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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_4_%D9%82.%D9%85" title="ألفية 4 ق.م – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفية 4 ق.م" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileniu_IV_e.C." title="Mileniu IV e.C. – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mileniu IV e.C." data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="খ্রিষ্টপূর্ব ৪র্থ সহস্রাব্দ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রিষ্টপূর্ব ৪র্থ সহস্রাব্দ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD.%D1%8D." title="4 тысячагоддзе да н.э. – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="4 тысячагоддзе да н.э." data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD._%D1%8D." title="IV тысячагодзьдзе да н. э. – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="IV тысячагодзьдзе да н. э." data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80.%D0%BD.%D0%B5." title="4 хилядолетие пр.н.е. – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="4 хилядолетие пр.н.е." data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._Joatausend_v._Chr." title="4. Joatausend v. Chr. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="4. Joatausend v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._milenij_p._n._e." title="4. milenij p. n. e. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="4. milenij p. n. e." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C2%B7lenni_IV_aC" title="Mil·lenni IV aC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mil·lenni IV aC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F._%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%87._4-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="П. эрч. 4-мĕш пинçуллăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="П. эрч. 4-мĕш пинçуллăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._tis%C3%ADcilet%C3%AD_p%C5%99._n._l." title="4. tisíciletí př. n. l. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="4. tisíciletí př. n. l." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._%C3%A5rtusinde_f.Kr." title="4. årtusinde f.Kr. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="4. årtusinde f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_4_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="لألفية 4 قبل لميلاد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لألفية 4 قبل لميلاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._Jahrtausend_v._Chr." title="4. Jahrtausend v. Chr. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="4. Jahrtausend v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._aastatuhat_eKr" title="4. aastatuhat eKr – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="4. aastatuhat eKr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%CE%B7_%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%80.%CE%A7." title="4η χιλιετία π.Χ. – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="4η χιλιετία π.Χ." data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_milenio_a._C." title="IV milenio a. C. – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IV milenio a. C." data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-a_jarmilo_a.K." title="4-a jarmilo a.K. – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="4-a jarmilo a.K." data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.a._4._milurtekoa" title="K.a. 4. milurtekoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="K.a. 4. milurtekoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85_(%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="هزاره چهارم (پیش از میلاد) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هزاره چهارم (پیش از میلاد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._%C3%A1rat%C3%BAsund_f.Kr." title="4. áratúsund f.Kr. – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="4. áratúsund f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IVe millénaire av. J.-C. – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="IVe millénaire av. J.-C." data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/4e_milennium_f.Kr." title="4e milennium f.Kr. – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="4e milennium f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuart_mileni_p.d.C." title="Cuart mileni p.d.C. – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cuart mileni p.d.C." data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/4mh_m%C3%ACle-bliadhna_RC" title="4mh mìle-bliadhna RC – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="4mh mìle-bliadhna RC" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_milenio_a._C." title="IV milenio a. C. – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="IV milenio a. C." data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%84_%EC%A0%9C4%EC%B2%9C%EB%85%84%EA%B8%B0" title="기원전 제4천년기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기원전 제4천년기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._tisu%C4%87lje%C4%87e_pr._Kr." title="4. tisućljeće pr. Kr. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="4. tisućljeće pr. Kr." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/4ma_yarmilo_aK" title="4ma yarmilo aK – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="4ma yarmilo aK" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenium_ke-4_SM" title="Milenium ke-4 SM – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Milenium ke-4 SM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._%C3%A1r%C3%BE%C3%BAsundi%C3%B0_f.Kr." title="4. árþúsundið f.Kr. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="4. árþúsundið f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_millennio_a.C." title="IV millennio a.C. – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IV millennio a.C." data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%94-4_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%22%D7%A1" title="האלף ה-4 לפנה"ס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האלף ה-4 לפנה"ס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95._%E1%83%AC._IV_%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ძვ. წ. IV ათასწლეული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძვ. წ. IV ათასწლეული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenia_ya_4_KK" title="Milenia ya 4 KK – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milenia ya 4 KK" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_4_a.C.n." title="Millennium 4 a.C.n. – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Millennium 4 a.C.n." data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._Joerdausend_v._Chr." title="4. Joerdausend v. Chr. – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="4. Joerdausend v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_t%C5%ABkstantmetis_pr._m._e." title="4 tūkstantmetis pr. m. e. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="4 tūkstantmetis pr. m. e." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._e._4._%C3%A9vezred" title="I. e. 4. évezred – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. e. 4. évezred" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.पू.चे ४ थे सहस्रक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.पू.चे ४ थे सहस्रक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95._%E1%83%AC._IV_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ჯვ. წ. IV ვითოშწანურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვ. წ. IV ვითოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenium_ke-4_SM" title="Milenium ke-4 SM – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Milenium ke-4 SM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto_mil%C3%A9nio_antes_de_Cristo" title="Quarto milénio antes de Cristo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Quarto milénio antes de Cristo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/4e_millennium_v.Chr." title="4e millennium v.Chr. – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="4e millennium v.Chr." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D4%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%80" title="紀元前4千年紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紀元前4千年紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._juard%C3%BC%C3%BCsen_f.Kr." title="4. juardüüsen f.Kr. – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="4. juardüüsen f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._%C3%A5rtusen_f.Kr." title="4. årtusen f.Kr. – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="4. årtusen f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millenni_IV_abC" title="Millenni IV abC – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Millenni IV abC" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_tysi%C4%85clecie_p.n.e." title="IV tysiąclecie p.n.e. – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IV tysiąclecie p.n.e." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto_mil%C3%A9nio_a.C." title="Quarto milénio a.C. – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quarto milénio a.C." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileniul_al_IV-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Mileniul al IV-lea î.Hr. – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mileniul al IV-lea î.Hr." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D." title="4-е тысячелетие до н. э. – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="4-е тысячелетие до н. э." data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%D0%B1._%D1%8D._%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD._%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="4 б. э. инн. тыһыынча сыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="4 б. э. инн. тыһыынча сыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="4th millennium BC" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._tis%C3%ADcro%C4%8Die_pred_Kr." title="4. tisícročie pred Kr. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="4. tisícročie pred Kr." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._tiso%C4%8Dletje_pr._n._%C5%A1t." title="4. tisočletje pr. n. št. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="4. tisočletje pr. n. št." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BF._%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="4. миленијум п. н. е. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="4. миленијум п. н. е." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._milenijum_pne." title="4. milenijum pne. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="4. milenijum pne." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelj%C3%A4s_vuosituhat_eaa." title="Neljäs vuosituhat eaa. – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neljäs vuosituhat eaa." data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000-talet_f.Kr._(millennium)" title="3000-talet f.Kr. (millennium) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="3000-talet f.Kr. (millennium)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81_4%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கிமு 4ஆம் ஆயிரமாண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிமு 4ஆம் ஆயிரமாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="4-те тисячоліття до н. е. – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="4-те тисячоліття до н. е." data-language-autonym="Українська" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Millennium between 4000 BC and 3001 BC</div> <table class="infobox" style="max-width:100%; width: 400px"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <th style="text-align:right;"><small><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennia</a>:</small> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">5th millennium BC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4th millennium BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><small><a href="/wiki/Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuries">Centuries</a>:</small> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/40th_century_BC" title="40th century BC">40th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_century_BC" title="39th century BC">39th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_century_BC" title="38th century BC">38th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_century_BC" title="37th century BC">37th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36th_century_BC" title="36th century BC">36th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35th_century_BC" title="35th century BC">35th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_century_BC" title="34th century BC">34th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_century_BC" title="33rd century BC">33rd century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_century_BC" title="32nd century BC">32nd century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_century_BC" title="31st century BC">31st century BC</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/4th_millennium_BC_montage.jpg/400px-4th_millennium_BC_montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/4th_millennium_BC_montage.jpg/600px-4th_millennium_BC_montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/4th_millennium_BC_montage.jpg/800px-4th_millennium_BC_montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" usemap="#ImageMap_28a65eb36504cdb2" resource="/wiki/File:4th_millennium_BC_montage.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_28a65eb36504cdb2"><area href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" shape="rect" coords="13,13,148,93" alt="Ġgantija" title="Ġgantija" /><area href="/wiki/Warka_Vase" shape="rect" coords="167,8,254,209" alt="Warka Vase" title="Warka Vase" /><area href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" shape="rect" coords="258,9,389,100" alt="Bronocice pot" title="Bronocice pot" /><area href="/wiki/Kish_tablet" shape="rect" coords="10,133,153,195" alt="Kish tablet" title="Kish tablet" /><area href="/wiki/Narmer" shape="rect" coords="263,125,394,219" alt="Narmer" title="Narmer" /></map><figcaption>From top left clockwise: The Temple of <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a>, one of the oldest freestanding structures in the world; <a href="/wiki/Warka_Vase" title="Warka Vase">Warka Vase</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">Bronocice pot</a> with one of the earliest known depictions of a wheeled vehicle; <a href="/wiki/Kish_tablet" title="Kish tablet">Kish tablet</a>, an example for <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>; Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> is credited with uniting Upper and Lower Egypt.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>4th millennium BC</b> spanned the years 4000 BC to 3001 BC. Some of the major changes in human culture during this time included the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and the invention of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, which played a major role in starting <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_D%27Accoddi_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Monte_D%27Accoddi_07.JPG/260px-Monte_D%27Accoddi_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Monte_D%27Accoddi_07.JPG/390px-Monte_D%27Accoddi_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Monte_D%27Accoddi_07.JPG/520px-Monte_D%27Accoddi_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3869" data-file-height="1879" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monte_d%27Accoddi" title="Monte d'Accoddi">Monte d'Accoddi</a> is an archaeological site in northern <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, located in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a> near <a href="/wiki/Porto_Torres" title="Porto Torres">Porto Torres</a>. 4th millennium BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">city states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> and the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">Egypt</a> were established and grew to prominence. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> spread widely across <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_population_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="World population estimates">World population</a> growth relaxed after the burst that came about from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>. World population was largely stable in this time at roughly 50 million, growing at an average of 0.027% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/4th_millennium_BC" title="Special:EditPage/4th millennium BC">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Neolithic cultures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neolithic" title="Shepherd Neolithic">Shepherd Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trihedral_Neolithic" title="Trihedral Neolithic">Trihedral Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">B</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Qaraoun_culture" title="Qaraoun culture">Qaraoun culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahunian" title="Tahunian">Tahunian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid culture</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile valley</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_A_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiyum A culture">Faiyum A culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tasian_culture" title="Tasian culture">Tasian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Merimde_culture" title="Merimde culture">Merimde culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Omari_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="El Omari culture">El Omari culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maadi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Maadi culture">Maadi culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Badarian_culture" title="Badarian culture">Badarian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amratian_culture" title="Amratian culture">Amratian culture</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Europe</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arzachena_culture" title="Arzachena culture">Arzachena culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boian_culture" title="Boian culture">Boian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Butmir_culture" title="Butmir culture">Butmir culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium pottery culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Co%C8%9Bofeni_culture" title="Coțofeni culture">Coțofeni culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Danilo_culture" title="Danilo culture">Danilo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dude%C8%99ti_culture" title="Dudești culture">Dudești culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gorne%C5%9Fti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorneşti culture">Gorneşti culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gumelni%C8%9Ba%E2%80%93Karanovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumelnița–Karanovo culture">Gumelnița–Karanovo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kakanj_culture" title="Kakanj culture">Kakanj culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khirokitia" title="Khirokitia">Khirokitia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Malta Temples</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ozieri_culture" title="Ozieri culture">Ozieri culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Petre%C5%9Fti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Petreşti culture">Petreşti culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Ciriaco_culture" title="San Ciriaco culture">San Ciriaco culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sesklo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesklo culture">Sesklo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sopot_culture" title="Sopot culture">Sopot culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tisza_culture" title="Tisza culture">Tisza culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tiszapolg%C3%A1r_culture" title="Tiszapolgár culture">Tiszapolgár culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Varna_culture" title="Varna culture">Varna culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vu%C4%8Dedol_culture" title="Vučedol culture">Vučedol culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Transylvania">Neolithic Transylvania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Southeastern Europe">Neolithic Southeastern Europe</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">China</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan_culture" title="Pengtoushan culture">Pengtoushan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beixin_culture" title="Beixin culture">Beixin culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Houli_culture" title="Houli culture">Houli culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xinle_culture" title="Xinle culture">Xinle culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culture" title="Zhaobaogou culture">Zhaobaogou culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture">Dawenkou culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture">Qujialing culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture">Baodun culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture">Shijiahe culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">South Asia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marine_archaeology_in_the_Gulf_of_Cambay" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine archaeology in the Gulf of Cambay">Marine archaeology<br /> in the Gulf of Cambay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakhigarhi" title="Rakhigarhi">Rakhigarhi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chopani_Mando" title="Chopani Mando">Chopani Mando</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jhukar_Phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhukar Phase">Jhukar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chirand" title="Chirand">Chirand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Koldihwa" title="Koldihwa">Koldihwa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burzahom_archaeological_site" title="Burzahom archaeological site">Burzahom</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brahmagiri_archaeological_site" title="Brahmagiri archaeological site">Brahmagiri</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Other locations <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Khiamian_culture" title="Khiamian culture">Khiamian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun pottery period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippine jade culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Savanna Pastoral Neolithic">Savanna Pastoral Neolithic</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Neolithic topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> (farming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular ditches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megaliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic religion">Neolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_decline" title="Neolithic decline">Neolithic decline</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef; font-size:100%;"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic" title="Template:Neolithic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neolithic" title="Template talk:Neolithic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priest-king_from_Uruk,_Mesopotamia,_Iraq,_c._3000_BCE._The_Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Priest-king_from_Uruk%2C_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._3000_BCE._The_Iraq_Museum.jpg/180px-Priest-king_from_Uruk%2C_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._3000_BCE._The_Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Priest-king_from_Uruk%2C_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._3000_BCE._The_Iraq_Museum.jpg/270px-Priest-king_from_Uruk%2C_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._3000_BCE._The_Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Priest-king_from_Uruk%2C_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._3000_BCE._The_Iraq_Museum.jpg/360px-Priest-king_from_Uruk%2C_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._3000_BCE._The_Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3098" data-file-height="3492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> priest-king from <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, Mesopotamia, circa 3300–3000 BC</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Near East</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li>4100–3100 BC – the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>, with emerging <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> hegemony during the Uruk Expansion and development of <a href="/wiki/Proto-cuneiform" title="Proto-cuneiform">Proto-cuneiform</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">writing</a>; <a href="/wiki/Base-60" class="mw-redirect" title="Base-60">base-60</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">civil law</a>, complex <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sailboat" title="Sailboat">sailboat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> proceeds into the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3500_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3500 BC">3500</a>–<a href="/wiki/2340_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="2340 BC">2340 BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carts" class="mw-redirect" title="Carts">wheeled carts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a>, White Temple <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a>, bronze <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons">weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First to Fourth dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.</li> <li>Sumerian temple of Janna at <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> erected.</li> <li>Temple at <a href="/wiki/Al_Ubaidi" title="Al Ubaidi">Al-Ubaid</a> and tomb of Mes-Kalam-Dug built near <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3000_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3000 BC">3000 BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> is in use in Mesopotamia soon after this time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> script proper emerges from pictographic proto-writing in the later 4th millennium. Mesopotamia's "proto-literate" period spans the 35th to 32nd centuries BC. The first documents unequivocally written in the Sumerian language date to the 31st century BC, found at Jemdet Nasr.</li> <li>Kura-Araxes culture expands Southwards towards Sumer.</li> <li>Possible reigns of Lugalbanda and Enmerkar prior to 3250 BC.</li> <li>Long distanced trade with polities in modern-day afghanistan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">stone sculptures</a> using <a href="/wiki/Inclined_plane" title="Inclined plane">inclined plane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a> in Sumer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a> (northern Syria) founded during the fourth millennium BC possibly by the <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a> is introduced to Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Persian plateau <ul><li>4000 BC – <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> is a center of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> production.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000 BC</span> – <a href="/wiki/Beaker_(archaeology)" title="Beaker (archaeology)">Beaker</a> from <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Shush,_Iran" title="Shush, Iran">Shush, Iran</a>) is made. It is now at <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>, Paris.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> from 3200 BC.</li></ul></li> <li>Anatolia and Caucasus <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3700 BC</span> to 3000 BC – The <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, contemporary to the Kurgan culture, is a candidate for the origin of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> production and thus the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shengavit_Settlement_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shengavit_Settlement_2.jpg/220px-Shengavit_Settlement_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shengavit_Settlement_2.jpg/330px-Shengavit_Settlement_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shengavit_Settlement_2.jpg/440px-Shengavit_Settlement_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3143" data-file-height="2166" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shengavit_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengavit Settlement">Shengavit Settlement</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3300 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li>3400–2000 BC – <a href="/wiki/Kura-Araxes_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura-Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes</a>: earliest evidence found on the Ararat plain.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingscorpion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kingscorpion.jpg/220px-Kingscorpion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kingscorpion.jpg/330px-Kingscorpion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kingscorpion.jpg/440px-Kingscorpion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_Macehead" title="Scorpion Macehead">Scorpion Macehead</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Egypt <ul><li>4000–3000 BC – <a href="/wiki/Naqada" title="Naqada">Naqada</a> culture on the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. First hieroglyphs appear thus far around 3500 BC as found on labels in a ruler's tomb at Abydos.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">Predynastic pharaohs</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ro_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro (pharaoh)">Ro</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Scorpion" class="mw-redirect" title="King Scorpion">Serket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3500_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3500 BC">3500</a>–<a href="/wiki/3400_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3400 BC">3400 BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jar" title="Jar">Jar</a> with boat designs, from <a href="/wiki/Hierakonpolis" title="Hierakonpolis">Hierakonpolis</a> (today in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>) is created. <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">Predynastic Egypt</a>.</li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/3150_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3150 BC">3150 BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">Predynastic</a> period ended in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">Early Dynastic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">Archaic</a>) period started (according to French <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grimal" title="Nicolas Grimal">Nicolas Grimal</a>). The period includes 1st and 2nd Dynasties.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100 BC</span> – <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Palette" title="Narmer Palette">Narmer Palette</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sails</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">Mastabas</a>, the predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flutes</a> played in Egypt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyres</a> and double clarinets (<a href="/wiki/Arghul" title="Arghul">arghul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mijwiz" title="Mijwiz">mijwiz</a>) played in Egypt.</li> <li>Earliest known <a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">numerals</a> in Egypt.</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg/280px-Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg/420px-Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg/560px-Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Bronze Age spread of <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">steppe pastoralist</a> ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia—from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3300</span> to 1500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>: Rise of <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a>. <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000 BC</span> – First neolithic settlers in the island of <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Thera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>), Greece, migrating probably from <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> <ul><li>3500–2300 BC – The <a href="/wiki/Yamna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamna culture">Yamna culture</a> ("Kurgan culture"), succeeding the <a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog culture</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> in the Caucasus and Central Asia. This culture is believed to have been the locus of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>, and thus the <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a>, or point of origin, of the <a href="/wiki/Proto_Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto Indo-European language">Proto Indo-European language</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a>.</li> <li>5500–2750 BC – The <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a> has cities with 15,000 citizens, eastern Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a> of what is now <a href="/wiki/Southern_Federal_District" title="Southern Federal District">Southern Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>; possibly the first <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication of the horse</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Balkans <ul><li>c. <a href="/wiki/3500_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3500 BC">3500 BC</a> – Figures of a man and a woman, from <a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83" title="Cernavodă">Cernavodă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, are made. They are now at <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Romanian_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Romanian History">National Historical Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>.</li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/3138_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3138 BC">3138 BC</a> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Marshes_Wheel" title="Ljubljana Marshes Wheel">Ljubljana Marshes Wheel</a> is a wooden <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a> that was found in the <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Marsh" title="Ljubljana Marsh">Ljubljana Marsh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Slovenia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slovenia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radiocarbon dating showed that it is approximately 5,150 years old, which makes it the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered.</li></ul></li> <li>c. 4000–2000 BC – People and animals, a detail of rock-shelter painting in <a href="/wiki/El_Cogul" title="El Cogul">Cogul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roca_dels_Moros" title="Roca dels Moros">Roca dels Moros</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>, Spain, are painted. It is now at <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_Museum_of_Catalonia" title="Archaeology Museum of Catalonia">Archaeology Museum of Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzachena_culture" title="Arzachena culture">Arzachena</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ozieri_culture" title="Ozieri culture">Ozieri cultures</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ggantija_Temples,_Xaghra,_Gozo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg/220px-Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg/330px-Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg/440px-Ggantija_Temples%2C_Xaghra%2C_Gozo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3871" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a> temples are the earliest of the <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Megalithic Temples of Malta</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3600_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3600 BC">3600 BC</a> – Construction of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a> megalithic temple complex on the <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Island of Gozo</a>: the world's oldest extant unburied free-standing structures, and the world's oldest religious structures. (See <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> for older, buried religious structures.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3600_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3600 BC">3600</a>–<a href="/wiki/3200_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3200 BC">3200 BC</a> – Construction of the first temple within the <a href="/wiki/Mnajdra" title="Mnajdra">Mnajdra</a> solar temple complex, containing "furniture" such as stone benches and tables, that set it apart from other European megalith constructions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_decline" title="Neolithic decline">Great Neolithic Plague</a> occurs from circa 5450 BC to circa 2700 BC. This ensures for the large scaled expansions of the later early bronze age.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3600_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3600 BC">3600</a>–<a href="/wiki/3000_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3000 BC">3000 BC</a> – Construction of the Ta' Ħaġrat and Kordin III temples.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3200_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3200 BC">3250</a>–<a href="/wiki/3000_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3000 BC">3000 BC</a> – Construction of three megalithic temples at <a href="/wiki/Tarxien" title="Tarxien">Tarxien</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_century_BC" title="32nd century BC">3200</a>–<a href="/wiki/2500_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="2500 BC">2500 BC</a> – Construction of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%A6a%C4%A1ar_Qim" title="Ħaġar Qim">Ħaġar Qim</a> megalithic temple complex, featuring both solar and lunar alignments.</li></ul></li> <li>Northern Europe</li> <li>4000–2700 BC – The <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Funnelbeaker culture</a>, Scandinavia, originated in southern parts of Europe and slowly advanced up through today's Uppland. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3300_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3300 BC">3300</a>–<a href="/wiki/2900_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="2900 BC">2900 BC</a> – Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a> solar <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a>/passage tomb in Ireland.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tustrup_gravpladsen_(Norddjurs_Kommune).J%C3%A6ttestue.Gang.2.47886.ajb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tustrup_gravpladsen_%28Norddjurs_Kommune%29.J%C3%A6ttestue.Gang.2.47886.ajb.jpg/220px-Tustrup_gravpladsen_%28Norddjurs_Kommune%29.J%C3%A6ttestue.Gang.2.47886.ajb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tustrup_gravpladsen_%28Norddjurs_Kommune%29.J%C3%A6ttestue.Gang.2.47886.ajb.jpg/330px-Tustrup_gravpladsen_%28Norddjurs_Kommune%29.J%C3%A6ttestue.Gang.2.47886.ajb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tustrup_gravpladsen_%28Norddjurs_Kommune%29.J%C3%A6ttestue.Gang.2.47886.ajb.jpg/440px-Tustrup_gravpladsen_%28Norddjurs_Kommune%29.J%C3%A6ttestue.Gang.2.47886.ajb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Tustrup-dysserne, the largest <a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">passage grave</a> in Eastern <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, is an example of <a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker culture</a> circa 3200 BC</figcaption></figure></li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/3100_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3100 BC">3100</a>–<a href="/wiki/2600_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="2600 BC">2600 BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> settlement at <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, is inhabited.</li> <li>Construction in England of the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a>, the world's first known engineered roadway.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_tsunami" title="Garth tsunami">Garth tsunami</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a>.</li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/3100_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3100 BC">3100 BC</a> – The earliest phase of the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> monument (a circular earth bank and ditch).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ide_Fields" title="Céide Fields">Céide Fields</a> are developed, the first signs of the eventual complete <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/3300_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3300 BC">3300 BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ötzi the Iceman">Ötzi the Iceman</a> dies near the present-day border between Austria and Italy, only to be discovered in 1991 buried in a <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztal_Alps" title="Ötztal Alps">Ötztal Alps</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">cause of death</a> is believed to be <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Central Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><ul><li>3500–2500 BC – <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo</a>: Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan—late copper and early Bronze Age.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000 BC</span> – <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Horses are domesticated</a> in the western <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Steppes">Eurasian Steppes</a> in what is now northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/Botai_culture" title="Botai culture">Botai culture</a>).</li> <li>Bactria Margiana civilization (circa 3000 BC) alongside trade routes connection with Proto-dynastic Egypt.</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>East Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li>Neolithic Chinese settlements. They produced silk and pottery (chiefly the <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan cultures</a>), wore hemp clothing, and domesticated pigs and dogs.</li> <li>4000–<a href="/wiki/2500_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="2500 BC">2500 BC</a> – Vietnamese Bronze Age culture. The <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Đồng Đậu Culture">Đồng Đậu Culture</a>, produced many wealthy bronze objects.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuette_Mehrgarh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Statuette_Mehrgarh.jpg/190px-Statuette_Mehrgarh.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Statuette_Mehrgarh.jpg/285px-Statuette_Mehrgarh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Statuette_Mehrgarh.jpg/380px-Statuette_Mehrgarh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Fertility figurine from <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>, c. 3000 BC</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Indian Subcontinent</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> III–VI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3500_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3500 BC">3500 BC</a> <a href="/wiki/Lost_wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost wax">Metalcasting</a> began in the <a href="/wiki/Mohenjodaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohenjodaro">Mohenjodaro</a> area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3300_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3300 BC">3300 BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> starts in <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage collection and disposal">Sewage collection and disposal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Americas</dt></dl> <ul><li>c. <a href="/wiki/3600_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3600 BC">3600 BC</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, first rupestrian art <a href="/wiki/Chiribiquete_National_Park#Rock_art" title="Chiribiquete National Park">Chiribiquete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caquet%C3%A1_Department" title="Caquetá Department">Caquetá</a>).</li> <li>c. 3000 BC – First <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Hormiga_archaeological_site" title="Puerto Hormiga archaeological site">Puerto Hormiga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena</a>), considered one of the first attempts of pottery of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. First settlement at <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department#History" title="Bolívar Department">Puerto Badel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Department" title="Bolívar Department">Bolívar</a>).</li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/3600_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3600 BC">3600 BC</a> – Evidence of maize domestication appear in the Valley of <a href="/wiki/Tehuac%C3%A1n" title="Tehuacán">Tehuacán</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico civilization">Norte Chico civilization</a> in Northern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> starts.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Australia</dt></dl> <ul><li>c. 3000 BC – The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_rock_engravings" title="Sydney rock engravings">Sydney rock engravings</a> in present-day (<a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sub-Saharan Africa</dt></dl> <p>Sub-Saharan Africa remains in the <a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Paleolithic period</a>, except for the earliest neolithization of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> following the <a href="/wiki/African_humid_period#End" title="African humid period">desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning_2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning_2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kopytoff_1989_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopytoff_1989-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the grasslands of the Sahara began drying after 3900 BC, herders spread into the Nile Valley and into eastern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Eburran_industry" title="Eburran industry">Eburan 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmenteitan" title="Elmenteitan">Elmenteitan</a>). The desiccation of the Sahara and the associated neolithisation of West Africa is also cited as a possible cause for the dispersal of the <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo">Niger-Congo</a> linguistic phylum.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning_2014_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning_2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kopytoff_1989_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopytoff_1989-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:250px;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:rgb(255,239,175);">Preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:rgb(253,230,202);"><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a><br />Epoch</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a> <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stages</a>/<a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">ages</a> (official)</b> </p> <hr /> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Greenlandian" title="Greenlandian">Greenlandian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">11.7*</a>–<a href="/wiki/8.2-kiloyear_event" title="8.2-kiloyear event">8.236*</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiloannus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloannus">ka</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northgrippian" title="Northgrippian">Northgrippian</a> (8.236–<a href="/wiki/4.2-kiloyear_event" title="4.2-kiloyear event">4.2† ka</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan" title="Meghalayan">Meghalayan</a> (4.2 ka–present)</dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Blytt%E2%80%93Sernander_system" title="Blytt–Sernander system">Blytt–Sernander</a> stages/ages</b> </p> <hr /> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Preboreal" title="Preboreal">Preboreal</a> (<a href="/wiki/8th_millennium_BC" title="8th millennium BC">10.3†–9† ka</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boreal_(age)" title="Boreal (age)">Boreal</a> (<a href="/wiki/7th_millennium_BC" title="7th millennium BC">9–7.5† ka</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" title="Atlantic (period)">Atlantic</a> (<a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">7.5</a>–<a class="mw-selflink selflink">5† ka</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subboreal" title="Subboreal">Subboreal</a> (<a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">5</a>–<a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">2.5† ka</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subatlantic" title="Subatlantic">Subatlantic</a> (2.5 ka–present)</dd></dl> <hr /> <p>*Relative to year 2000 (<a href="/wiki/Before_Present#Usage_of_"BP"" title="Before Present">b2k</a>). </p> †Relative to year 1950 (<a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP/Before "Present"</a>).</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocene_sidebar" title="Template:Holocene sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocene_sidebar" title="Template talk:Holocene sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocene_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocene sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" title="Atlantic (period)">Atlantic (period)</a></div> <p>Based on studies by <a href="/wiki/Glaciologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciologist">glaciologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a>, professor at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> and researcher with the <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Polar_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrd Polar Research Center">Byrd Polar Research Center</a>, a number of indicators shows there was a global change in climate 5,200 years ago, probably due to a drop in solar energy output.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Older_Peron" title="Older Peron">Older Peron</a> transgression was a period identified in 1961<sup id="cite_ref-Fairbridge_1961_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairbridge_1961-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> happening between 6,000 and 4,600 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> when sea levels were 3 to 5 metres higher than today.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Plants buried in the <a href="/wiki/Quelccaya_Ice_Cap" title="Quelccaya Ice Cap">Quelccaya Ice Cap</a> in the Peruvian Andes demonstrate the climate had shifted suddenly and severely to capture the plants and preserve them until now.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/3750_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3750 BC">3750 BC</a> – The last North American <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Island_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul Island (Alaska)">Saint Paul Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, go extinct.</li> <li>Tree rings from Ireland and England show this was their driest period.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_Daily_2004-12-04_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Daily_2004-12-04-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ice core records showing the ratio of two oxygen isotopes retrieved from the ice fields atop Africa's <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a>, a proxy for atmospheric temperature at the time snow fell.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_Daily_2004-12-04_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Daily_2004-12-04-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Major changes in plant pollen uncovered from lakebed cores in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_Daily_2004-12-04_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Daily_2004-12-04-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Record lowest levels of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> retrieved from ice cores from <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_Daily_2004-12-04_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Daily_2004-12-04-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>End of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Subpluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Subpluvial">Neolithic Subpluvial</a>, start of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> (<a href="/wiki/35th_century_BC" title="35th century BC">35th century BC</a>). North Africa shifts from a habitable region to a barren desert.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_Daily_2004-12-04_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Daily_2004-12-04-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>c. <a href="/wiki/3150_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3150 BC">3150 BC</a> – a lesser <a href="/wiki/Tollmann%27s_hypothetical_bolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tollmann's hypothetical bolide">Tollmann's hypothetical bolide</a> event may have occurred.</li> <li>3051 BC – <a href="/wiki/Methuselah_(pine_tree)" title="Methuselah (pine tree)">The oldest currently (2013) living</a> non-clonal organism germinated in the present-day Grove of the Ancients, Inyo County, California.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendars_and_chronology">Calendars and chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Calendars and chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>4000 BC</b> – <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epoch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic</a> calendar's <a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a> era.</li> <li><b>3929 BC</b> – Creation according to <a href="/wiki/John_Lightfoot" title="John Lightfoot">John Lightfoot</a> based on the Old Testament of the Bible, and often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ussher_chronology#Lightfoot's_Creation" title="Ussher chronology">Ussher chronology</a>.</li> <li><b>3761 BC</b> – Since the Middle Ages (12th century), the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> has been based on rabbinic calculations of the year of creation from the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic text">Masoretic text</a> of the bible. This calendar is used within Jewish communities for religious and other purposes. The calendar's epoch, corresponding to the calculated date of the world's creation, is equivalent to sunset on the Julian proleptic calendar date 6 October 3761 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>3114 BC</b> – One version of the <a href="/wiki/Mayan_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan calendar">Mayan calendar</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican Long Count">Mesoamerican Long Count</a>, uses the epoch of 11 or 13 August 3114 BC. The Maya Long Count calendar was first used approximately 236 BC (see <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar#Earliest_Long_Counts" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Mesoamerican Long Count calendar#Earliest Long Counts</a>.</li> <li><b>3102 BC</b> – According to calculations of <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> (6th century), the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a> began at midnight on 18 February 3102 BC.</li> <li><b>3102 BC</b> – <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> dates the events of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> to around 3102 BC. Other estimates range from the late 4th to the mid-2nd millennium BC.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centuries">Centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/40th_century_BC" title="40th century BC">40th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_century_BC" title="39th century BC">39th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_century_BC" title="38th century BC">38th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_century_BC" title="37th century BC">37th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36th_century_BC" title="36th century BC">36th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35th_century_BC" title="35th century BC">35th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_century_BC" title="34th century BC">34th century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_century_BC" title="33rd century BC">33rd century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_century_BC" title="32nd century BC">32nd century BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_century_BC" title="31st century BC">31st century BC</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_millennium_BC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJean-Noël_Biraben1979" class="citation journal cs1">Jean-Noël Biraben (1979). "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes". <i>Population</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 13–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1531855">10.2307/1531855</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1531855">1531855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143406315">143406315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population&rft.atitle=Essai+sur+l%27%C3%A9volution+du+nombre+des+hommes&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-25&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143406315%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1531855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1531855&rft.au=Jean-No%C3%ABl+Biraben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></span>, estimates 40 million at 5000 BC and 100 million at 1600 BC, for an average growth rate of 0.027% p.a. over the Chalcolithic to Middle Bronze Age.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Federico Lara Peinado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid: "La Civilización Sumeria". <i>Historia</i> 16, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, J: <i>History of the World</i>. Penguin, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdlhaAfK1sYC&dq=Houses+in+Ancient+Sumeria&pg=PA148"><i>Dictionary of the Ancient Near East</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812235579" title="Special:BookSources/9780812235579"><bdi>9780812235579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780812235579&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdlhaAfK1sYC%26dq%3DHouses%2Bin%2BAncient%2BSumeria%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170404084429.htm">"Steppe migrant thugs pacified by Stone Age farming women"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ScienceDaily" title="ScienceDaily">ScienceDaily</a></i>. Faculty of Science – University of Copenhagen. 4 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Steppe+migrant+thugs+pacified+by+Stone+Age+farming+women&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2017%2F04%2F170404084429.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slovenia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slovenia_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasser,_Aleksander2003" class="citation web cs1">Gasser, Aleksander (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826021129/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/">"World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia"</a>. Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/">the original</a> on 2016-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Oldest+Wheel+Found+in+Slovenia&rft.pub=Government+Communication+Office+of+the+Republic+of+Slovenia&rft.date=2003-03&rft.au=Gasser%2C+Aleksander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukom.gov.si%2Fen%2Fmedia_room%2Fbackground_information%2Fculture%2Fworlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2016/03/top-7-aboriginal-rock-art-sites/">Australia's top 7 Aboriginal rock art sites</a>, <i>Australian Geographic</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manning_2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manning_2014_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning_2014_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManningTimpson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Manning, Katie; Timpson, Adrian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1450029/1/1-s2.0-S0277379114002728-main.pdf">"The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>101</b>: 28–35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QSRv..101...28M">2014QSRv..101...28M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2014.07.003">10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1450029/1/1-s2.0-S0277379114002728-main.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+demographic+response+to+Holocene+climate+change+in+the+Sahara&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=28-35&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2014.07.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014QSRv..101...28M&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Timpson%2C+Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1450029%2F1%2F1-s2.0-S0277379114002728-main.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kopytoff_1989-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kopytoff_1989_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopytoff_1989_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Igor Kopytoff, <i>The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies</i> (1989), 9–10 (cited after <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amightytree.org/niger-congo-languages-and-history/">Igbo Language Roots and (Pre)-History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717224506/http://amightytree.org/niger-congo-languages-and-history/">Archived</a> 2019-07-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>A Mighty Tree</i>, 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115112153/http://www.news-about-space.org/story/2409.html">"Major Climate Change Occurred 5,200 Years Ago: Evidence Suggests That History Could Repeat Itself"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news-about-space.org/story/2409.html">the original</a> on 2008-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2004-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Climate+Change+Occurred+5%2C200+Years+Ago%3A+Evidence+Suggests+That+History+Could+Repeat+Itself&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-about-space.org%2Fstory%2F2409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairbridge_1961-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fairbridge_1961_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbridge1961" class="citation journal cs1">Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (1961). "Eustatic Changes in Sea Level". <i>Physics and Chemistry of the Earth</i>. <b>4</b>: 99–185. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961PCE.....4...99F">1961PCE.....4...99F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0079-1946%2861%2990004-0">10.1016/0079-1946(61)90004-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+and+Chemistry+of+the+Earth&rft.atitle=Eustatic+Changes+in+Sea+Level&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=99-185&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0079-1946%2861%2990004-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961PCE.....4...99F&rft.aulast=Fairbridge&rft.aufirst=Rhodes+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray-WallaceWoodroffe2014" class="citation book cs1">Murray-Wallace, Colin; Woodroffe, Colin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l13BAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Older+Peron%22&pg=PA328"><i>Quaternary Sea-Level Changes: A Global Perspective</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139867153" title="Special:BookSources/9781139867153"><bdi>9781139867153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaternary+Sea-Level+Changes%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781139867153&rft.aulast=Murray-Wallace&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Woodroffe%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl13BAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Older%2BPeron%2522%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonMosley-ThompsonBrecherDavis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, L. G.; Mosley-Thompson, E.; Brecher, H.; Davis, M.; León, B.; Les, D.; Lin, P. -N.; Mashiotta, T.; Mountain, K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1484420">"Inaugural Article: Abrupt tropical climate change: Past and present"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>103</b> (28): 10536–10543. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10310536T">2006PNAS..10310536T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0603900103">10.1073/pnas.0603900103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1484420">1484420</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16815970">16815970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Inaugural+Article%3A+Abrupt+tropical+climate+change%3A+Past+and+present&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=10536-10543&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1484420%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16815970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0603900103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..10310536T&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=L.+G.&rft.au=Mosley-Thompson%2C+E.&rft.au=Brecher%2C+H.&rft.au=Davis%2C+M.&rft.au=Le%C3%B3n%2C+B.&rft.au=Les%2C+D.&rft.au=Lin%2C+P.+-N.&rft.au=Mashiotta%2C+T.&rft.au=Mountain%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1484420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_Daily_2004-12-04-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science_Daily_2004-12-04_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_Daily_2004-12-04_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_Daily_2004-12-04_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_Daily_2004-12-04_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_Daily_2004-12-04_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041219142907.htm">"Major Climate Change Occurred 5,200 Years Ago: Evidence Suggests That History Could Repeat Itself"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Daily">Science Daily</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Major+Climate+Change+Occurred+5%2C200+Years+Ago%3A+Evidence+Suggests+That+History+Could+Repeat+Itself&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2004%2F12%2F041219142907.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDershowitzReingold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nachum_Dershowitz" title="Nachum Dershowitz">Dershowitz, Nachum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Reingold" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Reingold">Reingold, Edward M.</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/Calendrical_Calculations" title="Calendrical Calculations"><i>Calendrical Calculations</i></a> (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56474-8"><bdi>978-0-521-56474-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendrical+Calculations&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56474-8&rft.aulast=Dershowitz&rft.aufirst=Nachum&rft.au=Reingold%2C+Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4th+millennium+BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Millennia" 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