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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human toxicity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acute_health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Acute health effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symptoms_of_acute_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms_of_acute_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Symptoms of acute exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptoms_of_acute_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_of_acute_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_of_acute_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Frequency of acute exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_of_acute_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourist_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourist_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Tourist deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourist_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Long term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Adulthood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chlorpyrifos_methyl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chlorpyrifos_methyl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Chlorpyrifos methyl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chlorpyrifos_methyl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanisms_of_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanisms_of_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Mechanisms of toxicity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanisms_of_toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mechanisms of toxicity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms_of_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acetylcholine_neurotransmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acetylcholine_neurotransmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Acetylcholine neurotransmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acetylcholine_neurotransmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-cholinesterase_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-cholinesterase_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Non-cholinesterase mechanisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-cholinesterase_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraoxonase_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraoxonase_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Paraoxonase activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraoxonase_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_exposures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_exposures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Combined exposures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_exposures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Human exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Effects on wildlife </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_wildlife-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects on wildlife subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aquatic_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Aquatic life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Regulation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regulation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 International law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 National regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1.1 Residue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1.2 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reporting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reporting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1.3 Reporting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reporting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1.4 Occupational exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1.5 State laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3 Denmark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.4 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.5 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.6 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.7 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.8 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Manufacture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chlorpyrifos</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كلوربيريفوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلوربيريفوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorpirif%C3%B2s" title="Clorpirifòs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clorpirifòs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chlorpyrifos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chlorpyrifos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorpirif%C3%B3s" title="Clorpirifós – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clorpirifós" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpyriphos-%C3%A9thyl" title="Chlorpyriphos-éthyl – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chlorpyriphos-éthyl" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="क्लोरपाइरिफोस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्लोरपाइरिफोस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorpirifos" title="Clorpirifos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clorpirifos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorpirifos" title="Klorpirifos – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klorpirifos" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്ലോർപൈറിഫോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലോർപൈറിഫോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloorpyrifos" title="Chloorpyrifos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chloorpyrifos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B9" title="クロルピリホス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロルピリホス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorpirif%C3%B3s" title="Clorpirifós – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clorpirifós" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Хлорпирифос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хлорпирифос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlorpirifos" title="Hlorpirifos – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hlorpirifos" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlorpirifos" title="Hlorpirifos – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hlorpirifos" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorpyrifossi" title="Klorpyrifossi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Klorpyrifossi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorpyrifos" title="Klorpyrifos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klorpyrifos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Хлорпірифос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хлорпірифос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E6%AD%BB%E8%9C%B1" title="毒死蜱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毒死蜱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q414915#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chlorpyrifos" rel="discussion" 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You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chlorpyrifos" title="Talk:Chlorpyrifos">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate. (August 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Chlorpyrifos </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorpyrifos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chlorpyrifos.svg/220px-Chlorpyrifos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chlorpyrifos.svg/330px-Chlorpyrifos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chlorpyrifos.svg/440px-Chlorpyrifos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="160" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorpyrifos-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chlorpyrifos-3D-vdW.png/220px-Chlorpyrifos-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chlorpyrifos-3D-vdW.png/330px-Chlorpyrifos-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chlorpyrifos-3D-vdW.png/440px-Chlorpyrifos-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="732" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">O,O-Diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) phosphorothioate</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Brodan, Bolton insecticide, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cobalt, Detmol UA, Dowco 179, Dursban, Empire, Eradex, Hatchet, Lorsban, Nufos, Paqeant, Piridane, Scout, Stipend, Tricel, Warhawk, others<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2921-88-2">2921-88-2</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Clc1c%28OP%28%3DS%29%28OCC%29OCC%29nc%28Cl%29c%28Cl%29c1">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=34631">CHEBI:34631</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL463210">ChEMBL463210</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2629.html">2629</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.018.969">100.018.969</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414915#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D07688">D07688</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2730">2730</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/JCS58I644W">JCS58I644W</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4020458">DTXSID4020458</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414915#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C9H11Cl3NO3PS/c1-3-14-17(18,15-4-2)16-9-7(11)5-6(10)8(12)13-9/h5H,3-4H2,1-2H3 <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/C9H11Cl3NO3PS/c1-3-14-17(18,15-4-2)16-9-7(11)5-6(10)8(12)13-9/h5H,3-4H2,1-2H3</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYAG</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Clc1c(OP(=S)(OCC)OCC)nc(Cl)c(Cl)c1</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>C9H11Cl3NO3PS </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>350.57 g·mol−1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Colorless crystals<a href="#cite_note-agrochemicals-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercaptan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercaptan">Mercaptan</a>-like<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.398 g/cm3 (43.5 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>43 °C (109 °F; 316 K)<a href="#cite_note-hand-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>160 °C; 320 °F; 433 K (decomposes)<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>2 mg/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">log P</a> </td> <td>4.96 (octanol/water)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> (OHS/OSH): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main hazards</div> </td> <td>acute toxic, environmental hazard, combustible, reacts strongly with amines, strong acids, caustics<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>none<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>TWA 0.2 mg/m3 ST 0.6 mg/m3 [skin]<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>N.D.<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=443520001&page2=Chlorpyrifos">verify</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Chlorpyrifos (CPS), also known as chlorpyrifos ethyl, is an <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate_pesticide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphate pesticide">organophosphate pesticide</a> that has been used on crops, and animals in buildings, and in other settings, to kill several <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, including insects and worms. It acts on the nervous systems of insects by <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IRAC-MoA-2020-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sparks-et-al-2020-7">[7]</a> Chlorpyrifos was patented in 1966 by <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company" title="Dow Chemical Company">Dow Chemical Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Chlorpyrifos is considered moderately hazardous to humans (Class II) by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> based on acute toxicity information dating to 1999.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Exposure surpassing recommended levels has been linked to neurological effects, persistent developmental disorders, and <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune disorder">autoimmune disorders</a>. Exposure during pregnancy may harm the mental development of children.<a href="#cite_note-sa-10">[10]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the use of chlorpyrifos was banned as of 1 April 2016 (with one minor exception).<a href="#cite_note-Grainews-11">[11]</a> As of 2020, chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl were banned throughout the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, where they may no longer be used. <a href="#cite_note-Eurofins-12">[12]</a> The EU also applied to have chlorpyrifos listed as a persistent organic pollutant under the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meshkat-13">[13]</a> As of August 18, 2021, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a ban on the use of chlorpyrifos on food crops in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Trager-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romo-16">[16]</a> Most home uses of chlorpyrifos had already been banned in the U.S. and Canada since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-sa-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canada-17">[17]</a> It is banned in several other countries and jurisdictions as well. The chlorpyrifos ban on food crops is the result of a 1999 lawsuit filed by NRDC to force the EPA to take action on the riskiest pesticides, as well as five additional successful court orders obtained by Earthjustice to force the EPA to take action on a 2007 petition to ban chlorpyrifos filed by <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_Action_Network" title="Pesticide Action Network">Pesticide Action Network</a> of North America (PANNA).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synthesis">edit</a>]</div> The industrial synthesis of chlorpyrifos (3) is made by reacting <a href="/wiki/3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol" class="mw-redirect" title="3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol">3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol</a> (TCPy) (1) with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethyl_phosphorochloridothioate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diethyl phosphorochloridothioate (page does not exist)">O,O-diethyl phosphorochloridothioate</a> (2):<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrial_synthesis_of_chlorpyrifos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Industrial synthesis of chlorpyrifos"><img alt="Industrial synthesis of chlorpyrifos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Industrial_synthesis_of_chlorpyrifos.svg/660px-Industrial_synthesis_of_chlorpyrifos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Industrial_synthesis_of_chlorpyrifos.svg/990px-Industrial_synthesis_of_chlorpyrifos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Industrial_synthesis_of_chlorpyrifos.svg/1320px-Industrial_synthesis_of_chlorpyrifos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Industrial synthesis of chlorpyrifos</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorpyrifos_USA_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chlorpyrifos_USA_2011.png/220px-Chlorpyrifos_USA_2011.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chlorpyrifos_USA_2011.png/330px-Chlorpyrifos_USA_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chlorpyrifos_USA_2011.png/440px-Chlorpyrifos_USA_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>Use in the USA</figcaption></figure> Chlorpyrifos was used in about 100 countries around the world to control insects in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings.<a href="#cite_note-sf-20">[20]</a> Its use in residential applications is restricted in multiple countries. According to Dow, chlorpyrifos is registered for use in nearly 100 countries and is annually applied to approximately 8.5 million crop acres.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The crops with the most usefulness include <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>, and fruit trees, including oranges, bananas, and apples.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Chlorpyrifos was first registered for use in the United States in 1965 for the control of <a href="/wiki/Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliage">foliage</a> and soil-born insects.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> The chemical became widely used in residential settings, on golf course turf, as a structural termite control agent, and in agriculture. Most residential use of chlorpyrifos has been phased out in the United States; however, agricultural use remains common.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> EPA estimated that, between 1987 and 1998, about 21 million pounds of chlorpyrifos were used annually in the US.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> In 2001, chlorpyrifos ranked 15th among pesticides used in the United States, with an estimated 8 to 11 million pounds applied. In 2007, it ranked 14th among pesticide ingredients used in agriculture in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application">Application</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Application">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos is normally supplied as a 23.5% or 50% liquid concentrate. The recommended concentration for direct-spray pin point application is 0.5% and for wide area application a 0.03–0.12% mix is recommended (US).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinetics">Kinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kinetics">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos <a href="/wiki/Toxicokinetics" title="Toxicokinetics">enters insects</a> through several routes. Simon et al. 1998<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> report that insects are exposed to chlorpyrifos through ingesting treated <a href="/wiki/Insect_herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect herbivory">food plants</a>. They also found it to enter through <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_membrane" title="Biological membrane">membranes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory system (insect)">respiratory system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chishti-et-al-2013-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action">edit</a>]</div> Like other <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate_pesticide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphate pesticide">organophosphate pesticides</a> chlorpyrifos acts by <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">acetylcholinesterase inhibition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IRAC-MoA-2020-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sparks-et-al-2020-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_toxicity">Human toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Human toxicity">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos exposure may lead to <a href="/wiki/Acute_toxicity" title="Acute toxicity">acute toxicity</a> at higher doses. <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">Persistent health effects</a> follow acute poisoning or from long-term exposure to low doses, and <a href="/wiki/Developmental" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental">developmental</a> effects appear in <a href="/wiki/Fetuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetuses">fetuses</a> and children even at very small doses.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute_health_effects">Acute health effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Acute health effects">edit</a>]</div> For acute effects, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> classifies chlorpyrifos as Class II: moderately hazardous.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The oral <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD50</a> in experimental animals is 32 to 1000 mg/kg. The dermal LD50 in rats is greater than 2000 mg/kg and 1000 to 2000 mg/kg in rabbits. The 4-hour inhalation of LC50 for chlorpyrifos in rats is greater than 200 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Symptoms_of_acute_exposure">Symptoms of acute exposure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symptoms of acute exposure">edit</a>]</div> Acute poisoning results mainly from interference with the <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmission" title="Neurotransmission">neurotransmission</a> pathway, leading to a range of <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromuscular">neuromuscular</a> symptoms. Relatively mild poisoning can result in eye-watering, increased saliva and sweating, nausea, and headache. Intermediate exposure may lead to muscle spasms or weakness, vomiting, or diarrhea, and impaired vision. Symptoms of severe poisoning include seizures, unconsciousness, paralysis, and suffocation from lung failure.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen2009-32">[32]</a> Children are more likely to experience muscle weakness rather than twitching; excessive saliva rather than sweat or tears; seizures; and sleepiness or coma.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen2009-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frequency_of_acute_exposure">Frequency of acute exposure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Frequency of acute exposure">edit</a>]</div> Acute poisoning is probably most common in agricultural areas in Asia, where many small farmers are affected.<a href="#cite_note-Eddleston2000-33">[33]</a> Poisoning may be due to occupational or accidental exposure or intentional self-harm. Precise numbers of chlorpyrifos poisonings globally are not available.<a href="#cite_note-Gunnell2007-34">[34]</a> Pesticides are used in an estimated 200,000+ suicides annually with tens of thousands due to chlorpyrifos. Organophosphates are thought to constitute two-thirds of ingested pesticides in rural Asia. Chlorpyrifos is among the commonly used pesticides used for self-harm.<a href="#cite_note-Eddleston2000-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunnell2007-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In the US, the number of incidents of chlorpyrifos exposure reported to the US <a href="/wiki/National_Pesticide_Information_Center" title="National Pesticide Information Center">National Pesticide Information Center</a> shrank sharply from over 200 in the year 2000 to less than 50 in 2003, following the residential ban.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treatment">Treatment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> Poisoning is treated with <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a> and simultaneously with <a href="/wiki/Oxime" title="Oxime">oximes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pralidoxime" title="Pralidoxime">pralidoxime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley2011-37">[37]</a> Atropine blocks <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> from binding with <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscarinic receptor">muscarinic receptors</a>, which reduces the pesticide's impact. However, atropine does not affect acetylcholine at <a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic receptor">nicotinic receptors</a> and thus is a partial treatment. Pralidoxime is intended to reactivate <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">acetylcholinesterase</a>, but the benefit of oxime treatment is questioned.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley2011-37">[37]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trial</a> (RCT) supported the use of higher doses of pralidoxime rather than lower doses.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> A subsequent double-blind RCT, that treated patients who self-poisoned, found no benefit of pralidoxime, including specifically in chlorpyrifos patients.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourist_deaths">Tourist deaths</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tourist deaths">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos poisoning was described by New Zealand scientists as the likely cause of death of several tourists in <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a>, Thailand who developed <a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">myocarditis</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Thai investigators came to no conclusion on the subject,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> but maintain that chlorpyrifos was not responsible and that the deaths were not linked.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_term">Long term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Long term">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development">Development</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> Epidemiological and experimental animal studies suggest that infants and children are more susceptible than adults to the effects of low-dose exposure.<a href="#cite_note-Flaskos2012-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timofeeva2010-46">[46]</a> Chlorpyrifos has been suggested to have negative impacts on cognitive functions in the developing brain.<a href="#cite_note-:1-47">[47]</a> The young have a decreased capacity to detoxify chlorpyrifos and its <a href="/wiki/Metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolites">metabolites</a>. It is suggested that adolescents differ from adults in the metabolism of these compounds due to the maturation of organs in adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> This results in disruption in nervous system developmental processes, as observed in animal experiments.<a href="#cite_note-Flaskos2012-45">[45]</a> There are several studies observed in animals that show that chlorpyrifos alters the expression of essential genes that assist in the development of the brain.<a href="#cite_note-:1-47">[47]</a> Human studies: In multiple <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiological</a> studies, chlorpyrifos exposure during gestation or childhood has been linked with lower <a href="/wiki/Birth_weight" title="Birth weight">birth weight</a> and neurological changes such as slower motor development and attention problems.<a href="#cite_note-Timofeeva2010-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Children with prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos have been shown to have lower IQs.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> They have also been shown to have a higher chance of developing autism, attention deficit problems, and developmental disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Rauh_2011_1196–1201-51">[51]</a> A cohort of 7-year-old children was studied for neurological damage from prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos. The study determined that the exposed children had deficits in working memory and full scale intelligence quotient (IQ).<a href="#cite_note-Rauh_2011_1196–1201-51">[51]</a> In a study on groups of Chinese infants, those exposed to chlorpyrifos showed significant decreases in motor functions such as reflexes, locomotion, and grasping at 9 months compared to those not exposed.<a href="#cite_note-:2-52">[52]</a> Exposure to organophosphate pesticides in general has been increasingly associated with changes in children's cognitive, behavioral and motor performance.<a href="#cite_note-Muñoz-Quezada2013-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-NeuroToxicology_26_(2005)_573–587-54">[54]</a> Infant girls were shown to be more susceptible to harmful effects from organophosphate insecticides than infant boys.<a href="#cite_note-:2-52">[52]</a> Animal experiments: In experiments with rats, early, short-term low-dose exposure to chlorpyrifos resulted in lasting neurological changes, with larger effects on emotional processing and cognition than on motor skills.<a href="#cite_note-Timofeeva2010-46">[46]</a> Such rats exhibited behaviors consistent with depression and reduced <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Timofeeva2010-46">[46]</a> In rats, low-level exposure during development has its greatest neurotoxic effects during the period in which <a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation" title="Sexual differentiation">sex differences</a> in the brain develop. Exposure leads to reductions or reversals of normal gender differences.<a href="#cite_note-Connors2008-55">[55]</a> Exposure to low levels of chlorpyrifos early in rat life or as adults also affects metabolism and body weight.<a href="#cite_note-Slotkin2011-56">[56]</a> These rats show increased body weight as well as changes in liver function and chemical indicators similar to prediabetes, likely associated with changes to the <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cyclic AMP</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-Slotkin2011-56">[56]</a> Moreover, experiments with zebrafish showed significant detriments to survivability, reproductive processes, and motor function. Varying doses created a 30%–100% mortality rate of embryos after 90 days. Embryos were shown to have decreased mitosis, resulting in mortality or developmental dysfunctions. In the experiments where embryos did survive, spinal <a href="/wiki/Lordosis" title="Lordosis">lordosis</a> and lower motor functions were observed. The same study showed that chlorpyrifos had more severe morphological deformities and mortality in embryos than <a href="/wiki/Diazinon" title="Diazinon">diazinon</a>, another commonly used organophosphate insecticide.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adulthood">edit</a>]</div> Adults may develop lingering health effects following acute exposure or repeated low-dose exposure. Among agricultural workers, chlorpyrifos has been associated with slightly increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Wheeze" title="Wheeze">wheeze</a>, a whistling sound while breathing due to obstruction of the airways.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Among 50 farm pesticides studied, chlorpyrifos was associated with higher risks of lung cancer among frequent pesticide applicators than among infrequent or non-users. Pesticide applicators as a whole were found to have a 50% lower cancer risk than the general public, likely due to their nearly 50% lower smoking rate. However, chlorpyrifos applicators had a 15% lower cancer risk than the general public, which the study suggests indicates a link between chlorpyrifos application and lung cancer.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Twelve people who had been exposed to chlorpyrifos were studied over periods of 1 to 4.5 years. They were found to have a heightened immune responses to common allergens and increased antibiotic sensitivities, elevated CD26 cells, and a higher rate of autoimmunity, compared with control groups. Autoantibodies were directed toward smooth muscle, parietal cell, <a href="/wiki/Brush_border" title="Brush border">brush border</a>, thyroid gland, myelin, and the subjects also had more anti-nuclear antibodies.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chlorpyrifos_methyl">Chlorpyrifos methyl</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chlorpyrifos methyl">edit</a>]</div> The Dow Chemical Company also developed Chlorpyrifos methyl in 1966, which had a lower acute toxicity (WHO class III), but this appears to be no longer in commercial use. The molecule is similar to Chlorpyrifos ethyl, but with a O,O dimethyl chain. Proposed applications included <a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">vector control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BCPC-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_of_toxicity">Mechanisms of toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mechanisms of toxicity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acetylcholine_neurotransmission">Acetylcholine neurotransmission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Acetylcholine neurotransmission">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorpyrifos-oxon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chlorpyrifos-oxon.svg/220px-Chlorpyrifos-oxon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chlorpyrifos-oxon.svg/330px-Chlorpyrifos-oxon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chlorpyrifos-oxon.svg/440px-Chlorpyrifos-oxon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Structure of chlorpyrifos-oxon</figcaption></figure> Primarily, chlorpyrifos and other organophosphate pesticides interfere with signaling from the <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> acetylcholine.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen2009-32">[32]</a> One chlorpyrifos <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a>, chlorpyrifos-oxon, binds permanently to the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> acetylcholinesterase, preventing this enzyme from deactivating acetylcholine in the <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen2009-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flaskos2012-45">[45]</a> By irreversibly <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">inhibiting acetylcholinesterase</a>, chlorpyrifos leads to a build-up of acetylcholine between <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> and a stronger, longer-lasting signal to the next neuron. Only when new molecules of acetylcholinesterase have been synthesized can normal function return. Acute symptoms of chlorpyrifos poisoning only occur when more than 70% of acetylcholinesterase molecules are inhibited.<a href="#cite_note-Connors2008-55">[55]</a> This mechanism is well established for acute chlorpyrifos poisoning and also some lower-dose health impacts. It is also the primary insecticidal mechanism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-cholinesterase_mechanisms">Non-cholinesterase mechanisms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Non-cholinesterase mechanisms">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos may affect other neurotransmitters, enzymes and cell signaling pathways, potentially at doses below those that substantially inhibit acetylcholinesterase. The extent of and mechanisms for these effects remain to be fully characterized.<a href="#cite_note-Costa2006-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slotkin2004-64">[64]</a> Laboratory experiments in rats and cell cultures suggest that exposure to low doses of chlorpyrifos may alter <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> signaling and increase rat symptoms of depression; change the expression or activity of several <a href="/wiki/Serine_hydrolase" title="Serine hydrolase">serine hydrolase</a> enzymes, including <a href="/wiki/Neuropathy_target_esterase" title="Neuropathy target esterase">neuropathy target esterase</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocannabinoid">endocannabinoid</a> enzymes; affect components of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_AMP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic AMP">cyclic AMP</a> system; and influence other chemical pathways.<a href="#cite_note-Connors2008-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slotkin2004-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Casida2008-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eaton2008-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraoxonase_activity">Paraoxonase activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Paraoxonase activity">edit</a>]</div> The enzyme <a href="/wiki/Paraoxonase_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraoxonase 1">paraoxonase 1</a> (PON1) detoxifies chlorpyrifos oxon, the more toxic metabolite of chlorpyrifos, via <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyze" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyze">hydrolysis</a>. In laboratory animals, additional PON1 protects against chlorpyrifos toxicity while individuals that do not produce PON1 are particularly susceptible.<a href="#cite_note-Costa2012-67">[67]</a> In humans, studies about the effect of PON1 activity on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos and other organophosphates are mixed, with modest yet inconclusive evidence that higher levels of PON1 activity may protect against chlorpyrifos exposure in adults; PON1 activity may be most likely to offer protection from low-level chronic doses.<a href="#cite_note-Costa2012-67">[67]</a> Human populations have <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">genetic variation</a> in the sequence of PON1 and its <a href="/wiki/Promoter_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter region">promoter region</a> that may influence the effectiveness of PON1 at detoxifying chlorpyrifos oxon and the amount of PON1 available to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Costa2012-67">[67]</a> Some evidence indicates that children born to women with low PON1 may be particularly susceptible to chlorpyrifos exposure. Further, infants produce low levels of PON1 until six months to several years after birth, likely increasing the risk from chlorpyrifos exposure early in life.<a href="#cite_note-Costa2012-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_exposures">Combined exposures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Combined exposures">edit</a>]</div> Several studies have examined the effects of combined exposure to chlorpyrifos and other chemical agents, and these combined exposures can result in different effects during development. Female rats exposed first to <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a>, a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Premature_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature labor">premature labor</a>, for three days in utero and then to low levels of chlorpyrifos for four days after birth experienced additional damage to the acetylcholine system upstream of the synapse that was not observed with either exposure alone.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In both male and female rats, combined exposures to dexamethasone and chlorpyrifos decreased serotonin turnover in the synapse, for female rats with a greater-than-additive result.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Rats that were co-exposed to dexamethasone and chlorpyrifos also exhibited complex behavioral differences from exposure to either chemical alone, including lessening or reversing normal sex differences in behavior.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In the lab, in rats and neural cells co-exposed to both <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> and chlorpyrifos, nicotine appears to protect against chlorpyrifos acetylcholinesterase inhibition and reduce its effects on neurodevelopment.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2010-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In at least one study, nicotine appeared to enhance chlorpyrifos detoxification.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2010-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_exposure">Human exposure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Human exposure">edit</a>]</div> In 2011, EPA estimated that, in the general US population, people consume 0.009 micrograms of chlorpyrifos per kilogram of their body weight per day directly from food residue.<a href="#cite_note-EPA2011-74">[74]</a> Children are estimated to consume a greater quantity of chlorpyrifos per unit of body weight from food residue, with toddlers the highest at 0.025 micrograms of chlorpyrifos per kilogram of their body weight per day. People may also ingest chlorpyrifos from drinking water or from residue in food handling establishments. The EPA's <a href="/wiki/Reference_dose" title="Reference dose">acceptable daily dose</a> is 0.3 micrograms/kg/day.<a href="#cite_note-EPA2011-74">[74]</a> However, as of 2016, EPA scientists had not been able to find any level of exposure to the pesticide that was safe.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-75">[75]</a> The EPA 2016 report states in part "... this assessment indicates that dietary risks from food alone are of concern ..." The report also states that previous published risk assessments for "chlorpyrifos may not provide a sufficiently health protective human health risk assessment given the potential for neurodevelopmental outcomes."<a href="#cite_note-EPA-HQ-OPP-2015-0653-76">[76]</a> Humans can be exposed to chlorpyrifos by way of ingestion (e.g., residue on treated produce, drinking water), inhalation (especially of indoor air), or absorption (i.e., through the skin). However, compared to other organophosphates, chlorpyrifos degrades relatively quickly once released into the environment. According to the National Institutes of Health, the half-life for chlorpyrifos (i.e., the period of time that it takes for the active amount of the chemical to decrease by 50%) "can typically range from 33–56 days for soil incorporated applications and 7–15 days for surface applications"; in water, the half-life is about 25 days, and in the air, the half-life can range from four to ten days.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Children of agricultural workers are more likely to come into contact with chlorpyrifos. A study done in an agricultural community in Washington State showed that children who lived in closer proximity to farmlands had higher levels of chlorpyrifos residues from house dust.<a href="#cite_note-:3-78">[78]</a> Chlorpyrifos residues were also found on work boots and children's hands, showing that agricultural families could take home these residues from their jobs.<a href="#cite_note-:3-78">[78]</a> Urban and suburban children get most of their chlorpyrifos exposure from fruits and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> A study done in North Carolina on children's exposure showed that chlorpyrifos was detected in 50% of the food, dust, and air samples in both their homes and daycare, with the main route of exposure being through ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Certain other populations with higher likely exposure to chlorpyrifos, such as people who apply pesticides, work on farms, or live in agricultural communities, have been measured in the US to excrete TCPy in their urine at levels that are 5 to 10 times greater than levels in the general population.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> As of 2016, chlorpyrifos was the most used conventional insecticide in the US and was used in over 40 states; the top five states (in total pounds applied) are California, North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Texas. It was used on over 50 crops, with the top five crops (in total pounds applied) being soybeans, corn, alfalfa, oranges, and almonds. Additionally, crops with 30% or more of the crop treated (compared to total acres grown) include apples, asparagus, walnuts, table grapes, cherries, cauliflower, broccoli, and onions.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Air monitoring studies conducted by the <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> (CARB) documented chlorpyrifos in the air of California communities.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Analyses indicate that children living in areas of high chlorpyrifos use are often exposed to levels that exceed EPA dosages.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> A study done in Washington state using passive air samplers showed that households who lived less than 250 meters from a fruit tree field had higher levels of chlorpyrifos concentrations in the air than households that were further away.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Advocacy groups monitored air samples in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lindsay,_California" title="Lindsay, California">Lindsay, California</a>, in 2006 with comparable results.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Grower and pesticide industry groups argued that the air levels documented in these studies are not high enough to cause significant exposure or adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> A follow-up <a href="/wiki/Biomonitoring" title="Biomonitoring">biomonitoring</a> study in Lindsay also showed that people there display above-normal chlorpyrifos levels.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_wildlife">Effects on wildlife</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Effects on wildlife">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_life">Aquatic life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Aquatic life">edit</a>]</div> Among freshwater aquatic organisms, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and insects appear to be more sensitive to acute exposure than fish.<a href="#cite_note-Giddings2014-94">[94]</a> Aquatic insects and animals appear to absorb chlorpyrifos directly from water rather than ingesting it with their <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">diet</a> or through <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> exposure.<a href="#cite_note-Giddings2014-94">[94]</a> Concentrated chlorpyrifos released into rivers killed insects, shrimp and fish. In Britain, the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Roding" title="River Roding">Roding</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Sussex" title="River Ouse, Sussex">Ouse</a> (2001), Wey (2002 & 2003), and <a href="/wiki/River_Kennet" title="River Kennet">Kennet</a> (2013) all experienced insect, shrimp, or fish kills as a result of small releases of concentrated chlorpyrifos.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The July 2013 release along the River Kennet poisoned insect life and shrimp along 15 km of the river, likely from a half a cup of concentrated chlorpyrifos washed down a drain.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bees">Bees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bees">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></div> Acute exposure to chlorpyrifos can be toxic to <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a>, with an oral LD50 of 360 ng/bee and a contact LD50 of 70 ng/bee.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen2009-32">[32]</a> Guidelines for Washington state recommend that chlorpyrifos products should not be applied to flowering plants such as fruit trees within 4–6 days of blossoming to prevent bees from directly contacting the residue.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Risk assessments have primarily considered acute exposure, but more recently researchers have begun to investigate the effects of chronic, low-level exposure through <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_residue" title="Pesticide residue">residue</a> in pollen and components of bee hives.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-Bayo2014-98">[98]</a> A review of US studies, several European countries, Brazil and India found chlorpyrifos in nearly 15% of hive pollen samples and just over 20% of honey samples. Because of its high toxicity and prevalence in pollen and honey, bees are considered to have higher risk from chlorpyrifos exposure via their diet than from many other pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-Bayo2014-98">[98]</a> When exposed in the laboratory to chlorpyrifos at levels roughly estimated from measurements in hives, bee larvae experienced 60% mortality over 6 days, compared with 15% mortality in controls.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Adult bees exposed to sub-lethal effects of chlorpyrifos (0.46 ng/bee) exhibited altered behaviors: less walking; more grooming, particularly of the head; more difficulty righting themselves; and unusual abdominal spasms.<a href="#cite_note-Williamson2013-100">[100]</a> Chlorpyrifos oxon appears to particularly inhibit acetylcholinesterase in bee gut tissue as opposed to head tissue.<a href="#cite_note-Williamson2013-100">[100]</a> Other organophosphate pesticides impaired bee learning and memory of smells in the laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chlorpyrifos" title="Talk:Chlorpyrifos">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (June 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_law">International law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: International law">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos is not regulated under international law or treaty. Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_Action_Network" title="Pesticide Action Network">PANNA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">NRDC</a> state that chlorpyrifos meets the four criteria (persistence, <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a>, long-range transport, and toxicity) in Annex D of the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a> and should be restricted.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 2021, the European Union submitted a proposal to list chlorpyrifos in Annex A to the Stockholm Convention.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_regulations">National regulations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: National regulations">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos was used to control insect infestations of homes and commercial buildings in Europe until it was banned from sale in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Chlorpyrifos is restricted from <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termite</a> control in Singapore as of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> It was banned from residential use in South Africa as of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> It has been banned in the United Kingdom in 2016 apart from a limited use in drenching seedlings.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Chlorpyrifos has not been permitted for agricultural use in Sweden at all<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Pesticide regulation in the United States">Pesticide regulation in the United States</a></div> In the United States, several laws directly or indirectly regulate the use of pesticides. These laws, which are implemented by the <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a>, <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> and <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a>, include: the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (CWA); the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> (ESA); the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (<a href="/wiki/FIFRA" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFRA">FIFRA</a>); the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (<a href="/wiki/FFDCA" class="mw-redirect" title="FFDCA">FFDCA</a>); the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (<a href="/wiki/CERCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="CERCLA">CERCLA</a>); and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (<a href="/wiki/EPCRA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPCRA">EPCRA</a>). As a pesticide, chlorpyrifos is not regulated under the Toxic Substances Control Act (<a href="/wiki/TSCA" class="mw-redirect" title="TSCA">TSCA</a>).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Chlorpyrifos is sold in restricted-use products for certified pesticide applicators to use in agriculture and other settings, such as golf courses or for <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> control.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> It may also be sold in ant and <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">roach</a> baits with childproof packaging.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 2000, manufacturers reached an agreement with the EPA to voluntarily restrict the use of chlorpyrifos in places where children may be exposed, including homes, schools and day care centers.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 2007 <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_Action_Network_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticide Action Network North America">Pesticide Action Network North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a> (collectively, PANNA) submitted an administrative petition requesting a chlorpyrifos ban, citing harm to the brains of developing children.<a href="#cite_note-:5-114">[114]</a> On 10 August 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> in PANNA v. EPA ordered the EPA to respond to PANNA's petition by "revok[ing] all tolerances for the insecticide chlorpyrifos", den[ying] the Petition or [issuing] a "proposed or final tolerance revocation" no later than 31 October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-federalregister_2015-116">[116]</a> The EPA was "unable to conclude that the risk from aggregate exposure from the use of chlorpyrifos [met] the safety standard of section 408(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)" and therefore proposed "to revoke all tolerances for chlorpyrifos."<a href="#cite_note-federalregister_2015-116">[116]</a> In an 30 October 2015 statement Dow AgroSciences disagreed with the EPA's proposed revocation and "remain[ed] confident that authorized uses of chlorpyrifos products, as directed, offer wide margins of protection for human health and safety." In a November 2016 press release, DOW argued that chlorpyrifos was "a critical tool for growers of more than 50 different types of crops in the United States" with limited or no viable alternatives."<a href="#cite_note-dowagro_2016-117">[117]</a> The Environment News Service quoted the Dow AgroSciences' statement disagreeing with the EPA findings.<a href="#cite_note-ENS_2015-118">[118]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used pest control products in the world. It is authorized for use in about 100 nations, including the U.S., Canada, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, Japan, Australia and New Zealand, where it is registered for protection of essentially every crop now under cultivation. No other pesticide has been more thoroughly tested.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Statement Dow AgroSciences October 30, 2015</cite></div></blockquote> In November 2016, the EPA reassessed its ban proposal after taking into consideration recommendations made by the agency's Science Advisory Panel which had rejected the EPA's methodology in quantifying the risk posed by chlorpyrifos. Using a different methodology as suggested by the panel, the EPA retained its decision to completely ban chlorpyrifos. The EPA concluded that, while "uncertainties" remain, a number of studies provide "sufficient evidence" that children experience neurodevelopment effects even at low levels of chlorpyrifos exposure.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA-HQ-OPP-2015-0653-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On 29 March 2017, EPA Administrator <a href="/wiki/Scott_Pruitt" title="Scott Pruitt">Scott Pruitt</a>, appointed by the Trump administration, overturned the 2015 EPA revocation and denied the administrative petition by the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Pesticide Action Network North America to ban chlorpyrifos.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_2017_epa-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hill-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Samet-123">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> responded to the administration's decision saying they are "deeply alarmed" by Pruitt's decision to allow the pesticide's continued use. "There is a wealth of science demonstrating the detrimental effects of chlorpyrifos exposure to developing fetuses, infants, children and pregnant women. The risk to infant and children's health and development is unambiguous."<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-124">[124]</a> Asked in April whether Pruitt had met with Dow Chemical Company executives or lobbyists before his decision, an EPA spokesman replied: "We have had no meetings with Dow on this topic." In June, after several <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> requests, the EPA released a copy of Pruitt's March meeting schedule which showed that a meeting had been scheduled between Pruitt and Dow CEO <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Liveris" title="Andrew Liveris">Andrew Liveris</a> at a hotel in Houston, Texas, on 9 March.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-124">[124]</a> Both men were featured speakers at an energy conference. An EPA spokesperson reported that the meeting was brief and the pesticide was not discussed.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In August, it was revealed that in fact Pruitt and other EPA officials had met with industry representatives on dozens of occasions in the weeks immediately prior to the March decision, promising them that it was "a new day" and assuring them that their wish to continue using chlorpyrifos had been heard. Ryan Jackson, Pruitt's chief of staff, said in an 8 March email that he had "scared" career staff into going along with the political decision to deny the ban, adding "[T]hey know where this is headed and they are documenting it well."<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> On 9 August 2018 the U.S. 9th Circuit court of Appeals ruled that the EPA must ban chlorpyrifos within 60 days from that date. A spokesman for Dow DuPont stated that "all appellate options" would be considered. In contrast, Marisa Ordonia, a lawyer for <a href="/wiki/Earthjustice" title="Earthjustice">Earthjustice</a>, the organization that had conducted much of the legal work on the case, hailed the decision.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The ruling was almost immediately appealed by Trump administration lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hill-122">[122]</a> On August 18, 2021 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a ban on the use of chlorpyrifos on food crops in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Trager-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romo-16">[16]</a> On February 25, 2022 the EPA released a statement upholding its decision to revoke all tolerance standards on chlorpyrifos use, and sent letters to registered chlorpyrifos food producers confirming the ban to be in effect as of February 28, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-epaInfo-129">[129]</a> On 14 December, 2022 the EPA filed a Notice of Intent to Cancel (NOIC) for three chlorpyrifos pesticide products because they bear labeling for use on food, despite the ban.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] However, on November 2, 2023 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit</a> nixed a 2021 rule issued by the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> banning all neurotoxic insecticide on all food crops. The court concluded, that by deciding to ban all uses of chlorpyrifos on food plants, the EPA ignored the long standing American practice and prior court orders to evaluate each crop group on its own merits and "to keep a set of high-benefit uses in place." The court ordered the EPA to reevaluate whether "chlorpyrifos can be safely used on crops like sugar beets, soybeans, and certain fruits and vegetables".<a href="#cite_note-:5-114">[114]</a> Some states, including California, Hawaii, Maryland, New York, and Oregon, have banned chlorpyrifos on food grown and sold in their jurisdictions. Those bans remain in effect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Residue">Residue</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Residue">edit</a>]</div> The use of chlorpyrifos in agriculture can leave chemical <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_residue" title="Pesticide residue">residue</a> on food commodities. The FFDCA requires EPA to set limits, known as tolerances, for pesticide residue in human food and animal feed products based on risk quotients for acute and chronic exposure from food in humans.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA2006-132">[132]</a> These tolerances limit the amount of chlorpyrifos that can be applied to crops. FDA enforces EPA's pesticide tolerances and determines "action levels" for the unintended <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_drift" title="Pesticide drift">drift of pesticide</a> residues onto crops without tolerances.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> After years of research without a conclusion and cognizant of the court order to issue a final ruling, the EPA proposed to eliminate all tolerances for chlorpyrifos ("Because tolerances are the maximum residue of a pesticide that can be in or on food, this proposed rule revoking all chlorpyrifos tolerances means that if this approach is finalized, all agricultural uses of chlorpyrifos would cease."), and then solicited comments.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The Dow Chemical Company is actively opposed to tolerance restrictions on chlorpyrifos and is currently lobbying the White House to, among other goals, pressure EPA to reverse its proposal to revoke chlorpyrifos food residue tolerances.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The EPA has not updated the approximately 112 tolerances pertaining to food products and supplies since 2006.<a href="#cite_note-EPA2006-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Code_of_Federal_Regulations-136">[136]</a> However, in a 2016 report, EPA scientists had not been able to find any level of exposure to the pesticide that was safe.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-75">[75]</a> The EPA 2016 report states in part "... this assessment indicates that dietary risks from food alone are of concern ..." the report also states that previous published risk assessments for "chlorpyrifos may not provide a [sufficient] ... human health risk assessment given the potential for neurodevelopmental outcomes."<a href="#cite_note-EPA-HQ-OPP-2015-0653-76">[76]</a> ″The ... [food only] exposures for chlorpyrifos are of risk concern ... for all population subgroups analyzed. Children (1–2 years old) is the population subgroup with the highest risk estimate at 14,000% of the ssPADfood.″<a href="#cite_note-EPA-HQ-OPP-2015-0653-76">[76]</a> (This acronym refers to the steady-state population-adjusted dose for food, which is considered the maximum safe oral dose.) Based on 2006 EPA rules, chlorpyrifos has a tolerance of 0.1 part per million (ppm) residue on all food items unless a different tolerance has been set for that item or chlorpyrifos is not registered for use on that crop.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> EPA set approximately 112 tolerances pertaining to food products and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-EPA2006-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Code_of_Federal_Regulations-136">[136]</a> In 2006, to reduce childhood exposure, the EPA amended its chlorpyrifos tolerance on apples, grapes and tomatoes, reducing the grape and apple tolerances to 0.01 ppm and eliminating the tolerance on tomatoes.<a href="#cite_note-EPA2006-132">[132]</a> Chlorpyrifos is not allowed on crops such as spinach, squash, carrots, and tomatoes; any chlorpyrifos residue on these crops normally represents chlorpyrifos misuse or spray drift.<a href="#cite_note-EPA2006-132">[132]</a> Food handling establishments (places where food products are held, processed, prepared or served) are included in the food tolerance of 0.1 ppm for chlorpyrifos. Food handling establishments may use a 0.5% solution of chlorpyrifos solely for spot and/or crack and crevice treatments.<a href="#cite_note-Code_of_Federal_Regulations-136">[136]</a> Food items are to be removed or protected during treatment. Food handling establishment tolerances may be modified or exempted under FFDCA sec. 408.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Water">Water</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos in waterways is regulated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Water_Pollution_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Water Pollution Control Act">Federal Water Pollution Control Act</a> and falls under the CWA amendments of 1977 and 1978.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The regulation is inclusive of all chlorpyrifos <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrates</a> in any solution or mixture. EPA has not set a <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards" title="Drinking water quality standards">drinking water regulatory standard</a> for chlorpyrifos, but has established a drinking water guideline of 2 ug/L.<a href="#cite_note-toxnet-140">[140]</a> In 2009, to protect threatened <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">steelhead</a> under CWA and ESA, EPA and <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> (NMFS) recommended limits on the use of chlorpyrifos in California, Idaho, Oregon and Washington and requested that manufacturers voluntarily add <a href="/wiki/Buffer_strip" title="Buffer strip">buffer zones</a>, application limits and fish toxicity to the standard labeling requirements for all chlorpyrifos-based products.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Manufacturers rejected the request.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In February 2013 in Dow AgroSciences vs NMFS, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> vacated EPA's order for these labeling requirements.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In August 2014, in the settlement of a suit brought by environmental and fisheries advocacy groups against EPA in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Washington" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Washington">U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington</a>, EPA agreed to re-instate no-spray stream buffer zones in California, Oregon and Washington, restricting aerial spraying (300 ft.) and ground-based applications (60 ft.) near salmon populations.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> These buffers will remain until EPA makes a permanent decision in consultation with NMFS.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Reporting">Reporting</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Reporting">edit</a>]</div> EPCRA designates the chemicals that facilities must report to the <a href="/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory" title="Toxics Release Inventory">Toxics Release Inventory</a> (TRI), based on EPA assessments. Chlorpyrifos is not on the reporting list. It is on the list of hazardous substances under CERCLA (aka the <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> Act). In the event of an environmental release above its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg, facilities are required to immediately notify the <a href="/wiki/National_Response_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Response Center">National Response Center</a> (NRC).<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 1995, Dow paid a $732,000 EPA penalty for not forwarding reports it had received on 249 chlorpyrifos poisoning incidents.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Occupational_exposure">Occupational exposure</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Occupational exposure">edit</a>]</div> In 1989, OSHA established a workplace <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> (PEL) of 0.2 mg/m3 for chlorpyrifos, based on an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA) exposure. However, the rule was remanded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals">U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals</a> and no PELs are in place presently.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> EPA's <a href="/wiki/Worker_Protection_Standard" title="Worker Protection Standard">Worker Protection Standard</a> requires owners and operators of agricultural businesses to comply with safety protocols for agricultural workers and pesticide handlers (those who mix, load and apply pesticides). For example, in 2005, the EPA filed an administrative complaint against JSH Farms, Inc. (Wapato, Washington) with proposed penalties of $1,680 for using chlorpyrifos in 2004 without proper equipment. An adjacent property was contaminated with chlorpyrifos due to pesticide drift and the property owner suffered from eye and skin irritation.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="State_laws">State laws</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: State laws">edit</a>]</div> Additional laws and guidelines may apply for individual US states. California, Hawaii, Maryland, New York, and Oregon, have banned chlorpyrifos on food grown and sold in their jurisdictions. These State bans remain in effect regardless whether chlorpyrifos is allowed on the federal level or not.<a href="#cite_note-:5-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Environmental_Quality" title="Oregon Department of Environmental Quality">Oregon's Department of Environmental Quality</a> added chlorpyrifos to the list of targeted reductions in the <a href="/wiki/Clackamas,_Oregon" title="Clackamas, Oregon">Clackamas</a> Subbasin as part of the Columbia River National Strategic Plan, which is based on EPA'S 2006–11 National Strategic Plan.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 2017, chlorpyrifos was included <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_65_(1986)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 65 (1986)">California's Proposition 65</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> California included regulation limits for chlorpyrifos in <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a> and established maximum and continuous concentration limits of 0.025 ppb and 0.015 ppb, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Sale and possession of chlorpyrifos have been largely banned in California, as of 6 February – 31 December 2020, respectively. The California ban has an exception that, "a few products that apply chlorpyrifos in granular form, representing less than one percent of agricultural use of chlorpyrifos, will be allowed to remain on the market."<a href="#cite_note-:4-154">[154]</a> In Hawaii, a 2018 law introduced a complete ban on products containing chlorpyrifos, which went into effect on January 1, 2023. Before that, starting in 2019, the law mandated temporary application permits and annual reporting as well as mandating a 100-foot buffer around schools during school hours.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Florida did not ban chlorpyrifos completely, but introduced a concentration limit of 21 ug/L in drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-toxnet-140">[140]</a> In 2003, Dow agreed to pay $2 million to New York state, in response to a lawsuit to end Dow's advertising of Dursban as "safe".<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos is used agriculturally in Australia but household use was restricted to low strength solutions in 2001 and banned in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> There are 49 registered chlorpyrifos insecticide products, mostly as 500 g/L <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_formulation" title="Pesticide formulation">emulsifiable concentrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority's Chlorpyrifos Chemical Review, began July 2015,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> made the final decision in September 2024. Chlorpyrifos will continue to be used, though many uses of it are banned. The minimum technical grade chlorpyrifos purity is raised from 94% to 97% by weight.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos was never approved for use in Denmark, except on <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a> grown in greenhouses. This use was banned in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> On 6 December 2019, the European Union (EU) announced that it will no longer permit sales of chlorpyrifos after 31 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> released a statement in July 2019 which concluded that the approval criteria for chlorpyrifos which apply to human health are not met.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Their literature review concluded that there is no evidence for reproductive toxicity in rats, but that chlorpyrifos is potentially genotoxic. The report stated that chlorpyrifos is clearly a potent <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">acetylcholinesterase inhibitor</a>, that it can be absorbed by ingestion, inhalation, and through the skin, and that epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis that it is a human developmental neurotoxin that can cause early cognitive and behavioral deficits through prenatal exposure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> The FSSAI (<a href="/wiki/Food_Safety_and_Standards_Authority_of_India" title="Food Safety and Standards Authority of India">Food Safety and Standards Authority of India</a>) did not set a usage limits for chlorpyrifos.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In 2010, India barred Dow from commercial activity for 5 years<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> after India's Central Bureau of Investigation found Dow guilty of bribing Indian officials in 2007 to allow the sale of chlorpyrifos.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In 2020, the Indian government had published a draft bill to ban 27 pesticides including chlorpyrifos.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos is currently approved in New Zealand for commercial use in crops, as a veterinary medicine, and as a timber treatment chemical.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos was banned under Thai law effective from 1 June 2020. Farmers were given 270 days to destroy their stock, while a 90-day deadline was also given to farmers to return the <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a> for destruction, as their possession is considered illegal by the Department of Agriculture. After deadline, any person who possesses the illegal <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agrochemicals</a> will be fined one million baht, jailed for 10 years, or both.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos was banned under by Department of Agriculture for use in farming and agriculture with effective from year 2023. However it is still permitted for general use other than agriculture purpose. <a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Manufacture">edit</a>]</div> Chlorpyrifos is produced via a multistep synthesis from <a href="/wiki/3-Methylpyridine" title="3-Methylpyridine">3-methylpyridine</a>, eventually reacting 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol with diethylthiophosphoryl chloride.<a href="#cite_note-agrochemicals-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate_poisoning" title="Organophosphate poisoning">Organophosphate poisoning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorpyrifos&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101111816/https://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/registration/reevaluation/chemicals/chlorpyrifos_list.pdf">"California Department of Pestidicide Regulation – Chlorpyrifos Product List May 2015"</a> (PDF). 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130918183531/http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/chlorptech.pdf">Chlorpyrifos Technical Fact Sheet</a> (archived version) – National Pesticide Information Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/chlorpyr.htm">Chlorpyrifos Pesticide Information Profile – Extension Toxicology Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/chlorpyrifos">EPA's Chlorpyrifos Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0137.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Chlorpyrifos</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pest_control:_Insecticides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insecticides" title="Template talk:Insecticides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insecticides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insecticides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pest_control:_Insecticides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a>: <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminocarb" title="Aminocarb">Aminocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendiocarb" title="Bendiocarb">Bendiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butocarboxim" title="Butocarboxim">Butocarboxim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbaryl" title="Carbaryl">Carbaryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbofuran" title="Carbofuran">Carbofuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbosulfan" title="Carbosulfan">Carbosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Cumenyl_methylcarbamate" title="M-Cumenyl methylcarbamate">m-Cumenyl methylcarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethienocarb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethienocarb">Ethienocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenobucarb" title="Fenobucarb">Fenobucarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoprocarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoprocarb (page does not exist)">Isoprocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methomyl" title="Methomyl">Methomyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metolcarb" title="Metolcarb">Metolcarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxamyl" title="Oxamyl">Oxamyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promecarb" title="Promecarb">Promecarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxur" title="Propoxur">Propoxur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">Inorganic compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide" title="Aluminium phosphide">Aluminium phosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">Boric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate" title="Chromated copper arsenate">Chromated copper arsenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_arsenate" title="Copper(II) arsenate">Copper(II) arsenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_cyanide" title="Copper(I) cyanide">Copper(I) cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryolite" title="Cryolite">Cryolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">Diatomaceous earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_hydrogen_arsenate" title="Lead hydrogen arsenate">Lead hydrogen arsenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Green">Paris Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheele%27s_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheele's Green">Scheele's Green</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Insect_growth_regulator" title="Insect growth regulator">Insect growth regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoylurea" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoylurea">Benzoylureas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflubenzuron" title="Diflubenzuron">Diflubenzuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenoxuron" title="Flufenoxuron">Flufenoxuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroprene" title="Hydroprene">Hydroprene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufenuron" title="Lufenuron">Lufenuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoprene" title="Methoprene">Methoprene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyriproxyfen" title="Pyriproxyfen">Pyriproxyfen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamiprid" title="Acetamiprid">Acetamiprid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothianidin" title="Clothianidin">Clothianidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinotefuran" title="Dinotefuran">Dinotefuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidacloprid" title="Imidacloprid">Imidacloprid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidaclothiz" title="Imidaclothiz">Imidaclothiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitenpyram" title="Nitenpyram">Nitenpyram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nithiazine" title="Nithiazine">Nithiazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paichongding" title="Paichongding">Paichongding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiacloprid" title="Thiacloprid">Thiacloprid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamethoxam" title="Thiamethoxam">Thiamethoxam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">Organochlorides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldrin" title="Aldrin">Aldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane">Beta-HCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">Carbon tetrachloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordane" title="Chlordane">Chlordane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachlorocyclopentadiene" title="Hexachlorocyclopentadiene">Cyclodiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichlorobenzene" title="1,2-Dichlorobenzene">1,2-DCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,4-Dichlorobenzene" title="1,4-Dichlorobenzene">1,4-DCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,1-Dichloroethane" title="1,1-Dichloroethane">1,1-DCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichloroethane" title="1,2-Dichloroethane">1,2-DCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane">DDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">DDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFDT" title="DFDT">DFDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicofol" title="Dicofol">Dicofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">Endosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endrin" title="Endrin">Endrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptachlor" title="Heptachlor">Heptachlor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepone">Kepone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxychlor" title="Methoxychlor">Methoxychlor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirex" title="Mirex">Mirex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetradifon" title="Tetradifon">Tetradifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxaphene" title="Toxaphene">Toxaphene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Organophosphorus_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphorus compound">Organophosphorus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acephate" title="Acephate">Acephate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azamethiphos" title="Azamethiphos">Azamethiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azinphos-methyl" title="Azinphos-methyl">Azinphos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensulide" title="Bensulide">Bensulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorethoxyfos" title="Chlorethoxyfos">Chlorethoxyfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorfenvinphos" title="Chlorfenvinphos">Chlorfenvinphos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos-methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorpyrifos-methyl">Chlorpyrifos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumaphos" title="Coumaphos">Coumaphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeton-S-methyl" title="Demeton-S-methyl">Demeton-S-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazinon" title="Diazinon">Diazinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorvos" title="Dichlorvos">Dichlorvos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicrotophos" title="Dicrotophos">Dicrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Diisopropyl fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimefox" title="Dimefox">Dimefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoate" title="Dimethoate">Dimethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxathion" title="Dioxathion">Dioxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfoton" title="Disulfoton">Disulfoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethion" title="Ethion">Ethion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoprop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethoprop">Ethoprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenamiphos" title="Fenamiphos">Fenamiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenitrothion" title="Fenitrothion">Fenitrothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenthion" title="Fenthion">Fenthion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosthiazate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosthiazate (page does not exist)">Fosthiazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxathion" title="Isoxathion">Isoxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methidathion" title="Methidathion">Methidathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevinphos" title="Mevinphos">Mevinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mipafox" title="Mipafox">Mipafox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrotophos" title="Monocrotophos">Monocrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naled" title="Naled">Naled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omethoate" title="Omethoate">Omethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxydemeton-methyl" title="Oxydemeton-methyl">Oxydemeton-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion" title="Parathion">Parathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion-methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Parathion-methyl">Parathion-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenthoate" title="Phenthoate">Phenthoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorate" title="Phorate">Phorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosalone" title="Phosalone">Phosalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosmet" title="Phosmet">Phosmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoxim" title="Phoxim">Phoxim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirimiphos-methyl" title="Pirimiphos-methyl">Pirimiphos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinalphos" title="Quinalphos">Quinalphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-16661" title="R-16661">R-16661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schradan" title="Schradan">Schradan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temefos" title="Temefos">Temefos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebupirimfos" title="Tebupirimfos">Tebupirimfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbufos" title="Terbufos">Terbufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachlorvinphos" title="Tetrachlorvinphos">Tetrachlorvinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribufos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribufos (page does not exist)">Tribufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrifonate" title="Metrifonate">Trichlorfon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">Pyrethroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrinathrin" title="Acrinathrin">Acrinathrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allethrins" title="Allethrins">Allethrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifenthrin" title="Bifenthrin">Bifenthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioallethrin" title="Bioallethrin">Bioallethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfluthrin" title="Cyfluthrin">Cyfluthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhalothrin" title="Cyhalothrin">Cyhalothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypermethrin" title="Cypermethrin">Cypermethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyphenothrin" title="Cyphenothrin">Cyphenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltamethrin" title="Deltamethrin">Deltamethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empenthrin" title="Empenthrin">Empenthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfenvalerate" title="Esfenvalerate">Esfenvalerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etofenprox" title="Etofenprox">Etofenprox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpropathrin" title="Fenpropathrin">Fenpropathrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenvalerate" title="Fenvalerate">Fenvalerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumethrin" title="Flumethrin">Flumethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvalinate" title="Fluvalinate">Fluvalinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiprothrin" title="Imiprothrin">Imiprothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metofluthrin" title="Metofluthrin">Metofluthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permethrin" title="Permethrin">Permethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenothrin" title="Phenothrin">Phenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prallethrin" title="Prallethrin">Prallethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrethrin" title="Pyrethrin">Pyrethrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyrethrin_I" title="Pyrethrin I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrethrin_II" title="Pyrethrin II">II</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemic_acid" title="Chrysanthemic acid">chrysanthemic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrethrum" title="Pyrethrum">Pyrethrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resmethrin" title="Resmethrin">Resmethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silafluofen" title="Silafluofen">Silafluofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefluthrin" title="Tefluthrin">Tefluthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethrin" title="Tetramethrin">Tetramethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tralomethrin" title="Tralomethrin">Tralomethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfluthrin" title="Transfluthrin">Transfluthrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Diamide_insecticides" title="Diamide insecticides">Diamides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorantraniliprole" title="Chlorantraniliprole">Chlorantraniliprole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyantraniliprole" title="Cyantraniliprole">Cyantraniliprole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubendiamide" title="Flubendiamide">Flubendiamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;">Other chemicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afoxolaner" title="Afoxolaner">Afoxolaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitraz" title="Amitraz">Amitraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadirachtin" title="Azadirachtin">Azadirachtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereistoxin" title="Nereistoxin">Bensultap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprofezin" title="Buprofezin">Buprofezin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereistoxin" title="Nereistoxin">Cartap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordimeform" title="Chlordimeform">Chlordimeform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorfenapyr" title="Chlorfenapyr">Chlorfenapyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyromazine" title="Cyromazine">Cyromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenazaquin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenazaquin (page does not exist)">Fenazaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoxycarb" title="Fenoxycarb">Fenoxycarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fipronil" title="Fipronil">Fipronil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluralaner" title="Fluralaner">Fluralaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydramethylnon" title="Hydramethylnon">Hydramethylnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoxacarb" title="Indoxacarb">Indoxacarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">Limonene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotilaner" title="Lotilaner">Lotilaner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lotilaner/milbemycin_oxime" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotilaner/milbemycin oxime">+milbemycin oxime</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyridaben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyridaben (page does not exist)">Pyridaben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyriprole" title="Pyriprole">Pyriprole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarolaner" title="Sarolaner">Sarolaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjuvants" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjuvants">Adjuvants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piperonyl_butoxide" title="Piperonyl butoxide">Piperonyl butoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesamex" title="Sesamex">Sesamex</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinosad" title="Spinosad">Spinosad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfluramid" title="Sulfluramid">Sulfluramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebufenozide" title="Tebufenozide">Tebufenozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebufenpyrad" title="Tebufenpyrad">Tebufenpyrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracevine" title="Veracevine">Veracevine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthone" title="Xanthone">Xanthone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaflumizone" title="Metaflumizone">Metaflumizone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine" title="Ryanodine">Ryanodine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryanodol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryanodol (page does not exist)">Ryanodol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxon_(chemical)" title="Oxon (chemical)">Oxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaoxon" title="Malaoxon">Malaoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraoxon" title="Paraoxon">Paraoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCPy" title="TCPy">TCPy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Biopesticide" title="Biopesticide">Biopesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baculovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baculovirus">Baculovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauveria_bassiana" title="Beauveria bassiana">Beauveria bassiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauveria_brongniartii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beauveria brongniartii (page does not exist)">Beauveria brongniartii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaria_fumosorosea" title="Isaria fumosorosea">Isaria fumosorosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metarhizium_acridum" title="Metarhizium acridum">Metarhizium acridum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metarhizium_anisopliae" title="Metarhizium anisopliae">Metarhizium anisopliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomuraea_rileyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomuraea rileyi">Nomuraea rileyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecanicillium_lecanii" title="Lecanicillium lecanii">Lecanicillium lecanii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paenibacillus_popilliae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paenibacillus popilliae">Paenibacillus popilliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purpureocillium_lilacinum" title="Purpureocillium lilacinum">Purpureocillium lilacinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinosad" title="Spinosad">Spinosad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template talk:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_modulator" title="Enzyme modulator">modulators</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Choline_acetyltransferase" title="Choline acetyltransferase"><abbr title="Choline acetyltransferase">ChAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Choline acetyltransferase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Inhibitors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium (page does not exist)">1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-(%CE%B1-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium (page does not exist)">2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Chloro-4-stillbazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Chloro-4-stillbazole (page does not exist)">3-Chloro-4-stillbazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine (page does not exist)">4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylseco_hemicholinium-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylseco hemicholinium-3 (page does not exist)">Acetylseco hemicholinium-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acryloylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acryloylcholine (page does not exist)">Acryloylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AF64A" class="mw-redirect" title="AF64A">AF64A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(E)-1-Methyl-4-(1-naphthylvinyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(E)-1-Methyl-4-(1-naphthylvinyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (page does not exist)">B115</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(2-Benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(2-Benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium (page does not exist)">BETA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Dimethylamino-2-ethoxyimino-2-adamantane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Dimethylamino-2-ethoxyimino-2-adamantane (page does not exist)">CM-54,903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate (page does not exist)">N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate (page does not exist)">N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase"><abbr title="Acetylcholinesterase">AChE</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Acetylcholinesterase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">Inhibitors</a>: Reversible: Carbamates: <a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminocarb" title="Aminocarb">Aminocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendiocarb" title="Bendiocarb">Bendiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bufencarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bufencarb (page does not exist)">Bufencarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbaryl" title="Carbaryl">Carbaryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbendazim" title="Carbendazim">Carbendazim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbetamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbetamide (page does not exist)">Carbetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbofuran" title="Carbofuran">Carbofuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbosulfan" title="Carbosulfan">Carbosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorbufam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorbufam (page does not exist)">Chlorbufam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloropropham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloropropham (page does not exist)">Chloropropham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetilan" title="Dimetilan">Dimetilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethienocarb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethienocarb">Ethienocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiofencarb" title="Ethiofencarb">Ethiofencarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenobucarb" title="Fenobucarb">Fenobucarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formetanate" title="Formetanate">Formetanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formparanate" title="Formparanate">Formparanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">Methiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methomyl" title="Methomyl">Methomyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metolcarb" title="Metolcarb">Metolcarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miotine" title="Miotine">Miotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxamyl" title="Oxamyl">Oxamyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenmedipham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenmedipham (page does not exist)">Phenmedipham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinmicarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinmicarb (page does not exist)">Pinmicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirimicarb" title="Pirimicarb">Pirimicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promecarb" title="Promecarb">Promecarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propamocarb" title="Propamocarb">Propamocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propham (page does not exist)">Propham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxur" title="Propoxur">Propoxur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiodicarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiodicarb (page does not exist)">Thiodicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiofanox" title="Thiofanox">Thiofanox</a>; Stigmines: <a href="/wiki/Distigmine" title="Distigmine">Distigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eptastigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eptastigmine (page does not exist)">Eptastigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganstigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganstigmine (page does not exist)">Ganstigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neostigmine" title="Neostigmine">Neostigmine</a> <a href="/wiki/Neostigmine/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Neostigmine/glycopyrronium bromide">+glycopyrronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenserine" title="Phenserine">Phenserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">Physostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyridostigmine" title="Pyridostigmine">Pyridostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilostigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quilostigmine (page does not exist)">Quilostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivastigmine" title="Rivastigmine">Rivastigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terestigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terestigmine (page does not exist)">Terestigmine</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Acotiamide" title="Acotiamide">Acotiamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambenonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambenonium">Ambenonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donepezil" title="Donepezil">Donepezil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3990" title="EA-3990">EA-3990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4056" title="EA-4056">EA-4056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edrophonium" title="Edrophonium">Edrophonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">Galantamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huperzine_A" title="Huperzine A">Huperzine A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huprine_W&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huprine W (page does not exist)">Huprine W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huprine_X" title="Huprine X">Huprine X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huprine_Y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huprine Y (page does not exist)">Huprine Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipidacrine" title="Ipidacrine">Ipidacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itopride" title="Itopride">Itopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladostigil" title="Ladostigil">Ladostigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaprine" title="Minaprine">Minaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium_bromide)" title="Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)">Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1123" title="T-1123">T-1123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1152" title="T-1152">T-1152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1194" title="T-1194">T-1194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-599" title="TL-599">TL-599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1238" title="TL-1238">TL-1238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrine" title="Tacrine">Tacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanapezil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanapezil (page does not exist)">Zanapezil</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Irreversible: Organophosphates: <a href="/wiki/2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl_cyclohexyl_methylphosphonate" title="2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate">2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acephate" title="Acephate">Acephate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armine_(chemical)" title="Armine (chemical)">Armine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azinphos-ethyl" title="Azinphos-ethyl">Azinphos-ethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azinphos-methyl" title="Azinphos-methyl">Azinphos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAY-29952" title="BAY-29952">BAY-29952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensulide" title="Bensulide">Bensulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadusafos" title="Cadusafos">Cadusafos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbophenothion" title="Carbophenothion">Carbophenothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorethoxyfos" title="Chlorethoxyfos">Chlorethoxyfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorfenvinphos" title="Chlorfenvinphos">Chlorfenvinphos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos-methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorpyrifos-methyl">Chlorpyrifos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumaphos" title="Coumaphos">Coumaphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotylsarin" title="Crotylsarin">Crotylsarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanophos" title="Cyanophos">Cyanophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">Cyclosarin (GF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demephion" title="Demephion">Demephion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeton" title="Demeton">Demeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeton-S-methyl" title="Demeton-S-methyl">Demeton-S-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialifor" title="Dialifor">Dialifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazinon" title="Diazinon">Diazinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorvos" title="Dichlorvos">Dichlorvos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicrotophos" title="Dicrotophos">Dicrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyclohexyl_phosphorofluoridate" title="Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate">Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropylphosphate" title="Diisopropylphosphate">Diisopropylphosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Diisopropyl fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimefox" title="Dimefox">Dimefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoate" title="Dimethoate">Dimethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_4-(methylthio)phenyl_phosphate" title="Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate">Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxathion" title="Dioxathion">Dioxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfoton" title="Disulfoton">Disulfoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2012" title="EA-2012">EA-2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2054" title="EA-2054">EA-2054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2098" title="EA-2098">EA-2098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2192" title="EA-2192">EA-2192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2613" title="EA-2613">EA-2613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3148" title="EA-3148">EA-3148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4352" title="EA-4352">EA-4352</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echothiophate" title="Echothiophate">Echothiophate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylsarin" title="Ethylsarin">Ethylsarin (GE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothion" title="Endothion">Endothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPN_(insecticide)" title="EPN (insecticide)">EPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethion" title="Ethion">Ethion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoprop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethoprop">Ethoprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenamiphos" title="Fenamiphos">Fenamiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenitrothion" title="Fenitrothion">Fenitrothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenthion" title="Fenthion">Fenthion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorotabun" title="Fluorotabun">Fluorotabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonofos" title="Fonofos">Fonofos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formothion" title="Formothion">Formothion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosthiazate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosthiazate (page does not exist)">Fosthiazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GD-42" title="GD-42">GD-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GH_(nerve_agent)" title="GH (nerve agent)">GH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GT-45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GT-45 (page does not exist)">GT-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GV_(nerve_agent)" title="GV (nerve agent)">GV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanitoxin" title="Guanitoxin">Guanitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaethyl_tetraphosphate" title="Hexaethyl tetraphosphate">Hexaethyl tetraphosphate (HETP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofluorophate" class="mw-redirect" title="Isofluorophate">Isofluorophate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxathion" title="Isoxathion">Isoxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptophos" title="Leptophos">Leptophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaoxon" title="Malaoxon">Malaoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazidox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazidox (page does not exist)">Mazidox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methidathion" title="Methidathion">Methidathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_phenkapton" title="Methyl phenkapton">Methyl phenkapton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylfluorophosphonylcholine" title="Methylfluorophosphonylcholine">Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrifonate" title="Metrifonate">Metrifonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevinphos" title="Mevinphos">Mevinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mipafox" title="Mipafox">Mipafox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrotophos" title="Monocrotophos">Monocrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSPI_(nerve_agent)" title="MSPI (nerve agent)">MSPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naled" title="Naled">Naled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omethoate" title="Omethoate">Omethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxydemeton-methyl" title="Oxydemeton-methyl">Oxydemeton-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraoxon" title="Paraoxon">Paraoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion" title="Parathion">Parathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion-methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Parathion-methyl">Parathion-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorate" title="Phorate">Phorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosalone" title="Phosalone">Phosalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosfolan" title="Phosfolan">Phosfolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosmet" title="Phosmet">Phosmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphamidon" title="Phosphamidon">Phosphamidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoxim" title="Phoxim">Phoxim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirimiphos-methyl" title="Pirimiphos-methyl">Pirimiphos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profenofos" title="Profenofos">Profenofos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothoate" title="Prothoate">Prothoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-16661" title="R-16661">R-16661</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0340&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0340 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0340</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0346&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0346 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0346</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0347 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0347</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0351&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0351 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0351</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0352&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0352 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0352</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0397&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0397 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0397</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0411&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0411 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0412" title="Ro 3-0412">Ro 3-0412</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0417&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0417 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0417</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0419" title="Ro 3-0419">Ro 3-0419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0422" title="Ro 3-0422">Ro 3-0422</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0433&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0433 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0433</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronnel (page does not exist)">Ronnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin (GB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schradan" title="Schradan">Schradan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman (GD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfotep" title="Sulfotep">Sulfotep (TEDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun (GA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebupirimfos" title="Tebupirimfos">Tebupirimfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temefos" title="Temefos">Temefos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbufos" title="Terbufos">Terbufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachlorvinphos" title="Tetrachlorvinphos">Tetrachlorvinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyl_pyrophosphate" title="Tetraethyl pyrophosphate">Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazofos" title="Triazofos">Triazofos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribufos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribufos (page does not exist)">Tribufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichlorfon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichlorfon">Trichlorfon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloronate" title="Trichloronate">Trichloronate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricresyl_phosphate" title="Tricresyl phosphate">Tricresyl phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VE_(nerve_agent)" title="VE (nerve agent)">VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VG_(nerve_agent)" title="VG (nerve agent)">VG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)" title="VM (nerve agent)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP_(nerve_agent)" class="mw-redirect" title="VP (nerve agent)">VP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VS_(nerve_agent)" title="VS (nerve agent)">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Demecarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Demecarium">Demecarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciculin" title="Fasciculin">Fasciculins (green mamba toxins)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 1 (page does not exist)">1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 2 (page does not exist)">2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 3 (page does not exist)">3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 4 (page does not exist)">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchidal" title="Onchidal">Onchidal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Onchidella_binneyi" title="Onchidella binneyi">Onchidella binneyi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanesulfonyl_fluoride" title="Methanesulfonyl fluoride">Methanesulfonyl fluoride</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unsorted: <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Pinene" title="Α-Pinene">α-Pinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Viniferin" title="Α-Viniferin">α-Viniferin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinine" title="Affinine">Affinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinisine" title="Affinisine">Affinisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisugacin_A" title="Arisugacin A">Arisugacin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbocapnine" title="Bulbocapnine">Bulbocapnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conodurine" title="Conodurine">Conodurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corydaline" title="Corydaline">Corydaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynoline" title="Corynoline">Corynoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimidine" title="Crimidine">Crimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclanoline" title="Cyclanoline">Cyclanoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymserine" title="Cymserine">Cymserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmaline" title="Harmaline">Harmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobophenol_A" title="Kobophenol A">Kobophenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactucopicrin" title="Lactucopicrin">Lactucopicrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycorine" title="Lycorine">Lycorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosacetim" title="Phosacetim">Phosacetim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmarinic_acid" title="Rosmarinic acid">Rosmarinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stercuronium_iodide" title="Stercuronium iodide">Stercuronium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taspine" title="Taspine">Taspine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungeremine" title="Ungeremine">Ungeremine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungiminorine" title="Ungiminorine">Ungiminorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcarbamoyl_fluoride" title="Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride">Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW284C51" title="BW284C51">BW284C51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMTFA" title="TMTFA">TMTFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3152_CT" title="3152 CT">3152 CT</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase_reactivator" title="Cholinesterase reactivator">Reactivators</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asoxime_chloride" title="Asoxime chloride">Asoxime chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methoxime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methoxime (page does not exist)">Methoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obidoxime" title="Obidoxime">Obidoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralidoxime" title="Pralidoxime">Pralidoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimedoxime_bromide" title="Trimedoxime bromide">Trimedoxime bromide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholinesterase" title="Butyrylcholinesterase"><abbr title="Butyrylcholinesterase">BChE</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Butyrylcholinesterase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Affinine" title="Affinine">Affinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinisine" title="Affinisine">Affinisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conodurine" title="Conodurine">Conodurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymserine" title="Cymserine">Cymserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladostigil" title="Ladostigil">Ladostigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profenamine" title="Profenamine">Profenamine (ethopropazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivastigmine" title="Rivastigmine">Rivastigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrine" title="Tacrine">Tacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZINC-12613047&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZINC-12613047 (page does not exist)">ZINC-12613047</a></li> <li>Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">Transporter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transporter_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Transporter modulator">modulators</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Choline_transporter" title="Choline transporter"><abbr title="Choline transporter">CHT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Choline transporter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Hemicholinium-3" title="Hemicholinium-3">Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethylcholine" title="Triethylcholine">Triethylcholine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Enhancers: <a href="/wiki/Coluracetam" title="Coluracetam">Coluracetam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_acetylcholine_transporter" title="Vesicular acetylcholine transporter"><abbr title="Vesicular acetylcholine transporter">VAChT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicular acetylcholine transporter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Vesamicol" title="Vesamicol">Vesamicol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitter release">Release</a> (<a href="/wiki/Release_modulator" title="Release modulator">modulators</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Release_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Release inhibitor">Inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synaptosomal-associated_protein_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptosomal-associated protein 25"><abbr title="Synaptosomal-associated protein 25">SNAP-25</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 inactivators: <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin E">E</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicle-associated_membrane_protein" title="Vesicle-associated membrane protein"><abbr title="Vesicle-associated membrane protein">VAMP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicle-associated membrane protein inactivators: <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_F" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin G">G</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta-Bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Bungarotoxin">β-bungarotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-bungarotoxin">γ-bungarotoxin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Release_enhancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Release enhancer">Enhancers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin" title="Latrophilin"><abbr title="Latrophilin">LPHN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Latrophilin agonists: <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Latrotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Latrotoxin">α-Latrotoxin</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: Atracotoxins (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">robustoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versutoxin" title="Versutoxin">versutoxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotoxin" title="Crotoxin">Crotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumer_food_safety" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template talk:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consumer_food_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Consumer food safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">Adulterants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">food contaminants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4">Escherichia coli O104:H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7">Escherichia coli O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic E. coli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg fraud">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea fraud">Tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_oil_poisoning_disaster_1959&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959 (page does not exist)">Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1959" class="extiw" title="ar:كارثة الزيوت المسمومة في المغرب 1959">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_E._coli_O157:H7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American E. coli outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Germany_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Food_Safety_and_Health" title="Institute for Food Safety and Health">Institute for Food Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Food_and_Drug_Safety" title="Ministry of Food and Drug Safety">Ministry of Food and Drug Safety</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_Food_Safety_and_Nutrition" title="Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition">Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing (food preservation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Food marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_quality" title="Food quality">Food quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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