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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen_Sung" title="Jen Sung – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jen Sung" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Song_(Kanzler)" title="Yan Song (Kanzler) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yan Song (Kanzler)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%84%EC%88%AD" title="엄숭 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엄숭" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Song" title="Yan Song – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yan Song" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%B3%E5%B5%A9" title="厳嵩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="厳嵩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Song" title="Yan Song – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yan Song" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nghi%C3%AAm_Tung" title="Nghiêm Tung – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghiêm Tung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E5%B5%A9" title="嚴嵩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="嚴嵩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B5%A9" title="严嵩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="严嵩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E5%B5%A9" title="嚴嵩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="嚴嵩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B5%A9" title="严嵩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="严嵩" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese politician and regent of the Ming dynasty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the footballer, see <a href="/wiki/Yan_Song_(footballer)" title="Yan Song (footballer)">Yan Song (footballer)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yan_Song" title="Special:EditPage/Yan Song">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yan+Song%22">"Yan Song"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yan+Song%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yan+Song%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yan+Song%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yan+Song%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yan+Song%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> Yan</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Yan Song</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yansong2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Yansong2.jpg/220px-Yansong2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Yansong2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">41st and 43rd <a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Secretary">Senior Grand Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1544–1545</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Luan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Luan (page does not exist)">Zhai Luan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xia Yan (Ming dynasty)">Xia Yan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1548–1562</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Jiajing Emperor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Xia Yan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jie_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xu Jie (Ming dynasty)">Xu Jie</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Minister of Rites</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1536–1543</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Jiajing Emperor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Xia Yan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhang Bi</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1480-03-03</span>)</span>March 3, 1480<br /><a href="/wiki/Fenyi_County" title="Fenyi County">Fenyi County</a>, Jiangxi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 29, 1567<span style="display:none">(1567-05-29)</span> (aged 87)<br />Fenyi County, Jiangxi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Shifan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Shifan (page does not exist)">Yan Shifan</a> (son)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yan Song</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">严嵩</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">嚴嵩</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yán Sōng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yen Sung</span></i>; 1480–1567), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_courtesy_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Weizhong</b> (惟中), <a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">pseudonym</a> <b>Jiexi</b> (介溪), was a Chinese politician and regent of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. He was notorious for being corrupt and for dominating the Ming government for two decades as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretary</a> during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing Emperor</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Song&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Song&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yan Song was born in <a href="/wiki/Fenyi_County" title="Fenyi County">Fenyi</a>, modern-day <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> province. His father, a scholar who had repeatedly failed the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examination</a>, while put great effort into educating his son from childhood. A talented scholar, he passed the village examinations at the age of 10, and acquired the <i><a href="/wiki/Jinshi_(imperial_examination)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinshi (imperial examination)">jinshi</a></i> degree at the age of 25, being inducted into the imperial secretariat (<a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a>) as an editor. </p><p>His early career was quickly cut short by a severe illness which forced Yan Song to return to his hometown, though this proved to be a blessing in disguise, since it kept him away from the imperial court just as it was under the domination of powerful <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jin" title="Liu Jin">Liu Jin</a>. </p><p>Yan Song returned to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> not long after the fall of Liu Jin, returning to work in the <a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a> in both Beijing and auxiliary capital Nanjing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senior_Grand_Secretary">Senior Grand Secretary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Song&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Senior Grand Secretary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yan Song was the Senior Grand Secretary under the <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing Emperor</a> from 1544 to 1545 and from 1548 to 1562. Yan was a close ally of <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Wenhua" title="Zhao Wenhua">Zhao Wenhua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmo2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmo2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his second term as Senior Grand Secretary, he and his son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Shifan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Shifan (page does not exist)">Yan Shifan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E4%B8%96%E8%95%83" class="extiw" title="zh:嚴世蕃">zh</a>]</span> dominated court politics with the tacit consent of the fatuous monarch who shirked his responsibilities as emperor and devoted much of his time to sensual pleasures and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> practices. Yan Song's wealth is said to have been so great as to have been comparable to that of the emperor. He is also well known for his corruption and had been known to openly sell government positions for cash during the Jiajing Emperor's reign, but his corruption and treachery created many political opponents. In order to suppress dissent, he had prominent critics such as <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jisheng_(statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Jisheng (statesman)">Yang Jisheng</a> imprisoned and executed. Yan Song was finally disgraced in his later years and died in poverty not long after that, while his son, Yan Shifan, was executed for collaborating with the <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">wokou pirates</a> who invaded Chinese coastal provinces <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">at the time</a>. </p><p>He was the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a> called <i>Beating Yan Song</i> (打嚴嵩 Dǎ Yán Sōng). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Song&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_China" title="List of premiers of China">List of premiers of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Song&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cosmo2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cosmo2009_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNicola_Di_Cosmo2009" class="citation book cs1">Nicola Di Cosmo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3baSe8QlPUC&pg=PA322"><i>Military culture in imperial China</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03109-8"><bdi>978-0-674-03109-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+culture+in+imperial+China&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03109-8&rft.au=Nicola+Di+Cosmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3baSe8QlPUC%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYan+Song" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xia Yan (Ming dynasty)">Xia Yan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Secretary">Senior Grand Secretary</a> </b><br />1548 – 1562 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jie_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xu Jie (Ming dynasty)">Xu Jie</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Senior_grand_secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty349" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Senior_grand_secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Template:Senior grand secretaries of the Ming dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Senior_grand_secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Template talk:Senior grand secretaries of the Ming dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Senior_grand_secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Senior grand secretaries of the Ming dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senior_grand_secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty349" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Senior grand secretaries of the Ming dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yongle era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Huai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Huai (page does not exist)">Huang Huai</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Jin_(mandarin)" title="Xie Jin (mandarin)">Xie Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Guang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu Guang (page does not exist)">Hu Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Rong_(mandarin)" title="Yang Rong (mandarin)">Yang Rong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hongxi and Xuande eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shiqi" title="Yang Shiqi">Yang Shiqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zhengtong era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shiqi" title="Yang Shiqi">Yang Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Pu_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Pu (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Yang Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_Nai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Nai (page does not exist)">Cao Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Xun (page does not exist)">Chen Xun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jingtai era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Xun (page does not exist)">Chen Xun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tianshun era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Xun (page does not exist)">Chen Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Gu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Gu (page does not exist)">Gao Gu</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Youzhen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Youzhen (page does not exist)">Xu Youzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Bin_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Bin (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Xu Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xian_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xian (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Li Xian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chenghua era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xian_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xian (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Li Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Wen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Wen (page does not exist)">Chen Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xian_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xian (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Li Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Wen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Wen (page does not exist)">Chen Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Shi_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peng Shi (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Peng Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shang Lu (page does not exist)">Shang Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wan_An_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wan An (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Wan An</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Ji_(Grand_Secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Ji (Grand Secretary) (page does not exist)">Liu Ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hongzhi era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Ji_(Grand_Secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Ji (Grand Secretary) (page does not exist)">Liu Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Pu" title="Xu Pu">Xu Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jian_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Jian (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Liu Jian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zhengde era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jian_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Jian (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Liu Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dongyang" title="Li Dongyang">Li Dongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tinghe" title="Yang Tinghe">Yang Tinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liang Chu (page does not exist)">Liang Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tinghe" title="Yang Tinghe">Yang Tinghe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jiajing era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tinghe" title="Yang Tinghe">Yang Tinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Mian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Mian (page does not exist)">Jiang Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mao_Ji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mao Ji (page does not exist)">Mao Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fei_Hong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fei Hong (page does not exist)">Fei Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yiqing" title="Yang Yiqing">Yang Yiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fei_Hong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fei Hong (page does not exist)">Fei Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yiqing" title="Yang Yiqing">Yang Yiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fujing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fujing (page does not exist)">Zhang Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Luan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Luan (page does not exist)">Zhai Luan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fujing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fujing (page does not exist)">Zhang Fujing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Xianfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Xianfu (page does not exist)">Fang Xianfu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fujing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fujing (page does not exist)">Zhang Fujing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Shi_(Grand_Secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Shi (Grand Secretary) (page does not exist)">Li Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xia Yan (Ming dynasty)">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu_Dingchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gu Dingchen (page does not exist)">Gu Dingchen</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xia Yan (Ming dynasty)">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Luan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Luan (page does not exist)">Zhai Luan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xia Yan (Ming dynasty)">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Luan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Luan (page does not exist)">Zhai Luan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yan Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xia Yan (Ming dynasty)">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yan Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jie_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xu Jie (Ming dynasty)">Xu Jie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Longqing era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jie_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xu Jie (Ming dynasty)">Xu Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Chunfang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Chunfang (page does not exist)">Li Chunfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Gong" title="Gao Gong">Gao Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang Juzheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wanli era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang Juzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Siwei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Siwei (page does not exist)">Zhang Siwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Shixing" title="Shen Shixing">Shen Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jiaping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Jiaping (page does not exist)">Wang Jiaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Zhigao" title="Zhao Zhigao">Zhao Zhigao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xijue" title="Wang Xijue">Wang Xijue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Zhigao" title="Zhao Zhigao">Zhao Zhigao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Yiguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen Yiguan (page does not exist)">Shen Yiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Geng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Geng (page does not exist)">Zhu Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Tingji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Tingji (page does not exist)">Li Tingji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xianggao" title="Ye Xianggao">Ye Xianggao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Congzhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Congzhe (page does not exist)">Fang Congzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taichang era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Congzhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Congzhe (page does not exist)">Fang Congzhe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yizhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yizhu (page does not exist)">Liu Yizhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tianqi era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yizhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yizhu (page does not exist)">Liu Yizhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xianggao" title="Ye Xianggao">Ye Xianggao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Kuang_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Kuang (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Han Kuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guozhen_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Zhu Guozhen (Ming dynasty)">Zhu Guozhen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu_Bingqian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gu Bingqian (page does not exist)">Gu Bingqian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Liji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Liji (page does not exist)">Huang Liji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Fenglai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Fenglai (page does not exist)">Shi Fenglai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chongzhen era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Fenglai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Fenglai (page does not exist)">Shi Fenglai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Guopu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Guopu (page does not exist)">Li Guopu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Zongdao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Zongdao (page does not exist)">Lai Zongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Daodeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Daodeng (page does not exist)">Zhou Daodeng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Kuang_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Kuang (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Han Kuang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Biao_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Biao (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Li Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheng_Jiming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheng Jiming (page does not exist)">Cheng Jiming</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Tingru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Tingru (page does not exist)">Zhou Tingru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wen_Tiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wen Tiren (page does not exist)">Wen Tiren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Zhifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Zhifa (page does not exist)">Zhang Zhifa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kong_Zhenyun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kong Zhenyun (page does not exist)">Kong Zhenyun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuliang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yuliang (page does not exist)">Liu Yuliang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xue_Guoguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xue Guoguan (page does not exist)">Xue Guoguan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Fucui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Fucui (page does not exist)">Fan Fucui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Sizhi_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Sizhi (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Zhang Sizhi</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Tingru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Tingru (page does not exist)">Zhou Tingru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yan (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Chen Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Dejing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Dejing (page does not exist)">Jiang Dejing</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wei_Zaode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wei Zaode (page does not exist)">Wei Zaode</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jiantai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Jiantai (page does not exist)">Li Jiantai</a> <small>(acting)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a> regimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Kefa" title="Shi Kefa">Shi Kefa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Hongtu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Hongtu (page does not exist)">Gao Hongtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Shiying" title="Ma Shiying">Ma Shiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Daozhou" title="Huang Daozhou">Huang Daozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Zhenfei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Zhenfei (page does not exist)">Lu Zhenfei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ding_Kuichu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ding Kuichu (page does not exist)">Ding Kuichu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Fengnian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Fengnian (page does not exist)">Fang Fengnian</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ke_Xiaqing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ke Xiaqing (page does not exist)">Ke Xiaqing</a> <small>(acting)</small><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zhichun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Zhichun (page does not exist)">Li Zhichun</a> <small>(acting)</small><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiong_Rulin_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiong Rulin (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Xiong Rulin</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Sili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Sili (page does not exist)">Ma Sili</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Kentang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Kentang (page does not exist)">Zhang Kentang</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Chenquan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen Chenquan (page does not exist)">Shen Chenquan</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu_Shisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qu Shisi (page does not exist)">Qu Shisi</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Bing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Bing (page does not exist)">Wu Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu_Shisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qu Shisi (page does not exist)">Qu Shisi</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Qiheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Qiheng (page does not exist)">Yan Qiheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Shijun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Shijun (page does not exist)">Huang Shijun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Qiheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Qiheng (page does not exist)">Yan Qiheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wen_Anzhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wen Anzhi (page does not exist)">Wen Anzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Zhenyu_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Zhenyu (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Wu Zhenyu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ding_Jishan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ding Jishan (page does not exist)">Ding Jishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Jixiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Jixiang (page does not exist)">Ma Jixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Huangyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Huangyan (page does not exist)">Zhang Huangyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><b>a</b></sup>Senior Grand Secretaries of the <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yihai" title="Zhu Yihai">Prince of Lu (魯) regime</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q698700#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1448" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q698700#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1448" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q698700#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1281473731">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83171131">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36731769">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p153846593">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007342081405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08016966?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500328375">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1439590">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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