+of+the+Letters+of+Lentulus+and+Pilate&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=45-62&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQNZmOVXAN00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Cameron_(biblical_scholar)" title="Ron Cameron (biblical scholar)">Cameron, Ron</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oVJsLiQitO4C&q=Cameron+The+Gospel+of+the+Hebrews"><i>The Other Gospels: Non-Canonical Gospel Texts</i></a>. Westminster/John Knox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24428-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24428-6"><bdi>978-0-664-24428-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Gospels%3A+Non-Canonical+Gospel+Texts&rft.pub=Westminster%2FJohn+Knox&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-664-24428-6&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoVJsLiQitO4C%26q%3DCameron%2BThe%2BGospel%2Bof%2Bthe%2BHebrews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrmanPleše2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a>; Pleše, Zlatko (2011). "The Jewish Christian Gospels". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199732104"><i>The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199732104/page/197">197</a>–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973210-4"><bdi>978-0-19-973210-4</bdi></a>. <q>216.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Christian+Gospels&rft.btitle=The+Apocryphal+Gospels%3A+Texts+and+Translations&rft.pages=197-216&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973210-4&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft.au=Ple%C5%A1e%2C+Zlatko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780199732104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2005" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, James Keith (2005) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vNTo0m08nkC"><i>The Apocryphal New Testament</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826181-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826181-0"><bdi>978-0-19-826181-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocryphal+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826181-0&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=James+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vNTo0m08nkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlarbLührmann2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schlarb, Egbert; Lührmann, Dieter (2000). "Hebräerevangelium". <i>Fragmente apokryph gewordener Evangelien in griechischer und lateinischer Sprache</i> (in German). N.G. Elwert Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7708-1144-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7708-1144-1"><bdi>978-3-7708-1144-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6868179M">6868179M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hebr%C3%A4erevangelium&rft.btitle=Fragmente+apokryph+gewordener+Evangelien+in+griechischer+und+lateinischer+Sprache&rft.pub=N.G.+Elwert+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6868179M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-3-7708-1144-1&rft.aulast=Schlarb&rft.aufirst=Egbert&rft.au=L%C3%BChrmann%2C+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVielhauerStrecker1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Vielhauer" title="Philipp Vielhauer">Vielhauer, Philipp</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Strecker" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Strecker">Strecker, Georg</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1991). <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schneemelcher" title="Wilhelm Schneemelcher">Schneemelcher, Wilhelm</a>; Wilson, Robert McLachlan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDW0PeFSvGEC&q=Schneemelcher,+Wilhelm.+English+translation+%281991%29+New+Testament+Apocrypha,+Vol.+1"><i>New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and Related Writings Volume 1</i></a> (2 ed.). John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22721-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22721-X"><bdi>0-664-22721-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Apocrypha%3A+Gospels+and+Related+Writings+Volume+1&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-664-22721-X&rft.aulast=Vielhauer&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Strecker%2C+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDW0PeFSvGEC%26q%3DSchneemelcher%2C%2BWilhelm.%2BEnglish%2Btranslation%2B%25281991%2529%2BNew%2BTestament%2BApocrypha%2C%2BVol.%2B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span> (6th German edition, translated by George Ogg)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamauchi1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Yamauchi" title="Edwin M. Yamauchi">Yamauchi, Edwin M.</a> (1979). "Apocryphal Gospels". In <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Bromiley, Geoffrey W.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC&q=Bromiley+dictionary+apocrypha+gospel+hebrews"><i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A–D Volume 1</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 181–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-3781-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocryphal+Gospels&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+A%E2%80%93D+Volume+1&rft.pages=181-88&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3781-3&rft.aulast=Yamauchi&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwo8csizDv0gC%26q%3DBromiley%2Bdictionary%2Bapocrypha%2Bgospel%2Bhebrews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+apocrypha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_apocrypha&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050315094026/http://www.comparative-religion.com/christianity/apocrypha/">New Testament Apocrypha texts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com">New Testament Apocrypha resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01601a.htm">New Testament Apocrypha histories</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainman.com.au/essenes/Author_Gnostic_Gospels_and_Acts_Index.htm">New Testament Apocrypha</a> - Tabulation includes Gnostic Gospels (23) and Gnostic Acts (29), linked to English translations.</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Apocryphal+Acts+of+Paul,+Peter,+John,+Andrew+and+Thomas&author=PICK&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Apocryphal Acts of Paul, Peter, John, Andrew and Thomas</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div 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