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La société comme totalité </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="SOCIÉTÉ, Typologie des sociétés globales" href="/encyclopedie/societe/2-typologie-des-societes-globales/"> 2. Typologie des sociétés globales </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="SOCIÉTÉ, De l'origine de la société" href="/encyclopedie/societe/3-de-l-origine-de-la-societe/"> 3. De l'origine de la société </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="SOCIÉTÉ, Sociétés primitives et sociétés historiques" href="/encyclopedie/societe/4-societes-primitives-et-societes-historiques/"> 4. Sociétés primitives et sociétés historiques </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="SOCIÉTÉ, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/societe/5-bibliographie/"> 5. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>SOCIÉTÉ</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yQ163261_0"><i class="anchor" id="yQ163261_0"></i><p>Les hommes vivent en société. Or, lorsqu'il s'agit de le définir, cet espace familier, dans lequel s'inscrivent toutes leurs pratiques – individuelles ou collectives –, et toutes leurs représentations, révèle une opacité inattendue.</p><p>L'analyse sociologique construit des niveaux de réalité sociale, des systèmes de relations : ordre du politique, de l'économique, du religieux ou, plus généralement, du culturel. Se voulant plus proche des faits, elle étudie, d'autre part, les groupes et les groupements (familles, clans, classes, ethnies, etc.), êtres collectifs qui ont les apparences, la cohésion et les contraintes de sous-sociétés dans la société, et qui posent, à leur échelle, le mystère du serment qui les constitue et les unifie. Mais réseaux de relations, niveaux structurés, groupes, tous ces objets sociologiques s'inscrivent dans une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Nous reconnaissons un tout quand une multiplicité d'objets – ou, dans une continuité homogène, une multiplicité de points ou d'éléments – forme une unité ou entre, sans résidu, sous un acte unique de la pensée. Ce par quoi le tout est un tout, la totalité, s'emploie aussi comme synonyme du tout.. Les notions du tout et de la totalité sont impliquées dans toute pensée et dans tout..." title="Article : TOTALITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/totalite/">totalité</a> particulière – la société globale –, unité concrète que les sujets découvrent dans l'intensité même des relations qui les unissent et les opposent à ceux qu'elles ne rassemblent pas, ordre ultime du sens, qui donne à chacun l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Gottlob Frege (1894) a observé que l'identité est indéfinissable : « Puisque toute définition est une identité, l'identité elle-même ne saurait être définie. » Le même ( to auto , idem ) appartient à la liste des « transcendantaux » médiévaux, c'est-à-dire que, dans un autre langage, l'identité est une notion d' ontologie formelle, comme ens ou unum . Elle est tra..." title="Article : IDENTITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/identite/">identité</a> de son appartenance à l'un.</p><p>Doit-on chercher du côté du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Il n'est point de sujet sans dépendance affirmée à l'égard d'une puissance dont ce sujet relève, de par les hasards de sa constitution anatomique, de son caractère et de sa situation au sein d'une classe sociale et d'une constellation familiale déterminées, mais aussi de par les lois et coutumes de son pays, les études et les recherches en cours et, d'une façon générale, les conditions..." title="Article : SUJET" href="/encyclopedie/sujet/">sujet</a> la raison et le moyen de cette unité ? Il apparaît bien que, dans leur multiplicité, les conduites, les pratiques sociales, les appartenances à divers groupements – famille, classe, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="C'est un truisme d'affirmer que la question de l'ethnie est au cœur de l' anthropologie et qu'elle est constitutive de sa démarche. Pourtant, il est aisé de constater que cet objet d'investigation n'a pas suscité, jusqu'à une période récente, un enthousiasme exagéré de la part de la majorité des anthropologues. On a, en effet, le sentiment, en parcourant la littérature, que le traiteme..." title="Article : ETHNIE" href="/encyclopedie/ethnie/">ethnie</a> –, sont en quelque sorte nouées dans et par l'agent social qui « traverse » les différentes couches et régions du social sans pouvoir être assigné exclusivement à l'une d'elles.</p><p>On ne saurait cependant réduire la société à n'être que le lieu où s'entrecroisent les volontés et les pratiques de sujets définis en dehors d'elle.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yQ163261_1"><i class="anchor" id="yQ163261_1"></i><h2>La société comme totalité</h2><p>Le mystère que représente l'unité du social a été exposé par Cornélius Castoriadis dans <em>L'Institution imaginaire de la société</em>. « Qu'est-ce qui fait, se demande-t-il, que la société « tient ensemble », que les règles (juridiques ou morales) qui ordonnent le comportement des adultes sont cohérentes avec les motivations de ceux-ci, qu'elles sont non seulement compatibles, mais profondément et mystérieusement apparentées au mode de travail et de production, que tout cela à son tour correspond à la structure familiale, au mode d'allaitement, de sevrage, d'éducation des enfants, qu'il y a une structure finalement définie de la personnalité humaine dans cette culture, que cette culture comporte ses névroses et pas d'autres, et que tout cela se coordonne avec une vision du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme de monde est utilisé dans des contextes très divers pour indiquer, d'une manière ou de l'autre, une totalité d'appartenance. Ainsi on parle du « monde grec » ou du « monde de la Renaissance », pour désigner des ensembles culturels spécifiques, situés dans notre passé historique et auxquels nous avons accès à travers un certain nombre d'œuvres qui sont venues jusqu'à ..." title="Article : MONDE" href="/encyclopedie/monde/">monde</a>, une religion, telles façons de manger et de danser ? »</p><p>Sans doute, le sociologue qui étudie la société globale voit-il en elle le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'usage courant du français d'aujourd'hui serait de désigner par le terme de phénomène l'élément matériel d'un fait empirique. Dans cette tendance subsiste l'influence de la conception kantienne de l' Erscheinung qui situe dans le temps ou dans l'espace l'apparition de l'objet de l' expérience . Mais, dans la mesure même où cette perspective suppose la distinction entre le contenu emp..." title="Article : PHÉNOMÈNE" href="/encyclopedie/phenomene/">phénomène</a> social à la fois le plus vaste et le plus doté de réalité, un tout organique original à l'existence duquel concourt l'ensemble des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « institution », avant de recevoir les sens divers que les sociologues contemporains lui ont donné, avait dans l'usage classique deux emplois principaux. Il désignait d'abord l'ensemble des lois qui régissent une cité : la manière dont les pouvoirs publics et privés s'y trouvent répartis, les sanctions et les ressorts qui mettent en œuvre leur exercice régulier. Une question..." title="Article : INSTITUTIONS" href="/encyclopedie/institutions/">institutions</a>, des croyances, des comportements, qui constituent la chaîne et la trame de la vie collective ? Mais peut-on ainsi penser la société comme un tout organique, c'est-à-dire comme une totalité <em>réelle</em> ? Existe-t-il, autrement que par l'arbitraire d'un acte épistémologique, une seule société globale dont on pourrait définir avec précision les frontières à la fois spatiales, historiques, culturelles et symboliques ?</p><p>La notion de tout organique a un sens lorsqu'elle s'inscrit dans l'espace de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Nul ne se demande « pourquoi des mathématiciens ? », dès lors que les mathématiques sont reconnues comme science. Mais « pourquoi des philosophes ? » ne revient pas à la question beaucoup plus classique « pourquoi la philosophie ? » à laquelle il est habituellement répondu par quelques variations sur un thème aristotélicien : argumenter contre une philosophie est encore phi..." title="Article : PHILOSOPHIE" href="/encyclopedie/philosophie/">philosophie</a> hégélienne qui, en vérité, ne connaît qu'un seul tout, l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le concept d'« esprit », dont la spécificité a sans cesse fluctué à travers les différentes cultures et tout au long de l'histoire des idées, semble de nos jours être pris à nouveau comme référence majeure, notamment par des biologistes, qui y voient « un mot au sens suffisamment large pour pouvoir englober toutes les réactions, des plus élémentaires aux plus évoluées, c'est..." title="Article : ESPRIT, philosophie" href="/encyclopedie/esprit-philosophie/">Esprit</a>, dont le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Tout devient. Il n'est guère de notion plus ample et plus essentielle que celle du devenir. L'homme moderne est fasciné par le spectacle de la diversité et du changement dans la nature, dans la pensée, dans la vie humaine : « Partout la cohue la plus bigarrée ; quand une chose disparaît, une autre prend aussitôt sa place » (Hegel). L'accélération de l'histoire rend plus sensible cet..." title="Article : DEVENIR" href="/encyclopedie/devenir/">devenir</a> historique implique le parcours de différentes figures, de différents moments, qui sont autant de types de sociétés (monde grec, monde romain, etc.), jusqu'à l'achèvement dans la société ultime où il se possède lui-même, dans le « savoir absolu ». 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mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ANOMIE" href="/encyclopedie/anomie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Émile Durkheim - crédits : Bettman/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/c/csm_ph020252_2827cf2974.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...travail et le premier chapitre de ce livre à la division du travail anomique. L'idée générale de la théorie de Durkheim consiste dans l'affirmation que les sociétés évoluent d'un type de solidarité mécanique à un type de solidarité organique. Dans le premier cas, les éléments qui composent la société sont... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/anthropologie/#c81456"> <span class="rg">ANTHROPOLOGIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Élisabeth COPET-ROUGIER</span> et <span rel="author">Christian GHASARIAN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">16 161 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ANTHROPOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/anthropologie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Claude Lévi-Strauss - crédits : Marc Gantier/ Gamma-Rapho/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/8/csm_pa082775_36e7ed6627.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...reconnu leur dette vis-à-vis de Durkheim : ce qui importe, ce sont moins les traits particuliers d'une culture que la fonction qu'ils remplissent dans la société. La culture renvoyant aux coutumes ou aux productions, et la société aux relations sociales, E. E. Evans-Pritchard illustre ainsi la fameuse... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/anthropologie-anarchiste/"> <span class="rg">ANTHROPOLOGIE ANARCHISTE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Paul DEMOULE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 847 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>L’anarchie en tant que pensée politique émergea vers le milieu du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, en même temps que l’anthropologie sociale (ou ethnologie), laquelle fut d’abord livresque, avant de se pratiquer sur le terrain à partir de la fin du même siècle. Pourtant, ces deux domaines, malgré quelques pionniers,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/numerique-anthropologie/"> <span class="rg">NUMÉRIQUE, </span><em class="it">anthropologie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Julien BONHOMME</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 440 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Alors que les micro-ordinateurs remontent aux années 1970 et l’essor d’Internet aux années 1990, c’est au cours de la décennie suivante que l’anthropologie du numérique acquiert sa légitimité au sein de la discipline. 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