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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">Cannons</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Saint-Lys)_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/200px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/300px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/400px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6832" data-file-height="4828" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty">Artillery in the Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages">Artillery in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail" title="Naval artillery in the Age of Sail">Naval artillery in the Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery in the US Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Siege artillery in the American Civil War">Siege artillery in the US Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cannon_operation" title="Cannon operation">Operation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rifled_breech_loader" title="Rifled breech loader">Breech-loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannon_projectiles" title="List of cannon projectiles">List of cannon projectiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_cannon" title="English cannon">English cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedil_(term)" title="Bedil (term)">Cannons of Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_of_Japan" title="Artillery of Japan">Japanese cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">Filipino cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cannon" title="Korean cannon">Korean cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">Majapahit cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal cannon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By type</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">Autocannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(cannon)" title="Basilisk (cannon)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">Bombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun" title="Breech-loading swivel gun">Breech-loading swivel gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">Carronade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coilgun" title="Coilgun">Coilgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">Culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi-cannon" title="Demi-cannon">Demi-cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi-culverin" title="Demi-culverin">Demi-culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_cannon" title="Double-barreled cannon">Double-barreled cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">Falconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-howitzer" title="Gun-howitzer">Gun-howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun-mortar">Gun-mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">Hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_mortar" title="Hand mortar">Hand mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helical_railgun" title="Helical railgun">Helical railgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_support_gun" title="Infantry support gun">Infantry support gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">Large-calibre artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minion_(cannon)" title="Minion (cannon)">Minion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">Mountain gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">Railgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_gun" title="Railway gun">Railway gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoilless_rifle" title="Recoilless rifle">Recoilless rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifled gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saker_(cannon)" title="Saker (cannon)">Saker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege cannon">Siege cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">Swivel gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">Tank gun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannons" title="Template:Cannons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannons" title="Template talk:Cannons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The history of cannon spans several hundred years from the 12th century to modern times. The <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> first appeared in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> sometime during the 12th and 13th centuries. It was most likely developed in parallel or as an evolution of an earlier gunpowder weapon called the <a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">fire lance</a>. The result was a projectile weapon in the shape of a cylinder that fired projectiles using the explosive pressure of gunpowder. Cannons were used for warfare by the late 13th century in the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> and spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> in the 14th century. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, large and small cannons were developed for siege and field battles. The cannon replaced prior siege weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchet</a>. After the Middle Ages, most large cannons were abandoned in favor of greater numbers of lighter, more maneuverable <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a>. New defensive fortifications such as <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">star forts</a> were designed specifically to better withstand artillery sieges. Cannons transformed naval warfare with its deadly firepower, allowing vessels to destroy each other from long range. As <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifling</a> became more commonplace, the accuracy of the cannon was significantly improved, and they became deadlier than ever, especially to infantry. In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a considerable majority of all deaths were caused by cannons; they were also used widely in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Most modern cannons are similar to those used in the Second World War, including <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannons</a>—with the exception of naval guns, which are now significantly smaller in caliber. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_in_China">Development in China</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development in China">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%A2%A8%E8%8A%B1%E9%8E%97.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%E6%A2%A8%E8%8A%B1%E9%8E%97.jpg/220px-%E6%A2%A8%E8%8A%B1%E9%8E%97.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/%E6%A2%A8%E8%8A%B1%E9%8E%97.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>A fire lance as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huolongjing_Eruptor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Huolongjing_Eruptor.jpg/220px-Huolongjing_Eruptor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Huolongjing_Eruptor.jpg/330px-Huolongjing_Eruptor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Huolongjing_Eruptor.jpg/440px-Huolongjing_Eruptor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>An "eruptor" as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a>. Essentially a fire lance on a frame, the 'multiple bullets magazine eruptor' shoots lead shots, which are loaded in a magazine and fed into the barrel when turned around on its axis.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg/220px-Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg/330px-Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg/440px-Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>A bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" from the 14th-century Ming dynasty book Huolongjing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263–275-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on development of gunpowder warfare in China: <a href="/wiki/Technology_of_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology of the Song dynasty">Technology of the Song dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_lance">Fire lance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fire lance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty">Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty</a></div> The cannon may have possibly appeared in China as early as the 12th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELu1988-2">[2]</a> but did not see wider use in the region until the 13th century. The cannon was likely a parallel development or evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Fire-lance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-lance">fire-lance</a>, a 12th-century gunpowder weapon that combined a tube of gunpowder with a polearm weapon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263-275-3">[3]</a> This early fire lance is not considered a true gun because it did not include projectiles, whereas a gun by definition uses "the explosive force of the gunpowder to propel a projectile from a tube: cannons, muskets, and pistols are typical examples."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase20031-4">[4]</a> However co-viative projectiles, which only partially occlude the barrel, such as iron scraps or porcelain shards were added at some point,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby200299-5">[5]</a> and eventually, the paper and bamboo materials of fire lance barrels were replaced by metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200331-32-6">[6]</a> In 1259 a type of "fire-emitting lance" (tuhuoqiang 突火槍) made an appearance and according to the History of Song: "It is made from a large bamboo tube, and inside is stuffed a pellet wad (子窠). Once the fire goes off it completely spews the rear pellet wad forth, and the sound is like a bomb that can be heard for five hundred or more paces."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201651-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartington1960246-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The pellet wad mentioned is possibly the first true bullet in recorded history depending on how bullet is defined, as it did occlude the barrel, unlike previous co-viatives used in the fire lance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201651-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eruptor">Eruptor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eruptor">edit</a>]</div> Fire lances transformed from the "bamboo- (or wood- or paper-) barreled firearm to the metal-barreled firearm"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201651-7">[7]</a> to better withstand the explosive pressure of gunpowder. From there it branched off into several different gunpowder weapons known as "eruptors" in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, with different functions such as the "filling-the-sky erupting tube" which spewed out poisonous gas and porcelain shards, the "orifice-penetrating flying sand magic mist tube" (鑽穴飛砂神霧筒) which spewed forth sand and poisonous chemicals into orifices, and the more conventional "phalanx-charging fire gourd" which shot out lead pellets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201651-7">[7]</a> These eruptors were more cannon-like but only shot shrapnel and <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263–275-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannon">Cannon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cannon">edit</a>]</div> The earliest known depiction of a cannon is a sculpture from the <a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, dated to 1128, that portrays a figure carrying a vase-shaped <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombard</a>, firing flames and a cannonball.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELu1988-2">[2]</a> The oldest surviving gun bearing a date of production is the <a href="/wiki/Xanadu_Gun" title="Xanadu Gun">Xanadu Gun</a>, dated to 1298.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201652-53-12">[12]</a> Other specimens have been dated to even earlier periods, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Bronze_Cannon" title="Wuwei Bronze Cannon">Wuwei Bronze Cannon</a>, to 1227, and the <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_hand_cannon" title="Heilongjiang hand cannon">Heilongjiang hand cannon</a>, to 1288. However, they contain no inscriptions. The Wuwei Bronze Cannon was discovered in 1980 and may possibly be the oldest as well as largest cannon of the 13th century: a 100-centimeter 108-kilogram bronze cannon discovered in a cellar in <a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansu Province">Gansu Province</a>, it contains no inscription, but has been dated by historians to the late <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> period between 1214 and 1227. The gun contained an iron ball about nine centimeters in diameter, which is smaller than the muzzle diameter at twelve centimeters, and 0.1 kilograms of gunpowder in it when discovered, meaning that the projectile might have been another co-viative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201653-54-13">[13]</a> The Heilongjiang hand cannon was discovered in Heilongjiang, in northeastern China.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293-15">[15]</a> It is 3.5 kilograms, 34 cm (Needham says 35 cm), and has a bore of approximately 2.5 cm (1 in).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201653-16">[16]</a> Based on contextual evidence, historians believe it was used by Yuan forces against a rebellion by Mongol prince <a href="/wiki/Nayan_(Mongol_Prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayan (Mongol Prince)">Nayan</a> in 1287. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a> states that a Jurchen commander known as Li Ting led troops armed with hand cannon into battle against Nayan, scoring two victories, one in 1287 and another in early 1288.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293-4-17">[17]</a> Another specimen, dated to 1332, has a muzzle bore diameter of 10.5 cm (4 in).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263–275-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Li Ting personally led a detachment of ten brave soldiers holding huo pao, and in a night attack penetrated the enemy's camp. Then they let off the pao, which caused great damage, and such confusion that the enemy soldiers attacked and killed each cother, flying 'in all directions'... Li Ting chose gun-soldiers (chong zi), concealing those who bore the huo pao on their backs; then by night he crossed the river, moved upstream, and fired off (the weapons). This threw all the enemy's horses and men into great confusion... and he gained a great victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986294-19">[19]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to the <a href="/wiki/Taiheiki" title="Taiheiki">Taiheiki</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a>, enemy troops used a weapon shaped like a bell that made a noise like thunder-clap and shot out thousands of iron balls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986295-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010109-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Turban Rebellion">Red Turban Rebellion</a> saw the application of arrow-firing cannons to both siege and naval warfare in the conflict. During the Siege of Shaoxing of 1358–9, the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> army attacked the city and the defenders "used ... fire tubes to attack the enemy's advance guard".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201666-22">[22]</a> The siege was won by the defenders, whose "fire tubes went off all at once, and the [attacker's] great army could not stand against them and had to withdraw."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201667-23">[23]</a> In 1363 <a href="/wiki/Chen_Youliang" title="Chen Youliang">Chen Youliang</a> failed to take <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a> due to the defenders' use of cannons and was forced to set up a blockade in an attempt to starve them out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201659-24">[24]</a> In the Siege of Suzhou of 1366, the Ming army fielded 2,400 large and small cannons in addition to 480 trebuchets, but neither were able to breach the city walls despite "the noise of the guns and the paos went day and night and didn't stop."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201669-25">[25]</a> Cannons were also used on the frontier as garrison artillery from 1412 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200820-26">[26]</a> Cannons were also used on board naval vessels. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Poyang" title="Battle of Lake Poyang">Battle of Lake Poyang</a> on 29 August 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang's fleet arrived armed with "fire bombs, fire guns, fire arrows, fire seeds [probably grenades], large and small fire lances, large and small 'commander' fire-tubes, large and small iron bombs, rockets."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201660-27">[27]</a> His fleet engaged Chen's under orders to "get close to the enemy's ships and first set off gunpowder weapons (發火器), then bows and crossbows, and finally attack their ships with short range weapons."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201661-28">[28]</a> However it was fire bombs hurled using ship mounted trebuchets that succeeded in "burning twenty or more enemy vessels and killing or drowning many enemy troops."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201662-29">[29]</a> Zhu eventually came out victorious by ramming and burning the enemy fleet with fire ships. While guns were used during the battle, ultimately they were not pivotal to success, and the battle was won using incendiary weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201663-30">[30]</a> After emerging victorious over the other rebels and Mongol forces, the Hongwu Emperor created a Bureau of Armaments (軍器局). It was tasked with producing every three years 3,000 handheld bronze guns, 3,000 signal cannons, and ammunition as well as accoutrements such as ramrods. His Armory Bureau (兵仗局) was responsible for producing types of guns known as "great generals," "secondary generals," "tertiary generals," and "gate-seizing generals." Other firearms such as "miraculous [fire] lances," "miraculous guns," and "horse-beheading guns" were also produced. It is unclear what proportion or how many of each type were actually manufactured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201655-56-31">[31]</a> In 1388 cannons were used against war elephants successfully during the <a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Mong_Mao_War_(1386%E2%80%931388)" title="Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388)">Ming–Mong Mao War</a> and again in 1421 during the <a href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016158-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200348-49-33">[33]</a> In 1414 the Ming army clashed with an <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> force near the <a href="/wiki/Tula_River" title="Tula River">Tula River</a> and frightened them so much with their guns that the Oirats fled without their spare horses, only to be ambushed by concealed Chinese guns. According to a Chinese observer the Oirats avoided battle several days later, "fearing that the guns had arrived again."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200345-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200331-32-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> artillery included a vase shaped "long range awe inspiring" cannon dated from 1350 and found in the 14th century treatise <a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986314-316-35">[35]</a> Another cannon included in the treatise called the bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" is not vase shaped, showing an advance in metallurgy that made thickening the explosion chamber unnecessary. It is also depicted with a wheeled carriage, making it perhaps the earliest piece of field artillery. According to the Huolongjing, it was cast from bronze, fastened with iron hoops to a four-wheeled carriage, with a wooden shield placed in front to hide it from the enemy, only to be removed when firing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986317-36">[36]</a> Early Ming cannons coalesced into a few typical designs. There was the <a href="/wiki/Hu_dun_pao" title="Hu dun pao">crouching tiger cannon</a>, a small cannon fitted with a metal collar and two legs for support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200820-26">[26]</a> There was a middling cannon known as the "awe-inspiring long range cannon", which added a sight and weighed around 85 kilograms.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Larger cannons such as the great general and great divine cannon were also developed and at least 300 of them were being made in 1465.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200820-26">[26]</a> The muzzle loading wrought iron "great general cannon" (大將軍炮) weighed up to 360 kilograms and could fire a 4.8 kilogram lead ball. Its heavier variant, the "great divine cannon" (大神銃), could weigh up to 600 kilograms and was capable of firing several iron balls and upward of a hundred iron shots at once. These were the last indigenous Chinese cannon designs prior to the incorporation of European models in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread">Spread</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spread">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages">Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg/220px-EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg/330px-EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg/440px-EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption>Earliest picture of a European cannon, "De Nobilitatibus Sapientii Et Prudentiis Regum," Walter de Milemete, 1326</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg/220px-HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg/330px-HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg/440px-HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2653" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>Western European <a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">handgun</a>, 1380.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tannenbergb%C3%BCchse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tannenbergb%C3%BCchse.jpg/220px-Tannenbergb%C3%BCchse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tannenbergb%C3%BCchse.jpg/330px-Tannenbergb%C3%BCchse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tannenbergb%C3%BCchse.jpg/440px-Tannenbergb%C3%BCchse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Tannenberg handgonne is a cast bronze firearm. Muzzle bore 15–16 mm. Found in the water well of the 1399 destroyed Tannenberg castle. Oldest surviving firearm from Germany.</figcaption></figure> The earliest European references to gunpowder are found in <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Opus_Majus" title="Opus Majus">Opus Majus</a> from 1267.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200358-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200425-40">[40]</a> The earliest known European depiction of a cannon appeared in a manuscript by <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Milemete" title="Walter de Milemete">Walter de Milemete</a> dated to 1326. Although not necessarily drawn by him, known as De Nobilitatibus, sapientii et prudentiis regum (Concerning the Majesty, Wisdom, and Prudence of Kings), it displays a cannon loaded with a large arrow emerging from it and its user lowering a long stick to ignite the cannon through the touch hole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200429-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676-42">[42]</a> Another similar illustration dated to 1326 shows a darker gun being set off by a group of knights, which also featured in another work of de Milemete's, De secretis secretorum Aristotelis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676,_335-43">[43]</a> On 11 February of that same year, the <a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> appointed two officers to obtain canones de mettallo and ammunition for the town's defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2002120-44">[44]</a> In the following year a document from the Turin area recorded a certain amount was paid "for the making of a certain instrument or device made by Friar Marcello for the projection of pellets of lead."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676-42">[42]</a> The pot-de-fer's <a href="/wiki/Crossbow_bolt" title="Crossbow bolt">bolt</a> was probably wrapped in leather to allow greater thrusting power, it was set off through a touch hole with a heated wire. This weapon, and others similar, were used by both the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> and English, during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, when cannons saw their first real use on the European battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-Artillery_Through_the_Ages-45">[45]</a> Even then, cannons were still a relatively rare weapon. The French raiding party that sacked and burned <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> in 1338 brought with them a <a href="/wiki/Ribaudequin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribaudequin">ribaudequin</a> and 48 bolts (but only 3 pounds of gunpowder).<a href="#cite_note-kelly29-46">[46]</a> By 1341 the town of Lille had a "tonnoire master", and a tonnoire was an arrow-hurling gun. In 1345, two iron cannons were present in Toulouse. In 1346 Aix-la-Chapelle too possessed iron cannons, which shot arrows (busa ferrea ad sagittandum tonitrum).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201677-78-47">[47]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Ribaldis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribaldis">Ribaldis</a>," which shot large arrows and simplistic <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a>, were first mentioned in the English Privy Wardrobe accounts during preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a>, between 1345 and 1346.<a href="#cite_note-Nicolle-48">[48]</a> The Florentine <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a> recounts their destructiveness, indicating that by the end of the battle, "the whole plain was covered by men struck down by arrows and cannon balls."<a href="#cite_note-Nicolle-48">[48]</a> Similar cannons were also used at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Calais (1346)">Siege of Calais</a>, in the same year, although it was not until the 1380s that the "ribaudekin" clearly became mounted on wheels.<a href="#cite_note-Nicolle-48">[48]</a> By 1350 <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> wrote that the presence of cannons on the battlefield was 'as common and familiar as other kinds of arms'.<a href="#cite_note-norris_19-49">[49]</a> The first cannon appeared in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Russia</a> around 1380, though they were used only in sieges, often by the defenders.<a href="#cite_note-Nossov-50">[50]</a> Around the same period, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> began to accumulate its own cannons to face the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> threat, starting with medium-sized cannons 3 feet (0.91 m) long and of 10 in caliber.<a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-51">[51]</a> The first definite use of artillery in the region was against the Ottoman siege of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, in 1396, forcing the Ottomans to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-51">[51]</a> They acquired their own cannons, and laid siege to the Byzantine capital again, in 1422, using "<a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">falcons</a>", which were short but wide cannons. Before the siege of Constantinople, it was known that the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> had the ability to cast medium-sized cannons, but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders' expectations. Instrumental to this Ottoman advancement in arms production was a somewhat mysterious figure by the name of <a href="/wiki/Orban" title="Orban">Orban</a> (Urban), a Hungarian (though some suggest he was German).<a href="#cite_note-Norwich374-52">[52]</a> One cannon designed by Orban was named "<a href="/wiki/Basilic_(cannon)" title="Basilic (cannon)">Basilica</a>" and was 27 feet (8.2 m) long, and able to hurl a 600 lb (272 kg) stone ball over a mile (1.6 km).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The master founder initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines, who were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him. Orban then left <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and approached <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>, claiming that his weapon could blast 'the walls of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> itself'. Orban labored for four months at <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> to create a six-meter (20-foot) long cannon, which required hundreds of pounds of gunpowder to fire, and its stone projectiles weighed between 550 (12 short cwt, 11 Imp. cwt) and 800 kilograms (16.6 short cwt, 15.75 Imp. cwt). The gun's projectiles were reported to have flown for a mile before landing, and shook the entire ground when fired, the roar blasting four miles away. It had to be transported by 30 wagons pulled by 60 oxen, with the assistance of 200 handlers. An additional 50 carpenters and 200 laborers helped in the transport by leveling terrain and building bridges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201693-54">[54]</a> During the actual <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1453)">siege of Constantinople</a> the gun proved to be somewhat underwhelming. The aiming process was laborious and after each shot it required hot oil ointment for cooling. Its rate of fire was once every three hours, and may have even suffered damage from cracks early on, never to be repaired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201694-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Fortunately for the Ottomans it wasn't Mehmed's only cannon. Dozens of other large cannons alongside 500 smaller cannons bombarded <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">Constantinople's walls</a> in their weakest sections for 55 days. A Greek contemporary, Kritoboulos, describes the scene thus, "The stone, borne with tremendous force and velocity, hit the wall, which it immediately shook and knocked down, and was itself broken into many fragments and scattered, hurling the pieces everywhere and killing those who happened by be near by. Sometimes it demolished a whole section, and sometimes a half-section, and sometimes a larger or smaller section of a tower or turret or battlement. And there was no part of the wall strong enough or resistant enough or thick enough to be able to withstand it, or to wholly resist such force and such a blow of the stone cannon-ball."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201694-55">[55]</a> Mehmed's smaller artillery pieces also proved effective. Constantinople's defenders wielded their own formidable guns and "fired … five or ten bullets at a time, each about the size of a … walnut, and having a great power of penetration. If one of these hit an armed man it would go right through his shield and his body and go on to hit anyone else who happened to be in his way, and even a third, until the force of the powder diminished; so one shot might hit two or three men."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201694-55">[55]</a> Despite the fierce defense, the city's fortifications were ultimately overwhelmed in a final assault and the sultan won the siege. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lantakas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lantakas.jpg/250px-Lantakas.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lantakas.jpg/375px-Lantakas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lantakas.jpg/500px-Lantakas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Collection of Philippine lantaka in a European museum</figcaption></figure> Mongol troops of Yuan dynasty carried Chinese cannons to <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java during their 1293 invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Cannons were used by the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> in 1352 during its invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010201-58">[58]</a> Within a decade large quantities of gunpowder could be found in the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010201-58">[58]</a> Vietnam's <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a> had begun using gunpowder weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Fire_arrow" title="Fire arrow">fire arrow</a> (hỏa tiễn) during the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD%E2%80%93Song_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Lý–Song War">Lý–Song War</a> (1075 – 1077) at the siege of <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Yongzhou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-btqsvn-59">[59]</a> Around the 1260s, the Vietnamese used a weapon called the thủ pháo, which was a small bamboo tube with one side closed and a small hole for the fuse that ignited the gunpowder and fired a sharp piece of iron.<a href="#cite_note-btqsvn-59">[59]</a> In 1390, the King of Champa, <a href="/wiki/Po_Binasuor" title="Po Binasuor">Po Binasuor</a>, and his army were ambushed and killed by cannons of Vietnamese prince <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Kh%C3%A1t_Ch%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trần Khát Chân (page does not exist)">Trần Khát Chân</a> while Champa was attacking Đại Việt.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>: 107–109  When the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> first came to <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a> (1509), they found a large colony of Javanese merchants under their own headmen; they were manufacturing their own cannons, which is deemed as important as sails in a ship.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> By the early 16th century, the Javanese were locally-producing large guns, some of them still survived until the present day and dubbed as "sacred cannons" or "holy cannons". These cannons varied between 180- and 260-pounders, weighing anywhere between 3 and 8 tons, length of them between 3 and 6 m (9.8 and 19.7 ft).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_world">Islamic world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islamic world">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Inventions_in_the_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions in the Islamic world">Inventions in the Islamic world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in Islam">Alchemy and chemistry in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG/220px-Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG/330px-Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG/440px-Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Gun" title="Dardanelles Gun">Dardanelles Gun</a>, a 1464 Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombard</a></figcaption></figure> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</a> in 1260, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> used a cannon against the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. He claims that this was "the first cannon in history" and used a gunpowder formula almost identical to the ideal composition for explosive gunpowder. He also argues that this was not known in China or Europe until much later.<a href="#cite_note-Gunpowder_Composition-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Hassan further claims that the earliest textual evidence of cannons is from the Middle East, based on earlier originals which report hand-held cannons being used by the Mamluks at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.<a href="#cite_note-Gunpowder_Composition-63">[63]</a> However, Hassan's claims contradict earlier claims from the historians David Ayalon, Iqtidar Alam Khan, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Tonio Andrade</a> and Gabor Ágoston. Khan (1996) argued that it was the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and believed cannons only reached <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluk Egypt</a> in the 1370s.<a href="#cite_note-khan_6-69">[69]</a> According to Needham (1986), the term midfa, dated to textual sources from 1342 to 1352, did not refer to true hand-guns or bombards, and contemporary accounts of a metal-barrel cannon in the Islamic world do not occur until 1365.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198644-70">[70]</a> Similarly, Andrade dates the textual appearance of cannons in middle eastern sources to the 1360s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675-71">[71]</a> Gabor Ágoston and David Ayalon believed the Mamluks had certainly used siege cannons by the 1360s, but earlier uses of cannons in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic World">Islamic World</a> are vague with a possible appearance in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> by the 1320s and 1330s, however evidence is inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> reported the use of cannons as <a href="/wiki/Siege_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege machine">siege machines</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinid</a> sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf at the siege of <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> in 1274.<a href="#cite_note-Gunpowder_Composition-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-73">[73]</a> The passage by Ibn Khaldun on the Marinid Siege of Sijilmassa in 1274 occurs as follows: "[The Sultan] installed siege engines … and gunpowder engines …, which project small balls of iron. These balls are ejected from a chamber … placed in front of a kindling fire of gunpowder; this happens by a strange property which attributes all actions to the power of the Creator."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016334-74">[74]</a> However the source is not contemporary and was written a century later around 1382. Its interpretation has been rejected as anachronistic by historians, notably Ágoston and Peter Purton who urge caution regarding claims of Islamic firearms use in the 1204–1324 period as late medieval Arabic texts used the same word for gunpowder, naft, as they did for an earlier incendiary, naphtha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010108-109-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515-72">[72]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">References to early use of firearms in Islamdom (1204, 1248, 1274, 1258-60, 1303 and 1324) must be taken with caution since terminology used for gunpowder and firearms in late medieval Arabic sources is confused. Furthermore, most of these testimonies are given by later chroniclers of the fifteenth century whose use of terminology may have reflected their own time rather than that of the events they were writing about.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515-72">[72]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gabor Ágoston</cite></div></blockquote> It's not certain when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> started using firearms, however it's argued that they had been using cannons since the Battles of Kosovo (1389) and Nukap (1396) and most certainly by the 1420s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle198318-76">[76]</a> Some argue that field guns only entered service shortly after the Battle of Varna (1444) and more certainly used in the Second Battle of Kosovo (1448).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The arquebus reached them around 1425.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986443-78">[78]</a> Super-sized <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombards</a> were used by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">capture</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, in 1453. Jim Bradbury argues that Urban, a <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> cannon engineer, introduced this cannon from Central Europe to the Ottoman realm.<a href="#cite_note-The_Medieval_Siege-79">[79]</a> According to Paul Hammer, however, it could have been introduced from other Islamic countries which had earlier used cannons.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer-73">[73]</a> It could fire heavy stone balls a mile, and the sound of their blast could reportedly be heard from a distance of 10 miles (16 km).<a href="#cite_note-The_Medieval_Siege-79">[79]</a> A piece of slightly later date, the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Gun" title="Dardanelles Gun">Dardanelles Gun</a> (see picture), was cast in bronze and made in two parts: the chase and the <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech</a>, which, together, weighed 18.4 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The two parts were screwed together using levers to facilitate the work. Created by Munir Ali in 1464,<a href="#cite_note-Schmidtchen_1977b,_226–228-81">[81]</a> the Dardanelles Gun was still present for duty more than 300 years later in 1807, when a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> force appeared and commenced the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanelles Operation">Dardanelles Operation</a>. Turkish forces loaded the ancient relics with <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectiles</a>, then fired them at the British ships. The British squadron suffered 28 dead through this bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: East Asia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> began producing gunpowder in 1374 and were using cannons against Japanese pirates by the 1380s. By 1410, 160 Korean ships were reported to have equipped artillery of some sort. Mortars firing thunder-crash bombs are known to have been used, and four types of cannons are mentioned: chonja (heaven), chija (earth), hyonja (black), and hwangja (yellow), but their specifications are unknown. These cannons typically shot wooden arrows tipped with iron, the longest of which were nine feet long, but stone and iron balls were sometimes used as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200320-21-83">[83]</a> Mounted bronze guns that shot iron-fletched darts were also used in a cart style weapon that was the early <a href="/wiki/Hwacha" title="Hwacha">hwacha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Firearms seem to have been known in Japan around 1270 as proto-cannon invented in China, which the Japanese called teppō (鉄砲 lit. "iron cannon").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrin197993-85">[85]</a> Gunpowder weaponry exchange between China and Japan was slow and only a small number of hand guns ever reached Japan. However the use of gunpowder bombs in the style of Chinese explosives is known to have occurred in Japan from at least the mid-15th century onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010392-86">[86]</a> The first recorded appearance of the cannon in Japan was in 1510 when a Buddhist monk presented <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Ujitsuna" title="Hōjō Ujitsuna">Hōjō Ujitsuna</a> with a teppō iron cannon that he had acquired during his travels in China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986430-87">[87]</a> Firearms saw very little use in Japan until <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Portuguese matchlocks were introduced</a> in 1543.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELidin20021-14-88">[88]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592-1598)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a>, the forces of <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> effectively utilized <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> firearms against the Korean forces of <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> although they would ultimately be defeated and forced to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Korean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg/175px-TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg/263px-TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg/350px-TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Cannon" title="Tsar Cannon">Tsar Cannon</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a> ever made, cast by <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Chokhov" title="Andrey Chokhov">Andrey Chokhov</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> By the 16th century, cannons were made in a great variety of lengths and bore diameters, but the general rule was that the longer the barrel, the longer the range. Some cannons made during this time had barrels exceeding 10 ft (3.0 m) in length, and could weigh up to 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg). Consequently, large amounts of gunpowder were needed, to allow them to fire stone balls several hundred yards.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> By mid-century, European monarchs began to classify cannons to reduce the confusion. <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> opted for six sizes of cannons,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> but others settled for more; the Spanish used twelve sizes, and the English sixteen.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tunis-94">[94]</a> Better powder had been developed by this time as well. Instead of the finely ground powder used by the first bombards, powder was replaced by a "corned" variety of coarse grains. This coarse powder had pockets of air between grains, allowing fire to travel through and ignite the entire charge quickly and uniformly.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The end of the Middle Ages saw the construction of larger, more powerful cannons, as well their spread throughout the world. As they were not effective at breaching the newer fortifications resulting from the development of cannons, <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">siege towers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchets</a>—became less widely used. However, wooden "battery-towers" took on a similar role as siege towers in the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> age—such as that used at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kazan_(1552)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kazan (1552)">siege of Kazan</a> in 1552, which could hold ten large-caliber cannons, in addition to 50 lighter pieces.<a href="#cite_note-Kazan-96">[96]</a> Another notable effect of cannons on warfare during this period was the change in conventional fortifications. <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> wrote, "There is no wall, whatever its thickness that artillery will not destroy in only a few days."<a href="#cite_note-The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)-97">[97]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> were not immediately made obsolete by cannons, their use and importance on the battlefield rapidly declined.<a href="#cite_note-Castles-98">[98]</a> Instead of majestic <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">merlons</a>, the walls of new fortresses were thicker, angulated, and sloped, while towers became lower and stouter; increasing use was also made of earthen, brick, and stone <a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">breastworks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubts</a>. These new defenses became known as "<a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">star forts</a>," after their characteristic shape.<a href="#cite_note-Castles-98">[98]</a> A few of these featured <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">cannon batteries</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudors</a>' <a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a>, in England.<a href="#cite_note-Castles-98">[98]</a> Star forts soon replaced castles in Europe, and, eventually, those in the Americas, as well.<a href="#cite_note-SpanishMain-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_Bourtange_(%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6,_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5,_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%C2%BB)_%E2%80%94_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_Bourtange_%28%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%C2%BB%29_%E2%80%94_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg/175px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_Bourtange_%28%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%C2%BB%29_%E2%80%94_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg/263px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_Bourtange_%28%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%C2%BB%29_%E2%80%94_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg/350px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption>Fort Bourtange, a <a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">star fort</a>, was built with angles and sloped walls specifically to defend against cannons.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibi_Mariam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bibi_Mariam.jpg/220px-Bibi_Mariam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bibi_Mariam.jpg/330px-Bibi_Mariam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Bibi_Mariam.jpg/440px-Bibi_Mariam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>The large <a href="/wiki/Bibi_Mariam_Cannon" title="Bibi Mariam Cannon">Bibi Mariam Cannon</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></figcaption></figure> By end of the 15th century, several technological advancements were made, making cannons more mobile. Wheeled <a href="/wiki/Gun_carriage" title="Gun carriage">gun carriages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">trunnions</a> became common, and the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbers and caissons (military)">limber</a> further facilitated the transportation of artillery.<a href="#cite_note-Manucy,_p._5-100">[100]</a> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a> became viable, and began to emerge, often used alongside the larger cannons intended for sieges.<a href="#cite_note-Manucy,_p._5-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sadler-101">[101]</a> The better gunpowder, improved, cast-iron projectiles, and the standardization of calibers meant that even relatively light cannons could be deadly.<a href="#cite_note-Manucy,_p._5-100">[100]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art of War (Machiavelli)">The Art of War</a>, Machiavelli observed that "It is true that the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a> and the small artillery do much more harm than the heavy artillery."<a href="#cite_note-The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)-97">[97]</a> This was the case at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Flodden Field">Flodden</a>, in 1513: the English <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> outpaced the Scottish siege artillery, firing twice, or even thrice, as many rounds.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Despite the increased maneuverability, however, cannons were still much slower than the rest of the army: a heavy English cannon required 23 horses to transport, while a <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverin</a>, nine, yet, even with this many animals transporting them, they still moved at a walking pace. Due to their relatively slow speed, and lack of organization, discipline, and tactics, the combination of <a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a> still dominated the battlefields of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mithaholong_Bortop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mithaholong_Bortop.jpg/220px-Mithaholong_Bortop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mithaholong_Bortop.jpg/330px-Mithaholong_Bortop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mithaholong_Bortop.jpg/440px-Mithaholong_Bortop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Ahom Cannons</figcaption></figure> Innovations continued, notably the German invention of the <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a>, a thick-walled, short-barreled gun that blasted shot upward at a steep angle. Mortars were useful for sieges, as they could fire over walls and other defenses.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> This cannon found more use with the Dutch, who learned to shoot bombs filled with powder from them. However, setting the bomb fuse in the mortar was a problem. "Single firing" was the first technique used to set the fuse, where the bomb was placed with the fuse down against the propelling charge. This practice often resulted in the fuse being blown into the bomb, causing it to blow up in front of the mortar. Because of this danger, "double firing" was developed, where the fuse was turned up and the gunner lighted the fuse and the touch hole simultaneously. This, however, required much skill and timing, and was especially dangerous when the gun failed to fire, leaving a lighted bomb in the barrel. Not until 1650 was it accidentally discovered that double-lighting was a superfluous process: the heat of firing was enough to light the fuse.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gabions.png/220px-Gabions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gabions.png/330px-Gabions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gabions.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>The use of <a href="/wiki/Gabions" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabions">gabions</a> with cannon was an important part in the attack and defense of fortifications.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a> emphasized the use of light cannons and mobility in his army, and created new formations and tactics that revolutionized artillery. He discontinued using all 12 pounder—or heavier—cannons as field artillery, preferring, instead, to use cannons that could be manned by only a few men. One gun, called the "leatheren," could be serviced by only two persons, but was abandoned, replaced by 4 pounder and 9 pounder <a href="/wiki/Demi-culverin" title="Demi-culverin">demi-culverins</a>. These could be operated by three men, and pulled by only two horses. Also, Adolphus's army was the first to use a special cartridge that contained both powder and shot, which sped up loading, and therefore increased the rate of fire.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Additionally, he pioneered the use of <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister shot</a> against infantry, which was essentially a can, filled with musket balls.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> At the time, for each thousand infantrymen, there was one cannon on the battlefield; Gustavus Adolphus increased the number of cannons in his army so dramatically, that there were six cannons for each one thousand infantry. Each regiment was assigned two pieces, though he often decided to arrange his artillery into <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a>, instead. These were to decimate the enemy's infantry, while his cavalry <a href="/wiki/Flanking" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanking">outflanked</a> their heavy guns.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">Battle of Breitenfeld</a>, in 1631, Adolphus proved the effectiveness of the changes made to his army, in particular his artillery, by defeating <a href="/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes,_Count_of_Tilly" title="Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly">Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly</a>. Although severely outnumbered, the Swedes were able to fire between three and five times as many volleys of artillery without losing ground, due to their infantry's <a href="/wiki/Line_(formation)" title="Line (formation)">linear</a> formations. Battered by cannon fire, and low on morale, Tilly's men broke rank, and fled.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Around this time also came the idea of aiming the cannon to hit a target. Gunners controlled the range of their cannons by measuring the angle of elevation, using a "gunner's <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">quadrant</a>." Cannons did not have <a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">sights</a>, therefore, even with measuring tools, aiming was still largely guesswork.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In the latter half of the 17th century, the French engineer <a href="/wiki/Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a> introduced a more systematic and scientific approach to attacking gunpowder fortresses, in a time when many field commanders "were notorious dunces in siegecraft."<a href="#cite_note-Griffith-111">[111]</a> Careful <a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">sapping</a> forward, supported by <a href="/wiki/Enfilading" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfilading">enfilading</a> <a href="/wiki/Ricochet_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricochet fire">ricochet fire</a>, was a key feature of this system, and it even allowed Vauban to calculate the length of time a siege would take.<a href="#cite_note-Griffith-111">[111]</a> He was also a prolific builder of star forts, and did much to popularize the idea of "depth defense" in the face of cannons.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> These principles were followed into the mid-19th century, when changes in armaments necessitated greater depth defense than Vauban had provided for. It was only in the years prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> that new works began to break radically away from his designs.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail" title="Naval artillery in the Age of Sail">Naval artillery in the Age of Sail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery in the American Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Siege artillery in the American Civil War">Siege artillery in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg/175px-Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg/263px-Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg/350px-Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>30 pounder long gun at the ready</figcaption></figure> The lower tier of 17th-century English <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a> were usually equipped with demi-cannons, guns that fired a 32-pound (15 kg) solid shot, and could weigh up to 3,400 pounds (1,500 kg).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Demi-cannons were capable of firing these heavy metal balls with such force, that they could penetrate more than a meter of solid oak, from a distance of 90 m (300 ft), and could dismast even the largest ships at close range.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Full cannons fired a 42 lb (19 kg) shot, but were discontinued by the 18th century, as they were too unwieldy. By the end of the century, principles long adopted in Europe specified the characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s cannons, as well as the acceptable defects, and their severity. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> tested guns by measuring them, firing them two or three times,—termed "proof by powder"—and using pressurized water to detect leaks.<a href="#cite_note-NavyBarbaryI-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronade</a> was adopted by the Royal Navy in 1779; the lower muzzle velocity of the <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">round shot</a> when fired from this cannon was intended to create more wooden <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/splinter" class="extiw" title="wikt:splinter">splinters</a> when hitting the structure of an enemy vessel, as they were believed to be deadly.<a href="#cite_note-Carronade-117">[117]</a> The carronade was much shorter, and weighed between a third to a quarter less than an equivalent <a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">long gun</a>; for example, a 32 pounder carronade weighed less than a <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a>, compared with a 32 pounder long gun, which weighed over 3 tons. The guns were, therefore, easier to handle, and also required less than half as much gunpowder, allowing fewer men to crew them.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Carronades were manufactured in the usual naval gun <a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">calibers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> but were not counted in a <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ship of the line</a>'s rated number of guns. As a result, the classification of Royal Navy vessels in this period can be misleading, as they often carried more cannons than were listed. In the 1810s and 1820s, greater emphasis was placed on the accuracy of long-range gunfire, and less on the weight of a broadside. The carronade, although initially very successful and widely adopted, disappeared from the Royal Navy in the 1850s, after the development of jacketed steel cannon, by <a href="/wiki/William_George_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="William George Armstrong">William George Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Joseph Whitworth</a>. Nevertheless, carronades were used in the American Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-Carronade-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg/175px-ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg/263px-ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg/350px-ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A cannon from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_Bombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Turkish Bombard">Great Turkish Bombards</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Siege of Constantinople</a>, after being on display for four centuries, were used to battle a British fleet in 1807, in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanelles Operation">Dardanelles Operation</a>. The artillery hit a British ship with two 700 lb (320 kg) cannonballs, killing 60 sailors; in total, the cannons claimed over 100 lives, prompting the British to retreat. In 1867, Sultan Abdul Aziz gave <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> the 17-ton "Dardanelles Gun," one of the cannon used at the siege of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-Trivia_Library-121">[121]</a> In contrast to these antiquated weapons, Western cannons during the 19th century became larger, more destructive, more accurate, and could fire at longer range. One example is the American 3 in (76 mm) wrought-iron, muzzle-loading <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a>, used during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, which had an effective range of over 1.1 mi (1.8 km). Another is the <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_Artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War#12-pounder_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Artillery in the American Civil War">12 pounder Napoleon</a>, which was renowned for its sturdiness, reliability, firepower, flexibility, relatively light weight, and range of 1,700 m (5,600 ft).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Cannons were crucial in <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s rise to power, and continued to play an important role in his army in later years.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the unpopularity of the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a> led to riots and rebellions. When over 25,000 of these royalists—led by General Danican—assaulted Paris, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fran%C3%A7ois_Jean_Nicolas,_vicomte_de_Barras" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras">Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras</a> was appointed to defend the capital; outnumbered five to one and disorganized, the Republicans were desperate.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> When Napoleon arrived, he reorganized the defenses, while realizing that without cannons, the city could not be held. He ordered <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> to bring the guns from the Sablons artillery park; the Major and his cavalry fought their way to the recently captured cannons, and brought them back to Napoleon. When Danican's poorly trained men attacked, on 5 October 1795, <a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a>, 4 in the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="Vendémiaire">calendar used in France</a>, at the time—Napoleon ordered his cannons to fire <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a> into the mob,<a href="#cite_note-Asprey,_pp._112–113.-125">[125]</a> an act that became known as the "<a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire#A_whiff_of_grapeshot" title="13 Vendémiaire">whiff of grapeshot</a>".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The slaughter effectively ended the threat to the new government, while, at the same time, made Bonaparte a famous—and popular—public figure.<a href="#cite_note-Asprey,_pp._112–113.-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Among the first generals to recognize that artillery was not being used to its full potential, Napoleon often massed his cannons into batteries, and introduced several changes into the French artillery, improving it significantly, and making it among the finest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Baynes,_p._669.-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Such tactics were successfully used by the French, for example, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Battle of Friedland</a>, when sixty-six guns fired a total of 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Roundshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundshot">roundshot</a>, and 500 grapeshot,<a href="#cite_note-Baynes,_p._669.-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> inflicting severe casualties on the Russian forces, whose losses numbered over 20,000 killed and wounded, in total.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>—Napoleon's final battle—the French army had many more artillery pieces than either the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussians</a>. As the battlefield was muddy, <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a> caused cannons to bury themselves into the ground after firing, resulting in slow rates of fire, as more effort was required to move them back into an adequate firing position;<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> also, roundshot did not <a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">ricochet</a> with as much force from the wet earth.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Despite the drawbacks, sustained artillery fire proved deadly during the engagement, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#The_French_cavalry_attack" title="Battle of Waterloo">French cavalry attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The British infantry, having formed <a href="/wiki/Infantry_square" title="Infantry square">infantry squares</a>, took heavy losses from the French guns, while their own cannons fired at the <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">lancers</a>, when they fell back to regroup. Eventually, the French ceased their assault, after taking heavy losses from the British cannons and musket fire.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utah_Battery_San_Juan_Bridge.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Utah_Battery_San_Juan_Bridge.jpeg/175px-Utah_Battery_San_Juan_Bridge.jpeg" decoding="async" width="175" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Utah_Battery_San_Juan_Bridge.jpeg/263px-Utah_Battery_San_Juan_Bridge.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Utah_Battery_San_Juan_Bridge.jpeg/350px-Utah_Battery_San_Juan_Bridge.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>U.S. troops fire during the 1899 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">Battle of Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></figcaption></figure> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifling</a>—casting spiraling lines inside the cannon's barrel—was applied to artillery more frequently by 1855, as it gave cannons <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopic</a> stability, which improved their accuracy. One of the earliest rifled cannons was the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_gun" title="Armstrong gun">Armstrong gun</a>—also invented by <a href="/wiki/William_George_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="William George Armstrong">William George Armstrong</a>—which boasted significantly improved range, accuracy, and power than earlier weapons. The projectile fired from the Armstrong gun could reportedly pierce through a ship's side, and explode inside the enemy vessel, causing increased damage, and casualties.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The British military adopted the Armstrong gun, and was impressed; the <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Duke of Cambridge</a> even declared that it "could do everything but speak."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Despite being significantly more advanced than its predecessors, the Armstrong gun was rejected soon after its integration, in favor of the muzzle-loading pieces that had been in use before.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> While both types of gun were effective against wooden ships, neither had the capability to pierce the armor of <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclads</a>; due to reports of slight problems with the breeches of the Armstrong gun, and their higher cost, the older muzzle-loaders were selected to remain in service, instead.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Realizing that iron was more difficult to pierce with breech-loaded cannons, Armstrong designed rifled muzzle-loading guns,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> which proved successful; <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> reported: "even the fondest believers in the invulnerability of our present ironclads were obliged to confess that against such artillery, at such ranges, their plates and sides were almost as penetrable as wooden ships."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The superior cannons of the Western world brought them tremendous advantages in warfare. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Opium_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium War">Opium War</a> in China, during the 19th century, British battleships bombarded the coastal areas and fortifications from afar, safe from the reach of the Chinese cannons. Similarly, the shortest war in recorded history, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> of 1896, was brought to a swift conclusion by shelling from British battleships.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The cynical attitude towards recruited infantry in the face of ever more powerful field artillery is the source of the term <a href="/wiki/Cannon_fodder" title="Cannon fodder">cannon fodder</a>, first used by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a>, in 1814;<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> however, the concept of regarding soldiers as nothing more than "food for powder" was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> as early as 1598, in <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">Henry IV, Part 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> Cannons in the 20th and 21st centuries are usually divided into sub-categories, and given separate names. Some of the most widely used types of modern cannons are <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, guns, and <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a>, although a few very <a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">large-calibre cannons</a>, custom-designed, have also been constructed. Modern artillery is used in a variety of roles, depending on its type. According to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the general role of artillery is to provide fire support, which is defined as "the application of fire, coordinated with the maneuver of forces to destroy, neutralize, or suppress the enemy."<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> When referring to cannons, the term gun is often used incorrectly. In military usage, a gun is a cannon with a high muzzle velocity and <a href="/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">comparatively flat trajectory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> as opposed to other types of artillery, such as howitzers or mortars, which have lower muzzle velocities, and usually fire <a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">indirectly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artillery">Artillery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Artillery">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4-14_Marines_in_Fallujah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/4-14_Marines_in_Fallujah.jpg/175px-4-14_Marines_in_Fallujah.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/4-14_Marines_in_Fallujah.jpg/263px-4-14_Marines_in_Fallujah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/4-14_Marines_in_Fallujah.jpg/350px-4-14_Marines_in_Fallujah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Nine-man crew firing a US <a href="/wiki/M198_howitzer" title="M198 howitzer">M198 howitzer</a></figcaption></figure> By the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Infantry_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantry weapon">infantry weapons</a> became more powerful and accurate, forcing most artillery away from the front lines. Despite the change to <a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">indirect fire</a>, cannons still proved highly effective during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, causing over 75% of casualties.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The onset of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> after the first few months of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> greatly increased the demand for howitzers, as they fired at a steep angle, and were thus better suited than guns at hitting targets in trenches. Furthermore, their shells carried larger amounts of explosives than those of guns, and caused considerably less barrel wear. The German army took advantage of this, beginning the war with many more howitzers than the French.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> World War I also marked the use of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Gun" title="Paris Gun">Paris Gun</a>, the longest-ranged gun ever fired. This 200 mm (8 in) caliber gun was used by the Germans to bombard Paris, and was capable of hitting targets more than 122 km (76 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg/175px-British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg/263px-British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg/350px-British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> sparked new developments in cannon technology. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Sabot_rounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabot rounds">sabot rounds</a>, hollow-charge projectiles, and <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximity fuse">proximity fuses</a>, all of which were marginally significant.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The World War II-era "legend" of the dreaded German <a href="/wiki/8.8_cm_Flak_18/36/37/41" title="8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41">88 mm gun</a> was launched during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)#7th_Panzer_Division" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Battle of Arras</a> on 21 May 1940 when <a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> first ordered their use against Allied armor, devastating British <a href="/wiki/Matilda_II#French_Campaign_of_1940" title="Matilda II">Matilda II</a> tanks, a well-armored design.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The proximity fuse emerged on the battlefields of Europe in late December 1944.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> They became known as the American artillery's "Christmas present" for the German army, and were employed primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>. Proximity fuses were effective against German personnel in the open, and hence were used to disperse their attacks. Also used to great effect in <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a> projectiles, proximity fuses were used in both the <a href="/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theater of Operations">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Pacific</a> Theaters of Operations, against <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bombs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> planes, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank guns</a> were also tremendously improved during the war: in 1939, the British used primarily <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_2_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 2 pounder">2 pounder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 6 pounder">6 pounder</a> guns. By the end of the war, <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 17 pounder">17 pounders</a> had proven much more effective against German tanks, and 32 pounders had entered development.<a href="#cite_note-Anti-tank_guns-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Meanwhile, German tanks were continuously upgraded with better <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">main guns</a>, in addition to other improvements. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a> was originally designed with a 37 mm gun, but was <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> with a 50 mm cannon.<a href="#cite_note-German_Tanks_of_World_War_II_in_Color-158">[158]</a> To counter the threat of the Russian <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34s</a>, another, more powerful 50 mm gun was introduced,<a href="#cite_note-German_Tanks_of_World_War_II_in_Color-158">[158]</a> only to give way to a larger 75 mm cannon.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Despite the improved guns, production of the Panzer III was ended in 1943, as the tank still could not match the T-34, and was, furthermore, being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tanks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Following the 88 mm FlaK 36's initial anti-tank success in 1940 and through the German forces' battles in North Africa and the Soviet Union, in 1944, its improved tank-mounted version, the <a href="/wiki/8.8_cm_KwK_43" title="8.8 cm KwK 43">8.8 cm KwK 43</a>,—and its multiple variations—entered service, used by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, and was adapted to be both a tank's main gun, and the <a href="/wiki/PaK_43" class="mw-redirect" title="PaK 43">PaK 43</a> anti-tank gun.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> One of the most powerful guns to see service in World War II, it was capable of destroying any <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> tank at very long ranges.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/175px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/263px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/350px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5695" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)" title="USS Iowa (BB-61)">USS Iowa</a> firing her 16 in (41 cm) guns</figcaption></figure> Despite being designed to fire at trajectories with a steep angle of descent, howitzers can be fired <a href="/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">directly</a>, as was done by the <a href="/wiki/11th_Marine_Regiment#Korean_War" title="11th Marine Regiment">11th Marine Regiment</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir" title="Battle of Chosin Reservoir">Battle of Chosin Reservoir</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery#Modern_battery_organization" title="Artillery battery">field batteries</a> fired directly upon a <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> of Chinese infantry; the Marines were forced to brace themselves against their howitzers, as they had no time to dig them in. The Chinese infantry took heavy casualties, and were forced to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5-54-Mark-45-firing_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/5-54-Mark-45-firing_edit.jpg/175px-5-54-Mark-45-firing_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/5-54-Mark-45-firing_edit.jpg/263px-5-54-Mark-45-firing_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/5-54-Mark-45-firing_edit.jpg/350px-5-54-Mark-45-firing_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A 5 in (130 mm) <a href="/wiki/Mark_45" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark 45">Mark 45</a> gun being fired from a <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga-class_cruiser" title="Ticonderoga-class cruiser">Ticonderoga-class cruiser</a></figcaption></figure> The tendency to create larger caliber cannons during the World Wars has been reversed in more recent years. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, for example, sought a lighter, more versatile howitzer, to replace their aging pieces. As it could be towed, the <a href="/wiki/M198_howitzer" title="M198 howitzer">M198</a> was selected to be the successor to the World War II-era cannon used at the time, and entered service in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-M198_Info-166">[166]</a> Still in use today, the M198 is, in turn, being slowly replaced by the <a href="/wiki/M777_howitzer" title="M777 howitzer">M777</a> Ultralightweight howitzer, which weighs nearly half as much, and can be transported by <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>—as opposed to the M198, which requires a <a href="/wiki/C-5_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5 Galaxy">C-5</a> or <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17</a> to airlift.<a href="#cite_note-M198_Info-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Although land-based artillery such as the <a href="/wiki/M198_howitzer" title="M198 howitzer">M198</a> are powerful, long-ranged, and accurate, naval guns have not been neglected, despite being much smaller than in the past, and, in some cases, having been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cruise_missile-168">[168]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Zumwalt-class_destroyer" title="Zumwalt-class destroyer">Zumwalt-class destroyer</a>'s planned armament includes the <a href="/wiki/Zumwalt_class_destroyer#Advanced_Gun_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Zumwalt class destroyer">Advanced Gun System (AGS)</a>, a pair of 155 mm guns, which fire the <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Land-Attack_Projectile" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Range Land-Attack Projectile">Long Range Land-Attack Projectile</a>. The warhead, which weighs 24 pounds (11 kg), has a <a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">circular error of probability</a> of 50 m (160 ft), and will be mounted on a rocket, to increase the effective range to 100 nmi (190 km)—a longer range than that of the Paris Gun. The AGS's barrels will be water cooled, and will be capable of firing 10 rounds per minute, per gun. The combined firepower from both turrets will give Zumwalt-class destroyers the firepower equivalent to 18 conventional <a href="/wiki/M198_howitzer" title="M198 howitzer">M-198</a> howitzers.<a href="#cite_note-global_dd-x-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The reason for the re-integration of cannons as a main armament in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> ships is because satellite-guided munitions fired from a gun are far less expensive than a cruise missile, and are therefore a better alternative to many combat situations.<a href="#cite_note-Cruise_missile-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autocannon">Autocannon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Autocannon">edit</a>]</div> An <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a> is a cannon with a larger <a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> than a machine gun, but smaller than that of a <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field gun</a>. Autocannons have mechanisms to automatically load their ammunition, and therefore have a faster rate of fire than artillery, often approaching—and, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling guns</a>, surpassing—that of a machine gun.<a href="#cite_note-Autocannon_Rate_of_Fire-171">[171]</a> The traditional minimum bore for autocannons—indeed, for all types of cannons, as autocannons are the lowest-caliber pieces—has remained 20 mm, since World War II. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg/135px-GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg/203px-GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg/270px-GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/GAU-8/A_Avenger" class="mw-redirect" title="GAU-8/A Avenger">GAU-8/A Avenger</a> <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a>, mounted in an <a href="/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II" class="mw-redirect" title="A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10 Thunderbolt II</a></figcaption></figure> Most nations use these rapid-fire cannons on their light vehicles, replacing a more powerful, but heavier, <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">tank gun</a>. A typical autocannon is the <a href="/wiki/25_mm_caliber" title="25 mm caliber">25 mm</a> "<a href="/wiki/M242_Bushmaster" title="M242 Bushmaster">Bushmaster</a>" <a href="/wiki/Chain_gun" title="Chain gun">chain gun</a>, mounted on the <a href="/wiki/LAV-25" title="LAV-25">LAV-25</a> and <a href="/wiki/M2_Bradley" title="M2 Bradley">M2 Bradley</a> <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">armored vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bushmaster-172">[172]</a> Autocannons have largely replaced machine guns in aircraft, due to their greater firepower.<a href="#cite_note-Aircraft_Cannon-173">[173]</a> The first airborne cannon appeared in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but each airplane could carry only one or two, as cannons are heavier than machine guns, the standard armament. They were variously mounted, often in the wings, but also high on the forward fuselage, where they would fire through the <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a>, or even through the propeller hub. Due both to the low number of cannons per aircraft, and the lower rate of fire of cannons, machine guns continued to be used widely early in the war, as there was a greater probability of hitting enemy aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Aircraft_Cannon-173">[173]</a> However, as cannons were more effective against more heavily armored bomber aircraft, they were eventually integrated into newer fighters, which usually carried between two and four autocannons. The <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.404" title="Hispano-Suiza HS.404">Hispano-Suiza HS.404</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon" title="Oerlikon 20 mm cannon">Oerlikon 20 mm cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/MG_FF_cannon" title="MG FF cannon">MG FF</a>, and their numerous variants became among the most widely used autocannons in the war. Nearly all modern <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> are armed with an autocannon, and most are derived from their counterparts from the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-Aircraft_Cannon-173">[173]</a> The largest, heaviest, and most powerful airborne cannon used by the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">military of the United States</a> is the <a href="/wiki/GAU-8/A_Avenger" class="mw-redirect" title="GAU-8/A Avenger">GAU-8/A Avenger</a> Gatling-type rotary cannon;<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> it is surpassed only by the specialized artillery pieces carried on the <a href="/wiki/AC-130" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-130">AC-130</a> gunship.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Although capable of generating a high volume of fire, autocannons are limited by the amount of ammunition that can be carried by the weapons systems mounting them. For this reason, both the 25 mm Bushmaster and the 30 mm <a href="/wiki/RARDEN" title="RARDEN">RARDEN</a> are deliberately designed with relatively slow rates of fire, to extend the amount of time they can be employed on a battlefield before requiring a resupply of ammunition. The rate of fire of modern autocannons ranges from 90 rounds per minute, to 1,800 rounds per minute. Systems with multiple barrels—Gatling guns—can have rates of fire of several thousand rounds per minute; the fastest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Gryazev-Shipunov_GSh-6-30" title="Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30">GSh-6-30K</a>, which has a rate of fire of over 6,000 rounds per minute.<a href="#cite_note-Autocannon_Rate_of_Fire-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263–275-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263–275_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263–275_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263–275_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 263–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELu1988-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELu1988_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELu1988_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLu1988">Lu 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263-275-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263-275_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 263-275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase20031-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase20031_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby200299-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby200299_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2002">Crosby 2002</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200331-32-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase200331-32_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase200331-32_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>, p. 31-32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201651-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201651_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201651_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201651_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201651_7-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartington1960246-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartington1960246_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPartington1960">Partington 1960</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBodde1987" class="citation book cs1">Bodde, Derk (1987). Charles Le Blanc, Susan Blader (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPQuETESw84C&pg=PA304">Chinese ideas about nature and society: studies in honour of Derk Bodde</a>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-188-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-188-7"><bdi>978-962-209-188-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 November 2011. <q>The other was the 'flame-spouting lance' (t'u huo ch'iang). A bamboo tube of large diameter was used as the barrel (t'ung), ... sending the objects, whether fragments of metal or pottery, pellets or bullets, in all directions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+ideas+about+nature+and+society%3A+studies+in+honour+of+Derk+Bodde&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-962-209-188-7&rft.aulast=Bodde&rft.aufirst=Derk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPQuETESw84C%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbullMcBride1980" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen; McBride, Angus (1980). Angus McBride (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mongols00">The Mongols</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mongols00/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-372-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-372-0"><bdi>978-0-85045-372-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 November 2011. <q>In 1259 Chinese technicians produced a 'fire-lance' (huo ch' iang): gunpowder was exploded in a bamboo tube to discharge a cluster of pellets at a distance of 250 yards. It is also interesting to note the Mongol use of suffocating fumes produced by burning reeds at the battle of Liegnitz in 1241.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-372-0&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=McBride%2C+Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmongols00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2001" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, John Joseph (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFx3OlrBMpQC&pg=PA198">The history of the Mongol conquests</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1766-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-1766-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 November 2011. <q>In 1259 Chinese technicians produced a 'fire-lance' (huo ch'iang): gunpowder was exploded in a bamboo tube to discharge a cluster of pellets at a distance of 250 yards. We are getting close to a barrel-gun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Mongol+conquests&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFx3OlrBMpQC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201652-53-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201652-53_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 52-53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201653-54-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201653-54_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 53-54. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003). Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge University Press, p. 32, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82274-9">978-0-521-82274-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201653-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201653_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293-4-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293-4_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 293-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.354 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986294-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986294_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986295-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986295_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010109-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurton2010109_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurton2010">Purton 2010</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201666-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201666_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201667-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201667_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201659-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201659_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201669-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201669_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200820-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull200820_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull200820_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull200820_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2008">Turnbull 2008</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201660-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201660_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201661-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201661_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201662-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201662_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201663-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201663_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 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Retrieved 8 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gunpowder+Composition+for+Rockets+and+Cannon+in+Arabic+Military+Treatises+in+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Ahmad+Y+Hassan&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FArticles%2Farticles%25202.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Hassan, Ahmad Y</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427025528/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm">"Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Ahmad Y Hassan</a>. 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ICON. 9. <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_the_History_of_Technology" title="International Committee for the History of Technology">International Committee for the History of Technology</a>: 1–30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1361-8113">1361-8113</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23790667">23790667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICON&rft.atitle=Gunpowder+Composition+for+Rockets+and+Cannon+in+Arabic+Military+Treatises+in+the+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23790667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1361-8113&rft.aulast=Al-Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughtonBurris2010" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, George; Burris, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/9781934854013.3">"War and Medicine: A Brief History of the Military's Contribution to Wound Care Through World War I"</a>. Advances in Wound Care: Volume 1. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Liebert" title="Mary Ann Liebert">Mary Ann Liebert</a>. pp. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F9781934854013.3">10.1089/9781934854013.3</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934854013" title="Special:BookSources/9781934854013"><bdi>9781934854013</bdi></a>. <q>The first hand cannon appeared during the 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut between the Egyptians and Mongols in the Middle East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+and+Medicine%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Military%27s+Contribution+to+Wound+Care+Through+World+War+I&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Wound+Care%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=3-7&rft.pub=Mary+Ann+Liebert&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F9781934854013.3&rft.isbn=9781934854013&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Burris%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liebertpub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1089%2F9781934854013.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooksDickieJesticeJorgensen2009" class="citation book cs1">Books, Amber; Dickie, Iain; Jestice, Phyllis; Jorgensen, Christer; Rice, Rob S.; Dougherty, Martin J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iYLAQAAMAAJ">Fighting Techniques of Naval Warfare: Strategy, Weapons, Commanders, and Ships: 1190 BC – Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312554538" title="Special:BookSources/9780312554538"><bdi>9780312554538</bdi></a>. <q>Known to the Arabs as midfa, was the ancestor of all subsequent forms of cannons. Materials evolved from bamboo to wood to iron quickly enough for the Egyptian Mamelukes to employ the weapon against the Mongols at the battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, which ended the Mongol advance into the Mediterranean world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Techniques+of+Naval+Warfare%3A+Strategy%2C+Weapons%2C+Commanders%2C+and+Ships%3A+1190+BC+%E2%80%93+Present&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780312554538&rft.aulast=Books&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft.au=Dickie%2C+Iain&rft.au=Jestice%2C+Phyllis&rft.au=Jorgensen%2C+Christer&rft.au=Rice%2C+Rob+S.&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iYLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996). "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols". Journal of Asian History. 30: 41–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+History&rft.atitle=Coming+of+Gunpowder+to+the+Islamic+World+and+North+India%3A+Spotlight+on+the+Role+of+the+Mongols&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=41-5&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-khan_6-69"><a href="#cite_ref-khan_6_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2004" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004). Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195665260" title="Special:BookSources/9780195665260"><bdi>9780195665260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder+and+Firearms%3A+Warfare+in+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195665260&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198644-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198644_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁgoston2005">Ágoston 2005</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_73-1">b</a> Paul E. J. Hammer (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ggAQAAIAAJ">Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450-1660</a>, page 297, <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016334-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016334_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010108-109-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurton2010108-109_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurton2010">Purton 2010</a>, p. 108-109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle198318-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle198318_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle1983">Nicolle 1983</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epaMx7jSZjIC&q=ottoman+artillery&pg=PA41">Firearms of the Islamic world in the Tareq Rajab Museum, Kuwait By Robert Elgood</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986443-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986443_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 443. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Medieval_Siege-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Medieval_Siege_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Medieval_Siege_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury1992" class="citation book cs1">Bradbury, Jim (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVCRpsfwkiUC&q=The+Medieval+Siege">The Medieval Siege</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-312-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-312-4"><bdi>978-0-85115-312-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Siege&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-312-4&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVCRpsfwkiUC%26q%3DThe%2BMedieval%2BSiege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGat2006" class="citation book cs1">Gat, Azar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4aXo_125REC&q=dardanelles+gun&pg=PA461">War in Human Civilization</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926213-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926213-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926213-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Human+Civilization&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926213-7&rft.aulast=Gat&rft.aufirst=Azar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy4aXo_125REC%26q%3Ddardanelles%2Bgun%26pg%3DPA461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidtchen_1977b,_226–228-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidtchen_1977b,_226–228_81-0">^</a> Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (3): 213–237 (226–228) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (3): 213–237 (226–228), p. 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200320-21-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull200320-21_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2003">Turnbull 2003</a>, p. 20-21. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatmingmilitary.blogspot.com/2015/04/rocket-cart-of-ming-dynasty-p1.html">Rocket carts of the Ming Dynasty</a>, 14 April 2015, retrieved 18 October 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocket+carts+of+the+Ming+Dynasty&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreatmingmilitary.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F04%2Frocket-cart-of-ming-dynasty-p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrin197993-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerrin197993_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerrin1979">Perrin 1979</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010392-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurton2010392_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurton2010">Purton 2010</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986430-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986430_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELidin20021-14-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELidin20021-14_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLidin2002">Lidin 2002</a>, p. 1-14. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Turnbull, Stephen (2002). Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98. London: Cassell & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35948-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35948-3">0-304-35948-3</a>, pp 23, 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFöversättning_och_bearbetning:_Folke_Günther_...1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">översättning och bearbetning: Folke Günther ... (1996). Guinness Rekordbok (in Swedish). Stockholm: Forum. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-37-10723-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-37-10723-3"><bdi>978-91-37-10723-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+Rekordbok&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Forum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-91-37-10723-3&rft.au=%C3%B6vers%C3%A4ttning+och+bearbetning%3A+Folke+G%C3%BCnther+...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs2004" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTXdplfiz-cC">Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32433-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32433-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32433-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+Scientific+Experiments%2C+Inventions%2C+and+Discoveries+of+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32433-8&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTXdplfiz-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> The six sizes are, in order from largest to smallest: the cannon, great culverin, bastard culverin, "legitimate" culverin, falcon, and falconet. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> They are, from largest to smallest: the cannon royal, cannon, cannon serpentine, bastard cannon, demicannon, pedrero, culverin, basilisk, demiculverin, bastard culverin, saker, minion, falcon, falconet, serpentine, and rabinet. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tunis-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Tunis_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunis1999" class="citation book cs1">Tunis, Edwin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sCnyIzibmywC">Weapons: A Pictorial History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6229-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6229-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-6229-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons%3A+A+Pictorial+History&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6229-8&rft.aulast=Tunis&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsCnyIzibmywC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Tunis, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazan-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Kazan_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNossov2006" class="citation book cs1">Nossov, Konstantin (2006). Russian Fortresses, 1480–1682. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. pp. 53–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-916-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-916-5"><bdi>978-1-84176-916-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Fortresses%2C+1480%E2%80%931682&rft.pages=53-55&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-916-5&rft.aulast=Nossov&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2005" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2005). The Art of War. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50046-1"><bdi>978-0-226-50046-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50046-1&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castles-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castles_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castles_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castles_98-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1997" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Philip (9 September 1997). Castles. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-2047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-2047-3"><bdi>978-0-7894-2047-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1997-09-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7894-2047-3&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpanishMain-99"><a href="#cite_ref-SpanishMain_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand2006" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, René (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvcBWivXlekC">Spanish Main: 1492–1800</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-005-5"><bdi>978-1-84603-005-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Main%3A+1492%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-005-5&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvcBWivXlekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Manucy,_p._5-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manucy,_p._5_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manucy,_p._5_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manucy,_p._5_100-2">c</a> Manucy, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadler-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Sadler_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadler2006" class="citation book cs1">Sadler, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXX1SrxKTg0C">Flodden 1513: Scotland's Greatest Defeat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-959-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-959-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flodden+1513%3A+Scotland%27s+Greatest+Defeat&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-959-2&rft.aulast=Sadler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZXX1SrxKTg0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Sadler, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Manucy, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053839/mortar">"Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Mortar"</a>. Retrieved 13 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online+%E2%80%93+Mortar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9053839%2Fmortar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Tunis, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Manucy, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Tunis, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Manucy, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Archer (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2FRzcz2W0oC">The Art of War in the Western World</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06966-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06966-6"><bdi>978-0-252-06966-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War+in+the+Western+World&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06966-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Archer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz2FRzcz2W0oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Tunis, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffith-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2006" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Paddy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eH1NtNGWQZ8C">The Vauban Fortifications of France</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-875-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-875-5"><bdi>978-1-84176-875-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vauban+Fortifications+of+France&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-875-5&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Paddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeH1NtNGWQZ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Griffith, p 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Griffith, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Cameron_Stone" title="George Cameron Stone">Stone, George Cameron</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5PgapzD6FoC">A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times</a>. Courier Dover Publications. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40726-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40726-5"><bdi>978-0-486-40726-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+the+Construction%2C+Decoration%2C+and+Use+of+Arms+and+Armor+in+All+Countries+and+in+All+Times&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-486-40726-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=George+Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5PgapzD6FoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2005" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Byron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yOWLaNm6c7sC&q=demi-cannon+solid+oak&pg=PA127">Discovering the Great South Land</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kenthurst,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenthurst, New South Wales">Kenthurst</a>: Rosenberg Publishing. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-31-8"><bdi>978-1-877058-31-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Great+South+Land&rft.place=Kenthurst&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Rosenberg+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-877058-31-8&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyOWLaNm6c7sC%26q%3Ddemi-cannon%2Bsolid%2Boak%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-NavyBarbaryI-116"><a href="#cite_ref-NavyBarbaryI_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1939" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Dudley W. (1939). Naval Documents related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers, Volume I. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Documents+related+to+the+United+States+Wars+with+the+Barbary+Powers%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Dudley+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carronade-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carronade_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carronade_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManigaultWarren_Ripley1996" class="citation book cs1">Manigault, Edward; Warren Ripley (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dS4yZLvS0soC">Siege Train: The Journal of a Confederate Artilleryman in the Defense of Charleston</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-127-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-127-4"><bdi>978-1-57003-127-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siege+Train%3A+The+Journal+of+a+Confederate+Artilleryman+in+the+Defense+of+Charleston&rft.place=Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-127-4&rft.aulast=Manigault&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Warren+Ripley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdS4yZLvS0soC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102235759/http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavycarronade.htm">"The Historical Maritime Society"</a>. The Historical Maritime Society. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavycarronade.htm">the original</a> on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Maritime+Society&rft.pub=The+Historical+Maritime+Society&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hms.org.uk%2Fnelsonsnavycarronade.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> 12, 18, 24, 32, and 42 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)#Imperial_Standard_Pound" title="Pound (mass)">pounders</a>, but 6 pounder and 68 pounder versions are known. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102235759/http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavycarronade.htm">"Carronade"</a>. The Historical Maritime Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavycarronade.htm">the original</a> on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carronade&rft.pub=The+Historical+Maritime+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hms.org.uk%2Fnelsonsnavycarronade.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trivia_Library-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Trivia_Library_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallechinskyIrving_Wallace1975" class="citation book cs1">Wallechinsky, David; Irving Wallace (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplesalmanac00wall">The People's Almanac</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04186-7"><bdi>978-0-385-04186-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Almanac&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-385-04186-7&rft.aulast=Wallechinsky&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Irving+Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplesalmanac00wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlettEdwin_OlmsteadM._Hume_Parks2004" class="citation book cs1">Hazlett, James C.; Edwin Olmstead; M. Hume Parks (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twcQGSi1F7QC">Field Artillery Weapons of the American Civil War</a> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">Champaign, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. pp. 88–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07210-9"><bdi>978-0-252-07210-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Artillery+Weapons+of+the+American+Civil+War&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=88-108&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07210-9&rft.aulast=Hazlett&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft.au=Edwin+Olmstead&rft.au=M.+Hume+Parks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwcQGSi1F7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConner2004" class="citation book cs1">Conner, Susan P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPkgXITA09EC">The Age of Napoleon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32014-9"><bdi>978-0-313-32014-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Napoleon&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32014-9&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Susan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPkgXITA09EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsprey2000" class="citation book cs1">Asprey, Robert B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqkSyhUcZ0kC">The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04881-6"><bdi>978-0-465-04881-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Napoleon+Bonaparte&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04881-6&rft.aulast=Asprey&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUqkSyhUcZ0kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asprey,_pp._112–113.-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asprey,_pp._112–113._125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asprey,_pp._112–113._125-1">b</a> Asprey, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Conner, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Conner, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Baynes,_p._669.-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baynes,_p._669._128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baynes,_p._669._128-1">b</a> Baynes, p. 669. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNofi1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Nofi" title="Albert Nofi">Nofi, Albert A.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPFtsn-nRTwC">The Waterloo Campaign: June 1815</a>. <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-98-2"><bdi>978-0-938289-98-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Campaign%3A+June+1815&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-938289-98-2&rft.aulast=Nofi&rft.aufirst=Albert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZPFtsn-nRTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraikCharles_MacFarlane1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Lillie_Craik" title="George Lillie Craik">Craik, George L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_MacFarlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles MacFarlane">Charles MacFarlane</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-0GAAAAYAAJ">The Pictorial History of England during the reign of George the Third: Being a History of the People, as well as a History of the Kingdom, volume 2</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Knight_(publisher)" title="Charles Knight (publisher)">Charles Knight</a>. p. 295. Retrieved 28 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+History+of+England+during+the+reign+of+George+the+Third%3A+Being+a+History+of+the+People%2C+as+well+as+a+History+of+the+Kingdom%2C+volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Charles+Knight&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Craik&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.au=Charles+MacFarlane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA-0GAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1995" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan/page/582">The Campaigns of Napoleon</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan/page/582">582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-523660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-523660-8"><bdi>978-0-02-523660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Napoleon&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-02-523660-8&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcampaignsofnapol00chan%2Fpage%2F582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkin2002" class="citation book cs1">Adkin, Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4tTYCLqjwj8C">The Waterloo Companion</a>. Stackpole Books. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1854-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1854-7"><bdi>978-0-8117-1854-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Companion&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-1854-7&rft.aulast=Adkin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4tTYCLqjwj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1975" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7ngGaRS6nkC">Napoleon's Artillery</a>. France: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-247-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-247-1"><bdi>978-0-85045-247-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Artillery&rft.place=France&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-247-1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson-Latham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7ngGaRS6nkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Wilkinson-Latham, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Nofi, pp. 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1859" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, Charles (22 April 1859). "Our eye-witness at Woolwich". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-4RAAAAYAAJ">All the Year Round: A Weekly Journal</a>. Vol. 1. p. 373. Retrieved 21 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Our+eye-witness+at+Woolwich&rft.btitle=All+the+Year+Round%3A+A+Weekly+Journal&rft.pages=373&rft.date=1859-04-22&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-4RAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastable2004" class="citation book cs1">Bastable, Marshall J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ybDCEqsWrUC">Arms and the State: Sir William Armstrong and the Remaking of British Naval Power, 1854–1914</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3404-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3404-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-3404-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+and+the+State%3A+Sir+William+Armstrong+and+the+Remaking+of+British+Naval+Power%2C+1854%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3404-1&rft.aulast=Bastable&rft.aufirst=Marshall+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ybDCEqsWrUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuffell" class="citation web cs1">Ruffell, W. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213152724/http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/gun/rifled2.htm">"The Gun – Rifled Ordnance: Whitworth"</a>. The Gun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/gun/rifled2.htm">the original</a> on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gun&rft.atitle=The+Gun+%E2%80%93+Rifled+Ordnance%3A+Whitworth&rft.aulast=Ruffell&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friv.co.nz%2Frnza%2Fhist%2Fgun%2Frifled2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastable2004" class="citation book cs1">Bastable, Marshall J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ybDCEqsWrUC">Arms and the State: Sir William Armstrong and the Remaking of British Naval Power, 1854–1914</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3404-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3404-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-3404-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+and+the+State%3A+Sir+William+Armstrong+and+the+Remaking+of+British+Naval+Power%2C+1854%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3404-1&rft.aulast=Bastable&rft.aufirst=Marshall+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ybDCEqsWrUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Bastable, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Bastable, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2002" class="citation book cs1">Young, Mark C. (2002). Guinness Book of World Records, 2002 edition. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-58378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-58378-6"><bdi>978-0-553-58378-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+Book+of+World+Records%2C+2002+edition&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-553-58378-6&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> (in French) <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:De_Buonaparte_et_des_Bourbons" class="extiw" title="wikisource:fr:De Buonaparte et des Bourbons">"De Buonaparte et des Bourbons"</a> – full text in the French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare1598" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, William (1598). Henry IV, Part 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+IV%2C+Part+1&rft.date=1598&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> Part 1, act 4, sc. 2, l. 65-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070514133410/http://www.nato.int/docu/stanag/aap006/aap-6-2007.pdf">AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>. 2007. p. 113. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/stanag/aap006/aap-6-2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AAP-6+NATO+Glossary+of+Terms+and+Definitions&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Treaty+Organization&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fstanag%2Faap006%2Faap-6-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gun">"Definition of "Gun""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 17 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+%22Gun%22&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FGun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Howitzer">"Definition of "Howitzer""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Dictionary</a>. 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Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85585-878-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85585-878-7"><bdi>978-1-85585-878-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+A+Visual+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85585-878-7&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4IYXxrcx1_0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2007" class="citation web cs1">Rahman, Jason (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avalanchepress.com/BritainsAntiTankGuns.php">"British Anti-Tank Guns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Avalanche_Press" title="Avalanche Press">Avalanche Press</a>. 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Zenith Imprint. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0671-0"><bdi>978-0-7603-0671-0</bdi></a>. 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title="Carroll & Graf Publishers">Carroll & Graf Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1264-9"><bdi>978-0-7867-1264-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzerkrieg%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Hitler%27s+Tank+Divisions&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1264-9&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Mike+Syron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwqhCwNAjSYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLahlan2010" class="citation cs2">McLahlan, Sean (2010), Medieval Handgonnes</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Handgonnes&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=McLahlan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1992" class="citation cs2">McNeill, William Hardy (1992), The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+West%3A+A+History+of+the+Human+Community&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=William+Hardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorillo2008" class="citation cs2">Morillo, 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08573-1&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30358-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1983" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (28 July 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZslvgAACAAJ">Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons%3A+A+Pictorial+History&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6229-8&rft.aulast=Tunis&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsCnyIzibmywC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2003" class="citation cs2">Turnbull, Stephen (2003), Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612-1639, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-478-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-478-8"><bdi>978-1-84176-478-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Ships+Far+East+%282%3A+Japan+and+Korea+Ad+612-1639&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-478-8&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)" title="Stephen Turnbull (historian)">Turnbull, Stephen</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVnXSObRUYIC">The Walls of Constantinople AD 413–1453</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-759-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-759-8"><bdi>978-1-84176-759-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Walls+of+Constantinople+AD+413%E2%80%931453&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-759-8&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVnXSObRUYIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2008" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (22 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQVvgAACAAJ">The Samurai Invasion of Korea 1592–98</a>. Bloomsbury USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-254-7"><bdi>978-1-84603-254-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samurai+Invasion+of+Korea+1592%E2%80%9398&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2008-07-22&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-254-7&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjQVvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbanski1967" class="citation cs2">Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967), Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Technology+of+Explosives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Urbanski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalon2008" class="citation cs2">Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008), The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas, Brill Academic Pub, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16821-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16821-3"><bdi>978-90-04-16821-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War+%28part+II%29%3A+Different+Vistas&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16821-3&rft.aulast=Villalon&rft.aufirst=L.+J.+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2006" class="citation cs2">Wagner, John A. (2006), The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0"><bdi>978-0-313-32736-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=Westport+%26+London&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32736-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallechinskyIrving_Wallace1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Wallechinsky" title="David Wallechinsky">Wallechinsky, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Irving_Wallace" title="Irving Wallace">Irving Wallace</a> (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplesalmanac00wall">The People's Almanac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04186-7"><bdi>978-0-385-04186-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Almanac&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-385-04186-7&rft.aulast=Wallechinsky&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Irving+Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplesalmanac00wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2006" class="citation cs2">Watson, Peter (2006), Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud, Harper Perennial (2006), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093564-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093564-1"><bdi>978-0-06-093564-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas%3A+A+History+of+Thought+and+Invention%2C+from+Fire+to+Freud&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial+%282006%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093564-1&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1997" class="citation cs2">Wilkinson, Philip (9 September 1997), Castles, <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-2047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-2047-3"><bdi>978-0-7894-2047-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1997-09-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7894-2047-3&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1975" class="citation cs2">Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1975), Napoleon's Artillery, France: Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-247-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-247-1"><bdi>978-0-85045-247-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Artillery&rft.place=France&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-247-1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson-Latham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillbanks2004" class="citation cs2">Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machine+guns%3A+an+illustrated+history+of+their+impact&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Willbanks&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2000" class="citation cs2">Williams, Anthony G. (2000), Rapid Fire, Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-435-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-435-3"><bdi>978-1-84037-435-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapid+Fire&rft.pub=Shrewsbury%3A+Airlife+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84037-435-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Anthony+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2002" class="citation cs2">Young, Mark C (2002), Guinness Book of World Records (2002 ed.), England: <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a 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href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5052-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-5052-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kursk+1943%3A+A+Statistical+Analysis&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5052-4&rft.aulast=Zetterling&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rft.au=Anders+Frankson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXa6HLAhSzBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from the 1771 <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070514133410/http://www.nato.int/docu/stanag/aap006/aap-6-2007.pdf">AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>, 2007, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/stanag/aap006/aap-6-2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 May 2007, retrieved 17 May 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AAP-6+NATO+Glossary+of+Terms+and+Definitions&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Treaty+Organization&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fstanag%2Faap006%2Faap-6-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cannons" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cannon" class="extiw" title="commons:Cannon">Cannon</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/history_of_cannons" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/history of cannons">history of cannons</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/artillery_tactics.htm">Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119155125/http://homepages.ihug.com.au/~dispater/handgonnes.htm">Handgonnes and Matchlocks – History of firearms to 1500</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5236">U.S. patent 5,236</a> – Patent for a Casting ordnance</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6612">U.S. patent 6,612</a> – Cannon patent</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US13851">U.S. patent 13,851</a> – Muzzle loading ordnance patent</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&oldid=1258671106">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_cannons&oldid=1258671106</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannon" title="Category:Cannon">Cannon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weapon_history" title="Category:Weapon history">Weapon history</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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