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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Anglo-Saxon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Saxon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Past" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Past</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Parliamentary representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbourhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbourhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Neighbourhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbourhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nearby_towns_and_villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nearby_towns_and_villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nearby towns and villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nearby_towns_and_villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture and media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filming_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filming_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Filming location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filming_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cricket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gymnastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gymnastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Gymnastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gymnastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_league" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_league"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Rugby league</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_league-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Rugby union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skateboarding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skateboarding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Skateboarding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skateboarding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_with_other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_with_other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Links with other sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_with_other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">St Albans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سانت ألبانز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سانت ألبانز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Albans" title="Sant Albans – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sant Albans" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سنت آلبنز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سنت آلبنز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сент-Олбанс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сент-Олбанс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Сэнт-Олбанз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэнт-Олбанз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сейнт Олбанс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сейнт Олбанс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_(Hertfordshire)" title="St Albans (Hertfordshire) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="St Albans (Hertfordshire)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans" title="St. Albans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="St. Albans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_(lungsod_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian)" title="St Albans (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="St Albans (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%8C%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%82" title="Σεντ Όλμπανς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεντ Όλμπανς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_(Hertfordshire)" title="St. Albans (Hertfordshire) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="St. Albans (Hertfordshire)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سنت آلبنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت آلبنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%98%AC%EB%B2%88%EC%8A%A4" title="세인트올번스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세인트올번스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="סנט אולבנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנט אולבנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Albans" title="Saint Albans – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Saint Albans" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Sancti_Albani" title="Villa Sancti Albani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Villa Sancti Albani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentolbansa" title="Sentolbansa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sentolbansa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_(Anglia)" title="St. Albans (Anglia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="St. Albans (Anglia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سانت البانز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سانت البانز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%A0_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81" title="ꯁꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯜꯕꯥꯟꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯜꯕꯥꯟꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_(plaats)" title="St Albans (plaats) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="St Albans (plaats)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="セント・オールバンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セント・オールバンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans" title="St. Albans – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="St. Albans" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans" title="St. Albans – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="St. Albans" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сент-Олбанс (Англия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сент-Олбанс (Англия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сент Олбанс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сент Олбанс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Albans" title="Saint Albans – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saint Albans" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сент-Олбанс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сент-Олбанс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сент-Олбанс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сент-Олбанс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سینٹ البینز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سینٹ البینز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="St Albans" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF" title="聖奧爾本斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖奧爾本斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6226#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Albans&params=51.755_N_0.336_W_region:GB_type:city(82146)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°45′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°20′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.755°N 0.336°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.755; -0.336</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in southern Hertfordshire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other places with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St Albans (disambiguation)">St Albans (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans City and District</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cathedral city in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1165525471">.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-label{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place-other-names{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">St Albans</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="category">Cathedral city</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Albans_market_from_the_Clock_Tower_(164240202).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St_Albans_market_from_the_Clock_Tower_%28164240202%29.jpg/238px-St_Albans_market_from_the_Clock_Tower_%28164240202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St_Albans_market_from_the_Clock_Tower_%28164240202%29.jpg/357px-St_Albans_market_from_the_Clock_Tower_%28164240202%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St_Albans_market_from_the_Clock_Tower_%28164240202%29.jpg/476px-St_Albans_market_from_the_Clock_Tower_%28164240202%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1346" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Albans_Town_Hall_(geograph_5236751).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/St_Albans_Town_Hall_%28geograph_5236751%29.jpg/170px-St_Albans_Town_Hall_%28geograph_5236751%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/St_Albans_Town_Hall_%28geograph_5236751%29.jpg/255px-St_Albans_Town_Hall_%28geograph_5236751%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/St_Albans_Town_Hall_%28geograph_5236751%29.jpg/340px-St_Albans_Town_Hall_%28geograph_5236751%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:66px;max-width:66px"><div style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Albans_Clock_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/St_Albans_Clock_Tower.jpg/64px-St_Albans_Clock_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/St_Albans_Clock_Tower.jpg/96px-St_Albans_Clock_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/St_Albans_Clock_Tower.jpg/128px-St_Albans_Clock_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="3349" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cathedral.png/238px-Cathedral.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cathedral.png/357px-Cathedral.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cathedral.png/476px-Cathedral.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="755" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div>From the top, View over the Marketplace, <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Town_Hall" title="St Albans Town Hall">The Town Hall</a>, <p><a href="/wiki/Clock_Tower,_St_Albans" title="Clock Tower, St Albans">The Clock Tower</a>, </p> <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Cathedral" title="St Albans Cathedral">St Albans Cathedral</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StAlbans-COA-PS1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/StAlbans-COA-PS1.svg/200px-StAlbans-COA-PS1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/StAlbans-COA-PS1.svg/300px-StAlbans-COA-PS1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/StAlbans-COA-PS1.svg/400px-StAlbans-COA-PS1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a></span><div>Coat of Arms</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hertfordshire_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Albans is located in Hertfordshire"><img alt="St Albans is located in Hertfordshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hertfordshire_UK_location_map.svg/240px-Hertfordshire_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hertfordshire_UK_location_map.svg/360px-Hertfordshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hertfordshire_UK_location_map.svg/480px-Hertfordshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="992" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67%;left:40.348%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St Albans"><img alt="St Albans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>St Albans</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">6.99 sq mi (18.1 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">82,146 </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,752/sq mi (4,537/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=51.752633~-0.338309&lvl=13&sp=Point.51.752633_-0.338309_St+Albans&sty=s&style=s">TL148073</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 mi (31 km) <a href="/wiki/Points_of_the_compass" title="Points of the compass">SSE</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_St_Albans" title="City of St Albans">St Albans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Shire county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ST. ALBANS</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AL_postcode_area" title="AL postcode area">AL1-AL4</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01727</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_Constabulary" title="Hertfordshire Constabulary">Hertfordshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service">Hertfordshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England_Ambulance_Service" title="East of England Ambulance Service">East of England</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)">St Albans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">List of places</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of places in Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></dd></dl></div> <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Albans&params=51.755_N_0.336_W_region:GB_type:city(82146)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°45′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°20′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.755°N 0.336°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.755; -0.336</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>St Albans</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral city">cathedral city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> England, east of <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a> and west of <a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a>, 20 miles (32 km) north-west of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 8 miles (13 km) south-west of <a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a> and 11 miles (18 km) south-east of <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a>. St Albans was the first major town on the old <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> road of <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a> for travellers heading north and became the city of <a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a>. It is within the <a href="/wiki/London_commuter_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="London commuter belt">London commuter belt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">Greater London Built-up Area</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Albans takes its name from the first British saint, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Alban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most elaborate version of his story, in Bede's <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></i>, relates that he lived in <a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a>, sometime during the 3rd or 4th century, when Christians were suffering persecution. Alban met a Christian priest fleeing from his persecutors and sheltered him in his house, where he became so impressed with the priest's piety that he converted to Christianity. When the authorities searched Alban's house, he put on the priest's cloak and presented himself in place of his guest. Consequently, he was sentenced to endure the punishments that were to be inflicted upon the priest, unless he renounced Christianity. Alban refused and was taken for execution. In later legends, his head rolled downhill after execution and a well sprang up where it stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-Medieval_St._Albans_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medieval_St._Albans-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_St_Albans" title="History of St Albans">History of St Albans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> settlement known as,<sup id="cite_ref-niblett_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niblett-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Verlamion" title="Verlamion">Verlamion</a>, or Verlamio, near the site of the present city, the centre of <a href="/wiki/Tasciovanus" title="Tasciovanus">Tasciovanus</a>' power and a major centre of the <a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a> from about 20 BC until shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> invasion of AD 43.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Verlamion" is Celtic, meaning "settlement over or by the marsh".<sup id="cite_ref-niblett_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niblett-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town was on Prae Hill, 2 km (1.2 mi) to the west of modern St Albans, now covered by the village of St Michael's, <a href="/wiki/Verulamium_Park" title="Verulamium Park">Verulamium Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gorhambury" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorhambury">Gorhambury</a> Estate.<sup id="cite_ref-niblett_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niblett-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although excavations done in 1996 produced finds which include silver coins from the Roman Republic era dating from 90/80 BC. There was evidence of trade with the republic and that a settlement already existed on the site 50 years before Julius Caesar attempted to invade Britain. However, it is believed that the tribal capital was moved to the site by Tasciovanus (around 25 to 5 BC). <a href="/wiki/Cunobelinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunobelinus">Cunobelinus</a> may have constructed <a href="/wiki/Beech_Bottom_Dyke" title="Beech Bottom Dyke">Beech Bottom Dyke</a>, a defensive earthwork near the settlement whose significance is uncertain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman">Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StAlbansRomanWall-PS01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/StAlbansRomanWall-PS01.JPG/220px-StAlbansRomanWall-PS01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/StAlbansRomanWall-PS01.JPG/330px-StAlbansRomanWall-PS01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/StAlbansRomanWall-PS01.JPG/440px-StAlbansRomanWall-PS01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Remains of Roman wall</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman city of <a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a>, the second-largest town in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> after <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a>, developed from the Iron Age settlement<sup id="cite_ref-niblett_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niblett-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was granted the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a></i> around AD 50, meaning that its citizens had what were known as "Latin Rights", a lesser citizenship status than a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a></i></span> possessed. It grew to a significant town, and as such received the attentions of <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a> in 61, when Verulamium was sacked and burnt on her orders.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations preceding the museum's new entrance done in 1996–97 within the centre of the Roman town gave archaeologists the chance to date a black ash layer to 60–65 AD, thus confirming the Roman written record. It grew steadily; by the early 3rd century, it covered an area of about 125 acres (51 ha), behind a deep ditch and wall. Verulamium contained a <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">theatre</a>, much of which were damaged during two fires, one in 155 and the other in around 250. These were repaired and continued in use in the 4th century. The theatre was disused by the end of the 4th century. One of the few extant Roman inscriptions in Britain is found on the remnants of the forum (see <a href="/wiki/Verulamium_Forum_inscription" title="Verulamium Forum inscription">Verulamium Forum inscription</a>). The town was rebuilt in <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> at least twice over the next 150 years. Roman occupation ended between 400 and 450 AD. </p><p>The body of St Alban was probably buried outside the city walls in a Roman cemetery near the present <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Cathedral" title="St Albans Cathedral">cathedral</a>. His hillside grave became a place of pilgrimage. Recent investigation has uncovered a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> there, indicating the oldest continuous site of Christian worship in Great Britain. In 429 <a href="/wiki/Germanus_of_Auxerre" title="Germanus of Auxerre">Germanus of Auxerre</a> visited the church and subsequently promoted the cult of St Alban.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia:_Saint_Alban_and_the_Cult_of_Saints_in_Late_Antique_Britain_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia:_Saint_Alban_and_the_Cult_of_Saints_in_Late_Antique_Britain-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vermaat:_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermaat:-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biddle_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biddle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few traces of the Roman city remain visible, such as parts of the <a href="/wiki/City_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="City walls">city walls</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hypocaust" title="Hypocaust">hypocaust</a> – still <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> under a mosaic floor, and the theatre, which is on land belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Verulam" title="Earl of Verulam">Earl of Verulam</a>, as well as items in the museum. Further remains beneath nearby agricultural land have only had a few exploratory trenches, which have never been fully excavated and were seriously threatened by deep <a href="/wiki/Ploughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ploughing">ploughing</a>, which ceased in 2005 after compensation was agreed. Test trenches in 2003 confirmed that serious damage had occurred to buildings on the northern side of Old Watling Street by deep ploughing. Permission needs to be granted to enable the full extent of the damage to the western half of Verulamium to be investigated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Roman withdrawal the town became the centre of the territory or <i><a href="/wiki/Regiones" title="Regiones">regio</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Waeclingas" title="Waeclingas">Waeclingas</a></i> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Cathedral" title="St Albans Cathedral">St Albans Abbey</a> and the associated <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon</a> settlement were founded on the hill outside the Roman city where it was believed St Alban was buried. An archaeological excavation in 1978, directed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Biddle" title="Martin Biddle">Martin Biddle</a>, failed to find Roman remains on the site of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as the eighth century the Saxon inhabitants of St Albans nearby were aware of their ancient neighbour, which they knew alternatively as Verulamacæstir or, under what <a href="/wiki/H._R._Loyn" title="H. R. Loyn">H. R. Loyn</a> terms "their own hybrid", Vaeclingscæstir, "the fortress of the followers of Wæcla", possibly a pocket of British-speakers remaining separate in an increasingly Saxonised area.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalbanshighstreet1807_cropped640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Stalbanshighstreet1807_cropped640.jpg/220px-Stalbanshighstreet1807_cropped640.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Stalbanshighstreet1807_cropped640.jpg/330px-Stalbanshighstreet1807_cropped640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Stalbanshighstreet1807_cropped640.jpg/440px-Stalbanshighstreet1807_cropped640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>St Albans High Street in 1807, showing the <a href="/wiki/Shutter_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutter telegraph">shutter telegraph</a> on top of the city's Clock Tower</figcaption></figure> <p>The medieval town grew on the hill to the east of Wæclingacaester where the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans Abbey">Abbey of St Albans</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Ulsinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulsinus">Ulsinus</a> in 793.<sup id="cite_ref-1948pageant_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1948pageant-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence that the original site was higher up the hill than the present building, which was begun in 1077. St Albans Abbey was the principal medieval <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a> in England. The scribe Matthew Vickers lived there and the first draft of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> was drawn up there.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=""While the first meetings of clergy and barons that would produce the Magna Carta is well described in relation to St Albans Abbey, the only reference to Matthew Vickers easily findable with Google relates to a paedophile" (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It became a parish church after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the Benedictine abbey</a> in 1539 and was made a cathedral in 1877. </p><p><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_School,_Hertfordshire" title="St Albans School, Hertfordshire">St Albans School</a> was founded in AD 948. Matthew Paris was educated there and it is the only school in the English-speaking world to have educated a <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a>). Now a <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (UK)">public school</a> it has, since 1871, occupied a site to the west of the Abbey and includes the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Gateway,_St._Albans" title="Abbey Gateway, St. Albans">Abbey Gateway</a>. One of its buildings was a hat factory, a link with the city's industrial past. </p><p>On Abbey Mill Lane, the road between the Abbey and the school, are the palaces of the Bishops of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Albans" title="Bishop of St Albans">St Albans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Hertford" title="Bishop of Hertford">Hertford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks" title="Ye Olde Fighting Cocks">Ye Olde Fighting Cocks</a>, claimed to be the oldest pub in England.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1403 and 1412 Thomas Wolvey was engaged to build a clock tower in the Market Place. It is the only extant medieval town belfry in England.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original bell, named for the Archangel Gabriel sounds F-natural and weighs one ton. Gabriel sounded at 4 am for the <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a> and at 8 or 9 pm for the curfew. The ground floor of the tower was a shop until the 20th century. The first- and second-floor rooms were designed as living chambers. The shop and the first floor were connected by a flight of spiral stairs. Another flight rises the whole height of the tower by 93 narrow steps and gave access to the living chamber, the clock and the bell without disturbing the tenant of the shop. </p><p>Two battles of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> took place in or near the town. The <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">First Battle of St Albans</a> was fought on 22 May 1455 within the town, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="Second Battle of St Albans">Second Battle of St Albans</a> was fought on 17 February 1461, just to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Market" title="St Albans Market">street market</a> on Wednesdays and Saturdays, founded by Abbot <a href="/wiki/Ulsinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulsinus">Ulsinus</a>, still flourishes.<sup id="cite_ref-1948pageant_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1948pageant-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1553, Henry's son <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> sold the right to hold the market to a group of local merchants and landowners via <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> which also incorporated St Albans as a <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old market hall, which dated from around 1596, was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_St_Albans" title="Corn Exchange, St Albans">Corn Exchange</a> in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Street,_St_Albans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/George_Street%2C_St_Albans.jpg/220px-George_Street%2C_St_Albans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/George_Street%2C_St_Albans.jpg/330px-George_Street%2C_St_Albans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/George_Street%2C_St_Albans.jpg/440px-George_Street%2C_St_Albans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="2531" /></a><figcaption>Tudor buildings on George Street</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the 20th century St Albans was a rural <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimage</a> site, and the first coaching stop of the route to and from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, accounting for its numerous old inns. Victorian St Albans was small and had little industry. Its population grew more slowly than London, 8–9% per decade between 1801 and 1861, compared to the 31% per decade growth of London in the same period. The railway arrived in 1858. In 1869 the extension of the city boundaries was opposed by the Earl of Verulam and many of the townsfolk, but there was rapid expansion and much building at the end of the century, and between 1891 and 1901 the population grew by 37%.<sup id="cite_ref-briggs_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1877, in response to a public petition, Queen <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> issued the second royal charter, which granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> to the borough and <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral city">Cathedral</a> status to the former Abbey Church. The new <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_St_Albans" title="Diocese of St Albans">diocese</a> was established in the same year, in the main from parts of the large <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rochester" title="Diocese of Rochester">Diocese of Rochester</a>. </p><p>In the inter-war years it became a centre for the <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> industry. In the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> years it expanded rapidly as part of the post-War redistribution of population out of <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>. It is now a popular tourist destination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Albans has two tiers of local government, at district and county level: <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans City and District Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Council" title="Hertfordshire County Council">Hertfordshire County Council</a>. The main part of the urban area of St Albans (the pre-1974 borough) is an <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished area</a>, directly administered by the city/district and county councils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past">Past</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Past"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">St Albans</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">Ancient borough</a> (1553–1835)<br /><a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">Municipal borough</a> (1836–1974)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • Created</span></th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1553 (Ancient borough)<br />1 January 1836 (Municipal borough)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • Abolished</span></th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans City and District</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">HQ</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">St Albans</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contained within</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • County Council</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Council" title="Hertfordshire County Council">Hertfordshire</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The early administrative history of the town of St Albans is closely tied to <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Cathedral" title="St Albans Cathedral">St Albans Abbey</a>. The town was effectively controlled by the abbey through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, but there were frequent disputes between the abbot and townspeople about the extent of the abbey's powers in the town. Following the dissolution of the abbey in 1539, the rights previously held by it passed to the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 May 1553 the town was granted a charter by <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>, incorporating it as a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">borough</a> with a mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The borough consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient parish">ancient parish</a> of St Albans (also known as the Abbey parish) and parts of the parishes of <a href="/wiki/St_Michael,_Hertfordshire" title="St Michael, Hertfordshire">St Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Peter,_Hertfordshire" title="St Peter, Hertfordshire">St Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The borough was reformed by the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a> to become a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a>, and the boundary was adjusted to additionally include part of the parish of <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen,_Hertfordshire" title="St Stephen, Hertfordshire">St Stephen</a>. On 28 August 1877 the borough gained <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>, following the elevation of St Albans Abbey to become a cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boundary was also adjusted in 1877 to include part of the parish of <a href="/wiki/Sandridge" title="Sandridge">Sandridge</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894" title="Local Government Act 1894">Local Government Act 1894</a> divided parishes that were partly within municipal boroughs. The parts of St Michael, St Peter and Sandridge within the borough became the new parishes of St Michael Urban, St Peter Urban and Sandridge Urban. The part of St Stephen within the borough was absorbed by the parish of St Albans. The parishes that were formed outside the borough, that is <a href="/wiki/St_Michael_Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="St Michael Rural">St Michael Rural</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Rural" title="St Peter Rural">St Peter Rural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandridge_Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandridge Rural">Sandridge Rural</a> and the reduced St Stephen, became part of <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Rural_District" title="St Albans Rural District">St Albans Rural District</a> on 28 December 1894. </p><p><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Town_Hall" title="St Albans Town Hall">St Albans Town Hall</a> was built between 1829 and 1831 and served as the council's meeting place until the 1960s, when the council moved to new premises at the <a href="/wiki/Alban_Arena" title="Alban Arena">City Hall</a> and adjoining buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898 the parish of St Albans absorbed St Michael Urban, St Peter Urban and Sandridge Urban so the parish and borough occupied the same area. In 1901 the population of the borough was 16,019, growing to 18,133 in 1911. St Albans expanded in 1913 by gaining parts of Sandridge Rural (241 acres), St Michael Rural (138 acres), St Peter Rural (992 acres) and St Stephen (335 acres). In 1921 the population of the enlarged borough was 25,593, growing to 28,624 in 1931. It expanded again in 1935 as part of a <a href="/wiki/County_review_order" class="mw-redirect" title="County review order">county review order</a> gaining more of St Michael Rural (890 acres), St Peter Rural (436 acres) and St Stephen (712 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the borough was 44,098 in 1951 and 50,293 in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present">Present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StAlbans-PSX1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/StAlbans-PSX1.JPG/220px-StAlbans-PSX1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/StAlbans-PSX1.JPG/330px-StAlbans-PSX1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/StAlbans-PSX1.JPG/440px-StAlbans-PSX1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>St Albans viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Clock_Tower,_St_Albans" title="Clock Tower, St Albans">Clock Tower</a>: French Row (to the left), Market Place (to the right), St Peter's Street and the tower of St Peter's Church (centre)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/City_and_District_of_St_Albans" class="mw-redirect" title="City and District of St Albans">City and District of St Albans</a></div> <p>The borough was abolished on 1 April 1974 and St Albans became part of the new, larger <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans City and District</a>. City status was transferred to the entire district by <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> dated 9 July 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local government services are now provided by <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Council" title="Hertfordshire County Council">Hertfordshire County Council</a> (strategic services) and St Albans City and District Council. Eight <a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">local parish councils</a> (limited local services) cover the parts of St Albans City and District that were previously in St Albans Rural District and Harpenden Urban District, but the area that was St Albans Borough prior to 1974 is an unparished area. Within this area, (the Ashley, Batchwood, Clarence, Cunningham, Marshalswick South, St Peters, Sopwell and Verulam wards) a City Neighbourhood Committee of the district council was set up in June 2013 with comparable responsibilities to parish councils for small parks, playgrounds, open spaces, war memorials, allotments and public conveniences.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The City and District Council built a new civic centre in 1989 adjoining the 1960s City Hall complex, which became known instead as the Alban Arena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_representation">Parliamentary representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parliamentary representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)">St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)</a></div> <p>St Albans is part of the homonymous parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Established in 1885, it is a county constituency in Hertfordshire, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Albans has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Cfb</i>) similar to most of the United Kingdom. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 03680; coordinates <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Albans&params=51.80671_N_0.36017_W_type:landmark_region:GB&title=Met+Office+Rothamsted"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°48′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°21′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.80671°N 0.36017°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.80671; -0.36017</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Met Office Rothamsted</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>; elevation: 128 m (420 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1914–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.7<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.6<br />(7.5) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.2<br />(10.0) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7<br />(23.5) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5<br />(18.5) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.0<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−17.0<br />(1.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.6<br />(2.66) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.9<br />(2.00) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.7<br />(1.68) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.2<br />(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.2<br />(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.9<br />(2.08) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.2<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.2<br />(2.69) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.4<br />(2.18) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.2<br />(3.08) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.8<br />(3.02) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2<br />(2.65) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">714.5<br />(28.13) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">120.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6D6D6D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.0 </td> <td style="background: #9D9D9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.3 </td> <td style="background: #B5B562; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.1 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.9 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.5 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.2 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">209.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194.4 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">149.8 </td> <td style="background: #B2B277; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.5 </td> <td style="background: #828282; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.2 </td> <td style="background: #666666; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.0 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,620.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><sup id="cite_ref-Met_Averages_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met_Averages-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">KNMI</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbourhoods">Neighbourhoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Neighbourhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Batchwood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernards_Heath" title="Bernards Heath">Bernards Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiswell_Green" title="Chiswell Green">Chiswell Green</a></li> <li>Cell Barnes</li> <li>Cottonmill</li> <li>Fleetville</li> <li>Hill End</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Farm" title="Jersey Farm">Jersey Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalswick" title="Marshalswick">Marshalswick</a> (also extends into <a href="/wiki/Sandridge" title="Sandridge">Sandridge</a> parish)</li> <li>New Greens</li> <li>Sopwell</li> <li>St Julians</li> <li>St Stephens (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen,_Hertfordshire" title="St Stephen, Hertfordshire">St Stephen</a>)</li> <li>The Camp</li> <li>Townsend</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nearby_towns_and_villages">Nearby towns and villages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nearby towns and villages"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Neighbouring areas</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redbourn" title="Redbourn">Redbourn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harpenden" title="Harpenden">Harpenden</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">St Albans</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radlett" title="Radlett">Radlett</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potters_Bar" title="Potters Bar">Potters Bar</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li>Other nearby towns: <a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted" title="Berkhamsted">Berkhamsted</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Barnet" title="Chipping Barnet">Barnet</a> (historically a separate town, part of <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> since the 1960s)</li> <li>Nearby villages: <a href="/wiki/Abbots_Langley" title="Abbots Langley">Abbots Langley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_Langley" title="Kings Langley">Kings Langley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bricket_Wood" title="Bricket Wood">Bricket Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colney_Heath" title="Colney Heath">Colney Heath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elstree" title="Elstree">Elstree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frogmore,_Hertfordshire" title="Frogmore, Hertfordshire">Frogmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemsford" title="Lemsford">Lemsford</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Colney" title="London Colney">London Colney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markyate" title="Markyate">Markyate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park_Street,_Hertfordshire" title="Park Street, Hertfordshire">Park Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radlett" title="Radlett">Radlett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redbourn" title="Redbourn">Redbourn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandridge" title="Sandridge">Sandridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheathampstead" title="Wheathampstead">Wheathampstead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenley" title="Shenley">Shenley</a></li> <li>Nearby hamlets: <a href="/wiki/Chiswell_Green" title="Chiswell Green">Chiswell Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colney_Street" title="Colney Street">Colney Street</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Albans is north-east of the intersection between the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a> and <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25</a> motorways. On the M1, its northern, central and southern junctions are 9, 7 and 6, respectively; on the M25, its western and eastern junctions are 21A and 22 respectively. </p><p>Notable A-roads serving the city include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/A414_road" title="A414 road">A414</a>, which runs directly south of St Albans between <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a> and links to M1 Junction 7/8;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/A405_road" title="A405 road">A405</a>, which provides a direct link to <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a> via M25 junction 21A and M1 junction 6;</li> <li>The A5183 which runs north-west towards M1 junction 9 and <a href="/wiki/Dunstable" title="Dunstable">Dunstable</a> and south towards <a href="/wiki/Edgware" title="Edgware">Edgware</a> in north London; it forms the detrunked section of the London-<a href="/wiki/Holyhead" title="Holyhead">Holyhead</a> <a href="/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5 road</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two railway stations serve the city: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_railway_station" title="St Albans City railway station">St Albans City</a>, which is situated 0.5 miles (800 m) east of the city centre. It lies on the <a href="/wiki/Midland_Main_Line" title="Midland Main Line">Midland Main Line</a> and is served by <a href="/wiki/Govia_Thameslink_Railway" title="Govia Thameslink Railway">Thameslink</a> services on a frequent and fast rail link to central <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Suburban services stop at all stations on the route, while express services are non-stop to <a href="/wiki/London_St_Pancras_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London St Pancras railway station">London St Pancras</a>. Trains run northbound to <a href="/wiki/Harpenden_railway_station" title="Harpenden railway station">Harpenden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luton_railway_station" title="Luton railway station">Luton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luton_Airport_Parkway_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Luton Airport Parkway railway station">Luton Airport Parkway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bedford_railway_station" title="Bedford railway station">Bedford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Abbey_station" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans Abbey station">St Albans Abbey</a>, which is situated approximately 0.7 miles (1 km) south-west of City station. It is the eastern terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey line">Abbey line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station" title="Watford Junction railway station">Watford Junction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Albans is well served by local buses, with frequent services to local villages and major towns including Watford, Harpenden and Luton. Routes are operated predominantly run by <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Herts_%26_Essex" title="Arriva Herts & Essex">Arriva Herts & Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uno_(bus_company)" title="Uno (bus company)">Uno</a>, Red Eagle and <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Buses" title="Sullivan Buses">Sullivan Buses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buses in Hertfordshire are run under the Intalink Partnership <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.intalink.org.uk/services">[1]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_media">Culture and media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture and media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Albans_-_St_Michael%27s_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/St_Albans_-_St_Michael%27s_Church.jpg/220px-St_Albans_-_St_Michael%27s_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/St_Albans_-_St_Michael%27s_Church.jpg/330px-St_Albans_-_St_Michael%27s_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/St_Albans_-_St_Michael%27s_Church.jpg/440px-St_Albans_-_St_Michael%27s_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4365" data-file-height="3274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_St_Albans" title="St Michael's Church, St Albans">St Michael's Church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>St Albans has a cultural life, with regular concerts and theatre productions held at venues including <a href="/wiki/Trestle_Theatre" title="Trestle Theatre">Trestle Arts Base</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Albans Abbey, The Horn,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pioneer Club,<sup id="cite_ref-History_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maltings Arts Theatre,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Alban_Arena" title="Alban Arena">Alban Arena</a>, the Abbey Theatre,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Peter's Church and St Saviour's Church, given by organisations including St Albans Bach Choir,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Cathedral_Choir" title="St Albans Cathedral Choir">St Albans Cathedral Choir</a>, St Albans Cathedral Girls' Choir, St Albans Symphony Orchestra,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Albans Chamber Choir,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Albans Chamber Opera,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Company of Ten,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Albans Choral Society,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and St Albans Organ Theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Albans is also home to Trestle Theatre Company,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who have been creating professional, physical storytelling theatre since 1981. Originally known for their work with masks, Trestle collaborates with UK and international artists to unify movement, music and text into a theatrical experience. The Sandpit Theatre is a theatre attached to <a href="/wiki/Sandringham_School" title="Sandringham School">Sandringham School</a> which hosts plays throughout the year, mainly performances put on by the pupils of Sandringham School. The school also hosts Best Theatre Arts,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a part-time theatre school for children aged 4 to 16. Furthermore, St Albans is home to many music acts such as <a href="/wiki/Enter_Shikari" title="Enter Shikari">Enter Shikari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friendly_Fires" title="Friendly Fires">Friendly Fires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximum_Love" title="Maximum Love">Maximum Love</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Zombies" title="The Zombies">The Zombies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trash_Boat" title="Trash Boat">Trash Boat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Your_Demise" title="Your Demise">Your Demise</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Odyssey_Cinema,_St_Albans" title="Odyssey Cinema, St Albans">Odyssey Cinema</a> (formerly the Odeon) on London Road is an independent, <a href="/wiki/Arthouse_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthouse cinema">arthouse cinema</a> that was restored and re-opened in 2014. Originally opened in 1931, it stands on the site of the Alpha Picture House, Hertfordshire's first cinema, which was opened in 1908 by film-making pioneer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Melbourne-Cooper" title="Arthur Melbourne-Cooper">Arthur Melbourne-Cooper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odyssey-history_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odyssey-history-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Maltings_Shopping_Centre_(Panorama).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Maltings_Shopping_Centre_%28Panorama%29.jpg/220px-The_Maltings_Shopping_Centre_%28Panorama%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Maltings_Shopping_Centre_%28Panorama%29.jpg/330px-The_Maltings_Shopping_Centre_%28Panorama%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Maltings_Shopping_Centre_%28Panorama%29.jpg/440px-The_Maltings_Shopping_Centre_%28Panorama%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>The Maltings <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping Centre</a> in St Albans</figcaption></figure> <p>The Watercress nature reserve is by the River Ver and is run by the Watercress Wildlife Association.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Place,_St_Albans.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Market_Place%2C_St_Albans.JPG/220px-Market_Place%2C_St_Albans.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Market_Place%2C_St_Albans.JPG/330px-Market_Place%2C_St_Albans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Market_Place%2C_St_Albans.JPG/440px-Market_Place%2C_St_Albans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Town_Hall" title="St Albans Town Hall">St Albans Town Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Museums" title="St Albans Museums">St Albans Museums</a> runs two museums: <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Museums#Verulamium_Museum" title="St Albans Museums">Verulamium Museum</a>, which tells the story of everyday life in Roman Britain using objects from the excavations of the important Roman Town; and, the <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Museums#St_Albans_Museum_+_Gallery" title="St Albans Museums">St Albans Museum + Gallery</a>, located in the old <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Town_Hall" title="St Albans Town Hall">St Albans Town Hall</a>, which focuses on the history of the town and of Saint Alban.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its proximity to London, television signals are received from the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_transmitting_station" title="Crystal Palace transmitting station">Crystal Palace</a> TV transmitter, placing St Albans in the <a href="/wiki/BBC_London" title="BBC London">BBC London</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_London" title="ITV London">ITV London</a> areas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local radio stations are served by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Three_Counties_Radio" title="BBC Three Counties Radio">BBC Three Counties Radio</a> on 92.1 FM, <a href="/wiki/Heart_Hertfordshire" title="Heart Hertfordshire">Heart Hertfordshire</a> on 96.6 FM and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Verulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Verulam">Mix 92.6</a> on 92.6FM, a community radio station. </p><p>Local newspaper in the town is the St Albans Observer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filming_location">Filming location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Filming location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mixed character of St Albans and its proximity to London have made it a popular filming location. The Abbey and Fishpool Street areas were used for the pilot episode of the 1960s ecclesiastical TV comedy <i><a href="/wiki/All_Gas_and_Gaiters" title="All Gas and Gaiters">All Gas and Gaiters</a></i>. The area of Romeland, directly north of the Abbey Gateway and the walls of the Abbey and school grounds, can be seen masquerading as part of an Oxford college in some episodes of <i><a href="/wiki/Inspector_Morse_(TV_series)" title="Inspector Morse (TV series)">Inspector Morse</a></i> (and several local pubs also appear). Fishpool Street, running from Romeland to St Michael's village, stood in for <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a> in some episodes of <i><a href="/wiki/Foyle%27s_War" title="Foyle's War">Foyle's War</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_Begins_(TV_series)" title="Life Begins (TV series)">Life Begins</a></i> was filmed largely in and around St Albans. The Lady Chapel in the Abbey itself was used as a location for at least one scene in <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>'s 1995 film <i><a href="/wiki/First_Knight" title="First Knight">First Knight</a></i>, whilst the nave of the Abbey was used during a coronation scene as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_English" title="Johnny English">Johnny English</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a>. The 19th-century gatehouse of the former prison near the <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_railway_station" title="St Albans City railway station">mainline station</a> appeared in the title sequence of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Porridge_(1974_TV_series)" title="Porridge (1974 TV series)">Porridge</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Barker" title="Ronnie Barker">Ronnie Barker</a>. The 2001 film <i><a href="/wiki/Birthday_Girl_(2001_film)" title="Birthday Girl (2001 film)">Birthday Girl</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chaplin" title="Ben Chaplin">Ben Chaplin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> was also partly filmed in St Albans. </p><p>More recently, several scenes from the film <i><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_(film)" title="Incendiary (film)">Incendiary</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)" title="Michelle Williams (actress)">Michelle Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewan_McGregor" title="Ewan McGregor">Ewan McGregor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Macfadyen" title="Matthew Macfadyen">Matthew Macfadyen</a>, were filmed in St Albans, focusing in particular on the Abbey and the Abbey Gateway. In 2018, a Gucci advert featuring Harry Styles was filmed at a Fish and Chips shop in Fleetville, St Albans. It has also been used in the setting for the fictional town <i>Waltringham</i>, in the TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Humans_(TV_series)" title="Humans (TV series)">Humans</a></i>. In early 2022 Verulamium Park was used as a filming location for <a href="/wiki/Wonka_(film)" title="Wonka (film)"><i>Wonka</i></a> starring <a href="/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet" title="Timothée Chalamet">Timothée Chalamet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2007, <a href="/wiki/Sport_England" title="Sport England">Sport England</a> published a survey which revealed that residents of St Albans were the 10th most active in England in sports and other fitness activities. 30.8% of the population participate at least 3 times a week for 90 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cricket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cricket_Pavilion,_Clarence_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_121356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cricket_Pavilion%2C_Clarence_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_121356.jpg/220px-Cricket_Pavilion%2C_Clarence_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_121356.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cricket_Pavilion%2C_Clarence_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_121356.jpg/330px-Cricket_Pavilion%2C_Clarence_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_121356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cricket_Pavilion%2C_Clarence_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_121356.jpg/440px-Cricket_Pavilion%2C_Clarence_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_121356.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cricket_pavilion" title="Cricket pavilion">Cricket pavilion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Park,_St_Albans" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Park, St Albans">Clarence Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Clarence Park plays host to St Albans Cricket Club.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club currently runs four Saturday sides, playing in the Saracens Hertfordshire Cricket League and also two Sunday sides in the Chess Valley Cricket League. In 2008 the club's 1st XI won the Hertfordshire League Title. In the previous two seasons, the first XI came 5th (2011) and 4th (2012) in division one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The local football team is <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City FC">St Albans City FC</a>: its stadium is on the edge of Clarence Park and the team won promotion from the <a href="/wiki/Conference_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference South">Conference South</a> League in 2005–06. It played in the <a href="/wiki/Conference_Premier" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference Premier">Nationwide Conference</a> Division of the <a href="/wiki/Football_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Conference">Football Conference</a> for the 2006–07 season, but finished at the bottom of the table and was relegated.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gymnastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Albans Gymnastics Club, founded in 2005, provides the St Albans area with recreational classes as well as a professionally managed competitive squad.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hockey">Hockey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Albans is also home to <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Hockey_Club" title="St Albans Hockey Club">St Albans Hockey Club</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based in Oaklands, St Albans. The club is represented at National league level by both women's and men's teams, as well as other local league competitions. The club's nickname is <i>The Tangerines</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_league">Rugby league</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rugby league"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Centurions" title="St Albans Centurions">St Albans Centurions</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> Club have their ground at Toulmin Drive, St Albans. They play in the London Premier League. In 2007 and again in 2010 'The Cents', as they are known, won 'the triple' – topping the league, and becoming the Regional and National Champions of the Rugby League Conference Premier Divisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_union">Rugby union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Rugby union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Old_Albanian_RFC" title="Old Albanian RFC">Old Albanian RFC</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> club that plays at the Old Albanian sports complex. They play in <a href="/wiki/National_League_1" title="National League 1">National League 1</a> <a href="/wiki/English_rugby_union_system" title="English rugby union system">the third tier of the English rugby union system</a>. Saracens A team and OA Saints Women's Rugby team also play here. This complex hosts the offices of the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_Rugby" title="Premiership Rugby">Premiership Rugby</a> club <a href="/wiki/Saracens_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens FC">Saracens</a> (and have recently moved their home ground to <a href="/wiki/Barnet_Copthall" title="Barnet Copthall">Barnet</a>). <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_RFC" title="St Albans RFC">St Albans RFC</a> play at Boggymead Spring in Smallford. Verulamians RFC (formerly Old Verulamians) play at Cotlandswick in <a href="/wiki/London_Colney" title="London Colney">London Colney</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Skateboarding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Albans is home to one of the country's oldest indoor <a href="/wiki/Skateparks" class="mw-redirect" title="Skateparks">skateparks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-History_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Pioneer Skatepark in Heathlands Drive, next to the former fire station. Its ramps are available to all <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inline_skates" title="Inline skates">inliners</a>. A new outside mini ramp was built in March 2005. A second outdoor mini ramp was opened at Easter 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_with_other_sports">Links with other sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Links with other sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Albans is additionally home to a community of <a href="/wiki/Traceurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Traceurs">traceurs</a> from around Hertfordshire.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St Albans was once home to the then most prestigious <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechase</a> in England. The Great St Albans chase attracted the best horses and riders from across Britain and Ireland in the 1830s and was held in such high esteem that when it clashed with the <a href="/wiki/1837_Grand_National" class="mw-redirect" title="1837 Grand National">1837 Grand National</a> the top horses and riders chose to bypass <a href="/wiki/Aintree" title="Aintree">Aintree</a>. Without warning the race was discontinued in 1839 and was quickly forgotten. </p><p>St Albans was once home to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ryder" title="Samuel Ryder">Samuel Ryder</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ryder_Cup" title="Ryder Cup">Ryder Cup</a>. He ran a very successful packet seeds business in the 1890s which at one time he ran from a packing warehouse on Holywell Hill (became <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Rouge" title="Café Rouge">Café Rouge</a> until closure in 2023). His interest in golf and sponsorship led to his donation of the now famous <a href="/wiki/Ryder_Cup" title="Ryder Cup">Ryder Cup</a>. He is buried in Hatfield Road Cemetery, where in <a href="/wiki/London_Olympics_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="London Olympics 2012">July 2012</a> the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay" title="2012 Summer Olympics torch relay">Olympic Torch Relay</a> passed by to honour him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20040409-003-abbey-gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/20040409-003-abbey-gateway.jpg/220px-20040409-003-abbey-gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/20040409-003-abbey-gateway.jpg/330px-20040409-003-abbey-gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/20040409-003-abbey-gateway.jpg/440px-20040409-003-abbey-gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The Abbey Gateway, now part of <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_School,_Hertfordshire" title="St Albans School, Hertfordshire">St Albans School</a></figcaption></figure> <p>St Albans has <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_St_Albans" title="List of schools in St Albans">many state primary and secondary schools</a>, and a number of independent schools. </p><p>The law school of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" title="University of Hertfordshire">University of Hertfordshire</a> used to be based in Hatfield Road in St Albans until it moved to the university's De Havilland campus in Hatfield in 2011. Hertfordshire County Council purchased the site. The interior of the former law school building has since been refurbished and now forms part of Alban City School, a state-funded Free School for primary aged children, which started taking reception class children in September 2012. </p><p>A campus of <a href="/wiki/Oaklands_College" title="Oaklands College">Oaklands College</a>, a further education college, is also located in <a href="/wiki/Smallford" title="Smallford">Smallford</a> in St Albans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Albans is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odense" title="Odense">Odense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Southern_Denmark" title="Region of Southern Denmark">Syddanmark</a>, Denmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevers" title="Nevers">Nevers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%ADregyh%C3%A1za" title="Nyíregyháza">Nyíregyháza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szabolcs-Szatm%C3%A1r-Bereg" class="mw-redirect" title="Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg">Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fano" title="Fano">Fano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pesaro_and_Urbino" title="Province of Pesaro and Urbino">Pesaro and Urbino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, Bangladesh</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_St_Albans" title="List of people from St Albans">List of people from St Albans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbury_Watermill_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsbury Watermill Museum">Kingsbury Watermill Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Alban_and_St_Stephen%27s_Church,_St_Albans" title="St Alban and St Stephen's Church, St Albans">St Alban and St Stephen's Church, St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Museums" title="St Albans Museums">St Albans Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)">St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopwell_Priory" title="Sopwell Priory">Sopwell Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopwell_House" title="Sopwell House">Sopwell House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulam_House,_St_Albans_(17th_century)" title="Verulam House, St Albans (17th century)">Verulam House, St Albans (17th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulam_House,_St_Albans" title="Verulam House, St Albans">Verulam House, St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Verulamium Museum">Verulamium Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Albans"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/St_Albans">"St Albans" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Albans&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1012&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medieval_St._Albans-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Medieval_St._Albans_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salbani.co.uk/Med%20Web/holywell_hill.htm">"Medieval St. Albans"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC News. 13 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323131451/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-30428185">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watercress+Wildlife+Association%2C+St+Albans&rft.pub=Watercress+Wildlife+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watercresslnr.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817042402/https://www.stalbansmuseums.org.uk/Sites">"St Albans Museums"</a>. St Albans Museums. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stalbansmuseums.org.uk/Sites">the original</a> on 17 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Albans+Museums&rft.pub=St+Albans+Museums&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stalbansmuseums.org.uk%2FSites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Crystal_Palace">"Crystal Palace (Greater London, England) Full Freeview transmitter"</a>. May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crystal+Palace+%28Greater+London%2C+England%29+Full+Freeview+transmitter&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukfree.tv%2Ftransmitters%2Ftv%2FCrystal_Palace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/St_Albans">"St Albans (Hertfordshire, England) Freeview Light transmitter"</a>. May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Albans+%28Hertfordshire%2C+England%29+Freeview+Light+transmitter&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukfree.tv%2Ftransmitters%2Ftv%2FSt_Albans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-60585176">"Parts of Verulamium Park in St Albans due to close 'for Wonka filming'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Parts+of+Verulamium+Park+in+St+Albans+due+to+close+%27for+Wonka+filming%27&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-beds-bucks-herts-60585176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100225091431/http://www.sportengland.org/index/get_resources/research/active_people/active_people_survey_headline_results.htm">"Sport England—Active People Survey"</a>. Sportengland.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sport+England%E2%80%94Active+People+Survey&rft.pub=Sportengland.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportengland.org%2Findex%2Fget_resources%2Fresearch%2Factive_people%2Factive_people_survey_headline_results.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stalbanscc.com">"St Albans Cricket Club"</a>. Stalbanscc.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Albans+Cricket+Club&rft.pub=Stalbanscc.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stalbanscc.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127091331/http://www.footballconference.co.uk/Table/FC_League_Table_Page/0,14387,,00.html">"Football Conference – League Table – Nationwide Conference"</a>. 27 November 2005. Archived from the original on 27 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Football+Conference+%E2%80%93+League+Table+%E2%80%93+Nationwide+Conference&rft.date=2005-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footballconference.co.uk%2FTable%2FFC_League_Table_Page%2F0%2C14387%2C%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stalbansgymclub.com">"St Albans Gymnastics Club"</a>. stalbansgymclub.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Albans+Hockey+Club&rft.pub=Stalbanshc.co.uk&rft.date=2010-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stalbanshc.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hertsad.co.uk/lifestyle/property/area-guide-bernards-heath-st-albans-8600982">"Area Guide: The popular Bernards Heath area of St Albans"</a>. 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Area+Guide%3A+The+popular+Bernards+Heath+area+of+St+Albans&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hertsad.co.uk%2Flifestyle%2Fproperty%2Farea-guide-bernards-heath-st-albans-8600982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hertsparkour.co.uk">"Hertfordshire Parkour"</a>. Hertsparkour.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hertfordshire+Parkour&rft.pub=Hertsparkour.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hertsparkour.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St_Albans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:St Albans">St Albans</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/St_Albans#Q6226" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:St Albans">St Albans</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/St._Albans" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/St. Albans">St. Albans</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendomesday.org/place/TL1407/st-albans/">St Albans</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stalbans.gov.uk/">St Albans council website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622041357/http://www.onceuponatimeinstalbans.co.uk/">Once Upon a Time in St Albans – a graphic journey to St Albans past</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enjoystalbans.com/">enjoystalbans – visitor website for St Albans – what's on, where to go, what to see, accommodation, etc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutstalbans.com/">allaboutstalbans – events and leisure website for visitors to St Albans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hertsad.co.uk/">Herts Advertiser newspaper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stalbansreview.co.uk/">St Albans & Harpenden Review newspaper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioverulam.com/">Radio Verulam – St Albans based community radio station, covering West Herts on 92.6FM</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stalbansmuseums.org.uk/">St Albans Museums</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stalbansdrivr.uk/things-to-do/remarkable-heritage.html">St Albans Remarkable Heritage</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Alban's, St."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Alban%27s,_St.">"Alban's, St." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alban%27s%2C+St.&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Albans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Hertfordshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hertfordshire" title="Template:Hertfordshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hertfordshire" title="Template talk:Hertfordshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hertfordshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hertfordshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Hertfordshire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Broxbourne" title="Borough of Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacorum" title="Dacorum">Dacorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hertfordshire" title="East Hertfordshire">East Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsmere" title="Hertsmere">Hertsmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hertfordshire" title="North Hertfordshire">North Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">City of St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_District" title="Three Rivers District">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Hatfield" title="Welwyn Hatfield">Welwyn Hatfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baldock" title="Baldock">Baldock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted" title="Berkhamsted">Berkhamsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford" title="Bishop's Stortford">Bishop's Stortford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxbourne" title="Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buntingford" title="Buntingford">Buntingford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushey" title="Bushey">Bushey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshunt" title="Cheshunt">Cheshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorleywood" title="Chorleywood">Chorleywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpenden" title="Harpenden">Harpenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddesdon" title="Hoddesdon">Hoddesdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth" title="Letchworth">Letchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potters_Bar" title="Potters Bar">Potters Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickmansworth" title="Rickmansworth">Rickmansworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royston,_Hertfordshire" title="Royston, Hertfordshire">Royston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbridgeworth" title="Sawbridgeworth">Sawbridgeworth</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Albans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring" title="Tring">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Cross" title="Waltham Cross">Waltham Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware,_Hertfordshire" title="Ware, Hertfordshire">Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire">List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Council" title="Hertfordshire County Council">Hertfordshire County Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Council_elections" title="Hertfordshire County Council elections">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hertfordshire" title="Flag of Hertfordshire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Hertfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constituencies in Hertfordshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hertfordshire (European Parliament constituency)">European Parliament constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hertfordshire_boundary_changes" title="List of Hertfordshire boundary changes">Boundary changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of places in Hertfordshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Hertfordshire_by_population" title="List of settlements in Hertfordshire by population">Settlements by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_settlements_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of lost settlements in Hertfordshire">Lost settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hertfordshire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Hertfordshire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Hertfordshire">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Hertfordshire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Hertfordshire">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Hertfordshire" title="Scheduled monuments in Hertfordshire">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hertfordshire" title="History of Hertfordshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Hertfordshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Hertfordshire" title="High Sheriff of Hertfordshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of schools in Hertfordshire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of museums in Hertfordshire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of windmills in Hertfordshire">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_King_George_V_Playing_Fields_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of King George V Playing Fields in Hertfordshire">King George V Playing Fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_parishes_in_Hertfordshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_parishes_of_Hertfordshire" title="Template:Civil parishes of Hertfordshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_parishes_of_Hertfordshire" title="Template talk:Civil parishes of Hertfordshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_parishes_of_Hertfordshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil parishes of Hertfordshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_parishes_in_Hertfordshire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire">Civil parishes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dacorum" title="Dacorum">Dacorum</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldbury" title="Aldbury">Aldbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted" title="Berkhamsted">Berkhamsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovingdon" title="Bovingdon">Bovingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipperfield" title="Chipperfield">Chipperfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamstead" title="Flamstead">Flamstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaunden" title="Flaunden">Flaunden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gaddesden" title="Great Gaddesden">Great Gaddesden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Langley" title="Kings Langley">Kings Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Gaddesden" title="Little Gaddesden">Little Gaddesden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markyate" title="Markyate">Markyate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Mills" title="Nash Mills">Nash Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettleden_with_Potten_End" title="Nettleden with Potten End">Nettleden with Potten End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northchurch" title="Northchurch">Northchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring" title="Tring">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_Rural" title="Tring Rural">Tring Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigginton,_Hertfordshire" title="Wigginton, Hertfordshire">Wigginton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Hertfordshire" title="East Hertfordshire">East Hertfordshire</a> <span class="nobold">(wholly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albury,_Hertfordshire" title="Albury, Hertfordshire">Albury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anstey,_Hertfordshire" title="Anstey, Hertfordshire">Anstey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardeley" title="Ardeley">Ardeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspenden" title="Aspenden">Aspenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston,_Hertfordshire" title="Aston, Hertfordshire">Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayford,_Hertfordshire" title="Bayford, Hertfordshire">Bayford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengeo_Rural" title="Bengeo Rural">Bengeo Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benington,_Hertfordshire" title="Benington, Hertfordshire">Benington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford" title="Bishop's Stortford">Bishop's Stortford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Bramfield, Hertfordshire">Bramfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braughing" title="Braughing">Braughing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Pelham" title="Brent Pelham">Brent Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickendon" title="Brickendon">Brickendon Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckland,_Hertfordshire" title="Buckland, Hertfordshire">Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buntingford" title="Buntingford">Buntingford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottered" title="Cottered">Cottered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datchworth" title="Datchworth">Datchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastwick,_Hertfordshire" title="Eastwick, Hertfordshire">Eastwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilston" title="Gilston">Gilston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furneux_Pelham" title="Furneux Pelham">Furneux Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Amwell" title="Great Amwell">Great Amwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Munden" title="Great Munden">Great Munden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertford_Heath" title="Hertford Heath">Hertford Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertingfordbury" title="Hertingfordbury">Hertingfordbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Wych" title="High Wych">High Wych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormead" title="Hormead">Hormead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsdon" title="Hunsdon">Hunsdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Berkhamsted" title="Little Berkhamsted">Little Berkhamsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Hadham" title="Little Hadham">Little Hadham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Munden" title="Little Munden">Little Munden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meesden" title="Meesden">Meesden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_Hadham" title="Much Hadham">Much Hadham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacombe" title="Sacombe">Sacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbridgeworth" title="Sawbridgeworth">Sawbridgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standon,_Hertfordshire" title="Standon, Hertfordshire">Standon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanstead_Abbotts" title="Stanstead Abbotts">Stanstead Abbots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanstead_St_Margarets" title="Stanstead St Margarets">Stanstead St Margarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stapleford,_Hertfordshire" title="Stapleford, Hertfordshire">Stapleford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocking_Pelham" title="Stocking Pelham">Stocking Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewin" title="Tewin">Tewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorley,_Hertfordshire" title="Thorley, Hertfordshire">Thorley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundridge" title="Thundridge">Thundridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkern" title="Walkern">Walkern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware,_Hertfordshire" title="Ware, Hertfordshire">Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wareside" title="Wareside">Wareside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watton-at-Stone" title="Watton-at-Stone">Watton-at-Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmill" title="Westmill">Westmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widford,_Hertfordshire" title="Widford, Hertfordshire">Widford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyddial" title="Wyddial">Wyddial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hertsmere" title="Hertsmere">Hertsmere</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldenham" title="Aldenham">Aldenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstree_and_Borehamwood" title="Elstree and Borehamwood">Elstree and Borehamwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldenham#Hertsmere_Meriden" title="Aldenham">Hertsmere Meriden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenley" title="Shenley">Shenley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mimms" title="South Mimms">South Mimms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ridge,_Hertfordshire" title="Ridge, Hertfordshire">Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Hertfordshire" title="North Hertfordshire">North Hertfordshire</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashwell,_Hertfordshire" title="Ashwell, Hertfordshire">Ashwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkway" title="Barkway">Barkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley,_Hertfordshire" title="Barley, Hertfordshire">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bygrave" title="Bygrave">Bygrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldecote,_Hertfordshire" title="Caldecote, Hertfordshire">Caldecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothall" title="Clothall">Clothall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicote" title="Codicote">Codicote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graveley,_Hertfordshire" title="Graveley, Hertfordshire">Graveley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ashby" title="Great Ashby">Great Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexton" title="Hexton">Hexton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinxworth" title="Hinxworth">Hinxworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holwell,_Hertfordshire" title="Holwell, Hertfordshire">Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ickleford" title="Ickleford">Ickleford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelshall" title="Kelshall">Kelshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpton,_Hertfordshire" title="Kimpton, Hertfordshire">Kimpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Walden" title="King's Walden">King's Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knebworth" title="Knebworth">Knebworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley,_Hertfordshire" title="Langley, Hertfordshire">Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilley,_Hertfordshire" title="Lilley, Hertfordshire">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newnham,_Hertfordshire" title="Newnham, Hertfordshire">Newnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuthampstead" title="Nuthampstead">Nuthampstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offley" title="Offley">Offley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirton,_Hertfordshire" title="Pirton, Hertfordshire">Pirton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston,_Hertfordshire" title="Preston, Hertfordshire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radwell,_Hertfordshire" title="Radwell, Hertfordshire">Radwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed,_Hertfordshire" title="Reed, Hertfordshire">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royston,_Hertfordshire" title="Royston, Hertfordshire">Royston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushden,_Hertfordshire" title="Rushden, Hertfordshire">Rushden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandon,_Hertfordshire" title="Sandon, Hertfordshire">Sandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ippolyts" title="St Ippolyts">St Ippolyts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Walden" title="St Paul's Walden">St Paul's Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therfield" title="Therfield">Therfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallington,_Hertfordshire" title="Wallington, Hertfordshire">Wallington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston,_Hertfordshire" title="Weston, Hertfordshire">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymondley" title="Wymondley">Wymondley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colney_Heath" title="Colney Heath">Colney Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpenden" title="Harpenden">Harpenden Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpenden_Rural" title="Harpenden Rural">Harpenden Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Colney" title="London Colney">London Colney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbourn" title="Redbourn">Redbourn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandridge" title="Sandridge">Sandridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael,_Hertfordshire" title="St Michael, Hertfordshire">St Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen,_Hertfordshire" title="St Stephen, Hertfordshire">St Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheathampstead" title="Wheathampstead">Wheathampstead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_District" title="Three Rivers District">Three Rivers</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbots_Langley" title="Abbots Langley">Abbots Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batchworth" title="Batchworth">Batchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorleywood" title="Chorleywood">Chorleywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croxley_Green" title="Croxley Green">Croxley Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarratt" title="Sarratt">Sarratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford_Rural" title="Watford Rural">Watford Rural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Hatfield" title="Welwyn Hatfield">Welwyn Hatfield</a> <span class="nobold">(partly parished)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayot_St_Lawrence" title="Ayot St Lawrence">Ayot St Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayot_St_Peter" title="Ayot St Peter">Ayot St Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essendon,_Hertfordshire" title="Essendon, Hertfordshire">Essendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Mymms" title="North Mymms">North Mymms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northaw_and_Cuffley" title="Northaw and Cuffley">Northaw and Cuffley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn" title="Welwyn">Welwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolmer_Green" title="Woolmer Green">Woolmer Green</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wholly unparished boroughs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Broxbourne" title="Borough of Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hertfordshire" title="List of places in Hertfordshire">List of places in Hertfordshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6226#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6226#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6226#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126637168">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1202819/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj4rP9VhphG3mQFv4W4bd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4118217-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50053869">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="St. Albans (Anglie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge355187&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6090659">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557382905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&oldid=1253856930">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Albans&oldid=1253856930</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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