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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_Zambezi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_Zambezi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Upper Zambezi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_Zambezi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Zambezi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Zambezi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Middle Zambezi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Zambezi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_Zambezi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Zambezi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Lower Zambezi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Zambezi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discharge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discharge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Discharge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discharge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Delta</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Delta-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Delta subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Delta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecology_of_the_delta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_of_the_delta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ecology of the delta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology_of_the_delta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tributaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Geological history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_dams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_dams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Effects of dams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_dams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Conservation measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish_stocks_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_stocks_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Fish stocks management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_stocks_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EUS_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EUS_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>EUS outbreak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EUS_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Major towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zambezi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezirivier" title="Zambezirivier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zambezirivier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambesi" title="Sambesi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sambesi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="نهر زمبيزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر زمبيزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Zambeze" title="Ríu Zambeze – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ríu Zambeze" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysyry_Samb%C3%A9se" title="Ysyry Sambése – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ysyry Sambése" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1" title="Zambezi çayı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zambezi çayı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زامبزی چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زامبزی چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="জাম্বেজি নদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাম্বেজি নদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_H%C3%B4" title="Zambezi Hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Zambezi Hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Замбези – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Замбези" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Замбезі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Замбезі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Замбэзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Замбэзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="जेम्बेजी नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जेम्बेजी नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Замбези – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Замбези" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཙན་པི་ཞི་གཙང་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཙན་པི་ཞི་གཙང་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambeze" title="Zambeze – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zambeze" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Замбези – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Замбези" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_River_(suba_sa_Namibya)" title="Zambezi River (suba sa Namibya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Zambezi River (suba sa Namibya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtsinje_wa_Zambezi" title="Mtsinje wa Zambezi – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mtsinje wa Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwizi_Zambezi" title="Rwizi Zambezi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rwizi Zambezi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Zambezi" title="Afon Zambezi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambesi" title="Sambesi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sambesi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ζαμβέζης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζαμβέζης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Zambeze" title="Río Zambeze – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Zambeze" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="زامبزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زامبزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A8ze" title="Zambèze – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zambèze" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambezy" title="Sambezy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sambezy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSaimb%C3%A9is" title="An tSaimbéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSaimbéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Zambeze" title="Río Zambeze – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Zambeze" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%80" title="ઝાંબેઝી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઝાંબેઝી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A0%EB%B2%A0%EC%A7%80%EA%B0%95" title="잠베지강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잠베지강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin_Zambezi" title="Kogin Zambezi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kogin Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Զամբեզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զամբեզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="ज़ाम्बेज़ी नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़ाम्बेज़ी नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Zambezi" title="Sungai Zambezi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambes%C3%AD" title="Sambesí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sambesí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambesi" title="Zambesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zambesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%96%D7%99" title="זמבזי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זמבזי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Zambezi" title="Kali Zambezi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samb%C9%9Bz%C9%A9_p%C9%94%C9%94" title="Sambɛzɩ pɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sambɛzɩ pɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ზამბეზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზამბეზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Замбези – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Замбези" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umugezi_wa_Zambezi" title="Umugezi wa Zambezi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umugezi wa Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_(mto)" title="Zambezi (mto) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zambezi (mto)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Замбези дарыясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Замбези дарыясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Замбези – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Замбези" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambez%C4%97" title="Zambezė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zambezė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zi" title="Zambézi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zambézi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Замбези – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Замбези" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="സാംബീസി നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാംബീസി നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ზამბეზი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზამბეზი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Zambezi" title="Sungai Zambezi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Замбези гол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Замбези гол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဇမ်ဗီဇီမြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇမ်ဗီဇီမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%82%B8%E5%B7%9D" title="ザンベジ川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザンベジ川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambeesi" title="Sambeesi – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sambeesi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A8zi" title="Zambèzi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zambèzi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਜ਼ੰਬੇਜ਼ੀ ਦਰਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ੰਬੇਜ਼ੀ ਦਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%93_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="دریاۓ زیمبزی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریاۓ زیمبزی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Zambeze" title="Rio Zambeze – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Zambeze" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_(fluviu)" title="Zambezi (fluviu) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zambezi (fluviu)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Замбези – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Замбези" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Замбези – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Замбези" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_River" title="Zambezi River – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zambezi River" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="زيمبيزي ندي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زيمبيزي ندي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Замбези – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Замбези" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambesi" title="Sambesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sambesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="சாம்பசி ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாம்பசி ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Замбези – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Замбези" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="แม่น้ำแซมบีซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำแซมบีซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Замбезі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Замбезі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زیمبیزی دریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زیمبیزی دریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%9E%E6%AF%94%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%B3" title="赞比西河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赞比西河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%8A%E6%AF%94%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%B3" title="贊比西河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="贊比西河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%9E%E6%AF%94%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%B3" title="赞比西河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赞比西河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwaan%CC%84_Zambezi" title="Okwaan̄ Zambezi – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Okwaan̄ Zambezi" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43106#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zambezi&params=18_34_14_S_36_28_13_E_type:_river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°34′14″S</span> <span class="longitude">36°28′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.57056°S 36.47028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-18.57056; 36.47028</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi_River&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major river in southern Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the river. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zambezi (disambiguation)">Zambezi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Zambezi River<br /><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%"><i>Zambesi</i>, <i>Zambeze</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambezi_River_at_junction_of_Namibia,_Zambia,_Zimbabwe_%26_Botswana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zambezi_River_at_junction_of_Namibia%2C_Zambia%2C_Zimbabwe_%26_Botswana.jpg/250px-Zambezi_River_at_junction_of_Namibia%2C_Zambia%2C_Zimbabwe_%26_Botswana.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zambezi_River_at_junction_of_Namibia%2C_Zambia%2C_Zimbabwe_%26_Botswana.jpg/375px-Zambezi_River_at_junction_of_Namibia%2C_Zambia%2C_Zimbabwe_%26_Botswana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zambezi_River_at_junction_of_Namibia%2C_Zambia%2C_Zimbabwe_%26_Botswana.jpg/500px-Zambezi_River_at_junction_of_Namibia%2C_Zambia%2C_Zimbabwe_%26_Botswana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Zambezi at the junction of Namibia (upper left), Zambia (right), Zimbabwe (bottom) and Botswana (center left). Since this photo was taken, the <a href="/wiki/Kazungula_Bridge" title="Kazungula Bridge">Kazungula Bridge</a> has been built across the river between Zambia and Botswana.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambezi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zambezi.svg/220px-Zambezi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zambezi.svg/330px-Zambezi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zambezi.svg/440px-Zambezi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Besi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">Main stem source. Zambezi Source National Forest</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ikelenge_District" title="Ikelenge District">Ikelenge District</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia" title="North-Western Province, Zambia">North-Western Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zambezi&params=11_22_11_S_24_18_30_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°22′11″S</span> <span class="longitude">24°18′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.36972°S 24.30833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-11.36972; 24.30833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,500 m (4,900 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2nd source</th><td class="infobox-data">Most distant source of the Zambezi-Lungwebungu system</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moxico_(municipality)" title="Moxico (municipality)">Moxico Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moxico_Province" title="Moxico Province">Moxico Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zambezi&params=12_40_34_S_18_24_47_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°40′34″S</span> <span class="longitude">18°24′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.67611°S 18.41306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-12.67611; 18.41306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,440 m (4,720 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zambezia_Province" title="Zambezia Province">Zambezia Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sofala_Province" title="Sofala Province">Sofala Province</a>, Mozambique</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zambezi&params=18_34_14_S_36_28_13_E_type:_river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°34′14″S</span> <span class="longitude">36°28′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.57056°S 36.47028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-18.57056; 36.47028</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">2,574 km (1,599 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">1,390,000 km<sup>2</sup> (540,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilfuss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-INBO_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INBO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Zambezi Delta, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Period: 1971–2000)4,296.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s (151,730 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-Zambezi-Lake_Malawi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambezi-Lake_Malawi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Period: 1962–2002)4,134.7 m<sup>3</sup>/s (146,020 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-The_Zambezi_River_Basin_-_A_Multi_Sector_Investment_Opportunities_-_Volume_4-Modelling,_Analysis_and_Input_Data_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Zambezi_River_Basin_-_A_Multi_Sector_Investment_Opportunities_-_Volume_4-Modelling,_Analysis_and_Input_Data-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marromeu" title="Marromeu">Marromeu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> (Basin size: 1,377,492 km<sup>2</sup> (531,853 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Period: 1998–2022)4,217 m<sup>3</sup>/s (148,900 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-River_Discharge_and_Reservoir_Storage_Changes_Using_Satellite_Microwave_Radiometry_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-River_Discharge_and_Reservoir_Storage_Changes_Using_Satellite_Microwave_Radiometry-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>(Period: 1971–2000)4,256.1 m<sup>3</sup>/s (150,300 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-Zambezi-Lake_Malawi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambezi-Lake_Malawi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> (Period: 1960–1962)3,424 m<sup>3</sup>/s (120,900 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilfuss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-INBO_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INBO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • minimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Period: 1998–2022)1,378 m<sup>3</sup>/s (48,700 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-River_Discharge_and_Reservoir_Storage_Changes_Using_Satellite_Microwave_Radiometry_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-River_Discharge_and_Reservoir_Storage_Changes_Using_Satellite_Microwave_Radiometry-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 920 m<sup>3</sup>/s (32,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • maximum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Period: 1998–2022)11,291 m<sup>3</sup>/s (398,700 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-River_Discharge_and_Reservoir_Storage_Changes_Using_Satellite_Microwave_Radiometry_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-River_Discharge_and_Reservoir_Storage_Changes_Using_Satellite_Microwave_Radiometry-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 18,600 m<sup>3</sup>/s (660,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cahora_Bassa_Dam" title="Cahora Bassa Dam">Cahora Bassa Dam</a> (Basin size: 1,068,422.8 km<sup>2</sup> (412,520.3 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Period: 1971–2000)2,653.9 m<sup>3</sup>/s (93,720 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-Zambezi-Lake_Malawi_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambezi-Lake_Malawi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam">Kariba Dam</a> (Basin size: 679,495.9 km<sup>2</sup> (262,354.8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Period: 1971–2000)1,313.6 m<sup>3</sup>/s (46,390 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-Zambezi-Lake_Malawi_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambezi-Lake_Malawi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a> (Basin size: 521,315.5 km<sup>2</sup> (201,281.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Period: 1971–2000)1,066 m<sup>3</sup>/s (37,600 cu ft/s)<sup id="cite_ref-Zambezi-Lake_Malawi_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambezi-Lake_Malawi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">River system</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zambezi_Basin" title="Zambezi Basin">Zambezi Basin</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kabompo_River" title="Kabompo River">Kabompo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafue_River" title="Kafue River">Kafue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luangwa_River" title="Luangwa River">Luangwa</a>, Capoche, <a href="/wiki/Shire_River" title="Shire River">Shire</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luena_River,_Angola" title="Luena River, Angola">Luena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lungwebungu_River" title="Lungwebungu River">Lungwebungu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luanginga_River" title="Luanginga River">Luanginga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chobe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chobe River">Chobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwayi_River" title="Gwayi River">Gwayi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanyati_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanyati River">Sanyati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panhane_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhane River">Panhane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luenha_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Luenha River">Luenha</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_094d254be4ef48709e2d569be8f7cd80e40ac1c8"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Zambezi&revid=1260850335&groups=_094d254be4ef48709e2d569be8f7cd80e40ac1c8" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Zambezi&revid=1260850335&groups=_094d254be4ef48709e2d569be8f7cd80e40ac1c8 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Zambezi</b> (also spelled <b>Zambeze</b> and <b>Zambesi</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers by length">fourth-longest</a> <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> from Africa. Its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> covers 1,390,000 km<sup>2</sup> (540,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilfuss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-INBO_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INBO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> slightly less than half of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>'s. The 2,574 km (1,599 mi) river rises in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and flows through eastern <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, along the north-eastern border of <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and the northern border of <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, then along the border between Zambia and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zambezi's most noted feature is <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a>. Its other falls include the <a href="/wiki/Chavuma_Falls" title="Chavuma Falls">Chavuma Falls</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the border between Zambia and Angola and <a href="/wiki/Ngonye_Falls" title="Ngonye Falls">Ngonye Falls</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sioma" title="Sioma">Sioma</a> in western Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two main sources of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> power on the river are the <a href="/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam">Kariba Dam</a>, which provides power to Zambia and Zimbabwe, and the <a href="/wiki/Cahora_Bassa_Dam" title="Cahora Bassa Dam">Cahora Bassa Dam</a> in Mozambique, which provides power to Mozambique and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Additionally, two smaller power stations are along the Zambezi River in Zambia, one at Victoria Falls and the other in <a href="/wiki/Zengamina" title="Zengamina">Zengamina</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kalene_Hill" title="Kalene Hill">Kalene Hill</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ikelenge_District" title="Ikelenge District">Ikelenge District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course">Course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg/450px-Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg/675px-Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg/900px-Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption>The Zambezi and its <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_Basin" title="Zambezi Basin">river basin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The river rises in a black, marshy <a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">dambo</a> in dense, undulating <a href="/wiki/Miombo" title="Miombo">miombo</a> woodland 50 km (31 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Mwinilunga" title="Mwinilunga">Mwinilunga</a> and 20 km (12 mi) south of Ikelenge in the <a href="/wiki/Ikelenge_District" title="Ikelenge District">Ikelenge District</a> of <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia" title="North-Western Province, Zambia">North-Western Province</a>, Zambia, at about 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area around the source is a national monument, forest reserve, and <a href="/wiki/Important_bird_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Important bird area">important bird area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastward of the source, the watershed between the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_Basin" title="Zambezi Basin">Zambezi Basins</a> is a well-marked belt of high ground, running nearly east–west and falling abruptly to the north and south. This distinctly cuts off the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Lualaba_River" title="Lualaba River">Lualaba</a> (the main branch of the upper Congo) from the Zambezi. In the neighborhood of the source, the watershed is not as clearly defined, but the two river systems do not connect.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorling_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorling-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region drained by the Zambezi is a vast, broken-edged plateau 900–1,200 m high, composed in the remote interior of <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a> beds and fringed with the <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> of the Victoria Falls. At <a href="/wiki/Chupanga" title="Chupanga">Chupanga</a>, on the lower Zambezi, thin strata of grey and yellow <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>, with an occasional band of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, crop out on the bed of the river in the dry season, and these persist beyond <a href="/wiki/Tete,_Mozambique" title="Tete, Mozambique">Tete</a>, where they are associated with extensive seams of coal. Coal is also found in the district just below Victoria Falls. Gold-bearing rocks occur in several places.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_Zambezi">Upper Zambezi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Upper Zambezi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The river flows to the southwest into Angola for about 240 km (150 mi), then is joined by sizeable <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Luena_River,_Angola" title="Luena River, Angola">Luena</a> and the Chifumage flowing from highlands to the north-west.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorling_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorling-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It turns south and develops a <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a>, with extreme width variation between the dry and rainy seasons. It enters dense evergreen <a href="/wiki/Zambezian_dry_evergreen_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezian dry evergreen forest"><i>Cryptosepalum </i>dry forest</a>, though on its western side, <a href="/wiki/Western_Zambezian_grasslands" title="Western Zambezian grasslands">Western Zambezian grasslands</a> also occur. Where it re-enters Zambia, it is nearly 400 m (1,300 ft) wide in the rainy season and flows rapidly, with <a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a> ending in the <a href="/wiki/Chavuma_Falls" title="Chavuma Falls">Chavuma Falls</a>, where the river flows through a rocky fissure. The river drops about 400 m (1,300 ft) in elevation from its source at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) to the Chavuma Falls at 1,100 m (3,600 ft), over a distance of about 400 km (250 mi). From this point to the Victoria Falls, the level of the basin is very uniform, dropping only by another 180 m (590 ft) across a distance of around 800 km (500 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (June 2022)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first of its large tributaries to enter the Zambezi is the <a href="/wiki/Kabompo_River" title="Kabompo River">Kabompo River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia" title="North-Western Province, Zambia">North-Western Province</a> of Zambia. The <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> through which the river flows gives way to a wide floodplain, studded with <i><a href="/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">Borassus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Fan_palm" title="Fan palm">fan palms</a>. A little farther south is the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Lungwebungu_River" title="Lungwebungu River">Lungwebungu River</a>. This is the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Barotse_Floodplain" title="Barotse Floodplain">Barotse Floodplain</a>, the most notable feature of the upper Zambezi, but this northern part does not flood so much and includes islands of higher land in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>About 30 km below the confluence of the Lungwebungu, the country becomes very flat, and the typical Barotse Floodplain landscape unfolds, with the flood reaching a width of 25 km in the rainy season. For more than 200 km downstream, the annual flood cycle dominates the natural environment and human life, society, and culture. About 80 km further down, the <a href="/wiki/Luanginga_River" title="Luanginga River">Luanginga</a>, which with its tributaries drains a large area to the west, joins the Zambezi. A short distance higher up on the east, the main stream is joined in the rainy season by overflow of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luampa_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luampa River (page does not exist)">Luampa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Luena_River_(Zambia)" title="Luena River (Zambia)">Luena</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorling_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorling-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A short distance downstream of the confluence with the Luanginga is <a href="/wiki/Lealui" title="Lealui">Lealui</a>, one of the capitals of the <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi people</a>, who populate the Zambian region of <a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a> in the Western Province. The chief of the Lozi maintains one of his two compounds at Lealui; the other is at <a href="/wiki/Limulunga" title="Limulunga">Limulunga</a>, which is on high ground and serves as the capital during the rainy season. The annual move from Lealui to Limulunga is a major event, celebrated as one of Zambia's best-known festivals, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomboka" title="Kuomboka">Kuomboka</a>. </p><p>After Lealui, the river turns south-southeast. From the east, it continues to receive numerous small streams, but on the west, it is without major tributaries for 240 km. Before this, the <a href="/wiki/Ngonye_Falls" title="Ngonye Falls">Ngonye Falls</a> and subsequent rapids interrupt navigation. South of Ngonye Falls, the river briefly borders Namibia's <a href="/wiki/Caprivi_Strip" title="Caprivi Strip">Caprivi Strip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorling_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorling-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Cuando_River" title="Cuando River">Cuando River</a> and the Zambezi, the river bends almost due east. Here, the river is broad and shallow and flows slowly, but as it flows eastward towards the border of the great central plateau of Africa, it reaches a chasm into which the Victoria Falls plunge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Zambezi">Middle Zambezi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Zambezi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg/220px-Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg/330px-Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg/440px-Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a>, the end of the upper Zambezi and beginning of the middle Zambezi</figcaption></figure> <p>The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them, the river continues to flow due east for about 200 km (120 mi), cutting through perpendicular walls of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> 20 to 60 m (66 to 197 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 m (660 to 820 ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge, the current being continually interrupted by reefs. It has been described<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as one of the world's most spectacular <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">whitewater</a> trips, a tremendous challenge for kayakers and rafters alike. Beyond the gorge are a succession of rapids that end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over this distance, the river drops 250 m (820 ft). </p><p>At this point, the river enters <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kariba" title="Lake Kariba">Lake Kariba</a>, created in 1959 following the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam">Kariba Dam</a>. The lake is one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and the hydroelectric power-generating facilities at the dam provide electricity to much of Zambia and Zimbabwe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Luangwa_River" title="Luangwa River">Luangwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kafue_River" title="Kafue River">Kafue</a> rivers are the two largest left-hand tributaries of the Zambezi. The Kafue joins the main river in a quiet, deep stream about 180 m (590 ft) wide. From this point, the northward bend of the Zambezi is checked, and the stream continues due east. At the confluence of the Luangwa (15°37' S), it enters Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The middle Zambezi ends where the river enters Lake <a href="/wiki/Cahora_Bassa" title="Cahora Bassa">Cahora Bassa</a>, formerly the site of dangerous rapids known as Kebrabassa; the lake was created in 1974 by the construction of the Cahora Bassa Dam.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_Zambezi">Lower Zambezi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lower Zambezi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lower Zambezi's 650 kilometres (400 mi) from Cahora Bassa to the Indian Ocean is navigable, although the river is shallow in many places during the dry season. This shallowness arises as the river enters a broad valley and spreads out over a large area. Only at one point, the <a href="/wiki/Lupata_Gorge" title="Lupata Gorge">Lupata Gorge</a>, 320 kilometres (200 mi) from its mouth, is the river confined between high hills. Here, it is scarcely 200 metres (660 ft) wide. Elsewhere it is from 5 to 8 kilometres (3 to 5 mi) wide, flowing gently in many streams. The river bed is sandy, and the banks are low and reed-fringed. At places, however, and especially in the rainy season, the streams unite into one broad, fast-flowing river.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>About 160 kilometres (99 mi) from the sea, the Zambezi receives the drainage of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Shire_River" title="Shire River">Shire River</a>. On approaching the Indian Ocean, the river splits up into a <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorling_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorling-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the primary distributaries, Kongone, Luabo, and Timbwe, is obstructed by a <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sand bar</a>. A more northerly branch, called the <a href="/wiki/Chinde_River" title="Chinde River">Chinde</a> mouth, has a minimum depth at low water of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) at the entrance and 4 metres (13 ft) further in, and is the branch used for navigation. About 100 kilometres (62 mi) further north is a river called the <a href="/wiki/Quelimane" title="Quelimane">Quelimane</a>, after the town at its mouth. This stream, which is silting up, receives the overflow of the Zambezi in the rainy season.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mighty_Zambezi_afternoon_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="#Wiki Loves Africa in Namibia 2023#" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mighty_Zambezi_afternoon_view.jpg/220px-Mighty_Zambezi_afternoon_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mighty_Zambezi_afternoon_view.jpg/330px-Mighty_Zambezi_afternoon_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mighty_Zambezi_afternoon_view.jpg/440px-Mighty_Zambezi_afternoon_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Mighty Zambezi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discharge">Discharge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Discharge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Average, minimum and maximum discharge of the Zambezi River at <a href="/wiki/Marromeu" title="Marromeu">Marromeu</a> (Lower Zambezi). Period from 1998 to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-River_Discharge_and_Reservoir_Storage_Changes_Using_Satellite_Microwave_Radiometry_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-River_Discharge_and_Reservoir_Storage_Changes_Using_Satellite_Microwave_Radiometry-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="3">Discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) </th> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="3">Discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Min </th> <th>Mean </th> <th>Max </th> <th>Min </th> <th>Mean </th> <th>Max </th></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>1,141 </td> <td>3,335 </td> <td>11,183 </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>2,619 </td> <td>6,117 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>600 </td> <td>4,259 </td> <td>11,084 </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>1,383 </td> <td>3,522 </td> <td>7,553 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>338 </td> <td>3,041 </td> <td>6,696 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>1,243 </td> <td>3,877 </td> <td>8,622 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>112 </td> <td>9,151 </td> <td>39,802 </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>2,394 </td> <td>4,161 </td> <td>8,946 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>631 </td> <td>2,536 </td> <td>4,910 </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>3,307 </td> <td>6,095 </td> <td>15,826 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>329 </td> <td>2,536 </td> <td>8,952 </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>1,754 </td> <td>4,418 </td> <td>9,124 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>2,013 </td> <td>4,824 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>2,133 </td> <td>4,686 </td> <td>9,215 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>888 </td> <td>3,030 </td> <td>7,973 </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>2,177 </td> <td>4,988 </td> <td>8,802 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>1,549 </td> <td>3,651 </td> <td>7,575 </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>2,867 </td> <td>5,942 </td> <td>12,091 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>2,208 </td> <td>4,636 </td> <td>14,141 </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>3,001 </td> <td>5,131 </td> <td>10,031 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>2,881 </td> <td>6,949 </td> <td>31,975 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>2,331 </td> <td>5,977 </td> <td>10,196 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>154 </td> <td>2,648 </td> <td>5,930 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>868 </td> <td>4,953 </td> <td>14,361 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>58 </td> <td>2,284 </td> <td>6,342 </td> <td> </td> <td><i>17</i> </td> <td><i><b>4,217</b></i> </td> <td><i>39,802</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Delta">Delta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Delta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The delta of the Zambezi is today about half as broad as it was before the construction of the Kariba and Cahora Bassa dams controlled the seasonal variations in the flow rate of the river.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Before the dams were built, seasonal flooding of the Zambezi had quite a different impact on the ecosystems of the delta from today, as it brought nutrient-rich fresh water down to the Indian Ocean coastal wetlands. The lower Zambezi experienced a small flood surge early in the dry season as rain in the <a href="/wiki/Gwembe" title="Gwembe">Gwembe</a> catchment and north-eastern Zimbabwe rushed through while rain in the upper Zambezi, Kafue, and Lake Malawi basins, and Luangwa to a lesser extent, is held back by swamps and floodplains. </p><p>The discharges of these systems contribute to a much larger flood in March or April, with a mean monthly maximum for April of 6,700 m<sup>3</sup> (240,000 cu ft) per second at the delta. The record flood was more than three times as big, 22,500 m<sup>3</sup> (790,000 cu ft) per second being recorded in 1958. By contrast, the discharge at the end of the dry season averaged just 500 m<sup>3</sup> (18,000 cu ft) per second.<sup id="cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilfuss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s, the building of dams changed that pattern completely. Downstream, the mean monthly minimum–maximum was 500 to 6,000 m<sup>3</sup> (18,000 to 212,000 cu ft) per second; now it is 1,000 to 3,900 m<sup>3</sup> (35,000 to 138,000 cu ft) per second. Medium-level floods especially, of the kind to which the ecology of the lower Zambezi was adapted, happen less often and have a shorter duration. As with the <a href="/wiki/Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam" title="Itezhi-Tezhi Dam">Itezhi-Tezhi Dam</a>'s deleterious effects on the Kafue Flats, this has these effects: </p> <ul><li>Fish, bird, and other wildlife feeding and breeding patterns were disrupted.</li> <li>Less grassland remains after flooding for <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> wildlife and cattle.</li> <li>Traditional farming and fishing patterns were disrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology_of_the_delta">Ecology of the delta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ecology of the delta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zambezian_coastal_flooded_savanna" title="Zambezian coastal flooded savanna">Zambezian coastal flooded savanna</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambezi_River_Delta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zambezi_River_Delta.jpg/300px-Zambezi_River_Delta.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zambezi_River_Delta.jpg/450px-Zambezi_River_Delta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zambezi_River_Delta.jpg/600px-Zambezi_River_Delta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Annotated view of the Zambezi River Delta from space<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambezi_Barotse_floodplain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Zambezi_Barotse_floodplain.jpg/220px-Zambezi_Barotse_floodplain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Zambezi_Barotse_floodplain.jpg/330px-Zambezi_Barotse_floodplain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Zambezi_Barotse_floodplain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>NASA false-colour image of the upper Zambezi and <a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotse</a> (Balozi) floodplain during an extreme flood in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>The Zambezi Delta has extensive seasonally and permanently flooded grasslands, savannas, and swamp forests. Together with the floodplains of the <a href="/wiki/Buzi_River_(Mozambique)" title="Buzi River (Mozambique)">Buzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pungwe_River" title="Pungwe River">Pungwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Save_River_(Africa)" title="Save River (Africa)">Save</a> Rivers, the Zambezi's floodplains make up the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wildlife Fund</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zambezian_coastal_flooded_savanna" title="Zambezian coastal flooded savanna">Zambezian coastal flooded savanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> in Mozambique. The flooded savannas lie close to the Indian Ocean coast. <a href="/wiki/East_African_mangroves" title="East African mangroves">Mangroves</a> fringe the delta's shoreline. </p><p>Although the dams have stemmed some of the annual flooding of the lower Zambezi and caused the area of floodplain to be greatly reduced, they have not removed flooding completely. They cannot control extreme floods, and they have only made medium-level floods less frequent. When heavy rain in the lower Zambezi combines with significant runoff upstream, massive floods still happen, and the wetlands are still an important habitat. The shrinking of the wetlands, though, resulted in uncontrolled hunting of animals such as <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">buffalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">waterbuck</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a>. </p><p>Although the region has had a reduction in the populations of the large mammals, it is still home to some, including the <a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">reedbuck</a> and migrating <a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">eland</a>. Carnivores found here include <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> (<i>Panthera leo</i>), <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> (<i>Panthera pardus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a> (<i>Acinonyx jubatus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyena</a> (<i>Crocuta crocuta</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">side-striped jackal</a> (<i>Canis adustus</i>). The floodplains are a haven for migratory waterbirds, including <a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">pintails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garganey" title="Garganey">garganey</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_openbill" title="African openbill">African openbill</a> (<i>Anastomus lamelligerus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Saddle-billed_stork" title="Saddle-billed stork">saddle-billed stork</a> (<i>Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Wattled_crane" title="Wattled crane">wattled crane</a> (<i>Bugeranus carunculatus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Great_white_pelican" title="Great white pelican">great white pelican</a> (<i>Pelecanus onocrotalus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reptiles include <a href="/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="Nile crocodile">Nile crocodile</a> (<i>Crocodylus niloticus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Nile_monitor" title="Nile monitor">Nile monitor</a> lizard (<i>Varanus niloticus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Python_sebae" class="mw-redirect" title="Python sebae">African rock python</a> (<i>Python sebae</i>), the endemic Pungwe worm snake (<i>Leptotyphlops pungwensis</i>), and three other snakes that are nearly endemic - floodplain water snake (<i>Lycodonomorphus whytei obscuriventris</i>), dwarf wolf snake (<i>Lycophidion nanus</i>), and swamp viper (<i><a href="/wiki/Proatheris" title="Proatheris">Proatheris</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several butterfly species are endemic. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambezi_delta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Zambezi's delta"><img alt="The Zambezi's delta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zambezi_delta.jpg/268px-Zambezi_delta.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zambezi_delta.jpg/402px-Zambezi_delta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zambezi_delta.jpg/536px-Zambezi_delta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5253" data-file-height="5294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Zambezi's delta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 273.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS009-E-7622-_Zambezi_river_near_Mongu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The river and its floodplain near Mongu in Zambia"><img alt="The river and its floodplain near Mongu in Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ISS009-E-7622-_Zambezi_river_near_Mongu.jpg/410px-ISS009-E-7622-_Zambezi_river_near_Mongu.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ISS009-E-7622-_Zambezi_river_near_Mongu.jpg/615px-ISS009-E-7622-_Zambezi_river_near_Mongu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ISS009-E-7622-_Zambezi_river_near_Mongu.jpg/820px-ISS009-E-7622-_Zambezi_river_near_Mongu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="1998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The river and its floodplain near Mongu in Zambia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambezi_Flood_Plain,_Namibia_(MODIS).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water is black in this false-colour image of the Zambezi flood plain."><img alt="Water is black in this false-colour image of the Zambezi flood plain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28MODIS%29.jpg/338px-Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28MODIS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28MODIS%29.jpg/507px-Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28MODIS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28MODIS%29.jpg/675px-Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28MODIS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4552" data-file-height="3640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water is black in this false-colour image of the Zambezi flood plain.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambezi_Flood_Plain,_Namibia_(EO-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This detailed true-colour image shows the stark eastern edge of the Zambezi floodplain."><img alt="This detailed true-colour image shows the stark eastern edge of the Zambezi floodplain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28EO-1%29.jpg/405px-Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28EO-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28EO-1%29.jpg/608px-Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28EO-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28EO-1%29.jpg/810px-Zambezi_Flood_Plain%2C_Namibia_%28EO-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This detailed true-colour image shows the stark eastern edge of the Zambezi floodplain.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The north of the Zambezi basin has mean annual rainfall of 1100 to 1400 mm, which declines towards the south, reaching about half that figure in the south-west. The rain falls in a 4-to-6-month summer rainy season when the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> moves over the basin from the north between October and March.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evaporation rates are high (1600 mm-2300 mm), and much water is lost this way in swamps and floodplains, especially in the south-west of the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambezi_%E2%80%93_Elephants_crossing_the_river-_1_ca_12.11.2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Zambezi_%E2%80%93_Elephants_crossing_the_river-_1_ca_12.11.2009.jpg/250px-Zambezi_%E2%80%93_Elephants_crossing_the_river-_1_ca_12.11.2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Zambezi_%E2%80%93_Elephants_crossing_the_river-_1_ca_12.11.2009.jpg/375px-Zambezi_%E2%80%93_Elephants_crossing_the_river-_1_ca_12.11.2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Zambezi_%E2%80%93_Elephants_crossing_the_river-_1_ca_12.11.2009.jpg/500px-Zambezi_%E2%80%93_Elephants_crossing_the_river-_1_ca_12.11.2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Elephants crossing the river</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippopotamus_in_the_Zambezi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hippopotamus_in_the_Zambezi.jpg/220px-Hippopotamus_in_the_Zambezi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hippopotamus_in_the_Zambezi.jpg/330px-Hippopotamus_in_the_Zambezi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hippopotamus_in_the_Zambezi.jpg/440px-Hippopotamus_in_the_Zambezi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3581" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>Hippopotamus in the Zambezi River</figcaption></figure> <p>The river supports large populations of many animals. <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamuses</a> are abundant along most of the calm stretches of the river, as well as Nile crocodiles. <a href="/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">Monitor lizards</a> are found in many places. Birds are abundant, with species including <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">heron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_flamingo" title="Lesser flamingo">lesser flamingo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_fish_eagle" title="African fish eagle">African fish eagle</a> present in large numbers. Riverine woodland also supports many large animals, such as buffalo, <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">elephants</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Zambezi also supports several hundred species of fish, some of which are endemic to the river. Important species include <a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">cichlids</a>, which are fished heavily for food, as well as catfish, tigerfish, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Zambezi_yellowfish" title="Upper Zambezi yellowfish">yellowfish</a>, and other large species. The <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull shark</a> is sometimes known as the Zambezi shark after the river, not to be mistaken with <a href="/wiki/River_shark" title="River shark"><i>Glyphis</i></a> freshwater shark genus that inhabit the river, as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributaries">Tributaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tributaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><b>Upper Zambezi: 507,200 km<sup>2</sup>, discharges 1044 m<sup>3</sup>/s at Victoria Falls, comprising:</b></i> </p> <dl><dd><i>Northern Highlands catchment, 222,570 km<sup>2</sup>, 850 m<sup>3</sup>/s at <a href="/wiki/Lukulu" title="Lukulu">Lukulu</a>:</i> <ul><li>Chifumage River: <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angolan</a> central plateau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luena_River,_Angola" title="Luena River, Angola">Luena River</a>: Angolan central plateau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabompo_River" title="Kabompo River">Kabompo River</a>: 72,200 km<sup>2</sup>, NW highlands of Zambia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungwebungu_River" title="Lungwebungu River">Lungwebungu River</a>: 47,400 km<sup>2</sup>, Angolan central plateau</li></ul></dd> <dd><i>Central Plains catchment, 284,630 km<sup>2</sup>, 196 m<sup>3</sup>/s (Victoria Falls–Lukulu):</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luanginga_River" title="Luanginga River">Luanginga River</a>: 34,600 km<sup>2</sup>, Angolan central plateau</li> <li>Luampa River/<a href="/wiki/Luena_River,_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Luena River, Zambia">Luena River, Zambia</a>: 20,500 km<sup>2</sup>, eastern side of Zambezi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuando_River" title="Cuando River">Cuando /Linyanti/Chobe River</a>: 133,200 km<sup>2</sup>, Angolan S plateau & <a href="/wiki/Caprivi_Strip" title="Caprivi Strip">Caprivi</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <p><i><b>Middle Zambezi cumulatively 1,050,000 km<sup>2</sup>, 2442 m<sup>3</sup>/s, measured at Cahora Bassa Gorge</b></i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%ADo_Zambeze,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/R%C3%ADo_Zambeze%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_14.jpg/220px-R%C3%ADo_Zambeze%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/R%C3%ADo_Zambeze%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_14.jpg/330px-R%C3%ADo_Zambeze%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/R%C3%ADo_Zambeze%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_14.jpg/440px-R%C3%ADo_Zambeze%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7400" data-file-height="4944" /></a><figcaption>View of the Middle Zambezi</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>(Middle section by itself: 542,800 km<sup>2</sup>, discharges 1398 m<sup>3</sup>/s (C. Bassa–Victoria Falls)</dd> <dd><i>Gwembe Catchment, 156,600 km<sup>2</sup>, 232 m<sup>3</sup>/s (Kariba Gorge–Vic Falls):</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwayi_River" title="Gwayi River">Gwayi River</a>: 54,610 km<sup>2</sup>, NW Zimbabwe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengwa_River" title="Sengwa River">Sengwa River</a>: 25,000 km<sup>2</sup>, North-central Zimbabwe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyati_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanyati River">Sanyati River</a>: 43,500 km<sup>2</sup>, North-central Zimbabwe</li></ul></dd> <dd><i>Kariba Gorge to C. Bassa catchment, 386200 km<sup>2</sup>, 1166 m<sup>3</sup>/s (C. Bassa–Kariba Gorge):</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafue_River" title="Kafue River">Kafue River</a>: 154,200 km<sup>2</sup>, 285 m<sup>3</sup>/s, West-central Zambia & <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt" title="Copperbelt">Copperbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luangwa_River" title="Luangwa River">Luangwa River</a>: 151,400 km<sup>2</sup>, 547 m<sup>3</sup>/s, Luangwa Rift Valley & plateau NW of it</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhane_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhane River">Panhane River</a>: 23,897 km<sup>2</sup>, North-central Zimbabwe plateau</li></ul></dd></dl> <p><i><b>Lower Zambezi cumulatively, 1,378,000 km<sup>2</sup>, 3424 m<sup>3</sup>/s, measured at Marromeu</b></i> </p> <dl><dd>(Lower section by itself: 328,000 km<sup>2</sup>, 982 m<sup>3</sup>/s (Marromeu–C. Bassa)) <ul><li>Luia River: 28,000 km<sup>2</sup>, Moravia-Angonia plateau, N of Zambezi</li> <li>Luenha River/<a href="/wiki/Mazoe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazoe River">Mazoe River</a>: 54,144 km<sup>2</sup>, 152 m<sup>3</sup>/s, Manica plateau, NE Zimbabwe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire_River" title="Shire River">Shire River</a>, 154,000 km<sup>2</sup>, 539 m<sup>3</sup>/s, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a> basin</li></ul></dd> <dd>Zambezi Delta, 12,000 km<sup>2</sup></dd></dl> <p><b>Total <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_Basin" title="Zambezi Basin">Zambezi river basin</a>: 1,390,000 km<sup>2</sup>, 3424 m<sup>3</sup>/s discharged into delta</b> </p><p><i>Source: Beilfuss & Dos Santos (2001)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilfuss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Basin" title="Kalahari Basin">Okavango Basin</a> is not included in the figures because it only occasionally overflows to any extent into the Zambezi. </p><p>Because of the rainfall distribution, northern tributaries contribute much more water than southern ones; for example: The Northern Highlands catchment of the upper Zambezi contributes 25%, Kafue 8%, Luangwa and Shire Rivers 16% each, total 65% of Zambezi discharge. The large Cuando basin in the south-west, though, contributes only about 2 m<sup>3</sup>/s because most is lost through evaporation in its swamp systems. The 1940s and 1950s were particularly wet decades in the basin. Since 1975, it has been drier, the average discharge being only 70% of that for the years 1930 to 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilfuss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geological_history">Geological history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg/220px-Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg/330px-Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg/440px-Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>Victoria Falls National Park marker</figcaption></figure> <p>Up to the <a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Late Pliocene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> (more than two million years ago), the upper Zambezi flowed south through what is now the <a href="/wiki/Makgadikgadi_Pan" title="Makgadikgadi Pan">Makgadikgadi Pan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change of the river course is the result of <a href="/wiki/Epeirogenic_movement" title="Epeirogenic movement">epeirogenic movements</a> that lifted up the surface at the present-day water divide between both rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, 1,000 km (620 mi) east, a western tributary of the Shire River in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>'s southern extension through <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> eroded a deep valley on its western escarpment. At a slow rate, the middle Zambezi started cutting back the bed of its river towards the west, aided by <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">grabens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valleys</a>) forming along its course in an east–west axis. As it did so, it <a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">captured</a> several south-flowing rivers such as the Luangwa and Kafue. </p><p>Eventually, the large lake trapped at Makgadikgadi (or a tributary of it) was captured by the middle Zambezi cutting back towards it, and emptied eastwards. The upper Zambezi was captured, as well. The middle Zambezi was about 300 m (980 ft) lower than the upper Zambezi, and a high waterfall formed at the edge of the basalt plateau across which the upper river flows. This was the first Victoria Falls, somewhere down the Batoka Gorge near where Lake Kariba is now.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first European to come across the Zambezi River was <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> in January 1498, who anchored at what he called <i>Rio dos Bons Sinais</i> (River of Good Omens), now the <a href="/wiki/Quelimane" title="Quelimane">Quelimane</a> or Quá-Qua, a small river on the northern end of the delta, which at that time was connected by navigable channels to the Zambezi River proper (the connection silted up by the 1830s). In a few of the oldest maps, the entire river is denoted as such. By the 16th century, a new name emerged, the <i>Cuama</i> River (sometimes "Quama" or "Zuama"). Cuama was the local name given by the dwellers of the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a> for an outpost located on one of the southerly islands of the delta (near the Luabo channel). Most old nautical maps denote the Luabo entry as Cuama, the entire delta as the "rivers of Cuama", and the Zambezi proper as the "Cuama River".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1552, Portuguese chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a> noted that the same Cuama River was called <i>Zembere</i> by the inland people of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Monomatapa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese Dominican friar <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_dos_Santos" title="João dos Santos">João dos Santos</a>, visiting Monomatapa in 1597 reported it as <i>Zambeze</i> (Bantu languages frequently shifts between z and r) and inquired into the origins of the name; he was told it was named after a people. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monomotapa_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/220px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/330px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Monomotapa_Map.jpg/440px-Monomotapa_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="1582" /></a><figcaption>This map by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Janszoon_Blaeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Janszoon Blaeu">Willem Janszoon Blaeu</a>, dated 1635, shows the course of the Zambezi, and its source in a great lake.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The River Cuama is by them called Zambeze; the head whereof is so farre within Land that none of them know it, but by tradition of their Progenitors say it comes from a Lake in the midst of the continent which yeelds also other great Rivers, divers ways visiting the Sea. They call it Zambeze, of a Nation of Cafres dwelling neere that Lake which are so called." —J. Santos <i>Ethiopia Oriental</i>, 1609<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thus, the term "Zambezi" is after a people who live by a great lake to the north. The most likely candidates are the "M'biza", or Bisa people (in older texts given as Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, Ambios, and other variations), a Bantu people who live in what is now central-eastern Zambia, between the Zambezi River and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bangweulu" title="Lake Bangweulu">Lake Bangweolo</a> (at the time, before the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lunda">Lunda</a> invasion, the Bisa would have likely stretched further north, possibly to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>). The Bisa had a reputation as great cloth traders throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a curious note, Goese-born Portuguese trader Manuel Caetano Pereira, who traveled to the Bisa homelands in 1796, was surprised to be shown a second, separate river referred to as the "Zambezi".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "other Zambezi" that puzzled Pereira is most likely what modern sources spell the <a href="/wiki/Chambeshi_River" title="Chambeshi River">Chambeshi River</a> in northern Zambia. </p><p>The Monomatapa notion (reported by Santos) that the Zambezi was sourced from a great internal lake might be a reference to one of the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a>. One of the names reported by early explorers for <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a> was "Lake Zambre" (probably a corruption of "Zambezi"), possibly because Lake Malawi is connected to the lower Zambezi via the Shire River. The Monomatapa story resonated with the old European notion, drawn from classical antiquity, that all the great African rivers—the Nile, the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal</a>, the Congo, and the Zambezi—were all sourced from the same great internal lake. The Portuguese were also told that the Mozambican Espirito Santo "river" (actually an estuary formed by the <a href="/wiki/Umbeluzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbeluzi">Umbeluzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matola_River" title="Matola River">Matola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tembe_River" title="Tembe River">Tembe</a> Rivers) was sourced from a lake (hence its outlet became known as <a href="/wiki/Maputo_Bay" title="Maputo Bay">Delagoa Bay</a>). As a result, several old maps depict the Zambezi and the "Espirito Santo" Rivers converging deep in the interior, at the same lake. </p><p>However, the Bisa-derived etymology is not without dispute. In 1845, W.D. Cooley, examining Pereira's notes, concluded the term "Zambezi" derives not from the Bisa people, but rather from the Bantu term "mbege"/"mbeze" ("fish"), and consequently it probably means merely "river of fish".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>, who reached the upper Zambezi in 1853, refers to it as "Zambesi", but also makes note of the local name "Leeambye" used by the <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi people</a>, which he says means "large river or river par excellence". Livingstone records other names for the Zambezi—Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi, and Zambesi—applied by different peoples along its course, and asserts they "all possess a similar signification and express the native idea of this magnificent stream being the main drain of the country".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other historical records show that the river was called Kasambabezi by the Tonga people, which means “only those who know the river can bath in it.” a name which is still in use to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Portuguese records, the "Cuama River" term disappeared and gave way to the term "Sena River" (<i>Rio de Sena</i>), a reference to the Swahili (and later Portuguese) upriver trade station at <a href="/wiki/Vila_de_Sena" title="Vila de Sena">Sena</a>. In 1752, the Zambezi Delta, under the name "Rivers of Sena" (<i>Rios de Sena</i>) formed a colonial administrative district of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a>, but common usage of "Zambezi" led eventually to a royal decree in 1858 officially renaming the district "<a href="/wiki/Zambezia_Province" title="Zambezia Province">Zambézia</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration">Exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_view_of_Victoria_Falls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Satellite_view_of_Victoria_Falls.jpg/220px-Satellite_view_of_Victoria_Falls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Satellite_view_of_Victoria_Falls.jpg/330px-Satellite_view_of_Victoria_Falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Satellite_view_of_Victoria_Falls.jpg/440px-Satellite_view_of_Victoria_Falls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image showing <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a> and subsequent series of zigzagging gorges</figcaption></figure> <p>The Zambezi region was known to medieval geographers as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Empire of Monomotapa</a>, and the course of the river, as well as the position of lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ngami" title="Lake Ngami">Ngami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Nyasa</a>, were generally accurate in early maps. These were probably constructed from Arab information.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first European to visit the inland Zambezi River was the Portuguese <i><a href="/wiki/Degredado" title="Degredado">degredado</a></i> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Fernandes" title="Álvaro Fernandes">António Fernandes</a> in 1511 and again in 1513, with the objective of reporting on commercial conditions and activities of the interior of Central Africa. The final report of these explorations revealed the importance of the ports of the upper Zambezi to the local trade system, in particular to East African gold trade.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recorded exploration of the upper Zambezi was made by David Livingstone in his exploration from <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> between 1851 and 1853. Two or three years later, he descended the Zambezi to its mouth and in the course of this journey found the Victoria Falls. During 1858–60, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/John_Kirk_(explorer)" title="John Kirk (explorer)">John Kirk</a>, Livingstone ascended the river by the Kongone mouth as far as the falls, and also traced the course of its tributary the Shire and reached Lake Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the next 35 years, very little exploration of the river took place. Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Serpa_Pinto" title="Alexandre de Serpa Pinto">Serpa Pinto</a> examined some of the western tributaries of the river and made measurements of the Victoria Falls in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, Scottish-born <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley_Arnot" title="Frederick Stanley Arnot">Frederick Stanley Arnot</a> traveled over the height of land between the watersheds of the Zambezi and the Congo and identified the source of the Zambezi.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considered that the nearby high and cool <a href="/wiki/Kalene_Hill" title="Kalene Hill">Kalene Hill</a> was a particularly suitable place for a mission.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnot was accompanied by Portuguese trader and army officer <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_da_Silva_Porto" class="mw-redirect" title="António da Silva Porto">António da Silva Porto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889, the Chinde channel north of the main mouths of the river was seen. Two expeditions led by Major A. St Hill Gibbons in 1895 to 1896 and 1898 to 1900 continued the work of exploration begun by Livingstone in the upper basin and central course of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_locals_in_a_canoe_in_the_Zambezi_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2_locals_in_a_canoe_in_the_Zambezi_river.jpg/220px-2_locals_in_a_canoe_in_the_Zambezi_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2_locals_in_a_canoe_in_the_Zambezi_river.jpg/330px-2_locals_in_a_canoe_in_the_Zambezi_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2_locals_in_a_canoe_in_the_Zambezi_river.jpg/440px-2_locals_in_a_canoe_in_the_Zambezi_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Two locals are in the Zambezi River near Victoria Falls, Zambia.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of the Zambezi River Valley is estimated to be about 32 million.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> About 80% of the population of the valley is dependent on agriculture, and the upper river's floodplains provide good agricultural land.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communities by the river fish it extensively, and many people travel from far afield to fish. Some Zambian towns on roads leading to the river levy unofficial "fish taxes" on people taking Zambezi fish to other parts of the country. Game fishing, as well as fishing for food, is a significant activity on some parts of the river. Between <a href="/wiki/Mongu" title="Mongu">Mongu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">safari</a> lodges cater to tourists who want to fish for exotic species, and many also catch fish to sell to <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">aquaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The river valley is rich in mineral deposits and fossil fuels, and coal mining is important in places. The dams along its length also provide employment for many people near them, in maintaining the hydroelectric power stations and the dams themselves. Several parts of the river are also very popular tourist destinations. Victoria Falls receives over 100,000 visitors annually, with 141,929 visitors reported in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mana_Pools_National_Park" title="Mana Pools National Park">Mana Pools</a> and Lake Kariba also draw substantial tourist numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Falls_Bridge_over_Zambesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Victoria_Falls_Bridge_over_Zambesi.jpg/220px-Victoria_Falls_Bridge_over_Zambesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Victoria_Falls_Bridge_over_Zambesi.jpg/330px-Victoria_Falls_Bridge_over_Zambesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Victoria_Falls_Bridge_over_Zambesi.jpg/440px-Victoria_Falls_Bridge_over_Zambesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>1975 photo of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Bridge" title="Victoria Falls Bridge">Victoria Falls Bridge</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The river is frequently interrupted by rapids, so has never been an important long-distance transport route.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Livingstone's Zambezi expedition attempted to open up the river to navigation by <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamer</a>, but was defeated by the Cahora Bassa rapids.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s and 40s, a paddle-barge service operated on the stretch between the Katombora Rapids, about 50 km (31 mi) upstream from Livingstone, and the rapids just upstream from Katima Mulilo. Depending on the water level, boats could be paddled through—Lozi paddlers, a dozen or more in a boat, could deal with most of them—or they could be pulled along the shore or carried around the rapids, and teams of oxen pulled barges 5 km (3.1 mi) over land around the Ngonye Falls.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Road, rail, and other crossings of the river, once few and far between, are proliferating. They are, in order from the river's source: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cazombo" title="Cazombo">Cazombo</a> road bridge, Angola, bombed in the civil war and not yet reconstructed<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinyingi" title="Chinyingi">Chinyingi suspension footbridge</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Zambezi,_Zambia" title="Zambezi, Zambia">Zambezi</a>, a 300 m (980 ft) footbridge built as a community project</li> <li>Lubosi Imwiko II Bridge linking the towns of <a href="/wiki/Mongu" title="Mongu">Mongu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalabo" title="Kalabo">Kalabo</a>, a 1,005 meter long concrete/steel road bridge including 38.5 km of embanked highway through Barotse Floodplain constructed between 2011 and 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Lusaka%E2%80%93Mongu_Road" title="Lusaka–Mongu Road">Lusaka–Mongu Road</a>, meant to be a connection between Lusaka and Angola.</li> <li>Sioma Bridge near the <a href="/wiki/Ngonye_Falls" title="Ngonye Falls">Ngonye Falls</a>, anew 260 metres long road bridge (<a href="/wiki/Zambian_kwacha" title="Zambian kwacha">K</a> 108 mln), opened in 2016 as part of the <a href="/wiki/M10_Road_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="M10 Road (Zambia)">M10 Road</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sesheke" title="Sesheke">Sesheke</a> - <a href="/wiki/Senanga" title="Senanga">Senanga</a> road).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katima_Mulilo_Bridge" title="Katima Mulilo Bridge">Katima Mulilo road bridge</a>, 900 m (3,000 ft), between <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sesheke" title="Sesheke">Sesheke</a> in Zambia, opened 2004, completing the <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93Caprivi_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans–Caprivi Highway">Trans–Caprivi Highway</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> in Zambia with <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a> on the Atlantic coast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazungula_Bridge" title="Kazungula Bridge">Kazungula Bridge</a>, opened in 2021, connecting Zambia and Botswana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Bridge" title="Victoria Falls Bridge">Victoria Falls Bridge</a> (road and rail), the first to be built, completed in April 1905 and initially intended as a link in <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>' scheme to build a <a href="/wiki/Cape_to_Cairo_Railway" title="Cape to Cairo Railway">railway from Cape Town to Cairo</a>: 250 m (820 ft) long</li> <li>Kariba Dam carries the paved <a href="/wiki/Kariba,_Zimbabwe" title="Kariba, Zimbabwe">Kariba</a>/<a href="/wiki/Siavonga" title="Siavonga">Siavonga</a> highway across the river</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luangwa_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Luangwa_boat.jpg/220px-Luangwa_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Luangwa_boat.jpg/330px-Luangwa_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Luangwa_boat.jpg/440px-Luangwa_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4181" data-file-height="2763" /></a><figcaption>Tourist boat on the Zambezi River, <a href="/wiki/Mosi-oa-Tunya_National_Park" title="Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park">Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park</a>, Zambia. 1971 photo.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirundu_Bridge" title="Chirundu Bridge">Otto Beit Bridge at Chirundu</a>, road, 382 m (1,253 ft), 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirundu_Bridge#Second_Chirundu_Bridge_(2002)" title="Chirundu Bridge">Second Chirundu Bridge</a>, road, 400 m (1,300 ft), 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tete,_Mozambique" title="Tete, Mozambique">Tete Suspension Bridge</a>, 1 km (1,000 m) road bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dona_Ana_Bridge" title="Dona Ana Bridge">Dona Ana Bridge</a>, railway bridge in Mozambique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caia,_Mozambique" title="Caia, Mozambique">Caia Bridge</a>, opened in 2009</li></ul> <p>A number of small ferries cross the river in Angola, western Zambia, and Mozambique, notably between <a href="/wiki/Mongu" title="Mongu">Mongu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalabo" title="Kalabo">Kalabo</a>. Above Mongu in years following poor rainy seasons, the river can be forded at one or two places. In tourist areas, such as Victoria Falls and <a href="/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam">Kariba</a>, short-distance tourist boats take visitors along the river. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg/220px-STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg/330px-STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg/440px-STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Cahora_Bassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Cahora Bassa">Lake Cahora Bassa</a> in Mozambique, one of the river's major sources of hydroelectric energy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sewage <a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">effluent</a> is a major cause of water <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> around urban areas, as inadequate <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water-treatment facilities</a> in all the major cities of the region release untreated sewage into the river. This has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of the river water and has facilitated the spread of diseases of poor hygiene such as <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_dams">Effects of dams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Effects of dams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The construction of two major dams regulating the flow of the river has had a major effect on wildlife and human populations in the lower Zambezi region. When the Cahora Bassa Dam was completed in 1973, its managers allowed it to fill in a single flood season, going against recommendations to fill over at least two years. The drastic reduction in the flow of the river led to a 40% reduction in the coverage of mangroves, greatly increased erosion of the coastal region and a 60% reduction in the catch of <a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a> off the mouth because of the reduction in emplacement of <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> and associated nutrients. Wetland ecosystems downstream of the dam shrank considerably. Wildlife in the delta was further threatened by uncontrolled hunting during the civil war in Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_measures">Conservation measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conservation measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The proposed <a href="/wiki/Kavango%E2%80%93Zambezi_Transfrontier_Conservation_Area" title="Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area">Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area</a> was to cover parts of Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Botswana, including the Okavango Delta in Botswana and Victoria Falls. Funding was boosted for cross-border conservation along the Zambezi in 2008. The project received a grant of €8 million from a German nongovernmental organisation. Part of the funds are to be used for research in areas covered by the project. However, Angola has warned that landmines from their civil war may impede the project.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The river currently passes through Ngonye Falls National Park, <a href="/wiki/Mosi-oa-Tunya_National_Park" title="Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park">Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Zambezi_National_Park" title="Lower Zambezi National Park">Lower Zambezi National Park</a> (in Zambia), and the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_National_Park" title="Zambezi National Park">Zambezi National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_National_Park" title="Victoria Falls National Park">Victoria Falls National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matusadona_National_Park" title="Matusadona National Park">Matusadona National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mana_Pools_National_Park" title="Mana Pools National Park">Mana Pools National Park</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Zambezi_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Middle Zambezi Biosphere Reserve">Middle Zambezi Biosphere Reserve</a> (in Zimbabwe).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_stocks_management">Fish stocks management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fish stocks management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2017, the situation of overfishing in the upper Zambezi and its tributaries was considered dire, in part because of weak enforcement of the respective fisheries acts and regulations. The fish stocks of Lake Liambezi in the eastern Caprivi Strip were found to be depleted, and surveys indicated a decline in the whole Zambezi-Kwando-Chobe River system. <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a> (by foreign nationals employed by <a href="/wiki/Namibian" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian">Namibians</a>) and commercially minded individuals, exploited the resources to the detriment of local markets and the communities whose culture and economy depend on these resources.<sup id="cite_ref-tn_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tn-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namibian officials have consequently banned <a href="/wiki/Monofilament_fishing_line" title="Monofilament fishing line">monofilament</a> nets and imposed a closing period of about 3 months every year to allow the fish to breed. They also appointed village fish guards and the Kayasa Channel in the <a href="/wiki/Impalila" title="Impalila">Impalila</a> conservancy area was declared a fisheries reserve. The Namibian ministry also promotes aquaculture and plans to distribute thousands of fingerlings to registered small-scale fish farmers of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-tn_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tn-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EUS_outbreak">EUS outbreak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: EUS outbreak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2007, <a href="/wiki/Epizootic" title="Epizootic">epizootic</a> ulcerative syndrome (EUS) killed hundreds of sore-covered fish in the river. Zambia agriculture minister Ben Kapita asked experts to investigate the outbreak to probe the cause to find out if the disease can be transmitted to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_towns">Major towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Major towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along much of the river's length, the population is sparse, but important towns and cities along its course include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katima_Mulilo" title="Katima Mulilo">Katima Mulilo</a> (Namibia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongu" title="Mongu">Mongu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lukulu" title="Lukulu">Lukulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senanga" title="Senanga">Senanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sesheke" title="Sesheke">Sesheke</a> (Zambia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zimbabwe" title="Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe">Victoria Falls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam">Kariba</a> (Zimbabwe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songo,_Mozambique" title="Songo, Mozambique">Songo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tete,_Mozambique" title="Tete, Mozambique">Tete</a> (Mozambique)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazombo" title="Cazombo">Cazombo</a> (Angola)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Mozambican_flood" title="2007 Mozambican flood">2007 Mozambican flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyami_Nyami" title="Nyami Nyami">Nyami Nyami</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Beilfuss-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beilfuss_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf">"Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Beilfuss+%26+David+dos+Santos%3A+Patterns+of+Hydrological+Change+in+the+Zambezi+Delta%2C+Monogram+for+the+Sustainable+Management+of+Cahora+Bassa+Dam+and+The+Lower+Zambezi+Valley+%282001%29.+Estimated+mean+flow+rate+3424+m%C2%B3%2Fs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.gorongosa.net%2Ffilestore%2F348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INBO-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INBO_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INBO_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INBO_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF">International Network of Basin Organisations/Office International de L'eau:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102256/http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF">Archived</a> 27 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Développer les Compétences pour mieux Gérer l'Eau: Fleuves Transfrontaliers Africains: Bilan Global." (2002). 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(20 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.11313%2Ffig-1">"Figure 1: Map showing location of Luangwa Valley and Greater Kafue Ecosystem in Zambia"</a>. <i>PeerJ</i>. <b>9</b>: e11313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.11313%2Ffig-1">10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Figure+1%3A+Map+showing+location+of+Luangwa+Valley+and+Greater+Kafue+Ecosystem+in+Zambia.&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=e11313&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.11313%2Ffig-1&rft.aulast=Valkenburgh&rft.aufirst=Blaire+Van&rft.au=White%2C+Paula+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7717%252Fpeerj.11313%252Ffig-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.gramene.org/db/ontology/search?id=44313">"GAZ Term "Zambezi River" (GAZ:00044898)"</a>. <i>archive.gramene.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520101311/https://archive.gramene.org/db/ontology/search?id=44313">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.gramene.org&rft.atitle=GAZ+Term+%22Zambezi+River%22+%28GAZ%3A00044898%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.gramene.org%2Fdb%2Fontology%2Fsearch%3Fid%3D44313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zambezi.html">"Zambezi - Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>theodora.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520105706/https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zambezi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theodora.com&rft.atitle=Zambezi+-+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheodora.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fz%2Fzambezi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnifton2004" class="citation book cs1">Knifton, Dulcie (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eiR_RLPB6GAC&q=traditional+farming+and+fishing+patterns+disrupted&pg=PA41"><i>Revise AS Level Geography for Edexcel Specification B</i></a>. Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435101541" title="Special:BookSources/9780435101541"><bdi>9780435101541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revise+AS+Level+Geography+for+Edexcel+Specification+B&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2004-07&rft.isbn=9780435101541&rft.aulast=Knifton&rft.aufirst=Dulcie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeiR_RLPB6GAC%26q%3Dtraditional%2Bfarming%2Band%2Bfishing%2Bpatterns%2Bdisrupted%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82361">"Zambezi River Delta : Image of the Day"</a>. <i>earthobservatory.nasa.gov</i>. 29 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106173513/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82361">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Zambezi+River+Delta+%3A+Image+of+the+Day&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D82361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwf-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0906">"Zambezian coastal flooded savanna"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Zambezian+coastal+flooded+savanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat0906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhary2024" class="citation web cs1">Chaudhary, Huma (3 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetravelvibes.com/canoeing-on-the-zambezi-river/">"Canoeing on the Zambezi River"</a>. <i>The Travel Vibes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Travel+Vibes&rft.atitle=Canoeing+on+the+Zambezi+River&rft.date=2024-03-03&rft.aulast=Chaudhary&rft.aufirst=Huma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetravelvibes.com%2Fcanoeing-on-the-zambezi-river%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gorongosa.net/research/research_documents/Patterns_Hydrological_Change_Zambezi_Delta.pdf">Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102105856/http://www.gorongosa.net/research/research_documents/Patterns_Hydrological_Change_Zambezi_Delta.pdf">Archived</a> 2 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudie2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)" title="Andrew Goudie (geographer)">Goudie, A.S.</a> (2005). "The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous". <i><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology_(journal)" title="Geomorphology (journal)">Geomorphology</a></i>. <b>67</b> (3–4): 437–456. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Geomo..67..437G">2005Geomo..67..437G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2004.11.008">10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomorphology&rft.atitle=The+drainage+of+Africa+since+the+Cretaceous&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=437-456&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2004.11.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Geomo..67..437G&rft.aulast=Goudie&rft.aufirst=A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1999" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, A.E. (1999). "A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa". <i><a href="/wiki/South_African_Journal_of_Geology" title="South African Journal of Geology">South African Journal of Geology</a></i>. <b>102</b> (4): 363–376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Geology&rft.atitle=A+reapprisal+of+epeirogenic+flexure+axes+in+southern+Africa&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=363-376&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamsoc.org/documents/Summary%20of%20Technical%20Reviews%20Part%202.pdf">AWF Four Corners Biodiversity Information Package No 2: Summary of Technical Reviews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217063008/http://www.zamsoc.org/documents/Summary%20of%20Technical%20Reviews%20Part%202.pdf">Archived</a> 17 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 1 March 2007.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barros, <i>Da Asia</i>, Dec. I, Lib. X, vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA374">p.374</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fr. J. dos Santos (1609), <i>Ethiopia Oriental e varia historia de cousas Notaveis do Oriente</i>, Pt. III. English translation is from <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Purchas" title="Samuel Purchas">Samuel Purchas</a>'s 1625 <i>Haklyutus Posthumus</i>, (1905) ed., Glasgow, vol. 10: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekIMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA220">p.220-21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The connection between Santos/Monomatapa "Zambezi" and the "M'biza" is suggested in Cooley (1845).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Notícias dadas por Manoel Caetano Pereira, comerciante, que se entranhou pelo interior da África", as published in José Acúrsio das Neves (1830) <i>Considerações Políticas e Comerciais sobre os Descobrimentos e Possessões na África e na Ásia</i>. Lisbon: Imprensa Regia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01Tpl2WqoqgC&pg=PA373">p.373</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.D. Cooley (1845) "The Geography of N'yassi, or the Great Lake of Southern Africa, investigated, with an account of the overland route from the Quanza in Angola to the Zambezi in the government of Mozambique", <i>Journal of the Royal Geographical Society</i>, p.185-235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Livingstone (1857) <i>Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missionarytrave00unkngoog/page/n250">p.208</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawereAwuah-Nyamekye2015" class="citation book cs1">Mawere, Munyaradzi; Awuah-Nyamekye, Samuel (20 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVEqCgAAQBAJ&dq=Kasambabezi&pg=PA243"><i>Harnessing Cultural Capital for Sustainability: A Pan Africanist Perspective</i></a>. Langaa RPCIG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9956-762-50-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9956-762-50-7"><bdi>978-9956-762-50-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harnessing+Cultural+Capital+for+Sustainability%3A+A+Pan+Africanist+Perspective&rft.pub=Langaa+RPCIG&rft.date=2015-06-20&rft.isbn=978-9956-762-50-7&rft.aulast=Mawere&rft.aufirst=Munyaradzi&rft.au=Awuah-Nyamekye%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVEqCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DKasambabezi%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davinajogi.com/kasambabezi/">"Kasambabezi"</a>. 25 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kasambabezi&rft.date=2017-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavinajogi.com%2Fkasambabezi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Zambezi" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zambezi">Zambezi</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zambezi&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=951-953&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Newitt, Malyn (2005). <i>A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400-1668</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+African+Christian+Biography&rft.atitle=Arnot%2C+Frederick+Stanley&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Dr.+J.+Keir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dacb.org%2Fstories%2Fdemrepcongo%2Farnot_stanley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchett2007" class="citation book cs1">Pritchett, James Anthony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0Avs0RFRtMC&pg=PA29"><i>Friends for life, friends for death: cohorts and consciousness among the Lunda-Ndembu</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. pp. 29–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2624-7"><bdi>978-0-8139-2624-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friends+for+life%2C+friends+for+death%3A+cohorts+and+consciousness+among+the+Lunda-Ndembu&rft.pages=29-31&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-2624-7&rft.aulast=Pritchett&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0Avs0RFRtMC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishFish2001" class="citation book cs1">Fish, Bruce; Fish, Becky Durost (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lMZovHqD4kC&pg=PA30"><i>Angola, 1880 to the present: slavery, exploitation, and revolt</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-6197-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-6197-3"><bdi>0-7910-6197-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angola%2C+1880+to+the+present%3A+slavery%2C+exploitation%2C+and+revolt&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7910-6197-3&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Fish%2C+Becky+Durost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lMZovHqD4kC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorta2008" class="citation web cs1">Horta, Loro (20 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/zambezi-valley-chinas-first-agricultural-colony">"The Zambezi Valley: China's First Agricultural Colony?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Rivers&rft.atitle=The+Zambezi+River%2C+Drained+Bone+Dry&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalrivers.org%2Fnews%2Fblog-the-zambezi-river-drained-bone-dry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikva2016" class="citation web cs1">Mikva, Keren (30 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moguldom.com/128710/12-things-didnt-know-economy-zambezi-river/">"12 Things You Didn't Know About the Economy of the Zambezi River - Page 4 of 14"</a>. <i>Moguldom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moguldom&rft.atitle=12+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+the+Economy+of+the+Zambezi+River+-+Page+4+of+14&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.aulast=Mikva&rft.aufirst=Keren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoguldom.com%2F128710%2F12-things-didnt-know-economy-zambezi-river%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mota.gov.zm/index.php/downloads/data-and-statistics/34-2015-tourism-statistical-digest/file">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325175218/http://www.mota.gov.zm/index.php/downloads/data-and-statistics/34-2015-tourism-statistical-digest/file">Archived</a> 25 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Republic of Zambia Ministry of Tourism and Arts 2015 Tourism Statistical Digest</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/hydroelectric-power-advantages-production-and-usage?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects">"Hydroelectric Power: Advantages of Production and Usage"</a>. <i>www.usgs.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520091447/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/hydroelectric-power-advantages-production-and-usage?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=Hydroelectric+Power%3A+Advantages+of+Production+and+Usage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fspecial-topic%2Fwater-science-school%2Fscience%2Fhydroelectric-power-advantages-production-and-usage%3Fqt-science_center_objects%3D0%23qt-science_center_objects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inventtour.com/Countries/15/Zimbabwe">"Zimbabwe"</a>. <i>InventTour</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mills: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm">"Overlanding Cattle from Barotse to Angola"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803091300/http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm">Archived</a> 3 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia_Journal" title="Northern Rhodesia Journal">Northern Rhodesia Journal</a></i>, Vol 1 No 2, pp 53–63 (1950). Accessed 16 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Visible on Google Earth at latitude -11.906 longitude 22.831.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Visible on Google Earth at longitude 22.924 latitude -15.214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302163608/http://www.zedcorner.com/mongu-kalabo-road-zambias-engineering-marvel/">"Mongu-Kalabo Road - Zambia's Engineering Marvel"</a>. <i>zedcorner.com</i>. 13 April 2016. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Social+and+Environmental+History+of+the+Building+of+Cahora+Bassa+Dam&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597-632&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0305-7070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153574634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2637563%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713683608&rft.aulast=Isaacman&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Sneddon%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2637563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scidev.net/global/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-13-25-march/">"Sub-Saharan Africa news in brief: 13–25 March"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521215431/http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-13-25-march.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sub-Saharan+Africa+news+in+brief%3A+13%E2%80%9325+March&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scidev.net%2Fglobal%2Fnews%2Fsub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-13-25-march%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lensman.se/portfolios/zambezi-river-2017/">"Zambezi River 2017 | Lensman - Lennart Hessel Photography"</a>. <i>Lensman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lensman&rft.atitle=Zambezi+River+2017+%7C+Lensman+-+Lennart+Hessel+Photography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lensman.se%2Fportfolios%2Fzambezi-river-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tn-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tn_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tn_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKooper2017" class="citation web cs1">Kooper, Lugeretzia (23 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namibian.com.na/166137/archive-read/Zambezi-fishermen-warned-against-overfishing">"Zambezi fishermen warned against overfishing"</a>. <i>namibian.com.na</i>. The Namibian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905010246/https://www.namibian.com.na/166137/archive-read/Zambezi-fishermen-warned-against-overfishing">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=namibian.com.na&rft.atitle=Zambezi+fishermen+warned+against+overfishing&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft.aulast=Kooper&rft.aufirst=Lugeretzia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.namibian.com.na%2F166137%2Farchive-read%2FZambezi-fishermen-warned-against-overfishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122212855/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmafp/is_200709/ai_n19522812">"Zambia warns against fish killed by mysterious disease"</a>. Agence France-Presse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmafp/is_200709/ai_n19522812">the original</a> on 22 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zambia+warns+against+fish+killed+by+mysterious+disease&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_kmafp%2Fis_200709%2Fai_n19522812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bento C.M., Beilfuss R. (2003), <i>Wattled Cranes, Waterbirds, and Wetland Conservation in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique</i>, report for the Biodiversity Foundation for Africa for the IUCN - Regional Office for Southern Africa: Zambezi Basin Wetlands Conservation and Resource Utilisation Project.</li> <li>Bourgeois S., Kocher T., Schelander P. (2003), <i>Case study: Zambezi river basin</i>, ETH Seminar: Science and Politics of International Freshwater Management 2003/04</li> <li>Davies B.R., Beilfuss R., Thoms M.C. (2000), "Cahora Bassa retrospective, 1974–1997: effects of flow regulation on the Lower Zambezi River," <i>Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnologie</i>, 27, 1–9</li> <li>Dunham KM (1994), <i>The effect of drought on the large mammal populations of Zambezi riverine woodlands</i>, Journal of Zoology, v. 234, p. 489–526</li> <li>Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. (2004). <i>World reference atlas</i>. New York: Dorling Kindersley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-0481-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7566-0481-8">0-7566-0481-8</a></li> <li>Wynn S. (2002), "The Zambezi River - Wilderness and Tourism", <i>International Journal of Wilderness</i>, 8, 34.</li> <li>H. C. N. Ridley: "Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia", <i>The Northern Rhodesia Journal</i>, Vol 2 No 5 (1954)—<i>Re Zambezi River Transport Service at Katombora</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-13-25-march.html">Funding boost for cross-border conservation project</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambezi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zambezi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zambezi">Zambezi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041027222139/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=310&theme=2">Information and a map of the Zambezi's watershed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zambezi-expedition.org/index.html">Zambezi Expedition - Fighting Malaria on the "River of Life"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407032231/http://www.zambezi-expedition.org/index.html">Archived</a> 7 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025052021/http://www.zaraho.org.zm/">"Home Page"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River_Authority" title="Zambezi River Authority">Zambezi River Authority</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaraho.org.zm/">the original</a> on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+Page&rft.pub=Zambezi+River+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaraho.org.zm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambezi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamsoc.org/">The Zambezi Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050904134054/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/register/images/africa.gif">Map of Africa's river basins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water">Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113341/http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water">Archived</a> 9 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Peace Palace Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070828065809/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/greatrivers/africa/">The Nature Conservancy's Great Rivers Partnership works to conserve the Zambezi River</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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title="Angola">Angola</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Angola" title="List of rivers of Angola">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiloango_River" title="Chiloango River">Chiloango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuando_River" title="Cuando River">Cuando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuanza_River" title="Cuanza River">Cuanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunene_River" title="Cunene River">Cunene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasai_River" title="Kasai River">Kasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwango_River" title="Kwango River">Kwango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwilu_River" title="Kwilu River">Kwilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luanginga_River" title="Luanginga River">Luanginga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucala_River" title="Lucala River">Lucala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luena_River,_Angola" title="Luena River, Angola">Luena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungwebungu_River" title="Lungwebungu River">Lungwebungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okavango_River" title="Okavango River">Okavango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Quicombo" title="Rio Quicombo">Rio Quicombo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zambezi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rivers_of_Mozambique" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Mozambique" title="Template:Rivers of Mozambique"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Mozambique" title="Template talk:Rivers of Mozambique"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Mozambique" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Mozambique"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers_of_Mozambique" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mozambique" title="List of rivers of Mozambique">Rivers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mozambique" title="List of rivers of Mozambique">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzi_River_(Mozambique)" title="Buzi River (Mozambique)">Buzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinde_River" title="Chinde River">Chinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infulene_River" title="Infulene River">Infulene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komati_River" title="Komati River">Komati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licungo_River" title="Licungo River">Licungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luambala_River" title="Luambala River">Luambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugenda_River" title="Lugenda River">Lugenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BArio_River" title="Lúrio River">Lúrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputo_River" title="Maputo River">Maputo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matola_River" title="Matola River">Matola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazowe_River" title="Mazowe River">Mazowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuluzi_River" title="Mbuluzi River">Mbuluzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaruma_River" title="Megaruma River">Megaruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messalo_River" title="Messalo River">Messalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocub%C3%BAri_River" title="Mocubúri River">Mocubúri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monapo_River" title="Monapo River">Monapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepuez_River" title="Montepuez River">Montepuez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalamu_River" title="Ngalamu River">Ngalamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungwe_River" title="Pungwe River">Pungwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarico_River" title="Rarico River">Rarico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rev%C3%BAbo%C3%A9_River" title="Revúboé River">Revúboé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvuma_River" title="Ruvuma River">Ruvuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_River_(Africa)" title="Save River (Africa)">Save</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire_River" title="Shire River">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembe_River" title="Tembe River">Tembe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zambezi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rivers_of_Zambia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Zambia" title="Template:Rivers of Zambia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Zambia" title="Template talk:Rivers of Zambia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Zambia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Zambia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers_of_Zambia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Zambia" title="List of rivers of Zambia">Rivers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambeshi_River" title="Chambeshi River">Chambeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalambo_River" title="Kalambo River">Kalambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalungwishi_River" title="Kalungwishi River">Kalungwishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luapula_River" title="Luapula River">Luapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbereshi_River" title="Mbereshi River">Mbereshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Rukwa" title="Lake Rukwa">Lake Rukwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumi_River_(Zambia)" title="Lumi River (Zambia)">Lumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zambezi System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chongwe_River" title="Chongwe River">Chongwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabompo_River" title="Kabompo River">Kabompo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafue_River" title="Kafue River">Kafue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luangwa_River" title="Luangwa River">Luangwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungwebungu_River" title="Lungwebungu River">Lungwebungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsemfwa_River" title="Lunsemfwa River">Lunsemfwa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zambezi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafubu_River_(Zambia)" title="Kafubu River (Zambia)">Kafubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luanginga_River" title="Luanginga River">Luanginga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luena_River,_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Luena River, Zambia">Luena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukasashi_River" title="Lukasashi River">Lukasashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunga_River_(Zambia)" title="Lunga River (Zambia)">Lunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulungushi_River" title="Mulungushi River">Mulungushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakeji_River" title="Sakeji River">Sakeji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rivers_of_Zimbabwe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template:Rivers of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template talk:Rivers of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Zimbabwe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers_of_Zimbabwe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Zimbabwe" title="List of rivers of Zimbabwe">Rivers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Zimbabwe" title="List of rivers of Zimbabwe">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubye_River" title="Bubye River">Bubye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiredzi_River" title="Chiredzi River">Chiredzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwayi_River" title="Gwayi River">Gwayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honde_River" title="Honde River">Honde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkankezi_River" title="Inkankezi River">Inkankezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insiza_River" title="Insiza River">Insiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyankuni_River" title="Inyankuni River">Inyankuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwe_Kwe_River" title="Kwe Kwe River">Kwe Kwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazowe_River" title="Mazowe River">Luenha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyame_River" title="Manyame River">Manyame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazowe_River" title="Mazowe River">Mazowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtshabezi_River" title="Mtshabezi River">Mtshabezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtshelele_River" title="Mtshelele River">Mtshelele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucheke_River" title="Mucheke River">Mucheke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munyati_River" title="Munyati River">Munyati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mupfure_River" title="Mupfure River">Mupfure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushawe" title="Mushawe">Mushawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutirikwe_River" title="Mutirikwe River">Mutirikwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwenezi_River" title="Mwenezi River">Mwenezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwewe_River" title="Mwewe River">Mwewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtetengwe_River" title="Mtetengwe River">Mtetengwe </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzingwane_River" title="Mzingwane River">Mzingwane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ncema_River" title="Ncema River">Ncema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngezi_River_(Masvingo)" title="Ngezi River (Masvingo)">Ngezi (Masvingo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngezi_River_(Midlands)" title="Ngezi River (Midlands)">Ngezi (Midlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngondoma_River" title="Ngondoma River">Ngondoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhane_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhane River">Panhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungwe_River" title="Pungwe River">Pungwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runde_River" title="Runde River">Runde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_River_(Africa)" title="Save River (Africa)">Save</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebakwe_River" title="Sebakwe River">Sebakwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengwa_River" title="Sengwa River">Sengwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangani_River" title="Shangani River">Shangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashe_River" title="Shashe River">Shashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwaze_River" title="Siwaze River">Siwaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokwane_River" title="Tokwane River">Tokwane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokwe_River" title="Tokwe River">Tokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuli_River" title="Thuli River">Thuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umchabezi_River" title="Umchabezi River">Umchabezi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zambezi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43106#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43106#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43106#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315526780">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1243944/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4105270-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85149596">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zambezi (řeka)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge287429&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6042140">Spain</a></span></li><li><span 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