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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an appellation for outsiders in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. For the people from eastern <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a>. For the urban ethnic quip used to denote middle-class <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Bong_(term)" title="Bong (term)">Bong (term)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bongal##" title="Talk:Bongal">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Bongal</b> is a term used in Assam to refer to <i>outsiders</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assam has been settled by colonial officials (<i>amlahs</i>) from Bengal pre-Independence and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Bengali">Hindu Bengali</a> refugees in the post-Independence periods. The Muslims peasants from East Bengal settled in Assam are now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Miya_people" title="Miya people">Miya</a>. The term lent the name to the <a href="/wiki/Bongal_Kheda" title="Bongal Kheda">Bongal Kheda</a> movement of the 1950s and 1960s which sought to drive out non-Assamese competitors and to secure jobs for the natives.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bongal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Bongal</i> came into prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Buranji" title="Buranji">Buranjis</a>, where they were used to describe <i>foreigners</i> from the west of the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term may have been derived from 'Bangala', the name of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal province of Bengal</a>. Initially the term might have stood for the people of Bengal, but later it is said to have stood for any foreigner.<sup id="cite_ref-fishmanetal244_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fishmanetal244-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its geographic location, the approach to the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a> from mainland India was through Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-fishmanetal244_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fishmanetal244-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British came to be known as <i>Boga Bongal</i> (<i>white Bongal</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-das2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-das2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahom general <a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a> is said to have referred to the Mughals as Bongals.<sup id="cite_ref-assam.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assam.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over years of political seclusion, 'Bongal' became a term of suspicion, reproach and contempt.<sup id="cite_ref-fishmanetal244_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fishmanetal244-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> annexed Assam to its Indian territories, many <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a> arrived in Assam by taking up administrative jobs in the government. The Britishers and the Bengali Hindus alike were referred to as Bongals. After the independence of India, the amount of increasing refugees arriving from the region of East Bengal and newly formed East Pakistan escalated tension among the <a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese people</a> and the tribes in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 1949 the number of total refugees reached two-and-half lakhs increasing up to 2,740,455. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Annual Arrival of Refugees in Assam in 1946–1951</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Place of Origin</b> </td> <td><b>Year</b> </td> <td><b>Number</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>East Bengal</b> </td> <td><b>1946</b> </td> <td><b>8,593</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>East Bengal</b> </td> <td><b>1947</b> </td> <td><b>42,346</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>East Bengal</b> </td> <td><b>1948</b> </td> <td><b>41,740</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>East Bengal</b> </td> <td><b>1949</b> </td> <td><b>33,138</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>East Bengal</b> </td> <td><b>1950</b> </td> <td><b>1,44,512</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>East Bengal</b> </td> <td><b>1950 (Jan.&Feb.)</b> </td> <td><b>3,479</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>West Pakistan</b> </td> <td>- </td> <td><b>647</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>2,74,455</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Assamese people viewed Bongal was someone who didn't belong Assam, an intruder whose presence threatened to marginalize them socially and politically.<sup id="cite_ref-das2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-das2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Britishers were called Boga Bongal, literally meaning 'the white foreigner'<sup id="cite_ref-das2014_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-das2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Bengali Hindus were called 'Kola Bongal' literally meaning 'the black foreigner'.<sup id="cite_ref-bareh92_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bareh92-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century Assamese intellectual discourse, anyone other than the people of Assam or the Hill tribes were called Bongals. They were described to be foreigners, uncivilized and filthy. An 1872 <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> play by Rudra Ram Bordoloi titled 'Bongal Bongalini' lampooned the social problems created by the outsiders i.e. the Bongals, especially who came during the British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-pathak2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathak2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assamese women who preferred to marry the Bongals, referred to as 'Bongalini's (feminine of Bongal), were described as promiscuous women and concubines of the Bongals.<sup id="cite_ref-pathak2015_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathak2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence</a>, the term continued to be used for the Bengali Hindus. However, it was not used for the Bengalis only. In a broader sense, it was used to refer to any group that was perceived to be an outsider.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti1960_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti1960-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> was described as <i>Bongal Desh</i>, literally meaning 'the land of the Bongals' in <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bongal_Kheda">Bongal Kheda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bongal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bongal Kheda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bongal_Kheda" title="Bongal Kheda">Bongal Kheda</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bongal##" title="Talk:Bongal">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the colonial period, the British proclaimed Bengali as the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Age_of_the_Assamese_language" title="Dark Age of the Assamese language">official language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">assam</a> even though both <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> were very different in nature and most of the populus were not familiar or knew the language. This was resented by the Assamese population as they saw it as a threat to their language and culture, this also led to Bengali people working in assam as most of the teacher's who came to assam were unfamiliar with the native Assamese language leading to illiteracy in the Assamese community and resentment for the Bengali Hindu's residing in assam. The resentment grew even further as After the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence of India</a>, the Assamese political leadership promoted the concept of Assam for Assamese which soon led to the demand of Assamese to be the sole official language of the state. Soon as the growing middle class populus of assam were still not getting jobs having a suitable educational background in their own state a resentment for <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> population of assam grew as they made up a huge chunk of Assamese job market as they were seen as more educated and had a better image in India than the Assamese people even though the Assamese populus was at par or even more capable than the Bengali population in their state. This grew resentment in the Assamese community and after many Instances of Bengali-assamese feuds this resentment soon led to the movement called '<a href="/wiki/Bongal_Kheda" title="Bongal Kheda">Bongal Kheda</a>', literally meaning 'drive away the outsiders(here referring to the Bengali populus)', which resulted in many protest, vandalisation of property and attack on the Bengali Hindus state-wide.<sup id="cite_ref-horowitz209-210_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horowitz209-210-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement that started in the early 1960s started again in different years throughout the sixties into the seventies and eighties leading to the even wider <a href="/wiki/Assam_Movement" title="Assam Movement">Assam movement</a>. In the seventies it spread to other tribal northeastern parts of assam with significant Bengali population with similar condition likes <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> mostly under Assamese influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bongal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dkhar" title="Dkhar">Dkhar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bongal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The word <i>Bongal</i> is used in a wide sense in Assam. It does not refer to Bengalis alone. It embraces all outsiders." (<a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1960">Chakravarti 1960</a>:1193)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The movement known as Bongal Kheda sponsored by Assamese job-seekers to drive out non-Assamese competitors, assumed the air of a dignified and respectable agitation(<a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1960">Chakravarti 1960</a>:1193)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[P]eople or society to the west of the [Brahmaputra] valley, i.e., the Indo-Gangetic plain of Bengal, was referred to as the land of the 'Bongal' or foreigner." (<a href="#CITEREFBaruah2012">Baruah 2012</a>:45) "Though Bengal was the immediate western neighbour, [Bongal] was used as a generic term for all foreigners." (<a href="#CITEREFBaruah2012">Baruah 2012</a>:43)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fishmanetal244-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fishmanetal244_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fishmanetal244_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fishmanetal244_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFishmanGarcia2011" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia, eds. (6 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC"><i>Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts</i></a>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199837991" title="Special:BookSources/9780199837991"><bdi>9780199837991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity%3A+The+Success-Failure+Continuum+in+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity+Efforts&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-03-06&rft.isbn=9780199837991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUydX_3rG0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABongal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-das2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-das2014_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-das2014_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-das2014_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Das, Bitasta (4 January 2014). "Chapter 4: Assam Movement, ULFA and Bodo Movement Locating the "Ethnic" in the Assertions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/33043/14/14_chapter%204.pdf"><i>Unravelling Ethnic Tensions: Colonialism, Post colonialism and the Question of Identity in Assam</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). Manipal University. p. 185<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Unravelling+Ethnic+Tensions%3A+Colonialism%2C+Post+colonialism+and+the+Question+of+Identity+in+Assam&rft.inst=Manipal+University&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Bitasta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F33043%2F14%2F14_chapter%25204.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABongal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-assam.org-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-assam.org_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua" class="citation web cs1">Barua, Ajit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assam.org/node/2366">"Lachit Borphukon"</a>. <i>Assam Portal</i>. assam.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assam+Portal&rft.atitle=Lachit+Borphukon&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Ajit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assam.org%2Fnode%2F2366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABongal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/illegal_migration_in_assam.htm">"Illegal Migration into Assam"</a>. <i>www.satp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.satp.org&rft.atitle=Illegal+Migration+into+Assam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.satp.org%2Fsatporgtp%2Fcountries%2Findia%2Fstates%2Fassam%2Fdocuments%2Fpapers%2Fillegal_migration_in_assam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABongal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia1951" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">India, India (1951). "Annual Arrival of Refugees in Assam in 1946–1951". <i>Census of India</i>. XII, Part I (I-A): 353 – via web.archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Annual+Arrival+of+Refugees+in+Assam+in+1946%E2%80%931951&rft.volume=XII%2C+Part+I+%28I-A%29&rft.pages=353&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=India&rft.aufirst=India&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABongal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bareh92-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bareh92_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBareh2001" class="citation book cs1">Bareh, Hamlet (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odY_PWn7pesC"><i>Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Assam</i></a> (Reprint ed.). Mittal Publications. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170997894" title="Special:BookSources/9788170997894"><bdi>9788170997894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+North-East+India%3A+Assam&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788170997894&rft.aulast=Bareh&rft.aufirst=Hamlet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DodY_PWn7pesC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABongal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pathak2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pathak2015_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pathak2015_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathak2015" class="citation book cs1">Pathak, Namrata (27 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VLwYCAAAQBAJ"><i>Trends in Contemporary Assamese Theatre</i></a>. Partridge Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482846546" title="Special:BookSources/9781482846546"><bdi>9781482846546</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Contemporary+Assamese+Theatre&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft.isbn=9781482846546&rft.aulast=Pathak&rft.aufirst=Namrata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVLwYCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABongal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarti1960-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakravarti1960_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChakravarti1960">Chakravarti 1960</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2012" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Nandana (11 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOmICwAAQBAJ"><i>Questions of Identity in Assam: Location, Migration, Hybridity</i></a>. SAGE Publications India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788132117001" title="Special:BookSources/9788132117001"><bdi>9788132117001</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questions+of+Identity+in+Assam%3A+Location%2C+Migration%2C+Hybridity&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+India&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft.isbn=9788132117001&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Nandana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOmICwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABongal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horowitz209-210-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horowitz209-210_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2001" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Donald L. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo"><i>The Deadly Ethnic Riot</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520224476" title="Special:BookSources/9780520224476"><bdi>9780520224476</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deadly+Ethnic+Riot&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780520224476&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadlyethnicriot00horo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABongal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bongal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaruah2012" class="citation book cs1">Baruah, Manjeet (2012). <i>Frontier Cultures: A Social History of Assamese Literature</i>. New Delhi and London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415500807" title="Special:BookSources/9780415500807"><bdi>9780415500807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Cultures%3A+A+Social+History+of+Assamese+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415500807&rft.aulast=Baruah&rft.aufirst=Manjeet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABongal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1960" class="citation journal cs1">Chakravarti, K.C. (30 July 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1960_12/31/assam_disturbances_ibongal_kheda_again.pdf">"Bongal Kheda Again"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Economic Weekly</i>. Mumbai: Sameeksha Trust: 1193–95. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Weekly&rft.atitle=Bongal+Kheda+Again&rft.pages=1193-95&rft.date=1960-07-30&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=K.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.in%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2F1960_12%2F31%2Fassam_disturbances_ibongal_kheda_again.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABongal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bongal&oldid=1257966261">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bongal&oldid=1257966261</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racism_in_India" title="Category:Racism in India">Racism in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-immigration_politics_in_Asia" title="Category:Anti-immigration politics in Asia">Anti-immigration politics in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assamese_nationalism" title="Category:Assamese nationalism">Assamese nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Bengali_Hindus" title="Category:Persecution of Bengali Hindus">Persecution of Bengali Hindus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_October_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from October 2019">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes" title="Category:All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes">All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2018">Use dmy dates from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_October_2018" title="Category:Use Indian English from October 2018">Use Indian English from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_August_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from August 2019">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from August 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 12:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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