CINXE.COM

Issue 1 - Volume 2777 - Journal of Physics: Conference Series - IOPscience

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xml:lang="en" lang="en"><html xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <!-- Start cookieyes banner --> <!-- End cookieyes banner --> <title>Issue 1 - Volume 2777 - Journal of Physics: Conference Series - IOPscience</title> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0" /> <script> function DeferJS(src) { function downloadJSAtOnload() { var element = document.createElement("script"); element.src = src; document.body.appendChild(element); } if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load", downloadJSAtOnload, false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload", downloadJSAtOnload); else window.onload = downloadJSAtOnload; } </script> <!-- start metadata--><!-- end metadata--> <script type="text/javascript"> //start common.config (function () { let config = {"ENABLE_MATHJAX_BY_DEFAULT":"true","SECURED_ENVIRONMENT":"true","SHOW_REFERENCE_ENTITLEMENT":"true"} || {}; window.config = {...config, ...window.config}; })(); //end common.config </script> <script> var _urconfig = { sid: "defc3a7d-4b34-4b6f-ad1c-0716e0a05a65", aip: 0, usePageProtocol: false }; (function (d, s) { var js = d.createElement(s), sc = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; js.src = "https://hit.uptrendsdata.com/rum.min.js"; js.async = "async"; sc.parentNode.insertBefore(js, sc); } (document, "script")); </script> <!-- uptrends--> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive" /> <!--start home.baiduWebmasterTools.verification--> <!--end home.baiduWebmasterTools.verification--> <!--start home.google.verification--> <!--end home.google.verification--> <!--start common.baidu.statistics.script> --> <!--end common.baidu.statistics.script--> <!--start common.styles--> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.iopscience.com/3.72.0/css/critical-styles.min.css" type="text/css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.iopscience.com/3.72.0/css/main-styles.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"/> <!--[if lte IE 10]> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.iopscience.com/3.72.0/css/gridset-ie-lte8.css" type="text/css"/> <![endif]--> <!--end common.styles--> <!--start common.gs.head--> <!-- Google Scholar Universal Casa --> <!-- End Google Scholar Universal Casa --> <!--end common.gs.head--> <!--start common.ga.head--> <script> window.iabConfig = { allowedVendors: ['755','804', '1020'], allowedGoogleVendors: [] } </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script type="text/javascript"> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push( {'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'} ); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-M73Z4W'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!--end common.ga.head--> <script> const mathjaxVersion = 3; </script> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function () { const leaderboard = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([800, 0], [728, 90]).addSize([640, 690], [180, 150]).addSize([0, 0], [180, 150]).build(); googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/iopsc/iopsc_m_hp_ap', new Array([728, 90], [300, 250], [180, 150]), 'div-gpt-ad-1562594774007-0').defineSizeMapping(leaderboard).addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/iopsc/iopsc_x11_hp_ap', [180, 150], 'div-gpt-ad-1562595009103-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/iopsc/iopsc_pubgrade1_ap', [160, 600], 'div-gpt-ad-1665567578228-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); const googleLeaderboardMapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1000, 0], [970, 90]) .addSize([350, 0], [320, 50]) .addSize([0, 0], []) .build(); googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/iopsc/iopsc_top_hp_ap', new Array([970, 90], [320, 50]), 'div-gpt-ad-1709814088027-0') .defineSizeMapping(googleLeaderboardMapping) .addService(googletag.pubads()); const googleSkyscraperMapping = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([800, 0], [160, 600]).addSize([350, 250], [300, 250]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/iopsc/iopsc_skyscraper1_hp_ap', new Array([160, 600], [300, 250]), 'div-gpt-ad-1669279847892-0').defineSizeMapping(googleSkyscraperMapping).addService(googletag.pubads()); const tagArray = "".split(","); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads() .setTargeting("article_tag", tagArray) .setTargeting("pagetype", "jnl_homepage") .setTargeting("iopscience_issn", "1742-6596") .setTargeting("iopscience_vol", "") .setTargeting("iopscience_issue", "") .setTargeting("iopscience_doi", "") .setTargeting("iopscience_isbn", "") .setTargeting("iopscience_chapter_no", ""); // seting page level targeting googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script>var __uzdbm_1 = "5b82e1d4-74c5-41fb-94ec-2267f8663186";var __uzdbm_2 = "ZmMzNjFlYzAtY252ai00NGI1LWFmOTItN2U0MjU0MTEyZDMxJDguMjIyLjIwOC4xNDY=";var __uzdbm_3 = "7f60005289a18e-3877-49a4-bcee-68e3e2f1bfbf17323749493500-04a60ffa954318f310";var __uzdbm_4 = "false";var __uzdbm_5 = "uzmx";var __uzdbm_6 = "7f9000b75a4e76-6154-49df-9ad0-208122f74e051-17323749493500-459f5707e03fff6010";var __uzdbm_7 = "iop.org";</script> <script> (function (w, d, e, u, c, g, a, b) { w["SSJSConnectorObj"] = w["SSJSConnectorObj"] || { ss_cid: c, domain_info: "auto", }; w[g] = function (i, j) { w["SSJSConnectorObj"][i] = j; }; a = d.createElement(e); a.async = true; if ( navigator.userAgent.indexOf('MSIE') !== -1 || navigator.appVersion.indexOf('Trident/') > -1 ) { u = u.replace("/advanced/", "/advanced/ie/"); } a.src = u; b = d.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; b.parentNode.insertBefore(a, b); })( window, document, "script", "https://new.iopscience.iop.org/18f5227b-e27b-445a-a53f-f845fbe69b40/stormcaster.js", "cnvl", "ssConf" ); ssConf("c1", "https://new.iopscience.iop.org"); ssConf("c3", "c99a4269-161c-4242-a3f0-28d44fa6ce24"); ssConf("au", "new.iopscience.iop.org"); ssConf("cu", "validate.perfdrive.com, ssc"); </script></head> <body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" class="issn-1742-6596"> <a id="back-to-top-target" tabindex="-1"></a> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe title="GA" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-M73Z4W" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div class="content-grid"> <!-- Start Production toolbar --> <!-- End Production toolbar --> <!-- Start Downtime Banner --> <!-- End Downtime Banner --> <!-- Header starts --> <header class="content-grid__full-width" role="banner" data-nav-group> <a class="sr-skip sr-skip--overlay header__skip" href="#skip-to-content-link-target">Skip to content</a> <div class="accessibility" style="display: none;"> <p><strong>Accessibility Links</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="#page-content">Skip to content</a></li> <li><a href="/search#contentCol">Skip to search IOPscience</a></li> <li><a href="/journals#contentCol">Skip to Journals list</a></li> <li><a href="/page/accessibility#contentCol">Accessibility help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dgh-showgrid tgh-showgrid cf" name="contentCol"> <nav role="navigation" class="wd-main-nav" aria-label="Site"> <a href="#sidr-main" id="simple-menu" class="nav-top-link" aria-label="Menu"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--bars--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"/></svg></a> <a href="/" itemprop="url" class="header-logo wd-header-graphic"> <meta itemprop="name" content="IOPscience"> <img height="15" width="100" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt=""> <span class="offscreen-hidden">IOP Science home</span> </a> <a class="btn btn-default" id="accessibility-help" href="/page/accessibility">Accessibility Help</a> <ul id="sidr" class="nav__list"> <li class="nav-search nav-item"> <button class="nav-top-link-drop-down nav-top-link-drop-down--icon" data-nav-trigger="articlelookup"> <svg class="fa-icon fa-icon--lrg" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.6.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><title>Search</title><path d="M416 208c0 45.9-14.9 88.3-40 122.7L502.6 457.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3s-32.8 12.5-45.3 0L330.7 376c-34.4 25.2-76.8 40-122.7 40C93.1 416 0 322.9 0 208S93.1 0 208 0S416 93.1 416 208zM208 352a144 144 0 1 0 0-288 144 144 0 1 0 0 288z"/></svg> </button> <div class="nav-drop-down nav-drop-down--full-width" data-nav-item="articlelookup"> <div class="wrapper--search cf"> <div id="search" class="wd-header-search art-lookup__search"> <form accept-charset="utf-8,iso-8859-1" class="primary-search" method="get" action="/nsearch" role="search"> <div class="art-lookup__fields-wrapper"> <label for="quickSearch">Search all IOPscience content</label> <input type="search" x-webkit-speech="" name="terms" id="quickSearch" class="art-lookup__field--grow" placeholder="Search all IOPscience content" value="" escapeXml="true"/> <button type="submit" x-webkit-speech="" class="btn btn-default hdr-search-btn bd-0 art-lookup__submit">Search</button> </div> </form> </div> <div id="wd-content-finder" class="art-lookup__content-finder"> <form accept-charset="utf-8,iso-8859-1" method="get" action="/findcontent" name="contentFinderForm" id="wd-find-art-form" class="find-article-issue-display" autocomplete="OFF" aria-labelledby="article-lookup"> <fieldset> <legend id="article-lookup" class="eyebrow eyebrow--blue">Article Lookup</legend> <div class="art-lookup__fields-wrapper"> <label for="CF_JOURNAL" class="offscreen-hidden">Select journal (required)</label> <select name="CF_JOURNAL" class="find-article-select art-lookup__content-finder-field art-lookup__field--grow art-lookup__content-finder-field--first" id="CF_JOURNAL"> <option value="none">Select journal (required)</option><option value="2053-1583">2D Mater. (2014 - present)</option><option value="1004-423X">Acta Phys. Sin. (Overseas Edn) (1992 - 1999)</option><option value="2043-6262">Adv. Nat. Sci: Nanosci. Nanotechnol. (2010 - present)</option><option value="1882-0786">Appl. Phys. Express (2008 - present)</option><option value="1758-5090">Biofabrication (2009 - present)</option><option value="1748-3190">Bioinspir. Biomim. (2006 - present)</option><option value="1748-605X">Biomed. Mater. (2006 - present)</option><option value="2057-1976">Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express (2015 - present)</option><option value="0508-3443">Br. J. Appl. Phys. (1950 - 1967)</option><option value="1009-9271">Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. (2001 - 2008)</option><option value="1003-7713">Chin. J. Chem. Phys. (1987 - 2007)</option><option value="1674-0068">Chin. J. Chem. Phys. (2008 - 2012)</option><option value="1009-1963">Chinese Phys. (2000 - 2007)</option><option value="1674-1056">Chinese Phys. B (2008 - present)</option><option value="1674-1137">Chinese Phys. C (2008 - present)</option><option value="0256-307X">Chinese Phys. Lett. (1984 - present)</option><option value="0264-9381">Class. Quantum Grav. (1984 - present)</option><option value="0143-0815">Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas. (1980 - 1992)</option><option value="1364-7830">Combustion Theory and Modelling (1997 - 2004)</option><option value="0253-6102">Commun. Theor. Phys. (1982 - present)</option><option value="1749-4699">Comput. Sci. Discov. (2008 - 2015)</option><option value="2057-1739">Converg. Sci. Phys. Oncol. (2015 - 2018)</option><option value="0967-1846">Distrib. Syst. Engng. (1993 - 1999)</option><option value="2754-2734">ECS Adv. (2022 - present)</option><option value="2162-8734">ECS Electrochem. Lett. (2012 - 2015)</option><option value="2162-8777">ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. (2012 - present)</option><option value="2754-2726">ECS Sens. Plus (2022 - present)</option><option value="2162-8750">ECS Solid State Lett. (2012 - 2015)</option><option value="1938-5862">ECS Trans. (2005 - present)</option><option value="0295-5075">EPL (1986 - present)</option><option value="1944-8783">Electrochem. Soc. Interface (1992 - present)</option><option value="1944-8775">Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. (1998 - 2012)</option><option value="2516-1075">Electron. Struct. (2019 - present)</option><option value="2631-8695">Eng. Res. Express (2019 - present)</option><option value="2515-7620">Environ. Res. Commun. (2018 - present)</option><option value="1748-9326">Environ. Res. Lett. (2006 - present)</option><option value="2752-5295">Environ. Res.: Climate (2022 - present)</option><option value="2752-664X">Environ. Res.: Ecology (2022 - present)</option><option value="2753-3751">Environ. Res.: Energy (2024 - present)</option><option value="2976-601X">Environ. Res.: Food Syst. (2024 - present)</option><option value="2752-5309">Environ. Res.: Health (2022 - present)</option><option value="2634-4505">Environ. Res.: Infrastruct. Sustain. (2021 - present)</option><option value="3033-4942">Environ. Res.: Water (2025 - present)</option><option value="0143-0807">Eur. J. Phys. (1980 - present)</option><option value="2058-8585">Flex. Print. Electron. (2015 - present)</option><option value="1873-7005">Fluid Dyn. Res. (1986 - present)</option><option value="2631-6331">Funct. Compos. Struct. (2018 - present)</option><option value="1755-1315">IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. (2008 - present)</option><option value="1757-899X">IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. (2009 - present)</option><option value="2633-1357">IOPSciNotes (2020 - 2022)</option><option value="2631-7990">Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. (2019 - present)</option><option value="0266-5611">Inverse Problems (1985 - present)</option><option value="1064-5632">Izv. Math. (1993 - present)</option><option value="1752-7163">J. Breath Res. (2007 - present)</option><option value="1475-7516">J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. (2003 - present)</option><option value="1945-7111">J. Electrochem. Soc. (1902 - present)</option><option value="1742-2140">J. Geophys. Eng. (2004 - 2018)</option><option value="1126-6708">J. High Energy Phys. (1997 - 2009)</option><option value="1748-0221">J. Inst. (2006 - present)</option><option value="0960-1317">J. Micromech. Microeng. (1991 - present)</option><option value="1741-2552">J. Neural Eng. (2004 - present)</option><option value="0368-3281">J. Nucl. Energy, Part C Plasma Phys. (1959 - 1966)</option><option value="0150-536X">J. Opt. (1977 - 1998)</option><option value="2040-8986">J. Opt. (2010 - present)</option><option value="1464-4258">J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. (1999 - 2009)</option><option value="1464-4266">J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. (1999 - 2005)</option><option value="0022-3689">J. Phys. A: Gen. Phys. (1968 - 1972)</option><option value="0305-4470">J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. (1975 - 2006)</option><option value="0301-0015">J. Phys. A: Math. Nucl. Gen. (1973 - 1974)</option><option value="1751-8121">J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. (2007 - present)</option><option value="0953-4075">J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. (1988 - present)</option><option value="0022-3700">J. Phys. B: Atom. Mol. Phys. (1968 - 1987)</option><option value="0022-3719">J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. (1968 - 1988)</option><option value="2399-6528">J. Phys. Commun. (2017 - present)</option><option value="2632-072X">J. Phys. Complex. (2019 - present)</option><option value="0022-3727">J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. (1968 - present)</option><option value="0022-3735">J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. (1968 - 1989)</option><option value="2515-7655">J. Phys. Energy (2018 - present)</option><option value="0305-4608">J. Phys. F: Met. Phys. (1971 - 1988)</option><option value="0954-3899">J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. (1989 - present)</option><option value="0305-4616">J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. (1975 - 1988)</option><option value="2515-7639">J. Phys. Mater. (2018 - present)</option><option value="2515-7647">J. Phys. Photonics (2018 - present)</option><option value="0953-8984">J. Phys.: Condens. Matter (1989 - present)</option><option value="1742-6596" selected="selected">J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (2004 - present)</option><option value="0952-4746">J. Radiol. Prot. (1988 - present)</option><option value="3050-2454">J. Reliab. Sci. Eng. (2025 - present)</option><option value="0950-7671">J. Sci. Instrum. (1923 - 1967)</option><option value="1674-4926">J. Semicond. (2009 - present)</option><option value="0260-2814">J. Soc. Radiol. Prot. (1981 - 1987)</option><option value="1742-5468">J. Stat. Mech. (2004 - present)</option><option value="1468-5248">JoT (2000 - 2004)</option><option value="1347-4065">Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. (1962 - present)</option><option value="1555-6611">Laser Phys. (2013 - present)</option><option value="1612-202X">Laser Phys. Lett. (2004 - present)</option><option value="3049-4753">Mach. Learn.: Earth (2025 - present)</option><option value="3049-4761">Mach. Learn.: Eng. (2025 - present)</option><option value="3049-477X">Mach. Learn.: Health (2025 - present)</option><option value="2632-2153">Mach. Learn.: Sci. Technol. (2019 - present)</option><option value="2752-5724">Mater. Futures (2022 - present)</option><option value="2633-4356">Mater. Quantum. Technol. (2020 - present)</option><option value="2053-1591">Mater. Res. Express (2014 - present)</option><option value="0025-5726">Math. USSR Izv. (1967 - 1992)</option><option value="0025-5734">Math. USSR Sb. (1967 - 1993)</option><option value="0957-0233">Meas. Sci. Technol. (1990 - present)</option><option value="2151-2043">Meet. Abstr. (2002 - present)</option><option value="2050-6120">Methods Appl. Fluoresc. (2013 - present)</option><option value="0026-1394">Metrologia (1965 - present)</option><option value="0965-0393">Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. (1992 - present)</option><option value="2399-7532">Multifunct. Mater. (2018 - 2022)</option><option value="2632-959X">Nano Ex. (2020 - present)</option><option value="2399-1984">Nano Futures (2017 - present)</option><option value="0957-4484">Nanotechnology (1990 - present)</option><option value="0954-898X">Network (1990 - 2004)</option><option value="2634-4386">Neuromorph. Comput. Eng. (2021 - present)</option><option value="1367-2630">New J. Phys. (1998 - present)</option><option value="0951-7715">Nonlinearity (1988 - present)</option><option value="0335-7368">Nouvelle Revue d'Optique (1973 - 1976)</option><option value="0029-4780">Nouvelle Revue d'Optique Appliquée (1970 - 1972)</option><option value="0029-5515">Nucl. Fusion (1960 - present)</option><option value="1538-3873">PASP (1889 - present)</option><option value="1478-3975">Phys. Biol. (2004 - present)</option><option value="0031-9112">Phys. Bull. (1950 - 1988)</option><option value="0031-9120">Phys. Educ. (1966 - present)</option><option value="0031-9155">Phys. Med. Biol. (1956 - present)</option><option value="1402-4896">Phys. Scr. (1970 - present)</option><option value="2058-7058">Phys. World (1988 - present)</option><option value="1063-7869">Phys.-Usp. (1993 - present)</option><option value="0305-4624">Physics in Technology (1973 - 1988)</option><option value="0967-3334">Physiol. Meas. (1993 - present)</option><option value="0741-3335">Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion (1984 - present)</option><option value="0032-1028">Plasma Physics (1967 - 1983)</option><option value="2516-1067">Plasma Res. Express (2018 - 2022)</option><option value="1009-0630">Plasma Sci. Technol. (1999 - present)</option><option value="0963-0252">Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. (1992 - present)</option><option value="0959-5309">Proc. Phys. Soc. (1926 - 1948)</option><option value="0370-1328">Proc. Phys. Soc. (1958 - 1967)</option><option value="0370-1298">Proc. Phys. Soc. A (1949 - 1957)</option><option value="0370-1301">Proc. Phys. Soc. B (1949 - 1957)</option><option value="1478-7814">Proc. Phys. Soc. London (1874 - 1925)</option><option value="2576-1579">Proc. Vol. (1967 - 2005)</option><option value="2516-1091">Prog. Biomed. Eng. (2018 - present)</option><option value="2516-1083">Prog. Energy (2018 - present)</option><option value="0963-6625">Public Understand. Sci. (1992 - 2002)</option><option value="0963-9659">Pure Appl. Opt. (1992 - 1998)</option><option value="1469-7688">Quantitative Finance (2001 - 2004)</option><option value="1063-7818">Quantum Electron. (1993 - present)</option><option value="0954-8998">Quantum Opt. (1989 - 1994)</option><option value="2058-9565">Quantum Sci. Technol. (2015 - present)</option><option value="1355-5111">Quantum Semiclass. Opt. (1995 - 1998)</option><option value="0034-4885">Rep. Prog. Phys. (1934 - present)</option><option value="1674-4527">Res. Astron. Astrophys. (2009 - present)</option><option value="2515-5172">Research Notes of the AAS (2017 - present)</option><option value="0034-6683">RevPhysTech (1970 - 1972)</option><option value="0036-021X">Russ. Chem. Rev. (1960 - present)</option><option value="0036-0279">Russ. Math. Surv. (1960 - present)</option><option value="1064-5616">Sb. Math. (1993 - present)</option><option value="1468-6996">Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. (2000 - 2015)</option><option value="0268-1242">Semicond. Sci. Technol. (1986 - present)</option><option value="0964-1726">Smart Mater. Struct. (1992 - present)</option><option value="0049-1748">Sov. J. Quantum Electron. (1971 - 1992)</option><option value="0038-5670">Sov. Phys. Usp. (1958 - 1992)</option><option value="0953-2048">Supercond. Sci. Technol. (1988 - present)</option><option value="2051-672X">Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop. (2013 - present)</option><option value="2977-3504">Sustain. Sci. Technol. (2024 - present)</option><option value="1538-3881">The Astronomical Journal (1849 - present)</option><option value="0004-637X">The Astrophysical Journal (1996 - present)</option><option value="2041-8205">The Astrophysical Journal Letters (2010 - present)</option><option value="0067-0049">The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (1996 - present)</option><option value="2632-3338">The Planetary Science Journal (2020 - present)</option><option value="2156-7395">Trans. Amer: Electrochem. Soc. (1930 - 1930)</option><option value="1945-6859">Trans. Electrochem. Soc. (1931 - 1948)</option><option value="1475-4878">Trans. Opt. Soc. (1899 - 1932)</option><option value="2053-1613">Transl. Mater. Res. (2014 - 2018)</option><option value="0959-7174">Waves Random Media (1991 - 2004)</option> </select> <label for="CF_VOLUME" class="offscreen-hidden">Volume number:</label> <input type="text" name="CF_VOLUME" id="CF_VOLUME" class="art-lookup__content-finder-field" placeholder="Volume" x-webkit-speech=""> <label for="CF_ISSUE" class="offscreen-hidden">Issue number (if known):</label> <input type="text" name="CF_ISSUE" id="CF_ISSUE" class="art-lookup__content-finder-field" placeholder="Issue" x-webkit-speech=""> <label for="CF_PAGE" class="offscreen-hidden">Article or page number:</label> <input type="text" name="CF_PAGE" id="CF_PAGE" class="art-lookup__content-finder-field art-lookup__content-finder-field--last" placeholder="Article or page" x-webkit-speech=""> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default art-lookup__submit" name="submit">Lookup</button> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-journals nav-item wd-nav-journal"> <button class="nav-top-link-drop-down" data-nav-trigger="journals">Journals<svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--right fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg></button> <div class="nav-drop-down wd-nav-journal-dd" data-nav-item="journals"> <div class="nav-drop-down__grid"> <div class="nav-drop-down__item"> <a class="nav-drop-down__item-title" href="/journals">Journals list</a> <span class="nav-drop-down__item-info m-hide">Browse more than 100 science journal titles</span> </div> <div class="nav-drop-down__item"> <a class="nav-drop-down__item-title" href="/page/subjects">Subject collections</a> <span class="nav-drop-down__item-info m-hide">Read the very best research published in IOP journals</span> </div> <div class="nav-drop-down__item"> <a class="nav-drop-down__item-title" href="/journals?type=partner#js-tab-pubpart">Publishing partners</a> <span class="nav-drop-down__item-info m-hide">Partner organisations and publications</span> </div> <div class="nav-drop-down__item"> <a class="nav-drop-down__item-title" href="/info/page/openaccess">Open access</a> <span class="nav-drop-down__item-info m-hide">IOP Publishing open access policy guide</span> </div> <div class="nav-drop-down__item"> <a class="nav-drop-down__item-title" href="/conference-series">IOP Conference Series</a> <span class="nav-drop-down__item-info m-hide">Read open access proceedings from science conferences worldwide</span> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-books nav-item wd-nav-books"> <a href="/booklistinfo/home" class="nav-top-link">Books</a> </li> <li class="nav-publishing-support nav-item wd-publishing-support"> <a href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org" class="nav-top-link">Publishing Support</a> </li> <!-- Header Login starts here --> <li class="nav-login nav-item wd-nav-login"> <button class="nav-top-link-drop-down" id="login-drop-down-user" data-nav-trigger="login"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--circle-user--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M399 384.2C376.9 345.8 335.4 320 288 320H224c-47.4 0-88.9 25.8-111 64.2c35.2 39.2 86.2 63.8 143 63.8s107.8-24.7 143-63.8zM0 256a256 256 0 1 1 512 0A256 256 0 1 1 0 256zm256 16a72 72 0 1 0 0-144 72 72 0 1 0 0 144z"/></svg>Login<svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--right fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg></button> <div class="nav-drop-down wd-nav-login-dd" data-nav-item="login"> <a href="https://myiopscience.iop.org/signin?origin=a0&amp;return=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Fissue%2F1742-6596%2F2777%2F1" id="wd-login-link">IOPscience login / Sign Up</a> </div> </li> <!-- Header Login ends here --> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="page-body" > <!-- Start two column layout --> <div class="grid-2-col db-showgrid tb-showgrid cf"> <main id="skip-to-content-link-target"> <!-- Secondary header starts --> <div class="secondary-header cf" id="wd-secondary-header"> <!-- Branded journal header starts --> <!-- Branded journal header starts --> <div class="branded"> <div class="publication-name" id="wd-pub-name"> <div class="publication-title" itemprop="name" itemid="periodical"> <!-- Branded journal header starts --> <a href="/journal/1742-6596" itemprop="url">Journal of Physics: Conference Series</a> <!-- Journal image link starts --> <!-- Journal image link ends --> </div> </div> <div class="partner-logos m-hide" id="wd-partner-logos"> <div class="partner-logo-alignment"> <!-- Partner logo starts --> <button class="overlay-launch partner-logo" aria-expanded="false"> <img src="https://cms.iopscience.org/c10a6ab7-71b1-11ef-b232-8f9c605a91ff/PLP-Logo.png?guest=true" alt="Purpose-Led Publishing, find out more."> </button> <span class="overlay-set"> <div class="tint-screen"></div> <div role="dialog" aria-label="Purpose-Led Publishing" aria-modal="true" class="overlay-panel"> <button class="close-icon close-overlay" aria-label="Close"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--circle-xmark--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M256 512A256 256 0 1 0 256 0a256 256 0 1 0 0 512zM175 175c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l47 47 47-47c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0s9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-47 47 47 47c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9s-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-47-47-47 47c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0s-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l47-47-47-47c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9z"/></svg></button> <div class="overlay-img"> <img src="https://cms.iopscience.org/c10a6ab7-71b1-11ef-b232-8f9c605a91ff/PLP-Logo.png?guest=true" alt="Purpose-Led Publishing logo."/> </div> <div class="overlay-text"> <p><a href="https://www.purposeledpublishing.org/">Purpose-led Publishing</a> is a coalition of three not-for-profit publishers in the field of physical sciences: AIP Publishing, the American Physical Society and IOP Publishing.</p> <p>Together, as publishers that will always put purpose above profit, we have defined a set of industry standards that underpin high-quality, ethical scholarly communications.</p> <p><strong>We are proudly declaring that science is our only shareholder.</strong></p> </div> </div> </span> <!-- Partner logo ends --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Branded journal header ends --> </div> <!-- Secondary header ends --> <div class="db1 tb1"> <!-- Start issue page --> <!-- Start issue page --> <div itemprop="hasPart" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/PublicationIssue"> <!-- Start Issue titles --> <h1>Table of contents</h1> <div class="boxout" id="wd-jnl-issue-title"> <h2><a href="/volume/1742-6596/2777">Volume 2777</a></h2> <p class="replica-h3 mb-05 mt-0" itemprop="issueNumber">2024</p> <p class="mb-05"> <a href="/issue/1742-6596/2776/1" class="mr-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--arrow-left--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M9.4 233.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L109.2 288 416 288c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32l-306.7 0L214.6 118.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-160 160z"/></svg>Previous issue</a> <a href="/issue/1742-6596/2781/1" class="ml-1">Next issue<svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--right" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--arrow-right--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"/></svg></a> </p> <h4 class="mb-05">International Conference on Power Electronics and Energy System 01/03/2024 - 03/03/2024 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</h4> <p> Accepted papers received: 30 May 2024 <br> Published online: 14 June 2024 </p> </div> <!-- End Issue titles --> <!-- Start Issue display links --> <p id="jnl-issue-disp-links" class="cf"> <button data-reveal-label-alt="Close all abstracts" class="reveal-all-trigger mr-2 small" data-reveal-text="Open all abstracts" data-link-purpose-append="in this issue" data-link-purpose-append-open="in this issue">Open all abstracts<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;in this issue</span></button> </p> <!-- End Issue display links --> <!-- Start Issue Toc Element Listing --> <form id="articles" method="post" action="" class="article-list-form"> <input type="hidden" name="issn" value="1742-6596" /> <input type="hidden" name="volume" value="2777" /> <input type="hidden" name="issue" value="1" /> <div class="art-list" id="wd-jnl-issue-art-list"> <h3 class="bdt-6 bd-grey-tint mb-1"> Preface</h3> <!--issue toc article element start--> <div class="art-list-item reveal-container reveal-closed"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">011001</div> <div class="eyebrow"> <!-- Start Collection Labels --> <span class="offscreen-hidden">The following article is </span> <span class="red-text wd-jnl-art-collection-label">Open access</span> <!-- End Collection Labels --> </div> <div class="art-list-item-title-wrapper"> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/011001" class="art-list-item-title"> Preface </a> </div> <!-- Start Focus issue title --> <!-- End focus issue title --> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <button type="button" class="reveal-trigger mr-2 nowrap"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg><span class="reveal-trigger-label" data-reveal-label-alt="Close abstract" data-reveal-text="Open abstract" data-link-purpose-append="Preface" data-link-purpose-append-open="Preface">Open abstract</span> </button> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/011001/meta" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-article"></span>View article<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Preface</span> </a> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/011001/pdf" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Preface</span> </a> </div> <div class="reveal-content"> <div class="article-text view-text-small"> <div class="article-text wd-jnl-art-abstract cf" itemprop="description"> <p>The International Conference on Power Electronics and Energy System (ICPEES 2024) has been held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia during March 1-3, 2024 in hybrid format, including both on-site and cloud meeting.</p><p>This conference aimed to provide an attractive platform for academics, scientists, researchers, experts, and students to express and discuss their interests in power electronics and energy system. The participants were from almost every part of the world, with various background, including China, Malaysia, Morocco, Indonesia, India, Turkey, Brunei, South Sudan and more. There were two renowned speakers who illustrated their latest research, to include Prof. Ismail Musirin from Universiti Teknologi MARA and Prof. M A Hannan from Sunway University. The conference also had 2 technical sessions. ICPEES 2024 became an effective communication platform for all the participants who took the opportunity to share their research results and discuss potential scientific and engineering developments from their work. This contributed to the success of the conference.</p><p>The conference proceedings are a compilation of the accepted papers and represent an interesting outcome of the conference. All papers in the proceedings have passed the vigorous review process involving reviewers by the technical program committee. The variety of research topics presented in the conference and novelty exhibited in the papers published in the proceedings demonstrated the impact of ICPEES 2024.</p><p>We would like to acknowledge all of those who supported ICPEES 2024. Each individual and institutional help were very important for the success of this conference. Especially we would like to thank the committee chairs, committee members and reviewers, for their tremendous contribution in conference organization and peer review of the papers.</p><p>We sincerely hope that ICPEES 2024 was a forum for excellent discussions that put forward new ideas, promote collaborative research, and support researchers as they take their work forward. We are sure that the proceedings will serve as an important research source of references and knowledge, which will lead to not only scientific and engineering progress but also other new products and processes.</p><p>List of Committees are available in this pdf.</p> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a class="mr-2" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/011001">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/011001</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--issue toc article element end--> <!--issue toc article element start--> <div class="art-list-item reveal-container reveal-closed"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">011002</div> <div class="eyebrow"> <!-- Start Collection Labels --> <span class="offscreen-hidden">The following article is </span> <span class="red-text wd-jnl-art-collection-label">Open access</span> <!-- End Collection Labels --> </div> <div class="art-list-item-title-wrapper"> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/011002" class="art-list-item-title"> Peer Review Statement </a> </div> <!-- Start Focus issue title --> <!-- End focus issue title --> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <button type="button" class="reveal-trigger mr-2 nowrap"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg><span class="reveal-trigger-label" data-reveal-label-alt="Close abstract" data-reveal-text="Open abstract" data-link-purpose-append="Peer Review Statement" data-link-purpose-append-open="Peer Review Statement">Open abstract</span> </button> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/011002/meta" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-article"></span>View article<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Peer Review Statement</span> </a> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/011002/pdf" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Peer Review Statement</span> </a> </div> <div class="reveal-content"> <div class="article-text view-text-small"> <div class="article-text wd-jnl-art-abstract cf" itemprop="description"> <p>All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.</p><p>• <b>Type of peer review</b>: Double anonymous</p><p>• <b>Conference submission management system</b>: Morressier</p><p>• <b>Number of submissions received</b>: 23</p><p>• <b>Number of submissions sent for review</b>: 18</p><p>• <b>Number of submissions accepted</b>: 8</p><p>• <b>Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received <b>&#x00d7;</b> 100)</b>: 34.7 %</p><p>• <b>Average number of reviews per paper</b>: 2.33</p><p>• <b>Total number of reviewers involved</b>: 29</p><p>• <b>Contact person for queries</b>:</p><p><b>Name</b>: Fiona LEE</p><p><b>Affiliation</b>: Society of Advanced Science and Engineering</p><p><b>Email</b>: fionalee@ase-society.org</p> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a class="mr-2" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/011002">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/011002</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--issue toc article element end--> <h3 class="bdt-6 bd-grey-tint mb-1"> Papers</h3> <!--issue toc article element start--> <div class="art-list-item reveal-container reveal-closed"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">012001</div> <div class="eyebrow"> <!-- Start Collection Labels --> <span class="offscreen-hidden">The following article is </span> <span class="red-text wd-jnl-art-collection-label">Open access</span> <!-- End Collection Labels --> </div> <div class="art-list-item-title-wrapper"> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012001" class="art-list-item-title"> Current and Future Trends of Electricity Service in South Sudan </a> </div> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Ater Y. Amogpai</span></span></p> <!-- Start Focus issue title --> <!-- End focus issue title --> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <button type="button" class="reveal-trigger mr-2 nowrap"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg><span class="reveal-trigger-label" data-reveal-label-alt="Close abstract" data-reveal-text="Open abstract" data-link-purpose-append="Current and Future Trends of Electricity Service in South Sudan" data-link-purpose-append-open="Current and Future Trends of Electricity Service in South Sudan">Open abstract</span> </button> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012001/meta" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-article"></span>View article<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Current and Future Trends of Electricity Service in South Sudan</span> </a> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012001/pdf" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Current and Future Trends of Electricity Service in South Sudan</span> </a> </div> <div class="reveal-content"> <div class="article-text view-text-small"> <div class="article-text wd-jnl-art-abstract cf" itemprop="description"> <p>Electricity service is the main driver for social and economic development. Readers and decision-makers need access to reliable and accurate data in this sector. South Sudan is one of the eastern African countries with the least access to electricity globally. Four sites in the central equatoria state where the Capital City Jubal is located were identified to develop large hydropower plants (LHP) to improve the country's poor access to electricity. However, the initial cost of the LHP is high and takes many years to build; thus, small hydropower plants (SHP) are introduced as they can be made in a shorter time and can urgently deliver electricity to needed locations. Solar energy systems can also be utilized to electrify rural and urban areas. This paper aims to provide the reader and decision-makers with information about electricity services in South Sudan. The paper explains the current and future status of the electricity service and contributes to sustainable development in the country's electricity supply reliability. The paper further recommends that decision-makers in the field of electricity better implement the proper practices and avoid malpractices in the electricity service.</p> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a class="mr-2" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012001">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012001</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--issue toc article element end--> <!--issue toc article element start--> <div class="art-list-item reveal-container reveal-closed"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">012002</div> <div class="eyebrow"> <!-- Start Collection Labels --> <span class="offscreen-hidden">The following article is </span> <span class="red-text wd-jnl-art-collection-label">Open access</span> <!-- End Collection Labels --> </div> <div class="art-list-item-title-wrapper"> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012002" class="art-list-item-title"> Enhancing Battery Prognostics Modelling with Digit Frequency Preprocessing Analysis </a> </div> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Hafizuddin Maiddin</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Dk Hayati Pg Hj Mohd Yassin</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Wahyu Caesarendra</span></span></p> <!-- Start Focus issue title --> <!-- End focus issue title --> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <button type="button" class="reveal-trigger mr-2 nowrap"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg><span class="reveal-trigger-label" data-reveal-label-alt="Close abstract" data-reveal-text="Open abstract" data-link-purpose-append="Enhancing Battery Prognostics Modelling with Digit Frequency Preprocessing Analysis" data-link-purpose-append-open="Enhancing Battery Prognostics Modelling with Digit Frequency Preprocessing Analysis">Open abstract</span> </button> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012002/meta" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-article"></span>View article<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Enhancing Battery Prognostics Modelling with Digit Frequency Preprocessing Analysis</span> </a> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012002/pdf" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Enhancing Battery Prognostics Modelling with Digit Frequency Preprocessing Analysis</span> </a> </div> <div class="reveal-content"> <div class="article-text view-text-small"> <div class="article-text wd-jnl-art-abstract cf" itemprop="description"> <p>To improve state-of-health (SoH) and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction in battery prognostics, a novel preprocessing method is developed that validates the input data integrity before undergoing a deep learning prognostic framework. Many of the developed deep learning models depend on a robust SoH estimation, however measured battery data are still subjected to faults stemming from physical defects to errors produced when the measured variables are logged. Hence, the preprocessing approach developed is capable of identifying anomalies such as outliers and errors within a subset of datasets. Filtering bad data from being utilized in machine learning algorithms can reduce inaccurate predictions caused from reinforced biased &amp; skewing and inevitably reduce unwanted failures.</p> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a class="mr-2" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012002">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012002</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--issue toc article element end--> <!--issue toc article element start--> <div class="art-list-item reveal-container reveal-closed"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">012003</div> <div class="eyebrow"> <!-- Start Collection Labels --> <span class="offscreen-hidden">The following article is </span> <span class="red-text wd-jnl-art-collection-label">Open access</span> <!-- End Collection Labels --> </div> <div class="art-list-item-title-wrapper"> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012003" class="art-list-item-title"> Leveraging an Asymmetric Convolutional Neural Network for Power System Object Intelligent Recognition </a> </div> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Yi Zhou</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Siyao Liu</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Ningguo Wang</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Zhongying Zhao</span></span></p> <!-- Start Focus issue title --> <!-- End focus issue title --> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <button type="button" class="reveal-trigger mr-2 nowrap"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg><span class="reveal-trigger-label" data-reveal-label-alt="Close abstract" data-reveal-text="Open abstract" data-link-purpose-append="Leveraging an Asymmetric Convolutional Neural Network for Power System Object Intelligent Recognition" data-link-purpose-append-open="Leveraging an Asymmetric Convolutional Neural Network for Power System Object Intelligent Recognition">Open abstract</span> </button> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012003/meta" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-article"></span>View article<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Leveraging an Asymmetric Convolutional Neural Network for Power System Object Intelligent Recognition</span> </a> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012003/pdf" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Leveraging an Asymmetric Convolutional Neural Network for Power System Object Intelligent Recognition</span> </a> </div> <div class="reveal-content"> <div class="article-text view-text-small"> <div class="article-text wd-jnl-art-abstract cf" itemprop="description"> <p>In the realm of automatic inspection within the power system industry, leveraging artificial intelligence algorithms for the automated detection of typical objects holds immense significance. This paper introduces a novel approach, an asymmetric convolutional neural network, designed for intelligent recognition of typical objects in the power system. Specifically, the proposed algorithm adopts the YOLOv7 network architecture as a baseline for object detection, incorporating a newly developed asymmetric convolution layer. This innovative layer aims to enhance the extraction of image features and improve robustness against target flipping. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated through its application to a project at the Information &amp; Telecommunication Company, State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co., Ltd. The objective was to detect the presence of the person in charge at the operation scene. Experimental results demonstrated a notable improvement, with the detection mAP of the person in charge reaching 95.8%, a 6.9% increase compared to YOLOv7, effectively enhancing accuracy. Additionally, the model achieved a recall rate of 93.4%, making it applicable for power system operation detection tasks and elevating the industry's level of automation.</p> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a class="mr-2" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012003">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012003</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--issue toc article element end--> <!--issue toc article element start--> <div class="art-list-item reveal-container reveal-closed"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">012004</div> <div class="eyebrow"> <!-- Start Collection Labels --> <span class="offscreen-hidden">The following article is </span> <span class="red-text wd-jnl-art-collection-label">Open access</span> <!-- End Collection Labels --> </div> <div class="art-list-item-title-wrapper"> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012004" class="art-list-item-title"> Designed harmonic step filter automatic control system to improve power quality and electric efficiency </a> </div> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Faisal Irsan Pasaribu</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Ira Devi Sara</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Tarmizi Tarmizi</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Nasaruddin Nasaruddin</span></span></p> <!-- Start Focus issue title --> <!-- End focus issue title --> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <button type="button" class="reveal-trigger mr-2 nowrap"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg><span class="reveal-trigger-label" data-reveal-label-alt="Close abstract" data-reveal-text="Open abstract" data-link-purpose-append="Designed harmonic step filter automatic control system to improve power quality and electric efficiency" data-link-purpose-append-open="Designed harmonic step filter automatic control system to improve power quality and electric efficiency">Open abstract</span> </button> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012004/meta" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-article"></span>View article<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Designed harmonic step filter automatic control system to improve power quality and electric efficiency</span> </a> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012004/pdf" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Designed harmonic step filter automatic control system to improve power quality and electric efficiency</span> </a> </div> <div class="reveal-content"> <div class="article-text view-text-small"> <div class="article-text wd-jnl-art-abstract cf" itemprop="description"> <p>Good power quality and high-power efficiency are important aspects of power system management. Harmonic, as an unwanted frequency component in electrical signals, can interfere with power quality and reduce electrical efficiency. A passive harmonic filter is a device used to reduce or filter harmonics in electrical power systems. This research proposes technology Internet of Things with an automatic control system that moves the step filter to solve the harmonic problem, with the aim of improving the quality of power and electrical efficiency. The step filter functions to identify and isolate the harmonic, thus enabling appropriate controls to suppress the impact of the harmonic. The proposed system uses sophisticated control algorithms using sensors that can read current, voltage, frequency, and power factor to adjust the step filter parameters dynamically, following changes in load conditions and harmonizing. Simulation of the control network using the proteus software is subsequently undertaken in further research to design the control device. Using an automatic control set in the control simulation results reduced the need for manual intervention and let the system adjust the step filter automatically in response to changing network conditions. This showed that this method worked to lower harmonic distortion, increases the power factor through the filter used, and make the system more energy efficient overall. The study emphasizes the importance of applying sophisticated control strategies to manage harmonics efficiently, which ultimately paves the way to a cleaner and more reliable power grid.</p> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a class="mr-2" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012004">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012004</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--issue toc article element end--> <!--issue toc article element start--> <div class="art-list-item reveal-container reveal-closed"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">012005</div> <div class="eyebrow"> <!-- Start Collection Labels --> <span class="offscreen-hidden">The following article is </span> <span class="red-text wd-jnl-art-collection-label">Open access</span> <!-- End Collection Labels --> </div> <div class="art-list-item-title-wrapper"> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012005" class="art-list-item-title"> Research on Distribution Automation Testing Platform Based on Kubernetes Technology </a> </div> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Song Xudong</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Wu Ya</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Yao Yao</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Li Bei</span></span></p> <!-- Start Focus issue title --> <!-- End focus issue title --> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <button type="button" class="reveal-trigger mr-2 nowrap"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg><span class="reveal-trigger-label" data-reveal-label-alt="Close abstract" data-reveal-text="Open abstract" data-link-purpose-append="Research on Distribution Automation Testing Platform Based on Kubernetes Technology" data-link-purpose-append-open="Research on Distribution Automation Testing Platform Based on Kubernetes Technology">Open abstract</span> </button> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012005/meta" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-article"></span>View article<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Research on Distribution Automation Testing Platform Based on Kubernetes Technology</span> </a> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012005/pdf" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Research on Distribution Automation Testing Platform Based on Kubernetes Technology</span> </a> </div> <div class="reveal-content"> <div class="article-text view-text-small"> <div class="article-text wd-jnl-art-abstract cf" itemprop="description"> <p>In this paper, the problems of offline testing, manufacturer collaboration, and inconsistent standardization of existing test platforms are addressed in this study, with a special focus on complex field test scenarios and under-applied test data. To solve this problem, a test platform for distribution automation (DA) equipment based on Kubernetes technology is proposed. First, the composition and testing process of the DA testing system are elaborated in detail, and then a new testing platform is constructed by introducing Kubernetes technology. Finally, the feasibility of the platform is verified by building the new DA test platform based on Kubernetes technology for experiments. This study aims to improve the effectiveness of the test platform, promote the full application of field test scenarios and test data, and provide a more consistent and efficient solution for the testing of distribution automation equipment.</p> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a class="mr-2" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012005">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012005</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--issue toc article element end--> <!--issue toc article element start--> <div class="art-list-item reveal-container reveal-closed"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">012006</div> <div class="eyebrow"> <!-- Start Collection Labels --> <span class="offscreen-hidden">The following article is </span> <span class="red-text wd-jnl-art-collection-label">Open access</span> <!-- End Collection Labels --> </div> <div class="art-list-item-title-wrapper"> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012006" class="art-list-item-title"> NASNet-LSTM based Deep learning Classifier for Anomaly Detection in Solar Photovoltaic Modules </a> </div> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Shiva Gopalakrishnan</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Veerapandiyan Veerasamy</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Hashim Hizam</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Rizwan A Farade</span></span></p> <!-- Start Focus issue title --> <!-- End focus issue title --> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <button type="button" class="reveal-trigger mr-2 nowrap"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg><span class="reveal-trigger-label" data-reveal-label-alt="Close abstract" data-reveal-text="Open abstract" data-link-purpose-append="NASNet-LSTM based Deep learning Classifier for Anomaly Detection in Solar Photovoltaic Modules" data-link-purpose-append-open="NASNet-LSTM based Deep learning Classifier for Anomaly Detection in Solar Photovoltaic Modules">Open abstract</span> </button> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012006/meta" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-article"></span>View article<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;NASNet-LSTM based Deep learning Classifier for Anomaly Detection in Solar Photovoltaic Modules</span> </a> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012006/pdf" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;NASNet-LSTM based Deep learning Classifier for Anomaly Detection in Solar Photovoltaic Modules</span> </a> </div> <div class="reveal-content"> <div class="article-text view-text-small"> <div class="article-text wd-jnl-art-abstract cf" itemprop="description"> <p>Many nations are increasing the installations of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules for clean energy production. Such PV modules are considered to be cost effective if the module's operation lifetime is more than twenty years. In real-time, the PV modules undergo degradation due to hotspots, defects and other anomalies resulting in reduced operation lifetime. Infrared (IR) Thermography is a Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) method that can be used in identifying such anomalies present in PV modules. However, the IR thermography requires Artificial Intelligence (AI) based classification techniques to detect the anomalies. This research article proposes a deep learning classifier, based on NASNet-LSTM for the identification of electrical and non-electrical anomalies occurring in PV modules. NASNet is a convolutional neural network (CNN) based classifier when combined with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks performs classification with an accuracy of 84.75% considering the raw dataset used in this research. The results are validated by comparing the accuracies with other models. The study concludes that NASNet-LSTM performs well in the anomaly detection of PV modules.</p> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a class="mr-2" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012006">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012006</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--issue toc article element end--> <!--issue toc article element start--> <div class="art-list-item reveal-container reveal-closed"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">012007</div> <div class="eyebrow"> <!-- Start Collection Labels --> <span class="offscreen-hidden">The following article is </span> <span class="red-text wd-jnl-art-collection-label">Open access</span> <!-- End Collection Labels --> </div> <div class="art-list-item-title-wrapper"> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012007" class="art-list-item-title"> Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy </a> </div> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Hasan Aydogan</span></span></p> <!-- Start Focus issue title --> <!-- End focus issue title --> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <button type="button" class="reveal-trigger mr-2 nowrap"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg><span class="reveal-trigger-label" data-reveal-label-alt="Close abstract" data-reveal-text="Open abstract" data-link-purpose-append="Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy" data-link-purpose-append-open="Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy">Open abstract</span> </button> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012007/meta" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-article"></span>View article<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy</span> </a> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012007/pdf" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy</span> </a> </div> <div class="reveal-content"> <div class="article-text view-text-small"> <div class="article-text wd-jnl-art-abstract cf" itemprop="description"> <p>This paper explores the synergistic relationship between electric vehicles and renewable energy sources in addressing environmental concerns and fostering sustainable transportation. While electric vehicles offer the significant benefit of zero tailpipe emissions, their environmental impact hinges on the source of their electricity. The paper highlights the crucial role of renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower in powering electric vehicles and minimizing their carbon footprint. Examining various charging methods, including home solar systems, public charging stations with renewables, and smart charging systems, the paper demonstrates the feasibility and practicality of integrating EVs with renewable energy. The advantages of electric vehicles over gasoline vehicles are then presented, emphasizing their lower maintenance needs, cost-effectiveness, quieter operation, energy efficiency, and positive impact on air quality. Finally, the paper underscores the potential of electric vehicles to promote the transition towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy landscape.</p> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a class="mr-2" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012007">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012007</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--issue toc article element end--> <!--issue toc article element start--> <div class="art-list-item reveal-container reveal-closed"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">012008</div> <div class="eyebrow"> <!-- Start Collection Labels --> <span class="offscreen-hidden">The following article is </span> <span class="red-text wd-jnl-art-collection-label">Open access</span> <!-- End Collection Labels --> </div> <div class="art-list-item-title-wrapper"> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012008" class="art-list-item-title"> Feasibility and Techno-Economic Assessment of a 128kWp Grid-Tied SPV System using HOMER Pro </a> </div> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Akhlaque Ahmad Khan</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Ahmad Faiz Minai</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Mohammad Atif Siddiqui</span></span></p> <!-- Start Focus issue title --> <!-- End focus issue title --> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <button type="button" class="reveal-trigger mr-2 nowrap"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg><span class="reveal-trigger-label" data-reveal-label-alt="Close abstract" data-reveal-text="Open abstract" data-link-purpose-append="Feasibility and Techno-Economic Assessment of a 128kWp Grid-Tied SPV System using HOMER Pro" data-link-purpose-append-open="Feasibility and Techno-Economic Assessment of a 128kWp Grid-Tied SPV System using HOMER Pro">Open abstract</span> </button> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012008/meta" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-article"></span>View article<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Feasibility and Techno-Economic Assessment of a 128kWp Grid-Tied SPV System using HOMER Pro</span> </a> <a href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012008/pdf" class="mr-2 nowrap"> <span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF<span class="offscreen-hidden">,&nbsp;Feasibility and Techno-Economic Assessment of a 128kWp Grid-Tied SPV System using HOMER Pro</span> </a> </div> <div class="reveal-content"> <div class="article-text view-text-small"> <div class="article-text wd-jnl-art-abstract cf" itemprop="description"> <p>A substantial amount of the world's annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are attributable to the continued consumption of electricity from the grid that is generated from burning fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources could strengthen grid reliability and lessen their effect on the environment, especially in high-demand regions prone to power failures. Investigating the viability of erecting solar power plants in a subtropical area to provide the necessary electricity for an educational building that operates mainly during daylight hours is the main intent of the present study. The purpose of this investigation is to demonstrate and validate a model for enormous-scale commercial HRES applications (such as an educational institution) utilising the HOMER programme to figure out the optimal size. Minimising emissions of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas responsible for accelerating global warming, is also of the utmost importance. Based on the simulation findings, the optimal system configuration consisted of a 120 kW converter and 400 PV arrays (each with 320 Wp = 128 kWp). For regional power generation, the most cost-effective choice is still a combination of solar panels and the grid. Findings show that a HRES can be economically feasible for installation in educational institutions at an initial capital cost of USD $0.068 million with annual operating expenses of USD $0.0447 million—a reduction of 44.11% compared to the existing system. The expected payback for this endeavour is five years. Other locations with identical climates could benefit from these results when considering the deployment of comparable technology. In order to help achieve a zero-carbon target, financial rewards could encourage governments to adopt similar schemes.</p> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a class="mr-2" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012008">https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2777/1/012008</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--issue toc article element end--> </div> </form> <!-- End Issue Toc Element Listing --> </div> <!-- End issue page --> </div> </main> <div class="db2 tb2"> <div class="side-and-below"> <!-- Start Journal links --> <div class="sidebar-list" id="wd-jnl-links"> <h2 class="sidebar-list__heading">Journal links</h2> <ul class="sidebar-list__list"><li><a href="/1742-6596">Journal home</a></li> <li><a href="/1742-6596/page/scope">Journal Scope</a></li> <li><a href="http://conferenceseries.iop.org/content/organizers"target="_blank">Information for organizers</a></li> <li><a href="http://conferenceseries.iop.org/content/authors"target="_blank">Information for authors</a></li> <li><a href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/questions/conferences-contact-us/"target="_blank">Contact us</a></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.proceedings.com/2156.html"target="_blank">Reprint services from Curran Associates</a></li> </ul> </div> <!-- End Journal links --> <!-- Google adverts start --> <!-- Start of google banners on right hand side. --> <aside role="complementary" aria-label="Right sidebar adverts"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1669279847892-0' style='min-width: 160px; min-height: 250px;'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1669279847892-0'); }); </script> </div> </aside> <!-- End of google banners on right hand side. --> <!-- Google adverts end --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- End two column layout --> </div> <div data-scroll-header="" class="data-header-anchor" id="exp"></div> <!-- Footer starts --> <footer class="footer content-grid__full-width" data-footer-content role="contentinfo"> <nav aria-label="Further resources" class="footer__grid"> <div> <h2 class="footer__heading">IOPscience</h2> <ul class="footer__list"> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/journalList">Journals</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/booklistinfo/home">Books</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/conference-series">IOP Conference Series</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/page/aboutiopscience">About IOPscience</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://ioppublishing.org/about-us/contact-us/">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/info/page/developing-countries-access">Developing countries access</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/open_access/">IOP Publishing open access policy</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/page/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div> <h2 class="footer__heading">IOP Publishing</h2> <ul class="footer__list"> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/copyright/">Copyright 2024 IOP Publishing</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/page/terms">Terms and Conditions</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/page/disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/privacy-cookies-policy/">Privacy and Cookie Policy</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/textanddataminingpolicy/">Text and Data mining policy</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div> <h2 class="footer__heading">Publishing Support</h2> <ul class="footer__list"> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/">Authors</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/publishing-support/reviewers/">Reviewers</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/publishing-support/organisers/">Conference Organisers</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <!-- end nav --> <div class="footer__notice"> <div class="footer__notice-inner"> <div class="footer__notice-text"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="footer__cookie fa-icon" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M257.5 27.6c-.8-5.4-4.9-9.8-10.3-10.6c-22.1-3.1-44.6 .9-64.4 11.4l-74 39.5C89.1 78.4 73.2 94.9 63.4 115L26.7 190.6c-9.8 20.1-13 42.9-9.1 64.9l14.5 82.8c3.9 22.1 14.6 42.3 30.7 57.9l60.3 58.4c16.1 15.6 36.6 25.6 58.7 28.7l83 11.7c22.1 3.1 44.6-.9 64.4-11.4l74-39.5c19.7-10.5 35.6-27 45.4-47.2l36.7-75.5c9.8-20.1 13-42.9 9.1-64.9c-.9-5.3-5.3-9.3-10.6-10.1c-51.5-8.2-92.8-47.1-104.5-97.4c-1.8-7.6-8-13.4-15.7-14.6c-54.6-8.7-97.7-52-106.2-106.8zM208 144a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64zM144 336a32 32 0 1 1 64 0 32 32 0 1 1 -64 0zm224-64a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64z"/> </svg> <span><strong>This site uses cookies</strong>. By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies.</span></div> <div class="footer__socials"> <div class="footer__social-icons"> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://twitter.com/ioppublishing?lang=en"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing Twitter page</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"/> </svg> </a> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://www.facebook.com/ioppublishing/"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing Facebook page</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M504 256C504 119 393 8 256 8S8 119 8 256c0 123.78 90.69 226.38 209.25 245V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.28c-30.8 0-40.41 19.12-40.41 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V501C413.31 482.38 504 379.78 504 256z"/> </svg> </a> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/iop-publishing"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing LinkedIn page</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 448 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M100.28 448H7.4V148.9h92.88zM53.79 108.1C24.09 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8a53.79 53.79 0 0 1 107.58 0c0 29.7-24.1 54.3-53.79 54.3zM447.9 448h-92.68V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.29-79.2-48.29 0-55.69 37.7-55.69 76.7V448h-92.78V148.9h89.08v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.69-48.3 87.88-48.3 94 0 111.28 61.9 111.28 142.3V448z"/> </svg> </a> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6sGrQTcmY8NpmfGEfRqRrg"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing Youtube page</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 60 576 395" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"/> </svg> </a> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/WeChat-QR-Code.png"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing WeChat QR code</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 576 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M385.2 167.6c6.4 0 12.6.3 18.8 1.1C387.4 90.3 303.3 32 207.7 32 100.5 32 13 104.8 13 197.4c0 53.4 29.3 97.5 77.9 131.6l-19.3 58.6 68-34.1c24.4 4.8 43.8 9.7 68.2 9.7 6.2 0 12.1-.3 18.3-.8-4-12.9-6.2-26.6-6.2-40.8-.1-84.9 72.9-154 165.3-154zm-104.5-52.9c14.5 0 24.2 9.7 24.2 24.4 0 14.5-9.7 24.2-24.2 24.2-14.8 0-29.3-9.7-29.3-24.2.1-14.7 14.6-24.4 29.3-24.4zm-136.4 48.6c-14.5 0-29.3-9.7-29.3-24.2 0-14.8 14.8-24.4 29.3-24.4 14.8 0 24.4 9.7 24.4 24.4 0 14.6-9.6 24.2-24.4 24.2zM563 319.4c0-77.9-77.9-141.3-165.4-141.3-92.7 0-165.4 63.4-165.4 141.3S305 460.7 397.6 460.7c19.3 0 38.9-5.1 58.6-9.9l53.4 29.3-14.8-48.6C534 402.1 563 363.2 563 319.4zm-219.1-24.5c-9.7 0-19.3-9.7-19.3-19.6 0-9.7 9.7-19.3 19.3-19.3 14.8 0 24.4 9.7 24.4 19.3 0 10-9.7 19.6-24.4 19.6zm107.1 0c-9.7 0-19.3-9.7-19.3-19.6 0-9.7 9.7-19.3 19.3-19.3 14.5 0 24.4 9.7 24.4 19.3.1 10-9.9 19.6-24.4 19.6z"/> </svg> </a> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://www.weibo.com/u/2931886367"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing Weibo page</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M407 177.6c7.6-24-13.4-46.8-37.4-41.7-22 4.8-28.8-28.1-7.1-32.8 50.1-10.9 92.3 37.1 76.5 84.8-6.8 21.2-38.8 10.8-32-10.3zM214.8 446.7C108.5 446.7 0 395.3 0 310.4c0-44.3 28-95.4 76.3-143.7C176 67 279.5 65.8 249.9 161c-4 13.1 12.3 5.7 12.3 6 79.5-33.6 140.5-16.8 114 51.4-3.7 9.4 1.1 10.9 8.3 13.1 135.7 42.3 34.8 215.2-169.7 215.2zm143.7-146.3c-5.4-55.7-78.5-94-163.4-85.7-84.8 8.6-148.8 60.3-143.4 116s78.5 94 163.4 85.7c84.8-8.6 148.8-60.3 143.4-116zM347.9 35.1c-25.9 5.6-16.8 43.7 8.3 38.3 72.3-15.2 134.8 52.8 111.7 124-7.4 24.2 29.1 37 37.4 12 31.9-99.8-55.1-195.9-157.4-174.3zm-78.5 311c-17.1 38.8-66.8 60-109.1 46.3-40.8-13.1-58-53.4-40.3-89.7 17.7-35.4 63.1-55.4 103.4-45.1 42 10.8 63.1 50.2 46 88.5zm-86.3-30c-12.9-5.4-30 .3-38 12.9-8.3 12.9-4.3 28 8.6 34 13.1 6 30.8.3 39.1-12.9 8-13.1 3.7-28.3-9.7-34zm32.6-13.4c-5.1-1.7-11.4.6-14.3 5.4-2.9 5.1-1.4 10.6 3.7 12.9 5.1 2 11.7-.3 14.6-5.4 2.8-5.2 1.1-10.9-4-12.9z"/> </svg> </a> </div> <a href="https://ioppublishing.org/"> <img alt="IOP Publishing" class="footer__social-logo" src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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'/> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <!-- Footer ends --> </div> <script> let imgBase = "https://static.iopscience.com/3.72.0/img"; let scriptBase = "https://static.iopscience.com/3.72.0/js"; /* Cutting the mustard - http://responsivenews.co.uk/post/18948466399/cutting-the-mustard */ /* This is the original if statement, from the link above. I have amended it to turn of JS on all IE browsers less than 10. This is due to a function in the iop.jquery.toolbar.js line 35/36. Uses .remove which is not native js supported in IE9 or lower */ /* if('querySelector' in document && 'localStorage' in window && 'addEventListener' in window) { */ /* This is the updated selector, taken from: https://justmarkup.com/log/2015/02/26/cut-the-mustard-revisited/ */ if('visibilityState' in document) { /*! loadJS: load a JS file asynchronously. [c]2014 @scottjehl, Filament Group, Inc. (Based on http://goo.gl/REQGQ by Paul Irish).. Licensed MIT */ function loadJS( src, cb ){ "use strict"; let ref = window.document.getElementsByTagName( "script" )[ 0 ]; let script = window.document.createElement( "script" ); script.src = src; script.async = true; ref.parentNode.insertBefore( script, ref ); if (cb && typeof(cb) === "function") { script.onload = cb; } return script; } } </script> <script>loadJS( scriptBase + "/scripts.min.js" );</script> </body> </html></html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10