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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شرشال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شرشال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99r%C5%9Fal" title="Şərşal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şərşal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شرشال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شرشال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Шэршэль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шэршэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sersell" title="Sersell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sersell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88er%C4%89elo" title="Ĉerĉelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉerĉelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شرشال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرشال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iol_Caesarea" title="Iol Caesarea – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Iol Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Iol" title="Caesarea Iol – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caesarea Iol" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sersel" title="Sersel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sersel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شرشال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شرشال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szarszal" title="Szarszal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szarszal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Шершель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шершель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchel" title="Cherchel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cherchel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercal" title="Cercal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Cercal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C5%9Fel" title="Şerşel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şerşel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Шершель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шершель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شرشال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شرشال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cherchell" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%99%E5%8B%92" title="舍爾沙勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="舍爾沙勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1617666#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cherchell&params=36_36_27_N_02_11_24_E_region:DZ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°36′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">02°11′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.60750°N 2.19000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.60750; 2.19000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Iol" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/IOL_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="IOL (disambiguation)">IOL (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the British village formerly called Cherchell, see <a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Oxfordshire" title="Churchill, Oxfordshire">Churchill, Oxfordshire</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in Tipaza, Algeria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Cherchell</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar">شرشال</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Town</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherchell%27s_fountain_place.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cherchell's fountain place"><img alt="Cherchell's fountain place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cherchell%27s_fountain_place.jpg/250px-Cherchell%27s_fountain_place.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cherchell%27s_fountain_place.jpg/375px-Cherchell%27s_fountain_place.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Cherchell%27s_fountain_place.jpg/500px-Cherchell%27s_fountain_place.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Cherchell's fountain place</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dz_-_42-22_-_Cherchell_-_Wilaya_de_Tipaza_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Cherchell in the Tipaza Province"><img alt="Location of Cherchell in the Tipaza Province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dz_-_42-22_-_Cherchell_-_Wilaya_de_Tipaza_map.svg/180px-Dz_-_42-22_-_Cherchell_-_Wilaya_de_Tipaza_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dz_-_42-22_-_Cherchell_-_Wilaya_de_Tipaza_map.svg/270px-Dz_-_42-22_-_Cherchell_-_Wilaya_de_Tipaza_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dz_-_42-22_-_Cherchell_-_Wilaya_de_Tipaza_map.svg/360px-Dz_-_42-22_-_Cherchell_-_Wilaya_de_Tipaza_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="415" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Cherchell in the <a href="/wiki/Tipaza_Province" title="Tipaza Province">Tipaza Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cherchell is located in Algeria"><img alt="Cherchell is located in Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.1%;left:52.432%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cherchell"><img alt="Cherchell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Cherchell</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cherchell&params=36_36_27_N_02_11_24_E_region:DZ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°36′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">02°11′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.60750°N 2.19000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.60750; 2.19000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tipaza_Province" title="Tipaza Province">Tipaza</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cherchell_District" title="Cherchell District">Cherchell</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2008)<sup id="cite_ref-populstat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-populstat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">34,372</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background:#bfbfbf; font-weight:bold;">Fort Joinville Lighthouse<br />Cherchell  <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683738" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span class="qs" style="display: none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://quickstatements.toolforge.org/#/v1=Q22683738%7CP31%7CQ39715%7C%7CQ22683738%7CP625%7C@36.61139%2F2.18806%7CS143%7CQ328%7C%7CQ22683738%7CP571%7C%2B1881-00-00T00%3A00%3A00Z%2F9%7CS143%7CQ328%7C%7CQ22683738%7CP2048%7C28.60U11573%7CS143%7CQ328%7C%7CQ22683738%7CP2923%7C40.10U11573%7CS143%7CQ328%7C%7CQ22683738%7CP3041%7C1,000U83216%7CS143%7CQ328%7C%7CQ22683738%7CP2929%7C25U93318%7CS143%7CQ328%7C%7CQ22683738%7CP1030%7C%22Fl%20%282%2B1%29%20W%2015s.%22%7CS143%7CQ328%7C%7CQ22683738%7CP18%7C%22Cherchell%207%20%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84%20-%20panoramio.jpg%22%7CS143%7CQ328"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg/20px-Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg/30px-Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg/40px-Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherchell_7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cherchell_7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Cherchell_7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cherchell_7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Cherchell_7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cherchell_7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Cherchell_7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1325" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cherchell&params=36_36_41_N_2_11_17_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°36′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°11′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.61139°N 2.18806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.61139; 2.18806</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constructed</th><td class="infobox-data">1881<sup id="cite_ref-cherchell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherchell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foundation</th><td class="infobox-data">stone base</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction</th><td class="infobox-data">stone tower</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">28.60 metres (93.8 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-cherchell_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherchell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shape</th><td class="infobox-data">cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Markings</th><td class="infobox-data note">unpainted tower, black lantern</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data">Office Nationale de Signalisation Maritime</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focal height</th><td class="infobox-data">40.10 metres (131.6 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-cherchell_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherchell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Light source</th><td class="infobox-data">main power</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Intensity</th><td class="infobox-data">1,000 W<sup id="cite_ref-cherchell_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherchell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Range</th><td class="infobox-data">25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-cherchell_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherchell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Light_characteristic" title="Light characteristic">Characteristic</a></th><td class="infobox-data note">Fl (2+1) W 15s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CherchellsPort.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/CherchellsPort.JPG/250px-CherchellsPort.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/CherchellsPort.JPG/375px-CherchellsPort.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/CherchellsPort.JPG/500px-CherchellsPort.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The port of Cherchell</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherchell_Chenoua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cherchell_Chenoua.jpg/250px-Cherchell_Chenoua.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cherchell_Chenoua.jpg/375px-Cherchell_Chenoua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cherchell_Chenoua.jpg/500px-Cherchell_Chenoua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cherchell bay with Mont Chenoua in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Route_vers_Tizirine_cherchell2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Route_vers_Tizirine_cherchell2.JPG/250px-Route_vers_Tizirine_cherchell2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Route_vers_Tizirine_cherchell2.JPG/375px-Route_vers_Tizirine_cherchell2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Route_vers_Tizirine_cherchell2.JPG/500px-Route_vers_Tizirine_cherchell2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Road to the <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood">neighborhood</a> of Tizirine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherchell_Mus%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cherchell_Mus%C3%A9e.jpg/250px-Cherchell_Mus%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cherchell_Mus%C3%A9e.jpg/375px-Cherchell_Mus%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cherchell_Mus%C3%A9e.jpg/500px-Cherchell_Mus%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Cherchell" title="Archaeological Museum of Cherchell">Archaeological Museum of Cherchell</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cherchell</b> (<a href="/wiki/Amazigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh">Amazigh</a>: ⵛⵔⵛⴰⵍ, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: شرشال) is a town on <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coast, 89 kilometers (55 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>. It is the seat of <a href="/wiki/Cherchell_District" title="Cherchell District">Cherchell District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tipaza_Province" title="Tipaza Province">Tipaza Province</a>. Under the names <b>Iol</b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Mauretaniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Mauretaniae">Caesarea</a></b>, it was formerly a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a> and the capital of the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Numidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Numidia">Numidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mauretania">Mauretania</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maghreb_placename_etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb placename etymology">Maghreb placename etymology</a></div> <p>The town was originally known by a <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> name that included the element <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ʾY</span></span> (<span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%A4%80%F0%90%A4%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐤀𐤉">𐤀𐤉</a></span></span>), meaning "<a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsmPZ-ou74EwCpgPA182_182]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsmPZ-ou74EwCpgPA182_182]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuss1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMwQtzdiUso4CpgPA37_37]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuss1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMwQtzdiUso4CpgPA37_37]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yol is often attributed to the name of a local divinity of the sea as the word "<i>Ilel</i> / <i>Yelel" in local etymology</i> meaning sea in <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Tamazight</a><sup id="cite_ref-Haddadou_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddadou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ʾY-ḤOL</span></span>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> meaning "Island of Sand".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński2004405_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2004405-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Punic name was <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">hellenized</a> as <i>Iṑl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>:Ἰὼλ)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>II,_s.v._"Iol"_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>II,_s.v._"Iol"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">latinized</a> as <b>Iol</b>. The modern name Cherchel and Cherchell are <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">transcriptions</a> of the berber word <i>Šaršār</i> (<i>Achercher</i>) to signify "Waterfall".<sup id="cite_ref-Abed_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abed-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern name may have derived from the town's old <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> name <b><a href="/wiki/Caesarea,_Numidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea, Numidia">Caesarea</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>: ἡ Καισάρεια, <i>hē Kaisáreia</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>II,_s.v._"Iol"_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>II,_s.v._"Iol"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><b><sup id="cite_ref-Haddadou_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddadou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> the name given by the ruler <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedieberbere_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedieberbere-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to honor his benefactor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-backtalk_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-backtalk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had legally borne the name "Gaius Julius Caesar" after his <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's will">posthumous adoption</a> by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in 44<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span>. It was later distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Caesarea (disambiguation)">many other Roman towns named Caesarea</a> by calling it <span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_in_Mauretania" title="Caesarea in Mauretania">Caesarea in Mauretania</a></b></span>, <span class="nowrap"><b>Caesarea Mauretaniae</b></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1905446_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1905446-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Mauretania's Caesarea"), <span class="nowrap">Iol Caesarea</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDossey2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1efcAyQuKIMCpgPA13_13]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDossey2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1efcAyQuKIMCpgPA13_13]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰὼλ Καισάρεια</span></span>, <i>Iṑl Kaisáreia</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>II,_s.v._"Iol"_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>II,_s.v._"Iol"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="nowrap">Caesarea Iol</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>I,_s.v._[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUCUDlKdAOqwCpgPA529_"Cartenna"]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>I,_s.v._[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUCUDlKdAOqwCpgPA529_"Cartenna"]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerggren_&_al.2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtNrPCN3qn94CpgPA157_157]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerggren_&_al.2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtNrPCN3qn94CpgPA157_157]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After its notional refounding as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">Roman colony</a>, it was formally named <span class="nowrap"><b>Colonia Claudia</b></span> <span class="nowrap"><b>Caesariensium Iol</b></span> after its imperial patron <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grim_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grim-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vendanges_romaines_%C3%A0_Cherchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vendanges_romaines_%C3%A0_Cherchell.jpg/230px-Vendanges_romaines_%C3%A0_Cherchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vendanges_romaines_%C3%A0_Cherchell.jpg/345px-Vendanges_romaines_%C3%A0_Cherchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vendanges_romaines_%C3%A0_Cherchell.jpg/460px-Vendanges_romaines_%C3%A0_Cherchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Cherchell" title="Archaeological Museum of Cherchell">Museum of Cherchell</a> has many mosaics (like this one about viticulture) showing the riches of Caesarea</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Mauretaniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Mauretaniae">Caesarea Mauretaniae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> established their first major wave of <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician colonies">colonies</a> on the coasts between <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">their homeland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> in the 8th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, but Iol was probably established around 600<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC<sup id="cite_ref-sweethome_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweethome-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the oldest remains so far discovered at Cherchell date from the 5th century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> had already taken control of the Phoenicians in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Mediterranean">western Mediterranean</a>. Punic Iol was one of the more important trading posts in what is now Algeria. In the 3rd century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, it was fortified<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began issuing <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/History_of_coins" title="History of coins">coins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, bearing <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic text</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Carthaginian gods</a>, and images of local produce, particularly fish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallegarin201146_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallegarin201146-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>, Carthage's holdings in northwest Africa were mostly given to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a>'s local allies. Iol was given to <a href="/wiki/Micipsa" title="Micipsa">Micipsa</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, who first established it as a royal court.<sup id="cite_ref-sweethome_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweethome-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became an important city for the kingdom and was the primary capital for <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bocchus_I" title="Bocchus I">Bocchus I</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/Bocchus_II" title="Bocchus II">II</a>. The town minted its own coins and received new defensive works in the 1st century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. Its Punic culture continued, but worship of <a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baal Hammon</a> was notionally substituted with worship of <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">his Roman equivalent</a> <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn (god)">Saturn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-backtalk_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-backtalk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iol was annexed directly to Rome in 33<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> established <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a></span> as king of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> in 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, giving him the city as his capital, which Juba then renamed in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-backtalk_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-backtalk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juba and his wife <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra</a> (the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Antonius">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Egypt</a>) rebuilt the city on a lavish scale, combining <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Hellenized</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Egyptian styles</a>. The roads were relaid on a grid and amenities included a <a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">theater</a>, an art gallery,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/History_of_lighthouses" title="History of lighthouses">lighthouse</a> modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Pharos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos">Pharos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. He probably began the Roman wall that ran for about 7 kilometers (4 mi) around a space of about 400 hectares (988 acres); about 150 of that total was used for the settlement in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-grim_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grim-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal couple were buried in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_of_Mauretania" title="Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania">Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania</a>. The seaport capital and its kingdom flourished during this period, with most of the population being of Greek and Phoenician origin with a minority of Berbers. </p><p>Their son <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Mauretania" title="Ptolemy of Mauretania">Ptolemy</a> was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> during a trip to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>40. Rome proclaimed the annexation of Mauretania, which was resisted by Ptolemy's former slave <a href="/wiki/Aedemon" title="Aedemon">Aedemon</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Sabalus" title="Sabalus">Sabalus</a>. Caligula himself was murdered before Rome's response could be made, but his successor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Hosidius_Geta" title="Gnaeus Hosidius Geta">Gn. Hosidius Geta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Suetonius_Paulinus" title="Gaius Suetonius Paulinus">G. Suetonius Paulinus</a> to complete the conquest. By 44, most resistance had been ended and the former kingdom was divided into two <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">one governed from Tingis</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tangiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangiers">Tangiers</a>) and another governed from Caesarea. <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a> extended along what is now the Algerian coast and included most of the hinterland as far as the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonia">Roman colonies</a> of veteran soldiers were established in the new provinces to maintain order. Caesarea itself was made a colony, with its residents gaining <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a>. It prospered as a provincial capital during the 1st and 2nd centuries, reaching a population of over 20,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly as many as 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was defended by <a href="/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman auxiliaries">auxiliary units</a> and was the harbor of Rome's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classis_Mauretanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classis Mauretanica (page does not exist)">Mauretanian Fleet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-grim_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grim-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was established as a permanent force after Berber raids in the early 170s. The city featured a <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">hippodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphitheater" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphitheater">amphitheater</a>, numerous <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">temples</a>, and civic buildings like a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was surrounded by suburban <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villas</a> whose agricultural <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">mosaics</a> are now celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had its own school of philosophy, academy, and library.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It received a new <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a> and further patronage from the African emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Severan Dynasty">his dynasty</a>, possibly reaching as many as 100,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cherchell#Dubious" title="Talk:Cherchell">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Its native son <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a> became the first Berber and <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">lower-class</a> emperors, reigning in 217 and 218. (<a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Their predecessor</a>'s wastefulness and wars required unpopular financial adjustments that led to their overthrow in favor of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>.) Juba's theater was converted into an amphitheater sometime after the year 300.<sup id="cite_ref-grim_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grim-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was sacked by a Berber revolt in 371 and 372. It largely recovered, but was ravaged again by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> after they were invited into <a href="/wiki/Roman_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman North Africa">Roman North Africa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bonifacius" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacius">Count Boniface</a> in 429. Parts of the town received new fortifications. After the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in 439, they also acquired a large part of Rome's Mediterranean fleet which they used to carry out raids all over the sea. Caesarea's port was sometimes used as a base for these raiders, and the city prospered from their plunder. Its schools produced the famous grammarian <a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a>, who emigrated to the Byzantine east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosquee-Cherchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mosquee-Cherchell.jpg/300px-Mosquee-Cherchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mosquee-Cherchell.jpg/450px-Mosquee-Cherchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mosquee-Cherchell.jpg/600px-Mosquee-Cherchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>El Rahman Mosque in Cherchell, built as a Christian church during the French colonial years, adapting a Roman pagan temple in the forum of Caesarea, later used for Christian worship</figcaption></figure> <p>In 533, the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">was conquered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a>'s general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>. Caesarea was among the areas to return to imperial rule. It was the seat of Mauretania's duke (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">dux</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-lm_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it went into decline and its city center was given over to ramshackle housing for the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first duke was named John; that he was given an infantry unit rather than cavalry implies that he was meant to hold the port without much concern about controlling its surrounding hinterland.<sup id="cite_ref-lm_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town remained under Byzantine control until <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">its Muslim conquest</a> in the late 7th century. Successive waves of Umayyad attacks into Byzantine North African territory over 15 years wore down the smaller and less motivated imperial forces, until finally Umayyad troops laid siege to the city of Caesarea and, although the defenders were resupplied by Byzantine fleets, finally overwhelmed it. Much of the Byzantine nobility and officials fled to other parts of the Empire, while most of the remaining Roman and semi-Roman Berber population accepted Islamic rule which granted them protected status. </p><p>Some remained Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For two generations what remained of the Roman population and Romanized <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> launched several revolts often in conjunction with reinforcements from the Empire. As a result, by the ninth century down much of the city's defences were damaged beyond repair, and resulting in its political loss of importance, leaving the former city little more than a small <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a>. </p><p>For the following few centuries, the city remained a power center of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> and Berbers with a small but significant population of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> who were fully assimilated by the beginning of the Early Modern period. Similarly, by the 10th century the city's name had transformed in the local dialect from a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> to a Berber and ultimately into the Arabised form <i>Sharshal</i> (in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, Cherchell). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Norman_Kingdom_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Kingdom of Africa">Norman Kingdom of Africa</a> raided Berreshk, near Cherchell, in 1144.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernity">Modernity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cherchell" title="Special:EditPage/Cherchell">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+Cherchell%22">"History of Cherchell"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+Cherchell%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+Cherchell%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+Cherchell%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+Cherchell%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+Cherchell%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Eventually, Ottoman Turks managed to successfully reconquer the city from Spanish occupation in the 16th century, using the city primarily as a fortified port. In 1520, <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> captured the town and annexed the Algerian <a href="/wiki/Pashalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashalic">Pashalic</a>. His elder brother <a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Oruç Reis</a> built a fort over the town. Under Turkish occupation, the city's importance as a port and fort led to it being inhabited by Moslems of many nationalities, some engaging in privateering and piracy on the Mediterranean. </p><p>In reply, European navies and especially the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> (self-proclaimed descendants of the Crusaders) laid siege to the city and occasionally captured it for limited periods of time. For a century in the 1600s and for a brief period in the 1700s the city either was under Spanish or Hospitallar control. During this period a number of palaces were built, but the overwhelming edifice of Hayreddin Barbarossa's citadel, was considered too militarily valuable to destroy and uncover the previous ancient buildings of old Caesarea. </p><p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolutions</a> of the early 19th century, the French under both British, American, and other European powers were encouraged to attack and destroy the Barbary Pirates. From 1836 to 1840 various allied navies, but mostly French hunted down the Barbary pirates and conquered the Barbary ports while threatening the Ottoman Empire with war if it intervened. In 1840, the French after a significant siege captured and occupied the town. The French <a href="/wiki/Lynched" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynched">lynched</a> the Barbary Pirates including the local <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a> for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimes_against_the_laws_of_nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crimes against the laws of nations (page does not exist)">Crimes against the laws of nations</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Cherchell_(French_Algeria).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coa_Cherchell_%28French_Algeria%29.png/200px-Coa_Cherchell_%28French_Algeria%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coa_Cherchell_%28French_Algeria%29.png/300px-Coa_Cherchell_%28French_Algeria%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coa_Cherchell_%28French_Algeria%29.png/400px-Coa_Cherchell_%28French_Algeria%29.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of French Cherchell</figcaption></figure> <p>In turn, many ancient statues and buildings were either restored and left in Cherchell, or taken to museums in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> or Paris, for further study. However, not all building projects were successful in uncovering and restoring the ancient town. The Roman amphitheatre was considered mostly unsalvageable and unnecessary to rebuild. Its dress stones were used to the build a new French fort and barracks. Materials from the Hippodrome were used to build a new church. The steps of the Hippodrome were partly destroyed by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lavigerie" title="Charles Lavigerie">Charles Lavigerie</a> in a search for the tomb of Saint Marciana. </p><p>French occupation also brought new European settlement, to join the city's long-established communities of semi-Arabized Christians of local origin and old European merchant families, in addition to Berbers and Arab Muslims. Under French rule, European and Christians became a majority of the population again until World War II. </p><p>In the immediate years before World War II, losses to the French national population from World War I, and a declining birthrate in general among Europeans kept further colonial settlement to a trickle. Arab and Berber populations started seeing an increase in growth. French-Algerian colonial officials and landowners encouraged larger numbers of surrounding Berber tribesmen to move into the surrounding region to work the farms and groves cheaply. In turn, more and more Berbers and Arabs moved into the city seeking employment. By 1930 the combined Berbo-Arab Algerian population represented nearly 40% of the city's population. </p><p>The changing demographics within the city were disguised by the large numbers of French military personnel based there and the numbers of European tourists visiting what had become known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Algerian_Riviera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algerian Riviera (page does not exist)">Algerian Riviera</a>. Additionally, during World War II, Cherchell, with its libraries, cafes, restaurants, and hotels served as a base for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied War effort</a>, hosting a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World War II conferences">summit conference</a> between the US and UK in October 1942. </p><p>The end of the war with its departure of Allied forces and a reduction of French naval personnel due to rebasing saw an actual decline in Europeans living in the city. Additionally, the general austerity of the post-war years dried up the tourism industry and caused financial stagnation and losses to the local Franco-Algerian community. In 1952, a census recorded that the Frenco-Algerian population had declined to 50% of the population. </p><p>For the remaining 1950s, Cherchell was only slightly caught up by the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian War of Independence</a>. With its large proportion of Europeans, French control and influence was strong enough to discourage all but the most daring attacks by anti-French insurgents. By 1966, after independence from the French, Cherchell had lost nearly half of its population and all of its Franco-Algerian population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Algeria">Independent Algeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independent Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cherchell has continued to grow post-independence, recovering to peak colonial-era population by the 1980s. Cherchell currently has industries in marble, plaster quarries and iron mines. The town trades in oils, tobacco and earthenware. Additionally, the ancient cistern first developed by Juba and Cleopatra Selene II was restored and expanded under recent French rule and still supplies water to the town. </p><p>Although the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Algerian_Riviera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algerian Riviera (page does not exist)">Algerian Riviera</a> ended with the war, Cherchell is still a popular tourist place in Algeria. Cherchell has various splendid temples and monuments from the <a href="/wiki/Punic" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic">Punic</a>, Numidian and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> periods, and the works of art found there, including statues of Neptune and Venus, are now in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Antiquities_(Algiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Antiquities (Algiers)">Museum of Antiquities</a> in Algiers. The former Roman port is no longer in commercial use and has been partly filled by alluvial deposits and has been affected by earthquakes. The former local mosque of the Hundred Columns contains 89 columns of <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorite</a>. This remarkable building now serves as a hospital. The local museum displays some of the finest ancient Greek and Roman antiquities found in Africa. Cherchell is the birthplace of writer and movie director <a href="/wiki/Assia_Djebar" title="Assia Djebar">Assia Djebar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Population<sup id="cite_ref-populstat_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-populstat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1901</td> <td>9,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926</td> <td>11,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td>12,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936</td> <td>12,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td>16,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td>11,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td>18,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>24,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>30,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remains">Remains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earthquakes, wars and plunder have ravaged many of the ancient remains. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The town (of Caesarea) remains insufficiently known....The town walls, studied in 1946, pose more problems; and the monuments are more often simply marked than completely known. The amphitheater, which has been excavated, remains unpublished; the very large hippodrome, which appears clearly on aerial photographs, is known only through old borings. The temples, which have been found on a spur of the mountain to the East of the central esplanade, on the edge of the route from Ténès to the West of the modern town, are too much destroyed to warrant publication even of plans. The baths along the edge of the sea, rather majestic, are also badly preserved. One would scarcely recognize several houses recently excavated. Grouped around peristyles with vast trichinia, they are readily adapted to the terrain and are constructed on terraces on the lower slopes or on the edge of cliffs with views over the sea. They often are preserved for us only in a late form—4th c. A.D.—and traces of the era of Juba are found only in the lower strata. The theater is an exception; still well preserved in 1840, it has since served as a quarry. It was set against the slope of the mountain. At the back of the scaena towards the N was a portico, covered over today by a street, where Gsell saw the S side of the forum. Of the rich scaenae frons there remain only traces and several statues, of which two are colossal muses. The orchestra had later undergone great modification which had resulted in the disappearance of the platform of the stage: an oval arena had been built, intended for hunting spectacles, and a wall was raised between the first row of seats and the cavea to protect spectators from the wild beasts. The sumptuously decorated monument is consequently very much mutilated, but is of interest specifically because of its complex history. The amphitheater, in the E part of the town, was erected in flat open country. It was not oval but rectangular, with the short sides rounded. The tiers of seats, for the most part missing, were carried on ramping vaults, and the arena floor was cut by two perpendicular passages intended for beasts. It is in this arena that St. Marciana was martyred.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some remains can be seen in the local <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Cherchell" title="Archaeological Museum of Cherchell">Archeological Museum of Chercell-Caesarea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Christianity</a> arrived in Caesarea early enough to produce <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrdom">martyrs</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a>. For vandalizing an <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idol</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diana_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana (goddess)">Diana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marciana_of_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Marciana of Mauretania">St<span class="nowrap"> </span>Marciana</a> was supposedly tortured and killed in Caesarea's arena, gored by a <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a> and mauled by a <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> for the amusement of the crowd. St<span class="nowrap"> </span>Theodota and her sons were also supposedly martyred in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1905446_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1905446-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caesarea was a <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishopric</a> from about 314 to 484, although not all of its bishops are known. Fortunatus took part in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arles_(314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Arles (314)">314 Council of Arles</a>, which condemned <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a>. Clemens was mentioned in one of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a>'s letters and would have served in the 370s. During the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Carthage_(411)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference of Carthage (411)">411 synod at Carthage</a>, Caesarea was represented by the Donatist Emeritus and the orthodox Deuterius. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St<span class="nowrap"> </span>Augustine</a> accosted Emeritus at Caesarea in the autumn of 418 and secured his exile. Apocorius was an orthodox bishop whom <a href="/wiki/Huneric" title="Huneric">Huneric</a> <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Carthage_(484)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Carthage (484)">summoned to Carthage in 484</a> and then exiled. An early 8th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Episcopatuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Notitia Episcopatuum">Notitia Episcopatuum</a></i> still included this see.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caesarea was revived by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a> in the 19th century. It was distinguished as "Caesarea in Mauretania" in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its bishops have included: </p> <ul><li>Titular Bishop Biagio Pisani (1897.04.23 – 1901.06.07)</li> <li>Titular Bishop <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Maffi" title="Pietro Maffi">Pietro Maffi</a> (1902.06.09 – 1903.06.22)</li> <li>Titular Bishop Thomas Francis Brennan (1905.10.07 – 1916.03.20)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop Pierre-Célestin Cézerac (1918.01.02 – 1918.03.18)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop Cardinal Wilhelmus Marinus van Rossum, <a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">CSSR</a> (1918.04.25 – 1918.05.20)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Aloisi_Masella" title="Benedetto Aloisi Masella">Benedetto Aloisi Masella</a> (1919.12.15 – 1946.02.18)</li> <li>Titular Bishop Luigi Cammarata (1946.12.04 – 1950.02.25)</li> <li>Titular Bishop Francesco Pennisi (1950.07.11 – 1955.10.01)</li> <li>Titular Bishop André-Jacques Fougerat (1956.07.16 – 1957.01.05)</li> <li>Titular Bishop Carmelo Canzonieri (1957.03.11 – 1963.07.30)</li> <li>Titular Bishop Archbishop Enea Selis (1964.01.18 – 1971.09.02)</li> <li>Titular Bishop Giuseppe Moizo (1972.01.22 – 1976.07.01)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Sebastiani" title="Sergio Sebastiani">Sergio Sebastiani</a> (1976.09.27 – 2001.02.21)</li> <li>Titular Bishop Gerard Johannes Nicolaas de Korte (2001.04.11 – 2008.06.18)</li> <li>Titular Bishop Stanislaus Tobias Magombo (2009.04.29 – 2010.07.06)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brandm%C3%BCller" title="Walter Brandmüller">Walter Brandmüller</a> (2010.11.04 – 2010.11.20)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop Marek Solczyński (2011.11.26 – present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Cherchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman theater"><img alt="Roman theater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Cherchell.jpg/120px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Cherchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Cherchell.jpg/180px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Cherchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Cherchell.jpg/240px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Cherchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman theater</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqueduc_de_Cherchell,_Side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Section of Caesarea's Roman aqueduct"><img alt="Section of Caesarea's Roman aqueduct" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Aqueduc_de_Cherchell%2C_Side_view.jpg/90px-Aqueduc_de_Cherchell%2C_Side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Aqueduc_de_Cherchell%2C_Side_view.jpg/135px-Aqueduc_de_Cherchell%2C_Side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Aqueduc_de_Cherchell%2C_Side_view.jpg/180px-Aqueduc_de_Cherchell%2C_Side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section of Caesarea's Roman aqueduct</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archeology_Moulin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photography of ancient Roman inscriptions from Cherchell, 1856"><img alt="Photography of ancient Roman inscriptions from Cherchell, 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Archeology_Moulin.jpg/120px-Archeology_Moulin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Archeology_Moulin.jpg/180px-Archeology_Moulin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Archeology_Moulin.jpg/240px-Archeology_Moulin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photography of ancient Roman inscriptions from Cherchell, 1856</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9lix-Jacques_Moulin_064.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photography of Roman remains from Caesarea, 1856"><img alt="Photography of Roman remains from Caesarea, 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/F%C3%A9lix-Jacques_Moulin_064.jpg/120px-F%C3%A9lix-Jacques_Moulin_064.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/F%C3%A9lix-Jacques_Moulin_064.jpg/180px-F%C3%A9lix-Jacques_Moulin_064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/F%C3%A9lix-Jacques_Moulin_064.jpg/240px-F%C3%A9lix-Jacques_Moulin_064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photography of Roman remains from Caesarea, 1856</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_3_Gr%C3%A2ces.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic of the Three Graces from Caesarea"><img alt="Mosaic of the Three Graces from Caesarea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Les_3_Gr%C3%A2ces.JPG/120px-Les_3_Gr%C3%A2ces.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Les_3_Gr%C3%A2ces.JPG/180px-Les_3_Gr%C3%A2ces.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Les_3_Gr%C3%A2ces.JPG/240px-Les_3_Gr%C3%A2ces.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Three Graces</a> from Caesarea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juba_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Juba II, found in Caesarea"><img alt="Portrait of Juba II, found in Caesarea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Juba_II.jpg/98px-Juba_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Juba_II.jpg/147px-Juba_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Juba_II.jpg/196px-Juba_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Juba II, found in Caesarea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Travail_de_la_vigne_Cherchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic of vineyard workers"><img alt="Mosaic of vineyard workers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Travail_de_la_vigne_Cherchell.jpg/97px-Travail_de_la_vigne_Cherchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Travail_de_la_vigne_Cherchell.jpg/145px-Travail_de_la_vigne_Cherchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Travail_de_la_vigne_Cherchell.jpg/194px-Travail_de_la_vigne_Cherchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic of vineyard workers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherchell_museum_-_car_pulled_by_leopards.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic of the tigers"><img alt="Mosaic of the tigers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cherchell_museum_-_car_pulled_by_leopards.jpg/120px-Cherchell_museum_-_car_pulled_by_leopards.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cherchell_museum_-_car_pulled_by_leopards.jpg/180px-Cherchell_museum_-_car_pulled_by_leopards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cherchell_museum_-_car_pulled_by_leopards.jpg/240px-Cherchell_museum_-_car_pulled_by_leopards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic of the tigers</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Algeria portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Algeria" title="List of lighthouses in Algeria">List of lighthouses in Algeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-populstat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-populstat_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-populstat_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175036/http://www.populstat.info/Africa/algeriat.htm">"populstat.info"</a>. populstat.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populstat.info/Africa/algeriat.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=populstat.info&rft.pub=populstat.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.populstat.info%2FAfrica%2Falgeriat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cherchell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cherchell_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cherchell_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cherchell_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cherchell_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cherchell_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onsm-dz.com/?p=detailphares&equipement_id=16">"Cherchell"</a>. <i>Office Nationale de Signalisation Maritime</i>. Ministere des Travaux Publics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+Nationale+de+Signalisation+Maritime&rft.atitle=Cherchell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onsm-dz.com%2F%3Fp%3Ddetailphares%26equipement_id%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msi.nga.mil/api/publications/download?key=16694312/SFH00000/UpdatedPub113bk.pdf&type=view"><i>List of Lights, </i>Pub. 113:<i> The West Coasts of Europe and Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Azovskoye More (Sea of Azov)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lights" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lights">List of Lights</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a>. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=List+of+Lights%2C+Pub.+113%3A+The+West+Coasts+of+Europe+and+Africa%2C+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2C+Black+Sea+and+Azovskoye+More+%28Sea+of+Azov%29&rft.series=%27%27List+of+Lights%27%27&rft.pub=United+States+National+Geospatial-Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsi.nga.mil%2Fapi%2Fpublications%2Fdownload%3Fkey%3D16694312%2FSFH00000%2FUpdatedPub113bk.pdf%26type%3Dview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlett" class="citation web cs1">Rowlett, Russ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/dza.htm">"Lighthouses of Western Algeria"</a>. <i>The Lighthouse Directory</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lighthouse+Directory&rft.atitle=Lighthouses+of+Western+Algeria&rft.aulast=Rowlett&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Flighthouse%2Fdza.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsmPZ-ou74EwCpgPA182_182]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsmPZ-ou74EwCpgPA182_182]_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkoe2000">Markoe (2000)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smPZ-ou74EwC&pg=PA182">182</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuss1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMwQtzdiUso4CpgPA37_37]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuss1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMwQtzdiUso4CpgPA37_37]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuss1990">Huss (1990)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwQtzdiUso4C&pg=PA37">37</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haddadou-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haddadou_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haddadou_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddadou2012" class="citation book cs1">Haddadou, Mohand-Akli (2012). <i>Dictionnaire toponymique et historique de l'Algérie</i>. Tizi Ouzou: Éditions Achab. p. 237-240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9947-972-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9947-972-25-0"><bdi>978-9947-972-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+toponymique+et+historique+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.place=Tizi+Ouzou&rft.pages=237-240&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Achab&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9947-972-25-0&rft.aulast=Haddadou&rft.aufirst=Mohand-Akli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2004405-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński2004405_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński2004">Lipiński (2004)</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>II,_s.v._"Iol"-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>II,_s.v._"Iol"_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>II,_s.v._"Iol"_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>II,_s.v._"Iol"_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1872">Smith (1872)</a>, Vol.<span class="nowrap"> </span>II, s.v. "Iol".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abed-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abed_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbed2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abed, Bakhta Moukraenta (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNoWswEACAAJ"><i>Les villes de l'Algérie antique Tome I: Au travers des sources arabes du Moyen Âge (Province de la Maurétanie Césarienne)</i></a> (in French). Presses Académiques Francophones. p. 317-319, 330-331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8381-7852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8381-7852-3"><bdi>978-3-8381-7852-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+villes+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+antique+Tome+I%3A+Au+travers+des+sources+arabes+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge+%28Province+de+la+Maur%C3%A9tanie+C%C3%A9sarienne%29&rft.pages=317-319%2C+330-331&rft.pub=Presses+Acad%C3%A9miques+Francophones&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-8381-7852-3&rft.aulast=Abed&rft.aufirst=Bakhta+Moukraenta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNoWswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedieberbere-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedieberbere_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Philippe, Leveau (1 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1899">"Caesarea Mauretaniae"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French). <b>11</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1698–</span>1706. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1899">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1899</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Caesarea+Mauretaniae&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1698-%3C%2Fspan%3E1706&rft.date=1992-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1899&rft.aulast=Philippe&rft.aufirst=Leveau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F1899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-backtalk-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-backtalk_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-backtalk_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-backtalk_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński2004">Lipiński (2004)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA406">406</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1905446-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1905446_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1905446_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokes1905">Stokes (1905)</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDossey2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1efcAyQuKIMCpgPA13_13]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDossey2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1efcAyQuKIMCpgPA13_13]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDossey2010">Dossey (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1efcAyQuKIMC&pg=PA13">13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>I,_s.v._[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUCUDlKdAOqwCpgPA529_"Cartenna"]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1872Vol.<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>I,_s.v._[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUCUDlKdAOqwCpgPA529_"Cartenna"]_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1872">Smith (1872)</a>, Vol.<span class="nowrap"> </span>I, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCUDlKdAOqwC&pg=PA529">"Cartenna"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerggren_&_al.2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtNrPCN3qn94CpgPA157_157]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerggren_&_al.2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtNrPCN3qn94CpgPA157_157]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerggren_&_al.2000">Berggren & al. (2000)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNrPCN3qn94C&pg=PA157">157</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grim-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grim_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grim_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grim_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grim_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1983">Grimal (1983)</a>, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=polg8REJ7bAC&pg=PA143">"Cherchell"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sweethome-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sweethome_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sweethome_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoller2003">Roller (2003)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eaBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">121</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2002-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2002_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2002">Potter (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallegarin201146-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallegarin201146_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallegarin2011">Callegarin (2011)</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leveau, Philippe. "Caesarea de Maurétanie, une ville romaine et ses campagnes" first chapter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leveau" title="Philippe Leveau">Leveau Philipe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1979_num_91_2_1213">"L'amphithéâtre et le théâtre-amphithéâtre de Cherchel" (in French)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gsell.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lm-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lm_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lm_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLillington-Martin2018">Lillington-Martin (2018)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RkYrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA173">173</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virginie Prevost. "Prevost: Les dernières communautés chrétiennes autochtones d'Afrique du Nord" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://rhr.revues.org/5401">[1]</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=inXIHJ2zOIUC&dq=norman+cherchell&pg=PT2024"><i>The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5</i></a>. Plantagenet Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History+Series+volumes+1-5&rft.pub=Plantagenet+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinXIHJ2zOIUC%26dq%3Dnorman%2Bcherchell%26pg%3DPT2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=iol">Princeton: Iol</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Mesnage, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1096329/f462.image"><i>L'Afrique chrétienne</i></a>, Paris 1912, pp. 447–450</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Courtois, <i>v. Césarée de Maurétanie</i>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionnairedhis12baud#page/106/mode/2up"><i>Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques</i></a>, vol. XII, Paris 1953, coll. 203–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 867</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Pétridès1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">S. Pétridès (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03134a.htm">"Caesarea Mauretaniae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caesarea+Mauretaniae&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1908&rft.au=S.+P%C3%A9trid%C3%A8s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03134a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cherchel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cherchel">"Cherchel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">82–</span>83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cherchel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallegarin2011" class="citation cs2">Callegarin, Laurent (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2337505/Coinages_with_Punic_and_neo-Punic_legends_of_Western_Mauretania_attribution_chronology_and_currency_circulation">"Coinages with Punic and Neo-Punic Legends of Western Mauretania"</a>, <i>Money, Trade, and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa</i>, British Museum Research Publication, No.<span class="nowrap"> </span>176, London: British Museum, pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>48</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coinages+with+Punic+and+Neo-Punic+Legends+of+Western+Mauretania&rft.btitle=Money%2C+Trade%2C+and+Trade+Routes+in+Pre-Islamic+North+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.series=British+Museum+Research+Publication%2C+No.%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Callegarin&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2337505%2FCoinages_with_Punic_and_neo-Punic_legends_of_Western_Mauretania_attribution_chronology_and_currency_circulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDossey2010" class="citation cs2">Dossey, Leslie (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1efcAyQuKIMC"><i>Peasant and Empire in Christian North Africa</i></a>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520254398" title="Special:BookSources/9780520254398"><bdi>9780520254398</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+and+Empire+in+Christian+North+Africa&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780520254398&rft.aulast=Dossey&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1efcAyQuKIMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimal1983" class="citation cs2">Grimal, Pierre (1983), Woloch, G. Michael (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=polg8REJ7bAC"><i>Roman Cities</i></a>, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299089344" title="Special:BookSources/9780299089344"><bdi>9780299089344</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Cities&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780299089344&rft.aulast=Grimal&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpolg8REJ7bAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuss1990" class="citation cs2">Huss, Werner (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwQtzdiUso4C"><i>Die Karthager</i></a>, Munich: C.H. Beck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406379123" title="Special:BookSources/9783406379123"><bdi>9783406379123</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Karthager&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9783406379123&rft.aulast=Huss&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwQtzdiUso4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillington-Martin2018" class="citation cs2">Lillington-Martin, Christopher (2018), "Procopius, Πάρεδος/<i>Quaestor</i>, <i>Codex Justinianus</i>, 1.27, and Belisarius's Strategy in the Mediterranean", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RkYrDwAAQBAJ"><i>Procopius of Caesarea: Literary and Historical Interpretations</i></a>, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>185, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317075493" title="Special:BookSources/9781317075493"><bdi>9781317075493</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Procopius%2C+%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82%2FQuaestor%2C+Codex+Justinianus%2C+1.27%2C+and+Belisarius%27s+Strategy+in+the+Mediterranean&rft.btitle=Procopius+of+Caesarea%3A+Literary+and+Historical+Interpretations&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781317075493&rft.aulast=Lillington-Martin&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRkYrDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipiński2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipinski_(orientalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lipinski (orientalist)">Lipiński, Edward</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC"><i>Itineraria Phoenicia</i></a>, <i>Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta</i>, No.<span class="nowrap"> </span>127, <i>Studia Phoenicia</i>, Vol.<span class="nowrap"> </span>XVIII, Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042913448" title="Special:BookSources/9789042913448"><bdi>9789042913448</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itineraria+Phoenicia&rft.place=Leuven&rft.series=%27%27Orientalia+Lovaniensia+Analecta%27%27%2C+No.%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E127%2C+%27%27Studia+Phoenicia%27%27%2C+Vol.%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3EXVIII&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Peeters&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789042913448&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLSzNfdcqfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoe2000" class="citation cs2">Markoe, Glenn E. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smPZ-ou74EwC"><i>Phoenicians</i></a>, Peoples of the Past, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520226142" title="Special:BookSources/9780520226142"><bdi>9780520226142</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoenicians&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=Peoples+of+the+Past&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780520226142&rft.aulast=Markoe&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsmPZ-ou74EwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1905" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_of_Tallaght" title="Óengus of Tallaght">Oengus</a> (1905), Stokes, Whitley (ed.), <i>The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee...</i>, Harrison & Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martyrology+of+Oengus+the+Culdee...&rft.pub=Harrison+%26+Sons&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Oengus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_W._Potter" title="Timothy W. Potter">Potter, Timothy William</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA262">"Caesarea (3)"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary, </i>3rd ed.<i><span></span></i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 262, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caesarea+%283%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary%2C+3rd+ed.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Timothy+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVWcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerggren_&_al.2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (2000), Berggren, J. Lennart; et al. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNrPCN3qn94C"><i>Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters</i></a>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691010420" title="Special:BookSources/0691010420"><bdi>0691010420</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Geography%3A+An+Annotated+Translation+of+the+Theoretical+Chapters&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0691010420&rft.au=Ptolemy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNrPCN3qn94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller2003" class="citation cs2">Roller, Duane W. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eaBAgAAQBAJ"><i>The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene</i></a>, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134402960" title="Special:BookSources/9781134402960"><bdi>9781134402960</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Juba+II+and+Kleopatra+Selene&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134402960&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1eaBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1872" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smith, Philip (1872), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCUDlKdAOqwC"><i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography...</i></a>, vol. <span class="nowrap"> </span>I & II, London: John Murray</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography...&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCUDlKdAOqwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherchell" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherchell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cherchell" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cherchell">Cherchell</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0484.htm">GigaCatholic with titular incumbent biography links</a></li> <li>Various ancient ruins of Cherchell: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/celestine/image/41028128">A Roman ruin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/cherchell.htm">An ancient theater</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205317/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/cherchell.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061115070905/http://girlsoloinarabia.typepad.com/photos/test/aqueduct_cherchell.html">A Roman aqueduct near Cherchell</a></li></ul></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Tipaza_Province142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tipaza_Province" title="Template:Tipaza Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tipaza_Province" title="Template talk:Tipaza Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tipaza_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tipaza Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Tipaza_Province142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tipaza_Province" title="Tipaza Province">Tipaza Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Tipaza" title="Tipaza">Tipaza</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmer_El_A%C3%AFn_District" title="Ahmer El Aïn District">Ahmer El Aïn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bou_Isma%C3%AFl_District" title="Bou Ismaïl District">Bou Ismaïl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherchell_District" title="Cherchell District">Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damous_District" title="Damous District">Damous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouka_District" title="Fouka District">Fouka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouraya_District" title="Gouraya District">Gouraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadjout_District" title="Hadjout District">Hadjout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol%C3%A9a_District" title="Koléa District">Koléa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Amar_District" title="Sidi Amar District">Sidi Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipaza_District" title="Tipaza District">Tipaza</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DZ-42_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/DZ-42_%282019%29.svg/200px-DZ-42_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/DZ-42_%282019%29.svg/300px-DZ-42_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/DZ-42_%282019%29.svg/400px-DZ-42_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="955" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghbal" title="Aghbal">Aghbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmar_El_Ain" title="Ahmar El Ain">Ahmar El Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Tagourait" title="Aïn Tagourait">Aïn Tagourait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attatba" title="Attatba">Attatba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Milleuk" title="Beni Milleuk">Beni Milleuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bou_Isma%C3%AFl" title="Bou Ismaïl">Bou Ismaïl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouharoun" title="Bouharoun">Bouharoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourkika" title="Bourkika">Bourkika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiba" title="Chaiba">Chaiba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damous" title="Damous">Damous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douaouda" title="Douaouda">Douaouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouka,_Algeria" title="Fouka, Algeria">Fouka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouraya" title="Gouraya">Gouraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadjeret_Ennous" title="Hadjeret Ennous">Hadjeret Ennous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadjout" title="Hadjout">Hadjout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khemisti,_Tipaza" title="Khemisti, Tipaza">Khemisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol%C3%A9a" title="Koléa">Kolea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larhat" title="Larhat">Larhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menaceur" title="Menaceur">Menaceur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messelmoun" title="Messelmoun">Messelmoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meurad" title="Meurad">Meurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nador,_Tipaza" title="Nador, Tipaza">Nador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Amar,_Tipaza" title="Sidi Amar, Tipaza">Sidi Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ghiles" title="Sidi Ghiles">Sidi Ghiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Rached" title="Sidi Rached">Sidi Rached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Semiane" title="Sidi Semiane">Sidi Semiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipaza" title="Tipaza">Tipaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template talk:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Hippos ship"><img alt="Phoenician Hippos ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/20px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/30px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/40px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="525" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_North_Africa246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Template:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Template talk:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_North_Africa246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Romano-Berber cities in Roman North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Sorted by contemporary national borders</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Cotta" title="Ancient Cotta">Cotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exilissa" title="Exilissa">Exilissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Iulia Constantia Zilil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Valentia_Banasa" title="Iulia Valentia Banasa">Iulia Valentia Banasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Campestris_Babba" title="Iulia Campestris Babba">Iulia Campestris Babba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Lixus</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar_el-Kebir" title="Ksar el-Kebir">Oppidum Novum (Tingitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Colonia">Sala</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamuda" title="Tamuda">Tamuda</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamusida" title="Thamusida">Thamusida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_(Timgad),_Algeria_04966r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/200px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/300px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/400px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Calidae,_Algeria" title="Aquae Calidae, Algeria">Aquae Calidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albulae" title="Albulae">Albulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altava" title="Altava">Altava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auzia" title="Auzia">Auzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Calama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_in_Mauretania" title="Caesarea in Mauretania">Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartennas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartennas">Cartennas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellum_Dimmidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellum Dimmidi">Castellum Dimmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellum_Tingitii" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellum Tingitii">Castellum Tingitanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Nova_(Mauretania)" title="Castra Nova (Mauretania)">Castra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Popthensis" title="Civitas Popthensis">Civitas Popthensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collo" title="Collo">Collo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohors_Breucorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohors Breucorum">Cohors Breucorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dj%C3%A9mila" title="Djémila">Cuicul</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Veteranorum" title="Diana Veteranorum">Diana Veteranorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemellae" title="Gemellae">Gemellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunugus" title="Gunugus">Gunugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Iomnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamasba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamasba">Lamasba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambaesis" title="Lambaesis">Lambaesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madauros" title="Madauros">Madauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascula" title="Mascula">Mascula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesarfelta" title="Mesarfelta">Mesarfelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milevum" title="Milevum">Milevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Defla" title="Aïn Defla">Oppidum Novum (Caesariensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenia_(Mauretania)" title="Parthenia (Mauretania)">Parthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Pomaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Divinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Portus Divinus">Portus Divinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Magnus,_Algeria" title="Portus Magnus, Algeria">Portus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiza_Xenitana" title="Quiza Xenitana">Quiza Xenitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidum" title="Rapidum">Rapidum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusguniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusguniae">Rusguniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusucurru" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusucurru">Rusucurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldae" title="Saldae">Saldae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setifis" title="Setifis">Setifis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siga" title="Siga">Siga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thagaste" title="Thagaste">Thagaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamugadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamugadi">Thamugadi</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theveste" title="Theveste">Theveste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibilis" title="Thibilis">Thibilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubursicum" title="Thubursicum">Thubursicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiddis" title="Tiddis">Tiddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingartia">Tingartia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubusuctu" title="Tubusuctu">Tubusuctu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubunae">Tubunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unica_Colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Unica Colonia">Unica Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzinaza" title="Uzinaza">Uzinaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vescera_(Ad_Piscinam)" title="Vescera (Ad Piscinam)">Vescera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Zaraï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuccabar" title="Zuccabar">Zuccabar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Althiburos" title="Althiburos">Althiburos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsa_(Roman_colonia)" title="Capsa (Roman colonia)">Capsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Carthage#Roman_Carthage" title="History of Carthage">Carthago</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Cillilana" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia Cillilana">Cillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga">Dougga</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boughrara" title="Boughrara">Gightis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Diarrhytus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippo Diarrhytus">Hippo Diarrhytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Kelibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Leptis Parva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mactaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Mactaris">Mactaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheradi_Majus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheradi Majus">Pheradi Majus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupput" title="Pupput">Pupput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucuma" title="Rucuma">Rucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruspae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruspae">Ruspae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scillium" title="Scillium">Scillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicca_Veneria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicca Veneria">Sicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simitthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simitthus">Simitthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbeitla" title="Sbeitla">Sufetula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacapae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacapae">Tacapae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taparura" title="Taparura">Taparura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufes" title="Sufes">Sufes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabraca" class="mw-redirect" title="Thabraca">Thabraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanae">Thanae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuburbo_Majus" title="Thuburbo Majus">Thuburbo Majus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuburnica" title="Thuburnica">Thuburnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turris_Tamalleni" title="Turris Tamalleni">Turris Tamalleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthina" title="Uthina">Uthina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja" title="Béja">Vaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zama_Regia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zama Regia">Zama Regia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Oasis" title="Qara Oasis">Qara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septem_(Ceuta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Septem (Ceuta)">Septem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms<br />and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Creta et Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugitana" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugitana">Zeugitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Praetorian prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa during classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Tripolitanus" title="Limes Tripolitanus">Limes Tripolitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Christianity in the Roman Africa province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Carthage">Church of Carthage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_colonies_in_North_Africa" title="Roman colonies in North Africa">Roman colonies in Berber Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> UNESCO World Heritage Sites <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barbary_Corsairs66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Template:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Template talk:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barbary_Corsairs66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary Corsairs">Barbary Corsairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary coast">Barbary coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiya">Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oran#Ottoman_period_(1708–1732,_1792–1831)" title="Oran">Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Regency of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Regency of Tunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Commanders66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Commanders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruj">Aruj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_Muslihiddin_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis">Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Occhiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Rais" title="Salah Rais">Salah Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Reis" title="Aydın Reis">Aydın Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha" title="Muhammad I Pasha">Muhammad I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Corso" title="Hasan Corso">Hasan Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kurdogli" title="Muhammad Kurdogli">Muhammad Kurdogli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Mami" title="Arnaut Mami">Arnaut Mami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragut" title="Dragut">Dragut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9_Rovers" title="Salé Rovers">Salé Rovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Reis_(pirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulayman Reis (pirate)">Sulayman Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el_Inglizi" title="Ahmed el Inglizi">Ahmed el Inglizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymen_Danseker" title="Zymen Danseker">Simon Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ward" title="Jack Ward">Yusuf Reis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Karamanli" title="Ahmed Karamanli">Ahmed Karamanli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli" title="Yusuf Karamanli">Yusuf Karamanli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali Khodja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kharnadji" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Kharnadji">Mohamed Kharnadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_(Dey_of_Algiers)" title="Haji Ali (Dey of Algiers)">Haji Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Baba Mohammed ben-Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Diplomacy66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">US Treaty with Tripoli (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1797)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1797)">US Treaty with Tunis (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tripoli_(1805)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty with Tripoli (1805)">US Treaty with Tripoli (1805)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Algiers_(1815)" title="Treaty with Algiers (1815)">US Treaty with Algiers (1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1824)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1824)">US Treaty with Tunis (1824)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Morocco_(1836)" title="Treaty with Morocco (1836)">US Treaty with Morocco (1836)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Conflicts66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands</a> (1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Capture of Algiers</a> (1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Fall of Tlemcen</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a> (1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Siege of Rhodes</a> (1522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera_(1529)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Formentera (1529)">Battle of Formentera</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Capture of Peñón of Algiers</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mah%C3%B3n" title="Sack of Mahón">Sack of Mahón</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">Siege of Corfu</a> (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1538)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Preveza (1538)">Battle of Preveza</a> (1538)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alboran" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Alboran">Battle of Alboran</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice_(1543)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Nice (1543)">Siege of Nice</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wintering_in_Toulon" title="Ottoman wintering in Toulon">Ottoman wintering in Toulon</a> (1543-1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdiye_(1550)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Mahdiye (1550)">Capture of Mahdiye</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Siege of Tripoli</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Battle of Ponza</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Invasion of Corsica</a> (1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bougie" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Bougie">Capture of Bougie</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Siege of Oran</a> (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Laban" title="Battle of Wadi al-Laban">Battle of Wadi al-Laban</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Expedition to Mostaganem</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a> (1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a> (1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)">Rebellion of the Alpujarras</a> (1568–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">Spanish conquest of Tunis</a> (1573)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Ottoman conquest of Tunis</a> (1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Sori" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Sori">Sack of Sori</a> (1584)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Algerian_war_(1609%E2%80%931628)" title="Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)">Franco-Algerian War</a> (1609–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_La_Goulette_(1609)" title="Raid on La Goulette (1609)">Franco-Spanish Raid on La Goulette</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Kerkennah_Islands" title="Raid on the Kerkennah Islands">Spanish raid on Kerkennah Islands</a> (1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_La_Goulette_(1612)" title="Raid on La Goulette (1612)">Spanish raid on La Goulette</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Raid on Żejtun</a> (1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_La_Goulette_(1615)" title="Raid on La Goulette (1615)">Spanish raid on La Goulette</a> (1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_La_Goulette_(1617)" title="Raid on La Goulette (1617)">Spanish raid on La Goulette</a> (1617)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Barbary_war" title="Dutch–Barbary war">Dutch–Barbary War</a> (1618–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_Algiers_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="English expedition to Algiers (1620–1621)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1620–1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(1621)" title="Battle of Chios (1621)">Battle of Chios</a> (1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palermo_(1624)" title="Battle of Palermo (1624)">Battle of Palermo</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Tunis" title="Battle of the Gulf of Tunis">Battle of the Gulf of Tunis</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Coast" title="Battle of the Dalmatian Coast">Battle of the Dalmatian Coast</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_October_1624" title="Action of 3 October 1624">Battle of San Pietro</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Algiers_(1624)" title="Dutch expedition to Algiers (1624)">Dutch expedition to Algiers</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a> (1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Ceriale_and_Borghetto" title="Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto">Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto</a> (1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a> (1645–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_March_1665" title="Action of March 1665">Action of March 1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Algerian_War_(1677%E2%80%931682)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Algerian War (1677–1682)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1677–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-Tripolitania_War_(1681-1685)" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)">French-Tripolitania War</a> (1681–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a> (1684–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Sieges of Ceuta</a> (1694–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oinousses_Islands_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695)">Battle of the Oinousses Islands</a> (1695)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1715%E2%80%931726)" title="Dutch–Algerian War (1715–1726)">Dutch–Algerian War</a> (1715–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">Spanish conquest of Oran</a> (1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_November_1751" title="Action of 28 November 1751">Action of 28 November 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_April_1755" title="Action of 16 April 1755">Action of 16 April 1755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1758)" title="Battle of Cape Palos (1758)">Battle of Cape Palos</a> (1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Algerian War">Danish–Algerian War</a> (1769–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melilla_(1774%E2%80%931775)" title="Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)">Siege of Melilla</a> (1774–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Moroccan_War_(1775%E2%80%931777)" title="Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–1777)">Dutch–Moroccan War</a> (1775–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_bombardments_of_the_Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Venetian bombardments of the Beylik of Tunis">Bombardments of Tunisia</a> (1784–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_seizure_of_the_Betsey" title="Moroccan seizure of the Betsey">Moroccan seizure of the Betsey</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-Algerian_War_(1785-1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Algerian War (1785-1795)">American-Algerian War</a> (1785–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1790%E2%80%931813)" title="Portuguese–Algerian War (1790–1813)">Portuguese Algerian War</a> (1790–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1790%E2%80%931792)" title="Siege of Oran (1790–1792)">Siege of Oran</a> (1790–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tangier_(1791)" title="Bombardment of Tangier (1791)">Bombardment of Tangier</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Algerian_War_(1791%E2%80%931792)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Algerian War (1791–1792)">1st Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1791–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Tripolitanian_War_(1796-1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Tripolitanian War (1796-1802)">2nd Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1796-1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1797" title="Action of 16 May 1797">Action of 16 May 1797</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a> (1801–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(1825)" title="Battle of Tripoli (1825)">Battle of Tripoli</a> (1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tripoli_(1828)" title="Bombardment of Tripoli (1828)">Bombardment of Tripoli</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_expedition_against_Morocco_(1829)" title="Austrian expedition against Morocco (1829)">Austrian expedition against Morocco</a> (1829–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1830)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1830)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Slavery66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Slavery</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Slavery on the Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">Bagnio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Lazarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_della_Redenzione_degli_Schiavi" title="Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi">Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617666#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617666#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617666#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123116153">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf8xJxX6qmfBkQrRvHcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4069948-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84239891">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966186c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966186c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cherchell (Alžírsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge996480&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007562218105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/295279">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027668614">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044607">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fort Joinville Lighthouse <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683738#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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